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Journal articles on the topic 'Antarctic benthos'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Taboada, Sergi, Luis Francisco García-Fernández, Santiago Bueno, Jennifer Vázquez, Carmen Cuevas, and Conxita Avila. "Antitumoural activity in Antarctic and sub-Antarctic benthic organisms." Antarctic Science 22, no. 5 (July 19, 2010): 494–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102010000416.

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AbstractA prospecting search for antitumoural activity in polar benthic invertebrates was conducted on Antarctic and sub-Antarctic benthos in three different areas: Bouvet Island (sub-Antarctic), eastern Weddell Sea (Antarctica) and the South Shetland Islands (Antarctica). A total of 770 benthic invertebrate samples (corresponding to at least 290 different species) from 12 different phyla were assayed to establish their pharmacological potential against three human tumour cell lines (colorectal adenocarcinoma, lung carcinoma and breast adenocarcinoma). Bioassays resulted in 15 different species showing anticancer activity corresponding to five different phyla: Tunicata (5), Porifera (4), Cnidaria (3), Echinodermata (2) and Annelida (1). This appears to be the largest pharmacological study ever carried out in Antarctica and it shows very promising antitumoural activities in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic benthos.

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2

Sahade, Ricardo, Cristian Lagger, Luciana Torre, Fernando Momo, Patrick Monien, Irene Schloss, David K. A. Barnes, et al. "Climate change and glacier retreat drive shifts in an Antarctic benthic ecosystem." Science Advances 1, no. 10 (November 2015): e1500050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500050.

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The Antarctic Peninsula (AP) is one of the three places on Earth that registered the most intense warming in the last 50 years, almost five times the global mean. This warming has strongly affected the cryosphere, causing the largest ice-shelf collapses ever observed and the retreat of 87% of glaciers. Ecosystem responses, although increasingly predicted, have been mainly reported for pelagic systems. However, and despite most Antarctic species being benthic, responses in the Antarctic benthos have been detected in only a few species, and major effects at assemblage level are unknown. This is probably due to the scarcity of baselines against which to assess change. We performed repeat surveys of coastal benthos in 1994, 1998, and 2010, analyzing community structure and environmental variables at King George Island, Antarctica. We report a marked shift in an Antarctic benthic community that can be linked to ongoing climate change. However, rather than temperature as the primary factor, we highlight the resulting increased sediment runoff, triggered by glacier retreat, as the potential causal factor. The sudden shift from a “filter feeders–ascidian domination” to a “mixed assemblage” suggests that thresholds (for example, of tolerable sedimentation) and alternative equilibrium states, depending on the reversibility of the changes, could be possible traits of this ecosystem. Sedimentation processes will be increasing under the current scenario of glacier retreat, and attention needs to be paid to its effects along the AP.

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3

Barnes, David K. A., and Kathleen E. Conlan. "Disturbance, colonization and development of Antarctic benthic communities." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362, no. 1477 (November 30, 2006): 11–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1951.

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A decade has yielded much progress in understanding polar disturbance and community recovery—mainly through quantifying ice scour rates, other disturbance levels, larval abundance and diversity, colonization rates and response of benthos to predicted climate change. The continental shelf around Antarctica is clearly subject to massive disturbance, but remarkably across so many scales. In summer, millions of icebergs from sizes smaller than cars to larger than countries ground out and gouge the sea floor and crush the benthic communities there, while the highest wind speeds create the highest waves to pound the coast. In winter, the calm associated with the sea surface freezing creates the clearest marine water in the world. But in winter, an ice foot encases coastal life and anchor ice rips benthos from the sea floor. Over tens and hundreds of thousands of years, glaciations have done the same on continental scales—ice sheets have bulldozed the seabed and the zoobenthos to edge of shelves. We detail and rank modern disturbance levels (from most to least): ice; asteroid impacts; sediment instability; wind/wave action; pollution; UV irradiation; volcanism; trawling; non-indigenous species; freshwater inundation; and temperature stress. Benthic organisms have had to recolonize local scourings and continental shelves repeatedly, yet a decade of studies have demonstrated that they have (compared with lower latitudes) slow tempos of reproduction, colonization and growth. Despite massive disturbance levels and slow recolonization potential, the Antarctic shelf has a much richer fauna than would be expected for its area. Now, West Antarctica is among the fastest warming regions and its organisms face new rapid changes. In the next century, temperature stress and non-indigenous species will drastically rise to become dominant disturbances to the Antarctic life. Here, we describe the potential for benthic organisms to respond to disturbance, focusing particularly on what we know now that we did not a decade ago.

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4

Brey, T., C. Dahm, M. Gorny, M. Klages, M. Stiller, and W. E. Arntz. "Do Antarctic benthic invertebrates show an extended level of eurybathy?" Antarctic Science 8, no. 1 (March 1996): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102096000028.

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Depth distribution data were compared for 172 European and 157 Antarctic benthic invertebrate species occurring in the respective shelf areas. Antarctic species showed significantly wider depth ranges in selected families of the groups Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Amphipoda and Decapoda. No differences were found in Polychaeta, Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea, where European species also showed comparatively wide bathymetric ranges. These extended levels of eurybathy in the Antarctic benthos may be interpreted either as an evolutionary adaptation or pre-adaptation to the oscillation of shelf ice extension during the Antarctic glacial-interglacial cycle.

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5

Menna, F., E. Nocerino, S. Malek, F. Remondino, and S. Schiaparelli. "A COMBINED APPROACH FOR LONG-TERM MONITORING OF BENTHOS IN ANTARCTICA WITH UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND IMAGE UNDERSTANDING." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2022 (May 30, 2022): 935–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2022-935-2022.

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Abstract. Long-term monitoring projects are becoming more than ever crucial in assessing the effects of climate change on marine communities, especially in Antarctica, where these changes are expected to be particularly dramatic. Detailed studies of the Antarctic benthos are in fact particularly important for a better understanding of benthos dynamics and potential climate-driven shifts. Here, due to the extreme fragility of benthic communities, non-destructive techniques represent the best solution in long-term monitoring programs. In this paper we report new results from 2017, 2018, 2019 photogrammetric campaigns within the Italian National Antarctic Research Program (PNRA). A new protocol of data acquisition and multi-temporal processing that provides co-registered 3D point clouds between the three years without control points nor direct georeferencing methods is presented. This is achieved by adding a level of image understanding leveraging semantic segmentation with convolutional neural network (CNN) of the benthic features. Slow growing (estimated less than a mm per year) organisms, such as Corallinales (Rhodophyta algae), represent a natural stable pattern, leveraged to automatically orient in the same reference system the photogrammetric surveys of different epochs. This approach is also proved to be effective in improving the orientation of adjacent strips acquired within the same campaign. Within the paper an in depth analysis of the achieved results shows the effectiveness of the implemented procedure.

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6

Avila, Conxita, Xavier Buñuel, Francesc Carmona, Albert Cotado, Oriol Sacristán-Soriano, and Carlos Angulo-Preckler. "Would Antarctic Marine Benthos Survive Alien Species Invasions? What Chemical Ecology May Tell Us." Marine Drugs 20, no. 9 (August 24, 2022): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20090543.

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Many Antarctic marine benthic macroinvertebrates are chemically protected against predation by marine natural products of different types. Antarctic potential predators mostly include sea stars (macropredators) and amphipod crustaceans (micropredators) living in the same areas (sympatric). Recently, alien species (allopatric) have been reported to reach the Antarctic coasts, while deep-water crabs are suggested to be more often present in shallower waters. We decided to investigate the effect of the chemical defenses of 29 representative Antarctic marine benthic macroinvertebrates from seven different phyla against predation by using non-native allopatric generalist predators as a proxy for potential alien species. The Antarctic species tested included 14 Porifera, two Cnidaria, two Annelida, one Nemertea, two Bryozooa, three Echinodermata, and five Chordata (Tunicata). Most of these Antarctic marine benthic macroinvertebrates were chemically protected against an allopatric generalist amphipod but not against an allopatric generalist crab from temperate waters. Therefore, both a possible recolonization of large crabs from deep waters or an invasion of non-native generalist crab species could potentially alter the fundamental nature of these communities forever since chemical defenses would not be effective against them. This, together with the increasing temperatures that elevate the probability of alien species surviving, is a huge threat to Antarctic marine benthos.

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7

Post, Alexandra L., Philip E. O’Brien, Robin J. Beaman, Martin J. Riddle, and Laura De Santis. "Physical controls on deep water coral communities on the George V Land slope, East Antarctica." Antarctic Science 22, no. 4 (March 26, 2010): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102010000180.

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AbstractDense coral-sponge communities on the upper continental slope at 570–950 m off George V Land, East Antarctica have been identified as Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems. The challenge is now to understand their probable distribution on other parts of the Antarctic margin. We propose three main factors governing their distribution on the George V margin: 1) their depth in relation to iceberg scouring, 2) the flow of organic-rich bottom waters, and 3) their location at the head of shelf cutting canyons. Icebergs scour to 500 m in this region and the lack of such disturbance is a probable factor allowing the growth of rich benthic ecosystems. In addition, the richest communities are found in the heads of canyons which receive descending plumes of Antarctic Bottom Water formed on the George V shelf, which could entrain abundant food for the benthos. The canyons harbouring rich benthos are also those that cut the shelf break. Such canyons are known sites of high productivity in other areas due to strong current flow and increased mixing with shelf waters, and the abrupt, complex topography. These proposed mechanisms provide a framework for the identification of areas where there is a higher likelihood of encountering these Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems.

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8

Schram, Julie B., Margaret O. Amsler, Aaron W. E. Galloway, Charles D. Amsler, and James B. McClintock. "Fatty acid trophic transfer of Antarctic algae to a sympatric amphipod consumer." Antarctic Science 31, no. 6 (October 22, 2019): 315–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102019000397.

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The shallow benthos along the western Antarctic Peninsula supports brown macroalgal forests with dense amphipod assemblages, commonly including Gondogeneia antarctica (Amsler et al. 2014). Gondogeneia antarctica and most other amphipods are chemically deterred from consuming the macroalgae (Amsler et al. 2014). They primarily consume diatoms, other microalgae, filamentous macroalgae and a few undefended macroalgal species, including Palmaria decipiens (Aumack et al. 2017). Although unpalatable when alive, G. antarctica and other amphipods will consume the chemically defended brown algae Himantothallus grandifolius and Desmarestia anceps within a few weeks of death (Amsler et al. 2014).

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9

Gutt, Julian, and Thomas Schickan. "Epibiotic relationships in the Antarctic benthos." Antarctic Science 10, no. 4 (December 1998): 398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102098000480.

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On the high Antarctic shelf, 374 different epibiotic relationships of the megafauna were photographically registered and statistically analysed. These comprised 47 different epibiotic and 96 substratum taxa and had obvious differences in abundance and presence in three different benthic assemblages. Six abundant obligatory relationships in which the epibiont occurred almost exclusively on one type of substratum had highly specialized epibionts. For an additional eight relationships, a statistical test revealed that the epibionts preferred specific living and elevated mineral substrata. Most of these relationships are interpreted as commensalism (sensu Odum) in which the suspension feeding epibiont profits from the elevated position. Here it has better access to food compared with life on the sediment. The evolution of a rich and mainly sessile epifauna on parts of the high Antarctic shelves and the successful development of epibiotic behaviour in other species are suggested as a major reason for the high species richness in the benthic fauna. The results provide evidence that the Antarctic megabenthos is more biologically accommodated than physically controlled.

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10

García-Alvarez, O., V. Urgorri, and L. von Salvini-Plawen. "Two new species of Dorymenia (Mollusca: Solenogastres: Proneomeniidae) from the South Shetland Islands (Antarctica)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80, no. 5 (October 2000): 835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400002812.

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This paper describes two new species from the genus Dorymenia (Mollusca: Solenogastres: Proneomeniidae): D. hesperidesi sp. nov. and D. menchuescribanae sp. nov., collected during the Spanish oceanographic expeditions for the study of Antarctic benthos, BENTART'94 and BENTART'95, carried out in the area of the Livingston Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica). A comparative study of main specific characteristics of species belonging to the genus Dorymenia found off the South Shetland Islands and in the Bransfield Strait (Antarctica), is also included.

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11

Barnes, David K. A. "A benthic richness hotspot in the Southern Ocean: slope and shelf cryptic benthos of Shag Rocks." Antarctic Science 20, no. 3 (May 19, 2008): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102008001089.

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AbstractShelf and slope cryptofauna were sampled at the most northerly shelf environments within the Southern Ocean, Shag Rocks. The area is remarkably rich, with seven phyla, 10 classes, 40 families and 81 species on 0.36 m2 of shelf boulders. A large proportion of genera and species found had not been seen there before, some were new to science and species accumulation curves did not approach an asymptote. Current estimates of benthic diversity are clearly still too low if even well studied locations and depths reveal so much novelty with such little sample effort. Proportions of new species were higher in slope samples showing how little we know of this important depth. Significantly, life was just as rich and, surprisingly, abundant on boulders from continental slope depths. Clearly there are places where the continental slope around Antarctica harbours a wealth of species with potential to resupply the shelf if life was ‘bulldozed’ off it by past ice shelf expansions during glacial maxima. Some species on boulders from 1500 m also occur as shallow as the Antarctic intertidal zone. That this rich fauna was ‘Antarctic’ in character shows the extremes, e.g. sea temperature (> 4°C in summer), that they can adapt to given long enough time periods.

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12

Takahashi, Masanori, and Tetsuo Iwami. "The summer diet of demersal fish at the South Shetland Islands." Antarctic Science 9, no. 4 (December 1997): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102097000527.

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The stomach contents of demersal fish in late January 1982 were analysed. Samples were taken at 100, 300 and 500 m depth south of Elephant Island, Bransfield Strait and north of Livingston Island, and at 800 m to the east of Smith Island. Fifty four taxa of fish belonging to 11 families were collected. The diets of 2101 fish representing 38 taxa were examined. These were classified into three categories, fish feeders, krill feeders and benthos feeders. Fish prey species fed on krill and/or benthos. Krill was a major dietary component for 32 (84.2%) out of 38 taxa. Gobionotothen gibberifrons was distributed at all 10 stations (100–800 m in depth) and its diet comprised krill and benthos. The present findings verify the importance of krill in the Antarctic marine ecosystem and indicate that krill is consumed by benthic fish at greater depths than previously reported.

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13

BARRERA-ORO, ESTEBAN. "The role of fish in the Antarctic marine food web: differences between inshore and offshore waters in the southern Scotia Arc and west Antarctic Peninsula." Antarctic Science 14, no. 4 (December 2002): 293–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102002000111.

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The role of fish in the Antarctic food web in inshore and offshore waters is analysed, taking as an example the coastal marine communities of the southern Scotia Arc (South Orkney Islands and South Shetland Islands) and the west Antarctic Peninsula. Inshore, the ecological role of demersal fish is more important than that of krill. There, demersal fish are major consumers of benthos and also feed on zooplankton (mainly krill in summer). They are links between lower and upper levels of the food web and are common prey of other fish, birds and seals. Offshore, demersal fish depend less on benthos and feed more on zooplankton (mainly krill) and nekton, and are less accessible as prey of birds and seals. There, pelagic fish (especially lantern fish) are more abundant than inshore and play an important role in the energy flow from macrozooplankton to higher trophic levels (seabirds and seals). Through the higher fish predators, energy is transferred to land in the form of fish remains, pellets (birds), regurgitation and faeces (birds and seals). However, in the general context of the Antarctic marine ecosystem, krill (Euphausia superba) plays the central role in the food web because it is the main food source in terms of biomass for most of the high level predators from demersal fish up to whales. This has no obvious equivalent in other marine ecosystems. In Antarctic offshore coastal and oceanic waters the greatest proportion of energy from the ecosystem is transferred to land directly through krill consumers, such as flying birds, penguins, and seals. Beside krill, the populations of fish in the Antarctic Ocean are the second most important element for higher predators, in particular the energy-rich pelagic Myctophidae in open waters and the pelagic Antarctic silver fish (Pleuragramma antarcticum) in the high Antarctic zone. Although the occurrence of these pelagic fish inshore has been poorly documented, their abundance in neritic waters could be higher than previously believed.

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14

Bowden, DA. "Seasonality of recruitment in Antarctic sessile marine benthos." Marine Ecology Progress Series 297 (2005): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps297101.

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15

Aronson, Richard B., Sven Thatje, Andrew Clarke, Lloyd S. Peck, Daniel B. Blake, Cheryl D. Wilga, and Brad A. Seibel. "Climate Change and Invasibility of the Antarctic Benthos." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 38, no. 1 (December 2007): 129–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095525.

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16

Gallardo, V. A. "The sublittoral macrofaunal benthos of the Antarctic shelf." Environment International 13, no. 1 (January 1987): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(87)90045-6.

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17

Hempel, Gotthilf. "Antarctic marine biology – two centuries of research." Antarctic Science 19, no. 2 (May 22, 2007): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102007000272.

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AbstractWhilst interest in the economic exploitation of the Southern Ocean resources dates back to the last part of the 18th century scientific research into elements of the marine ecosystem only began in the mid 19th century. As far as plankton and benthos are concerned the great exploratory voyages and expeditions laid a firm taxonomic foundation on which later work was built. The most outstanding expedition contribution was from the Discovery Investigations. Concern about uncontrolled exploitation stimulated the SCAR BIOMASS programme which in turn led to CCAMLR with its modelling programmes and top predator monitoring. Recent research on pack ice communities has been aided by dedicated ice-capable research vessels whilst unmanned photographic techniques as well as SCUBA diving and experimental research facilities in the Antarctic have encouraged major research on benthos. International collaboration, interdisciplinary research and good ideas suggest Antarctic marine biology has a bright future.

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18

Isla, Enrique. "THE SOUTHERN OCEAN: OUR BEST OPPORTUNITY?" Arquivos de Ciências do Mar 55, Especial (March 18, 2022): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32360/acmar.v55iespecial.78406.

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The Southern Ocean has a significant importance in global climate regulation because its great potential to sequester atmospheric carbon and its enormous contribution to the transport of heat and mass in the global ocean. Antarctic benthos presents unique characteristics developed after millions of years of evolution and greatly contribute to the maintenance of the global biodiversity and genetic pool. Ongoing anthropogenic pressure seriously threaten Southern Ocean’s current characteristics and the ecosystems services they provide. In my opinion, individual actions toward environmental protection emergesas the fastest alternative to ameliorate the current situation. Keywords: Antarctica, climate change, anthropogenic impacts, social behavior.

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19

Clarke, A. "Ecological stoichiometry in six species of Antarctic marine benthos." Marine Ecology Progress Series 369 (October 13, 2008): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps07670.

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20

Clarke, Andrew, and Helen J. Peat. "Seasonal and interannual variability of feeding in Antarctic benthos." Limnology and Oceanography 67, no. 4 (February 25, 2022): 962–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lno.12048.

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21

Barnes, David K. A., Andrew Fleming, Chester J. Sands, Maria Liliana Quartino, and Dolores Deregibus. "Icebergs, sea ice, blue carbon and Antarctic climate feedbacks." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2122 (May 14, 2018): 20170176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0176.

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Sea ice, including icebergs, has a complex relationship with the carbon held within animals (blue carbon) in the polar regions. Sea-ice losses around West Antarctica's continental shelf generate longer phytoplankton blooms but also make it a hotspot for coastal iceberg disturbance. This matters because in polar regions ice scour limits blue carbon storage ecosystem services, which work as a powerful negative feedback on climate change (less sea ice increases phytoplankton blooms, benthic growth, seabed carbon and sequestration). This resets benthic biota succession (maintaining regional biodiversity) and also fertilizes the ocean with nutrients, generating phytoplankton blooms, which cascade carbon capture into seabed storage and burial by benthos. Small icebergs scour coastal shallows, whereas giant icebergs ground deeper, offshore. Significant benthic communities establish where ice shelves have disintegrated (giant icebergs calving), and rapidly grow to accumulate blue carbon storage. When 5000 km 2 giant icebergs calve, we estimate that they generate approximately 10 6 tonnes of immobilized zoobenthic carbon per year (t C yr −1 ). However, their collisions with the seabed crush and recycle vast benthic communities, costing an estimated 4 × 10 4 t C yr −1 . We calculate that giant iceberg formation (ice shelf disintegration) has a net potential of approximately 10 6 t C yr −1 sequestration benefits as well as more widely known negative impacts. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The marine system of the West Antarctic Peninsula: status and strategy for progress in a region of rapid change’.

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22

Sands, Chester J., Huw J. Griffiths, Rachel V. Downey, David K. A. Barnes, Katrin Linse, and Rafael Martín-Ledo. "Observations of the ophiuroids from the West Antarctic sector of the Southern Ocean." Antarctic Science 25, no. 1 (August 9, 2012): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102012000612.

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AbstractOphiuroids are a conspicuous and often dominant component of the Antarctic continental shelf benthos. Here we report on the ophiuroids collected from the Burdwood Bank, off the Patagonian Shelf, through the shallow water areas of the Scotia Arc, down the west Antarctic Peninsula and as far south as Pine Island Bay in the eastern Amundsen Sea. This preliminary and primarily pattern based study identifies some regional differences in assemblages and highlights the role of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current as a barrier, as well as a facilitator, to dispersal. In order to effectively compare between studies we highlight the need for accurate, expert taxonomic identification of specimens.

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23

Calizza, Edoardo, Giulio Careddu, Simona Sporta Caputi, Loreto Rossi, and Maria Letizia Costantini. "Time- and depth-wise trophic niche shifts in Antarctic benthos." PLOS ONE 13, no. 3 (March 23, 2018): e0194796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194796.

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24

Teixidó, N., J. Garrabou, J. Gutt, and WE Arntz. "Recovery in Antarctic benthos after iceberg disturbance: trends in benthic composition, abundance and growth forms." Marine Ecology Progress Series 278 (2004): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps278001.

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25

Ríos, Pilar, and Javier Cristobo. "A new species of Phorbas (Porifera: Poecilosclerida) from the Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87, no. 6 (December 2007): 1485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315407058079.

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Phorbas is a common genus with cosmopolitan distribution. A new species of sponge, Phorbas megasigma sp. nov. (Porifera: Poecilosclerida: Hymedesmiidae) is described from material collected during the third Spanish expedition on the study of the Antarctic benthos, ‘Bentart 03’. Phorbas megasigma is closely related to P. nexus but differs in the possession of arcuate chelae and very big sigmata as microscleres.

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26

Piazza, P., V. Cummings, D. Lohrer, S. Marini, P. Marriott, F. Menna, E. Nocerino, A. Peirano, and S. Schiaparelli. "DIVERS-OPERATED UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAMMETRY: APPLICATIONS IN THE STUDY OF ANTARCTIC BENTHOS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2 (May 30, 2018): 885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-885-2018.

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Ecological studies about marine benthic communities received a major leap from the application of a variety of non-destructive sampling and mapping techniques based on underwater image and video recording. The well-established scientific diving practice consists in the acquisition of single path or ‘round-trip’ over elongated transects, with the imaging device oriented in a nadir looking direction. As it may be expected, the application of automatic image processing procedures to data not specifically acquired for 3D modelling can be risky, especially if proper tools for assessing the quality of the produced results are not employed. This paper, born from an international cooperation, focuses on this topic, which is of great interest for ecological and monitoring benthic studies in Antarctica. Several video footages recorded from different scientific teams in different years are processed with an automatic photogrammetric procedure and salient statistical features are reported to critically analyse the derived results. As expected, the inclusion of oblique images from additional lateral strips may improve the expected accuracy in the object space, without altering too much the current video recording practices.

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27

Barnes, David K. A., and Terri Souster. "Reduced survival of Antarctic benthos linked to climate-induced iceberg scouring." Nature Climate Change 1, no. 7 (September 25, 2011): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1232.

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28

Torre, Luciana, Paulo C. Carmona Tabares, Fernando Momo, João F. C. A. Meyer, and Ricardo Sahade. "Climate change effects on Antarctic benthos: a spatially explicit model approach." Climatic Change 141, no. 4 (February 24, 2017): 733–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-1915-2.

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29

CLARKE, ANDREW, RICHARD B. ARONSON, J. ALISTAIR CRAME, JOSEP-MARIA GILI, and DANIEL B. BLAKE. "Evolution and diversity of the benthic fauna of the Southern Ocean continental shelf." Antarctic Science 16, no. 4 (November 30, 2004): 559–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102004002329.

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The modern benthic fauna of the Antarctic continental shelf is characterized by the lack of active, skeleton-breaking (durophagous) predators such as crabs, lobsters and many fish, and the dominance in many areas of epifaunal suspension feeders. It has often been remarked that these ecological characteristics give the fauna a distinctly Palaeozoic feel, with the assumption that it may be an evolutionary relic. We now know that this is not so, and fossil evidence shows clearly that many of the taxa and life-styles that are absent now were previously present. The modern fauna has been shaped by a number of factors, important among which have been oceanographic changes and the onset of Cenozoic glaciation. Sea-water cooling, and periodic fragmentation of ranges and bathymetric shifts in distribution driven by variability in the size and extent of the continental ice cap on Milankovitch frequencies will all have caused both extinction and allopatric speciation. The modern glacial setting with relatively low terrestrial impact away from immediate coastal regions, and scouring by icebergs are the key factors influencing the ecology and population dynamics for the modern Antarctic benthos.

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Pasotti, Francesca, Elena Manini, Donato Giovannelli, Anne‐Cathrin Wölfl, Donata Monien, Elie Verleyen, Ulrike Braeckman, Doris Abele, and Ann Vanreusel. "Antarctic shallow water benthos in an area of recent rapid glacier retreat." Marine Ecology 36, no. 3 (September 27, 2014): 716–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/maec.12179.

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31

Piazza, Paola, Stefano Antonio Gattone, Alice Guzzi, and Stefano Schiaparelli. "Towards a robust baseline for long-term monitoring of Antarctic coastal benthos." Hydrobiologia 847, no. 7 (January 20, 2020): 1753–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-020-04177-2.

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32

Amsler, Charles D., James B. McClintock, and Bill J. Baker. "Amphipods exclude filamentous algae from the Western Antarctic Peninsula benthos: experimental evidence." Polar Biology 35, no. 2 (July 1, 2011): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-011-1049-3.

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Palmisano, Anna C., Robert A. Wharton, Sonja E. Cronin, and David J. Des Marais. "Lipophilic pigments from the benthos of a perennially ice-covered Antarctic Lake." Hydrobiologia 178, no. 1 (July 1989): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00006114.

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34

Eastman, Joseph T., Margaret O. Amsler, Richard B. Aronson, Sven Thatje, James B. McClintock, Stephanie C. Vos, Jeffrey W. Kaeli, Hanumant Singh, and Mario La Mesa. "Photographic survey of benthos provides insights into the Antarctic fish fauna from the Marguerite Bay slope and the Amundsen Sea." Antarctic Science 25, no. 1 (October 12, 2012): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102012000697.

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AbstractWe reviewed photographic images of fishes from depths of 381–2282 m in Marguerite Bay and 405–2007 m in the Amundsen Sea. Marguerite Bay fishes were 33% notothenioids and 67% non-notothenioids. Channichthyids (47%) and nototheniids (44%) were the most abundant notothenioids. The deep-living channichthyidChionobathyscus dewitti(74%) and the nototheniid genusTrematomus(66%) were the most abundant taxa within these two families. The most abundant non-notothenioids were the macrouridMacrourus whitsoni(72%) and zoarcids (18%). Amundsen Sea fishes were 87% notothenioids and 13% non-notothenioids, the latter exclusivelyMacrourus whitsoni. Bathydraconids (38%) and artedidraconids (30%) were the most abundant notothenioids. We observed thatMacrourus whitsoniwas benthopelagic and benthic and infested by large ectoparasitic copepods. Juvenile (42 cm)Dissostichus mawsoniwas not neutrally buoyant and resided on the substrate at 1277 m.Lepidonotothen squamifronswas seen near and on nests of eggs in early December. APogonophrynesp. from 2127 m was not a member of the deep-living unspottedP. albipinnagroup.Chionobathyscus dewittiinhabited the water column as well as the substrate. The pelagic zoarcidMelanostigma gelatinosumwas documented in the water column a few metres above the substrate. The zoogeographic character of the Marguerite Bay fauna was West Antarctic or low-Antarctic and the Amundsen Sea was East Antarctic or high-Antarctic.

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35

Bowden, DA, A. Clarke, LS Peck, and DKA Barnes. "Antarctic sessile marine benthos: colonisation and growth on artificial substrata over three years." Marine Ecology Progress Series 316 (July 3, 2006): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps316001.

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36

Barnes, DKA, and R. Arnold. "A growth cline in encrusting benthos along a latitudinal gradient within Antarctic waters." Marine Ecology Progress Series 210 (2001): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps210085.

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37

Gutt, J., and D. Piepenburg. "Scale-dependent impact on diversity of Antarctic benthos caused by grounding of icebergs." Marine Ecology Progress Series 253 (2003): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps253077.

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38

Reichardt, W. "Differential temperature effects on the efficiency of carbon pathways in Antarctic marine benthos." Marine Ecology Progress Series 40 (1987): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps040127.

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39

Thatje, S. "Effects of Capability for Dispersal on the Evolution of Diversity in Antarctic Benthos." Integrative and Comparative Biology 52, no. 4 (July 20, 2012): 470–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/ics105.

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40

Gerdes, D. "Antarctic trials of the multi-box corer, a new device for benthos sampling." Polar Record 26, no. 156 (January 1990): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400022749.

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ABSTRACTA multi-box corer is described, recently designed and constructed as part of the Euromar Project, through cooperation between the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research and Fa. MAK Krupp Maschinenbau GmbH Kiel. Deployed successfully during the RV Polarstern expedition ANT VI/3 early in 1988, the multiple corer provided nine samples over a sampling area of 2–3 m2, thus obtaining more reliable abundance values than a single corer, and providing insights into the spatial variability of macrobenthic organisms. Equipped with a UW-video, the corer facilitates controlled economic collection of sediment and macrobenthos in depths down to 5000 m.

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Murtagh, Gareth J., Paul S. Dyer, Andrew Rogerson, Geraldine V. Nash, and Johanna Laybourn-Parry. "A new species of Tetramitus in the benthos of a saline antarctic lake." European Journal of Protistology 37, no. 4 (January 2002): 437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/0932-4739-00836.

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42

Barnes, DKA, HJ Griffiths, and S. Kaiser. "Geographic range shift responses to climate change by Antarctic benthos: where we should look." Marine Ecology Progress Series 393 (October 30, 2009): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps08246.

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43

Baird, Helena Phoenix, Karen Joy Miller, and Jonathan Sean Stark. "Genetic Population Structure in the Antarctic Benthos: Insights from the Widespread Amphipod, Orchomenella franklini." PLoS ONE 7, no. 3 (March 27, 2012): e34363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034363.

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44

Jazdzewski, Krzysztof, Claude Broyer, Magdalena Pudlarz, and Dariusz Zielinski. "Seasonal fluctuations of vagile benthos in the uppermost sublittoral of a maritime Antarctic fjord." Polar Biology 24, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 910–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000100299.

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45

Held, Christoph, and Florian Leese. "The utility of fast evolving molecular markers for studying speciation in the Antarctic benthos." Polar Biology 30, no. 4 (October 5, 2006): 513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-006-0210-x.

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46

Frinault, Bétina A. V., Frazer D. W. Christie, Sarah E. Fawcett, Raquel F. Flynn, Katherine A. Hutchinson, Chloë M. J. Montes Strevens, Michelle L. Taylor, Lucy C. Woodall, and David K. A. Barnes. "Antarctic Seabed Assemblages in an Ice-Shelf-Adjacent Polynya, Western Weddell Sea." Biology 11, no. 12 (November 25, 2022): 1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11121705.

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Ice shelves cover ~1.6 million km2 of the Antarctic continental shelf and are sensitive indicators of climate change. With ice-shelf retreat, aphotic marine environments transform into new open-water spaces of photo-induced primary production and associated organic matter export to the benthos. Predicting how Antarctic seafloor assemblages may develop following ice-shelf loss requires knowledge of assemblages bordering the ice-shelf margins, which are relatively undocumented. This study investigated seafloor assemblages, by taxa and functional groups, in a coastal polynya adjacent to the Larsen C Ice Shelf front, western Weddell Sea. The study area is rarely accessed, at the frontline of climate change, and located within a CCAMLR-proposed international marine protected area. Four sites, ~1 to 16 km from the ice-shelf front, were explored for megabenthic assemblages, and potential environmental drivers of assemblage structures were assessed. Faunal density increased with distance from the ice shelf, with epifaunal deposit-feeders a surrogate for overall density trends. Faunal richness did not exhibit a significant pattern with distance from the ice shelf and was most variable at sites closest to the ice-shelf front. Faunal assemblages significantly differed in composition among sites, and those nearest to the ice shelf were the most dissimilar; however, ice-shelf proximity did not emerge as a significant driver of assemblage structure. Overall, the study found a biologically-diverse and complex seafloor environment close to an ice-shelf front and provides ecological baselines for monitoring benthic ecosystem responses to environmental change, supporting marine management.

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47

Dorokhova, Evgenia V., Francisco J. Rodríguez-Tovar, Dmitry V. Dorokhov, Liubov A. Kuleshova, Anxo Mena, Tatiana Glazkova, and Viktor A. Krechik. "Landscape Mapping, Ichnological and Benthic Foraminifera Trends in a Deep-Water Gateway, Discovery Gap, NE Atlantic." Geosciences 11, no. 11 (November 19, 2021): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11110474.

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Multidisciplinary studies have allowed us to describe the abiotic landscapes and, thus, reveal the ichnological and benthic foraminifera trends in a deep-water gateway. Mesoscale landscape mapping is presented based on the bathymetric position index, substrate types and near-bottom water temperature. Four sediment cores, retrieved from the entrance, centre and exit of the gap, were subject to computed tomography, ichnological and benthic foraminifera studies. A high diversity of abiotic landscapes in the relatively small area of Discovery Gap is detected and its landscape is characterized by 23 landscape types. The most heterogeneous abiotic factor is a topography that is associated with sediment patchiness and substrate variability. The ichnological and tomographical studies of the sediment cores demonstrate lateral and temporal differences in the macrobenthic tracemaker behaviour. The ichnofossils assemblage of the sediment core can be assigned to the Zoophycos ichnofacies with a higher presence of Zoophycos in the entrance site of the gap and during glacial intervals. Higher benthic foraminifera diversity and species richness during the Holocene are also registered in the southern part of the gap compared to the northern part. The spatial and temporal differences in macro-benthos behavior and benthic foraminifera distribution in the deep-water gateway are proposed to relate to the topographical variations of the Antarctic Bottom Water and its influence on the hydrodynamic regime, nutrient transport, etc.

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48

Brasier, Madeleine J., Helena Wiklund, Lenka Neal, Rachel Jeffreys, Katrin Linse, Henry Ruhl, and Adrian G. Glover. "DNA barcoding uncovers cryptic diversity in 50% of deep-sea Antarctic polychaetes." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 11 (November 2016): 160432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160432.

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The Antarctic marine environment is a diverse ecosystem currently experiencing some of the fastest rates of climatic change. The documentation and management of these changes requires accurate estimates of species diversity. Recently, there has been an increased recognition of the abundance and importance of cryptic species, i.e. those that are morphologically identical but genetically distinct. This article presents the largest genetic investigation into the prevalence of cryptic polychaete species within the deep Antarctic benthos to date. We uncover cryptic diversity in 50% of the 15 morphospecies targeted through the comparison of mitochondrial DNA sequences, as well as 10 previously overlooked morphospecies, increasing the total species richness in the sample by 233%. Our ability to describe universal rules for the detection of cryptic species within polychaetes, or normalization to expected number of species based on genetic data is prevented by taxon-specific differences in phylogenetic outputs and genetic variation between and within potential cryptic species. These data provide the foundation for biogeographic and functional analysis that will provide insight into the drivers of species diversity and its role in ecosystem function.

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Brandt, A., C. De Broyer, I. De Mesel, K. E. Ellingsen, A. J. Gooday, B. Hilbig, K. Linse, M. R. A. Thomson, and P. A. Tyler. "The biodiversity of the deep Southern Ocean benthos." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362, no. 1477 (November 30, 2006): 39–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1952.

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Our knowledge of the biodiversity of the Southern Ocean (SO) deep benthos is scarce. In this review, we describe the general biodiversity patterns of meio-, macro- and megafaunal taxa, based on historical and recent expeditions, and against the background of the geological events and phylogenetic relationships that have influenced the biodiversity and evolution of the investigated taxa. The relationship of the fauna to environmental parameters, such as water depth, sediment type, food availability and carbonate solubility, as well as species interrelationships, probably have shaped present-day biodiversity patterns as much as evolution. However, different taxa exhibit different large-scale biodiversity and biogeographic patterns. Moreover, there is rarely any clear relationship of biodiversity pattern with depth, latitude or environmental parameters, such as sediment composition or grain size. Similarities and differences between the SO biodiversity and biodiversity of global oceans are outlined. The high percentage (often more than 90%) of new species in almost all taxa, as well as the high degree of endemism of many groups, may reflect undersampling of the area, and it is likely to decrease as more information is gathered about SO deep-sea biodiversity by future expeditions. Indeed, among certain taxa such as the Foraminifera, close links at the species level are already apparent between deep Weddell Sea faunas and those from similar depths in the North Atlantic and Arctic. With regard to the vertical zonation from the shelf edge into deep water, biodiversity patterns among some taxa in the SO might differ from those in other deep-sea areas, due to the deep Antarctic shelf and the evolution of eurybathy in many species, as well as to deep-water production that can fuel the SO deep sea with freshly produced organic matter derived not only from phytoplankton, but also from ice algae.

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Isla, Enrique, Dieter Gerdes, Albert Palanques, Núria Teixidó, Wolf Arntz, and Pere Puig. "Relationships between Antarctic coastal and deep-sea particle fluxes: implications for the deep-sea benthos." Polar Biology 29, no. 4 (September 27, 2005): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-005-0046-9.

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