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Journal articles on the topic 'Ant-mimicry'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Haug, Joachim T., Veronika Winder, Maja Ilic, Gideon T. Haug, and Carolin Haug. "The early stages of Miomantis binotata and their bearing on the question whether ant mimicry is a larval feature of first stage praying mantises (Mantodea: Mantidae)." Fragmenta Entomologica 52, no. 1 (April 10, 2020): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/fe.2020.402.

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Ant mimicry, i.e., the mimicking of ant workers by another organism, is a widespread phenomenon among different groups of Euarthropoda, including spiders and different insect species. One example of ant mimicry occurs among praying mantises (Mantodea); here the first stage nymphs have been recorded to perform ant mimicry. In this study, we investigated different nymphal instars of Miomantis binotata for possible morphological similarities to ants. The different instars were compared as stages supposed to perform ant mimicry would differ morphologically from those stages not supposed to resemble ants. The specimens were investigated under different microscopic settings and measurements were performed. Our results do not show significant differences concerning morphological measurements or shape of structures between the different nymphal instars of M. binotata. One prominent difference between stage one nymphs and later stages occurs in the colouration of the body, which is very dark in the earliest nymph. This difference might explain why young nymphs of Miomantis binotata are interpreted as ant-mimicking, despite the apparent lack of other morphological resemblances.

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2

Ceccarelli, Fadia Sara. "Ant-Mimicking Spiders: Strategies for Living with Social Insects." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/839181.

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Mimicry is a fascinating topic, in particular when viewed in terms of selective forces and evolutionary strategies. Mimicry is a system involving a signaller, a signal receiver, and a model and has evolved independently many times in plants and animals. There are several ways of classifying mimicry based on the interactions and cost-benefit scenarios of the parties involved. In this review, I briefly outline the dynamics of the most common types of mimicry to then apply it to some of the spider-ant associative systems known to date. In addition, this review expands on the strategies that ant-associating (in particular ant-mimicking) spiders have developed to minimise the costs of living close to colonies of potentially dangerous models. The main strategy that has been noted to date is either chemical mimicry or actively avoiding contact with ants. If these strategies warrant protection for the spider (living close to potentially dangerous models), then the benefits of ant associations would outweigh the costs, and the association will prevail.

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3

PERGER, ROBERT, and GONZALO D. RUBIO. "Contributions to the knowledge of Neotropical ant-like spiders: Myrmecotypus tahyinandu sp. n. from Bolivian Chiquitano forest, a new country record for M. niger, and indirect evidence for species-specific mimicry (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae)." Zootaxa 4790, no. 1 (June 10, 2020): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4790.1.9.

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Myrmecotypus tahyinandu sp. n. is described from the Bolivian Chiquitano forest, and M. niger Chickering, 1937 is recorded from Bolivia for the first time. The morphological differentiation among the closely related M. tahyinandu sp. n. and M. iguazu Rubio & Arbino, 2009 is likely attributable to the selection for specific ant mimicry. Adults of M. tahyinandu sp. n. are accurate mimics of the ant Camponotus crassus Mayr, 1862, M. iguazu of C. sericeiventris (Guérin-Méneville, 1838), and M. niger of Dolichoderus bispinosus (Olivier, 1792). This study is the first to identify ant models for morphologically closely related Castianeirinae, providing a promising starting point for future research on ant mimicry.

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4

Nelson, Ximena J., and Ashley Card. "Locomotory mimicry in ant-like spiders." Behavioral Ecology 27, no. 3 (December 20, 2015): 700–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arv218.

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5

Shamble, Paul S., Ron R. Hoy, Itai Cohen, and Tsevi Beatus. "Walking like an ant: a quantitative and experimental approach to understanding locomotor mimicry in the jumping spider Myrmarachne formicaria." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1858 (July 12, 2017): 20170308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0308.

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Protective mimicry, in which a palatable species avoids predation by being mistaken for an unpalatable model, is a remarkable example of adaptive evolution. These complex interactions between mimics, models and predators can explain similarities between organisms beyond the often-mechanistic constraints typically invoked in studies of convergent evolution. However, quantitative studies of protective mimicry typically focus on static traits (e.g. colour and shape) rather than on dynamic traits like locomotion. Here, we use high-speed cameras and behavioural experiments to investigate the role of locomotor behaviour in mimicry by the ant-mimicking jumping spider Myrmarachne formicaria , comparing its movement to that of ants and non-mimicking spiders. Contrary to previous suggestions, we find mimics walk using all eight legs, raising their forelegs like ant antennae only when stationary. Mimics exhibited winding trajectories (typical wavelength = 5–10 body lengths), which resemble the winding patterns of ants specifically engaged in pheromone-trail following, although mimics walked on chemically inert surfaces. Mimics also make characteristically short (approx. 100 ms) pauses. Our analysis suggests that this makes mimics appear ant-like to observers with slow visual systems. Finally, behavioural experiments with predatory spiders yield results consistent with the protective mimicry hypothesis. These findings highlight the importance of dynamic behaviours and observer perception in mimicry.

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6

Nelson, Ximena J., and Robert R. Jackson. "Aggressive use of Batesian mimicry by an ant-like jumping spider." Biology Letters 5, no. 6 (July 2009): 755–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0355.

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Batesian and aggressive mimicry are united by deceit: Batesian mimics deceive predators and aggressive mimics deceive prey. This distinction is blurred by Myrmarachne melanotarsa , an ant-like jumping spider (Salticidae). Besides often preying on salticids, ants are well defended against most salticids that might target them as potential prey. Earlier studies have shown that salticids identify ants by their distinctive appearance and avoid them. They also avoid ant-like salticids from the genus Myrmarachne. Myrmarachne melanotarsa is an unusual species from this genus because it typically preys on the eggs and juveniles of ant-averse salticid species. The hypothesis considered here is that, for M. melanotarsa , the distinction between Batesian and aggressive mimicry is blurred. We tested this by placing female Menemerus sp. and their associated hatchling within visual range of M. melanotarsa , its model, and various non-ant-like arthropods. Menemerus is an ant-averse salticid species. When seeing ants or ant mimics, Menemerus females abandoned their broods more frequently than when seeing non-ant-like arthropods or in control tests (no arthropods visible), as predicted by our hypothesis that resembling ants functions as a predatory ploy.

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7

WIPFLER, BENJAMIN, PETR KOČÁREK, ADRIAN RICHTER, BRENDON BOUDINOT, MING BAI, and ROLF GEORG BEUTEL. "Structural features and life habits of †Alienoptera (Polyneoptera, Dictyoptera, Insecta)." Palaeoentomology 2, no. 5 (October 31, 2019): 465–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.2.5.10.

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Structural features and life habits of described species of the extinct †Alienoptera are evaluated based on previously published studies on the group. Head structures and feedings habits are addressed, as are the locomotor organs, especially the wings and adhesive devices. Suggested pollen feeding habits and the possible role as pollinators are discussed, as well as hypothesized ant and wasp mimicry and myrmecophily. Species of †Alienoptera were likely predators, in the case of †Caputoraptor elegans Bai, Beutel et Wipfler, 2018 with a unique cephalo-prothoracic prey grasping mechanism. They were likely strong fliers with anatomical dipterism with functional hind wings. Wing joints protected by scale-like sclerotized fore wings probably allowed them to move very efficiently in dense foliage of trees or shrubs and to prey upon smaller insects. Ant mimicry, myrmecophily and “weevil mimicry” are rejected. †Meilia Vršanský et Wang, 2018 is a possible case of wasp mimicry but more evidence is required. Other suggested cases of mimicking wasps are unfounded.

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8

Harmer, S. F. "ON A NEW INSTANCTC OF ANT-MIMICRY." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 80, no. 4 (August 20, 2009): 837–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1910.tb01920.x.

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9

Salazar, Adrián, Benjamin Fürstenau, Carmen Quero, Nicolás Pérez-Hidalgo, Pau Carazo, Enrique Font, and David Martínez-Torres. "Aggressive mimicry coexists with mutualism in an aphid." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 4 (January 12, 2015): 1101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1414061112.

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Understanding the evolutionary transition from interspecific exploitation to cooperation is a major challenge in evolutionary biology. Ant–aphid relationships represent an ideal system to this end because they encompass a coevolutionary continuum of interactions ranging from mutualism to antagonism. In this study, we report an unprecedented interaction along this continuum: aggressive mimicry in aphids. We show that two morphs clonally produced by the aphid Paracletus cimiciformis during its root-dwelling phase establish relationships with ants at opposite sides of the mutualism–antagonism continuum. Although one of these morphs exhibits the conventional trophobiotic (mutualistic) relationship with ants of the genus Tetramorium, aphids of the alternative morph are transported by the ants to their brood chamber and cared for as if they were true ant larvae. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses reveal that the innate cuticular hydrocarbon profile of the mimic morph resembles the profile of ant larvae more than that of the alternative, genetically identical nonmimic morph. Furthermore, we show that, once in the brood chamber, mimic aphids suck on ant larva hemolymph. These results not only add aphids to the limited list of arthropods known to biosynthesize the cuticular chemicals of their deceived hosts to exploit their resources but describe a remarkable case of plastic aggressive mimicry. The present work adds a previously unidentified dimension to the classical textbook paradigm of aphid–ant relationships by showcasing a complex system at the evolutionary interface between cooperation and exploitation.

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10

Huang, Jin-Nan, Ren-Chung Cheng, Daiqin Li, and I.-Min Tso. "Salticid predation as one potential driving force of ant mimicry in jumping spiders." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1710 (October 20, 2010): 1356–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1896.

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Many spiders possess myrmecomorphy, and species of the jumping spider genus Myrmarachne exhibit nearly perfect ant mimicry. Most salticids are diurnal predators with unusually high visual acuity that prey on various arthropods, including conspecifics. In this study, we tested whether predation pressure from large jumping spiders is one possible driving force of perfect ant mimicry in jumping spiders. The results showed that small non-ant-mimicking jumping spiders were readily treated as prey by large ones (no matter whether heterospecific or conspecific) and suffered high attack and mortality rates. The size difference between small and large jumping spiders significantly affected the outcomes of predatory interactions between them: the smaller the juvenile jumping spiders, the higher the predation risk from large ones. The attack and mortality rates of ant-mimicking jumping spiders were significantly lower than those of non-ant-mimicking jumping spiders, indicating that a resemblance to ants could provide protection against salticid predation. However, results of multivariate behavioural analyses showed that the responses of large jumping spiders to ants and ant-mimicking salticids differed significantly. Results of this study indicate that predation pressure from large jumping spiders might be one selection force driving the evolution of nearly perfect myrmecomorphy in spiders and other arthropods.

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11

LEV-YADUN, SIMCHA, and MOSHE INBAR. "Defensive ant, aphid and caterpillar mimicry in plants?" Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 77, no. 3 (November 5, 2002): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00132.x.

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12

Rasekh, Arash, J. P. Michaud, Aziz Kharazi-Pakdel, and Hossein Allahyari. "Ant Mimicry by an Aphid Parasitoid,Lysiphlebus fabarum." Journal of Insect Science 10, no. 126 (August 2010): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.010.12601.

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13

Nelson, Ximena J. "A Predator's Perspective of the Accuracy of Ant Mimicry in Spiders." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/168549.

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Among spiders, resemblance of ants (myrmecomorphy) usually involves the Batesian mimicry, in which the spider coopts the morphological and behavioural characteristics of ants to deceive ant-averse predators. Nevertheless, the degree of resemblance between mimics and ants varies considerably. I usedPortia fimbriata,a jumping spider (Salticidae) with exceptional eyesight that specialises on preying on salticids, to test predator perception of the accuracy of ant mimicry.Portia fimbriata’s response to ants (Oecophylla smaragdina), accurate ant-like salticids (Synageles occidentalis), and inaccurate ant-like salticids (females ofMyrmarachne bakeriand sexually dimorphic males ofM. bakeri, which have enlarged chelicerae) was assessed.Portia fimbriataexhibited graded aversion in accordance with the accuracy of resemblance to ants (O. smaragdina>S. occidentalis> femaleM. bakeri> maleM. bakeri). These results support the hypothesis that ant resemblance confers protection from visual predators, but to varying degrees depending on signal accuracy.

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14

Yanoviak, S. P., M. Kaspari, R. Dudley, and G. Poinar. "Parasite‐Induced Fruit Mimicry in a Tropical Canopy Ant." American Naturalist 171, no. 4 (April 2008): 536–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/528968.

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15

YAMAOKA, RYOHEI. "Chemical mimicry of insect which is symbiotic with ant." Kagaku To Seibutsu 35, no. 12 (1997): 856–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/kagakutoseibutsu1962.35.856.

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16

Nelson, Ximena J., and Robert R. Jackson. "Collective Batesian mimicry of ant groups by aggregating spiders." Animal Behaviour 78, no. 1 (July 2009): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.04.005.

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17

WUNDERLICH, JÖRG. "Spatiator martensi n. sp., a second species of the extinct spider family Spatiatoridae in Eocene Baltic amber (Araneae)." Zootaxa 1325, no. 1 (September 28, 2006): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1325.1.19.

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Spatiator martensi n. sp. (Araneae: Spatiatoridae) is described from the Early Tertiary Baltic amber forest. It is the second known species of this extinct family of spiders. Ants as syninclusions point to a possible ant mimicry or myrmecophagy.

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18

McLean, Donald James, and Marie E. Herberstein. "Mimicry in motion and morphology: do information limitation, trade-offs or compensation relax selection for mimetic accuracy?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1952 (June 9, 2021): 20210815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0815.

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Many animals mimic dangerous or undesirable prey as a defence from predators. We would expect predators to reliably avoid animals that closely resemble dangerous prey, yet imperfect mimics are common across a wide taxonomic range. There have been many hypotheses suggested to explain imperfect mimicry, but comparative tests across multiple mimicry systems are needed to determine which are applicable, and which—if any—represent general principles governing imperfect mimicry. We tested four hypotheses on Australian ant mimics and found support for only one of them: the information limitation hypothesis. A predator with incomplete information will be unable to discriminate some poor mimics from their models. We further present a simple model to show that predators are likely to operate with incomplete information because they forage and make decisions while they are learning, so might never learn to properly discriminate poor mimics from their models. We found no evidence that one accurate mimetic trait can compensate for, or constrain, another, or that rapid movement reduces selection pressure for good mimicry. We argue that information limitation may be a general principle behind imperfect mimicry of complex traits, while interactions between components of mimicry are unlikely to provide a general explanation for imperfect mimicry.

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19

Lambardi, Duccio, Francesca R. Dani, Stefano Turillazzi, and Jacobus J. Boomsma. "Chemical mimicry in an incipient leaf-cutting ant social parasite." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 61, no. 6 (December 19, 2006): 843–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-006-0313-y.

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20

Schaefer, H. Martin, and Graeme D. Ruxton. "Fenestration: a window of opportunity for carnivorous plants." Biology Letters 10, no. 4 (April 2014): 20140134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0134.

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A long-standing but controversial hypothesis assumes that carnivorous plants employ aggressive mimicry to increase their prey capture success. A possible mechanism is that pitcher plants use aggressive mimicry to deceive prey about the location of the pitcher's exit. Specifically, species from unrelated families sport fenestration, i.e. transparent windows on the upper surfaces of pitchers which might function to mimic the exit of the pitcher. This hypothesis has not been evaluated against alternative hypotheses predicting that fenestration functions to attract insects from afar. By manipulating fenestration, we show that it does not increase the number of Drosophila flies or of two ant species entering pitchers in Sarracenia minor nor their retention time or a pitcher's capture success. However, fenestration increased the number of Drosophila flies alighting on the pitcher compared with pitchers of the same plant without fenestration. We thus suggest that fenestration in S. minor is not an example of aggressive mimicry but rather functions in long-range attraction of prey. We highlight the need to evaluate aggressive mimicry relative to alternative concepts of plant–animal communication.

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21

Sagban, Rafid, Ku Ruhana Ku-Mahamud, and Muhamad Shahbani Abu Bakar. "ACOustic: A Nature-Inspired Exploration Indicator for Ant Colony Optimization." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/392345.

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A statistical machine learning indicator,ACOustic, is proposed to evaluate the exploration behavior in the iterations of ant colony optimization algorithms. This idea is inspired by the behavior of some parasites in their mimicry to the queens’ acoustics of their ant hosts. The parasites’ reaction results from their ability to indicate the state of penetration. The proposed indicator solves the problem of robustness that results from the difference of magnitudes in the distance’s matrix, especially when combinatorial optimization problems with rugged fitness landscape are applied. The performance of the proposed indicator is evaluated against the existing indicators in six variants of ant colony optimization algorithms. Instances for travelling salesman problem and quadratic assignment problem are used in the experimental evaluation. The analytical results showed that the proposed indicator is more informative and more robust.

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22

Cremer, Sylvia, Patrizia D’Ettorre, Falko P. Drijfhout, Matthew F. Sledge, Stefano Turillazzi, and Jürgen Heinze. "Imperfect chemical female mimicry in males of the ant Cardiocondyla obscurior." Naturwissenschaften 95, no. 11 (August 5, 2008): 1101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-008-0430-8.

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23

Takano, Shingo, Toshihide Tanaka, Eiichi Ishikawa, Youhei Yamamoto, Jun Takai, Masahide Matsuda, Takao Tsurubuchi, Hiroyoshi Akutsu, and Akira Matsumura. "ANGI-05 PATHOGENESIS OF RESISTANCE (MIMICRY AND CO-OPTION) TO ANTI-ANGIOGENIC TREATMENT FOR GLIOBLASTOMA." Neuro-Oncology Advances 1, Supplement_2 (December 2019): ii5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/noajnl/vdz039.020.

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Abstract PURPOSE Vessel co-option and vascular mimicry are important resistant factors with ant-angiogenic treatment for glioblastoma, but those precise evaluation is not clear. We had three types of glioblastoma surgically removed specimens treated with / without bevacizumab (Bev). Using these samples, pathogenesis of co-option and mimicry was morphometrically clarified. MATERIALS / METHODS Three types of glioblastoma specimens were analyzed; 1) Bev naive (N group, n 14), 2) Bev effective that was treated preoperative neoadjuvant Bev (E group, n 5), 3) Bev refractory that recurred with continuous Bev treatment for paired E group (R group, n 5). Vascular density was defined as a number of type IV collagen covered lumen. Vascular mimicry was measured as a ratio of CD34 negative / type IV collagen positive lumen. Vessel co-option was graded to 3 degrees (-), (+), (++) at tumor margin. RESULTS (1)Vascular density was significantly lower with E group (p<0.01) and R gr up (p<0.02) compared to N group. (2)Mimicry was significantly higher with R group compared to N and E group (p<0.01). Between paired samples, refractory case was constantly higher than effective sample. (3) Co-option was increases with R group compared to N group. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION The effect of Bev for glioblastoma was investigated on three points (vascular density, vascular mimicry and vessel co-option) and two pathogeneses were clarified. In Bev refractory case, density was decreased, but mimicry and co-option were increased compared to Bev naive case. In Bev effective case, density was decreased, but mimicry and co-option were unchanged. Anti-angiogenic treatment for initial and Bev refractory glioblastoma should consider targeting co-option and mimicry in addition to Bev.

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24

OLIVEIRA, PAULO S. "Ant-mimicry in some Brazilian salticid and clubionid spiders (Araneae: Salticidae, Glubionidae)*." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 33, no. 1 (January 1988): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00443.x.

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25

Aldrich, J. R., A. Zhang, and J. E. Oliver. "ATTRACTANT PHEROMONE AND ALLOMONE FROM THE METATHORACIC SCENT GLAND OF A BROAD-HEADED BUG (HEMIPTERA: ALYDIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 132, no. 6 (December 2000): 915–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent132915-6.

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AbstractFemales of Alydus eurinus (Say) release an attractant pheromone from their metathoracic scent gland. Conspecific males and, to a lesser extent, females and nymphs were attracted to blends containing the female-specific essential pheromone components 2-methylbutyl butyrate and (E)-2-methyl-2-butenyl butyrate, whereas individuals of Alydus pilosulus Herrick-Schaeffer were not attracted. When attacked, however, alydid adults emit chemicals for defense—butyric and hexanoic acids in A. eurinus—from the metathoracic scent glands. Mimicry is actually the first line of defense for most broad-headed bugs, including the common North American species studied here, whose nymphs are remarkable ant mimics and whose adults strongly resemble spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). The possibility that disparate heteropterans (Hemiptera) produce sexual pheromones in their metathoracic scent glands must be considered in future pheromone research on heteropterans, especially for species with the specialized lines of defense indicated by aposematism or mimicry.

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MOUND, LAURENCE A., and PHILIPPE REYNAUD. "Franklinothrips; a pantropical Thysanoptera genus of ant-mimicking obligate predators (Aeolothripidae)." Zootaxa 864, no. 1 (February 23, 2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.864.1.1.

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The Aeolothripidae genus Franklinothrips Back is redefined with a key provided to the 14 species recognised worldwide, of which F. brunneicornis from New Caledonia and F. strasseni from Nepal are described as new. Most of the species appear to be bisexual and localised in distribution, but F. vespiformis is usually unisexual and is found in many tropical countries, here being recorded from Australia for the first time. All of the species are probably predatory, as adults and larvae, three species having been promoted as biological control agents against pest thrips in European greenhouses. Comments are given on predation and ant-mimicry amongst Aeolothripidae.

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Pie, Marcio R., and Kleber Del-Claro. "Male-Male Agonistic Behavior and Ant-Mimicry in a Neotropical Richardiid (Diptera: Richardiidae)." Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 37, no. 1 (April 1, 2002): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/snfe.37.1.19.2114.

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28

Durkee, Caitlin A., Martha R. Weiss, and Divya B. Uma. "Ant Mimicry Lessens Predation on a North American Jumping Spider by Larger Salticid Spiders." Environmental Entomology 40, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 1223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/en11057.

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29

Schönrogge, K., F. Barbero, L. P. Casacci, J. Settele, and J. A. Thomas. "Acoustic communication within ant societies and its mimicry by mutualistic and socially parasitic myrmecophiles." Animal Behaviour 134 (December 2017): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.10.031.

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30

Rubio, Gonzalo D., Manuel O. Arbino, and Paula E. Cushing. "Ant mimicry in the spiderMyrmecotypus iguazu(Araneae: Corinnidae), with notes about myrmecomorphy in spiders." Journal of Arachnology 41, no. 3 (November 2013): 395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1636/j13-35.1.

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CECCARELLI, F. S., and R. H. CROZIER. "Dynamics of the evolution of Batesian mimicry: molecular phylogenetic analysis of ant-mimicking Myrmarachne (Araneae: Salticidae) species and their ant models." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20, no. 1 (January 2007): 286–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01199.x.

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32

Völkl, Wolfgang, and Manfred Mackauer. "OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOUR OF APHIDIINE WASPS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE, APHIDIINAE): MORPHOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS AND EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS." Canadian Entomologist 132, no. 2 (April 2000): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent132197-2.

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AbstractWe examined oviposition behaviour in 49 species representing 19 genera of Aphidiinae. All species are solitary parasitoids of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea). Six general types are described that differ in oviposition time, behaviour, and morphology. The Ephedrini have the least specialized oviposition behaviour within the subfamily, with Praini and Aphidiini displaying various adaptations for host capture and oviposition. Use of the forelegs to grasp and orient aphids for oviposition has arisen twice, in Praini and, independently, in the genus Monoctonus Haliday (Aphidiini: Monoctonina). Morphological modifications of the terminal abdominal segments for host capture are found in Trioxina and in several species of Pauesia Quilis (Aphidiina). A “quick” sting is characteristic of species in the genus Aphidius Nees and related genera. The greatest degree of behavioural diversification occurred among Pauesia species, including cryptic behaviour, ant mimicry, and “sneak” oviposition. Acquired chemical camouflage and mimicry of the host’s cuticular hydrocarbon pattern to avoid detection by guarding ants is found in Aclitus obscuripennis Foerster, the genus Paralipsis Foerster, and the two closely related genera Adialytus Foerster and Lysiphlebus Foerster. It is suggested that the main driving forces in the evolution of parasitoid oviposition behaviour were aphid defensive behaviour and avoidance of aggression by trophobiotic ants. The results are compared with phylogenetic relationships inferred from morphological and molecular data.

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Lenoir, Alain, Quentin Chalon, Ana Carvajal, Camille Ruel, Ángel Barroso, Tomáš Lackner, and Raphaël Boulay. "Chemical Integration of Myrmecophilous Guests inAphaenogasterAnt Nests." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/840860.

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Social insect nests provide a safe and favourable shelter to many guests and parasites. InAphaenogaster senilisnests many guests are tolerated. Among them we studied the chemical integration of two myrmecophile beetles,Sternocoelis hispanus(Coleoptera: Histeridae) andChitosa nigrita(Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), and a silverfish. Silverfishes bear low quantities of the host hydrocarbons (chemical insignificance), acquired probably passively, and they do not match the colony odour. Both beetle species use chemical mimicry to be accepted; they have the same specific cuticular hydrocarbon profile as their host. They also match the ant colony odour, but they keep some specificity and can be recognised by the ants as a different element.Sternocoelisare always adopted in other conspecific colonies ofA. seniliswith different delays. They are adopted in the twin speciesA. ibericabut never inA. simonelliiorA. subterranea. They are readopted easily into their mother colony after an isolation of different durations until one month. After isolation they keep their hydrocarbons quantity, showing that they are able to synthesize them. Nevertheless, their profile diverges from the host colony, indicating that they adjust it in contact with the hosts. This had never been demonstrated before in myrmecophile beetles. We suggest that the chemical mimicry ofSternocoelisis the result of a coevolution withA. seniliswith a possible cleaning symbiosis.

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Maurizi, Emanuela, Simone Fattorini, Wendy Moore, and Andrea Di Giulio. "Behavior ofPaussus favieri(Coleoptera, Carabidae, Paussini): A Myrmecophilous Beetle Associated withPheidole pallidula(Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/940315.

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Several specimens of the myrmecophilous beetlePaussus favieriwere reared in ant nests ofPheidole pallidula. Their interactions were recorded and all behaviors observed are described. Duration and frequency of five behaviors ofP. favieriwere analyzed with ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests; these comprised rewarding, antennal shaking, antennation, escape, and “no contact”. Significant differences both in duration and in frequency among behaviors were detected. The main result is that the rewarding behavior, during which the beetle provides attractive substances to the host, is performed significantly more frequently than all others. This result strongly supports the hypothesis that the chemicals provided by the beetles and licked by the ants are of great importance for the acceptance and the full integration ofP. favieriin the ant society. This result also suggests that, contrary to previous findings and interpretations, the myrmecophilous strategy ofP. favieriis very similar to the symphilous strategy described forP. turcicus. The occasional interactions of some beetle specimens with theP. pallidulaqueen were recorded, illustrated, and discussed, indicating the possibility of a more complex strategy ofP. favieriinvolving a chemical mimicry with the queen. In addition, the courtship performed by the beetle is described for the first time, together with a peculiar “cleaning” behavior, which we hypothesize functions to spread antennal chemicals over the body surfaces.

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Akino, T., J. J. Knapp, J. A. Thomas, and G. W. Elmes. "Chemical mimicry and host specificity in the butterfly Maculinea rebeli, a social parasite of Myrmica ant colonies." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 266, no. 1427 (July 22, 1999): 1419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1999.0796.

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Elgar, Mark A., and Rachel A. Allan. "Chemical mimicry of the ant Oecophylla smaragdina by the myrmecophilous spider Cosmophasis bitaeniata: Is it colony-specific?" Journal of Ethology 24, no. 3 (February 17, 2006): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10164-005-0188-9.

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Schlick-Steiner, Birgit C., Florian M. Steiner, Helmut H�ttinger, Alexej Nikiforov, Robert Mistrik, Christa Schafellner, Peter Baier, and Erhard Christian. "A butterfly?s chemical key to various ant forts: intersection-odour or aggregate-odour multi-host mimicry?" Naturwissenschaften 91, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-004-0518-8.

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Czechowski, Wojciech. "Behavioural and socially parasitic relations between Polyergus rufescens (Latr.) and Formica polyctena Först. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Entomologica Fennica 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.84378.

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Polyergus rufescens (Latr.), an obligate slave-maker, and Formica polyctena Först., an aggressive, territorial wood ant species, rarely co-occur in the field, and there are almost no data on their mutual relations under natural conditions. These interactions were studied in the Bialowieza Forest (NE Poland), based on two P. rufescens colonies (with Formica fusca L. slaves) nesting within the territories of F. polyctena. The wood ants routinely searched the immediate vicinity of P. rufescens nests, whereas P. rufescens ants raided F. fusca colonies very close to F. polyctena nests or their columns passed right next to them, they eventually crossed wood ants’ foraging and removal routes, and even directly attacked F. polyctena colonies and robbed their brood. Interspeciflc relations in these particular situations are described and discussed in the contexts of supposed chemical camouflage/mimicry of P. rufescens and interspecific competition hierarchy in ants.

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Barbero, F., D. Patricelli, M. Witek, E. Balletto, L. P. Casacci, M. Sala, and S. Bonelli. "MyrmicaAnts and Their Butterfly Parasites with Special Focus on the Acoustic Communication." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/725237.

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About 10,000 arthropod species live as ants' social parasites and have evolved a number of mechanisms allowing them to penetrate and survive inside the ant nests.Myrmicacolonies, in particular, are exploited by numerous social parasites, and the presence of their overwintering brood, as well as of their polygyny, contributes to make them more vulnerable to infestation. Butterflies of the genusMaculineaare among the most investigatedMyrmicainquilines. These lycaenids are known for their very complex biological cycles.Maculineaspecies are obligated parasites that depend on a particular food plant and on a specificMyrmicaspecies for their survival.Maculinealarvae are adopted byMyrmicaants, which are induced to take them into their nests by chemical mimicry. Then the parasite spends the following 11–23 months inside the ants' nest. Mimicking the acoustic emission of the queen ants,Maculineaparasites not only manage to become integrated, but attain highest rank within the colony. Here we review the biology ofMaculinea/Myrmicasystem with a special focus on some recent breakthrough concerning their acoustical patterns.

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LIGHTON, JOHN R. B., and ROSEMARY G. GILLESPIE. "The energetics of mimicry: the cost of pedestrian transport in a formicine ant and its mimic, a clubionid spider." Physiological Entomology 14, no. 2 (June 1989): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1989.tb00949.x.

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Wilson, Joseph S., Aaron D. Pan, Erica S. Limb, and Kevin A. Williams. "Comparison of African and North American velvet ant mimicry complexes: Another example of Africa as the ‘odd man out’." PLOS ONE 13, no. 1 (January 3, 2018): e0189482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189482.

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Stoeffler, Michael, Tanja S. Maier, Till Tolasch, and Johannes L. M. Steidle. "Foreign-language Skills in Rove-Beetles? Evidence for Chemical Mimicry of Ant Alarm Pheromones in Myrmecophilous Pella Beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)." Journal of Chemical Ecology 33, no. 7 (June 9, 2007): 1382–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-007-9315-0.

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Perger, Robert, and Gonzalo D. Rubio. "Sympolymnia, a new genus of Neotropical ant-like spider, with description of two new species and indirect evidence for transformational mimicry (Araneae, Salticidae, Simonellini)." Zoosystematics and Evolution 96, no. 2 (November 19, 2020): 781–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.55210.

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Sympolymnia, a new genus of myrmecomorph jumping spider belonging to the tribe Simonellini Peckham, Peckham & Wheeler, 1889, is described. It comprises five species: the type species, Sympolymnia lucasi (Taczanowski, 1871), comb. nov., Sympolymnia lauretta (Peckham & Peckham, 1892), comb. nov., Sympolymnia edwardsi (Cutler, 1985), comb. nov. and Sympolymnia shinahotasp. nov. and S. cutlerisp. nov.Sympolymnia lauretta (Peckham & Peckham, 1892) is recorded from Bolivia for the first time. Ontogenetic shifts of ant-resemblance are observed: Juveniles of S. cutlerisp. nov. and S. lauretta mimic black ants of the genus Crematogaster Lund, 1831, but those of S. shinahotasp. nov. most closely resemble Pseudomyrmex ethicus (Forel, 1911). Adults of S. cutlerisp. nov., S. lauretta and S. shinahotasp. nov. resemble the ant Camponotus sanctaefidei Dalla Torre, 1892 and orange adults of S. shinahotasp. nov. are putative mimics of Camponotus latangulus Roger, 1863.

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PERGER, ROBERT, GONZALO D. RUBIO, and BROGAN L. PETT. "Grismadox elsneri sp. nov.—a new species of ant-resembling sac spider from the Bolivian orocline, with indirect evidence of species-specific mimicry (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae)." Zootaxa 5168, no. 4 (July 25, 2022): 441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5168.4.4.

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A new species of ant-resembling sac spider of the subfamily Castianeirinae, Grismadox elsneri sp. nov., is described from the Sub-Andean area of the Bolivian orocline. The species was collected from savanna grass along the edges of the Chiquitano forest and is a putative mimic of the carpenter ants Camponotus cf. crassus or C. cf. blandus.

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Akino, Toshiharu, and Ryohei Yamaoka. "Chemical mimicry in the root aphid parasitoid Paralipsis eikoae Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) of the aphid-attending ant Lasius sakagamii Yamauchi & Hayashida (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Chemoecology 8, no. 4 (December 1, 1998): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000490050020.

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Taniguchi, K., M. Maruyama, T. Ichikawa, and F. Ito. "A case of Batesian mimicry between a myrmecophilous staphylinid beetle, Pella comes, and its host ant, Lasius (Dendrolasius) spathepus: an experiment using the Japanese treefrog, Hyla japonica as a real predator." Insectes Sociaux 52, no. 4 (November 2005): 320–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-005-0813-1.

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47

Goldmakher, Leo. "Multiplicative mimicry and improvements to the Pólya–Vinogradov inequality." Algebra & Number Theory 6, no. 1 (June 15, 2012): 123–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2140/ant.2012.6.123.

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Labandeira, Conrad C. "Amber." Paleontological Society Papers 20 (October 2014): 163–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600002850.

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The amber fossil record provides a distinctive, 320-million-year-old taphonomic mode documenting gymnosperm, and later, angiosperm, resin-producing taxa. Resins and their subfossil (copal) and fossilized (amber) equivalents are categorized into five classes of terpenoid, phenols, and other compounds, attributed to extant family-level taxa. Copious resin accumulations commencing during the early Cretaceous are explained by two hypotheses: 1) abundant resin production as a byproduct of plant secondary metabolism, and 2) induced and constitutive host defenses for warding off insect pest and pathogen attack through profuse resin production. Forestry research and fossil wood-boring damage support a causal relationship between resin production and pest attack. Five stages characterize taphonomic conversion of resin to amber: 1) Resin flows initially caused by biotic or abiotic plant-host trauma, then resin flowage results from sap pressure, resin viscosity, solar radiation, and fluctuating temperature; 2) entrapment of live and dead organisms, resulting in 3) entombment of organisms; then 4) movement of resin clumps to 5) a deposition site. This fivefold diagenetic process of amberization results in resin→copal→amber transformation from internal biological and chemical processes and external geological forces. Four phases characterize the amber record: a late Paleozoic Phase 1 begins resin production by cordaites and medullosans. A pre-mid-Cretaceous Mesozoic Phase 2 provides increased but still sparse accumulations of gymnosperm amber. Phase 3 begins in the mid-early Cretaceous with prolific amber accumulation likely caused by biotic effects of an associated fauna of sawflies, beetles, and pathogens. Resiniferous angiosperms emerge sporadically during the late Cretaceous, but promote Phase 4 through their Cenozoic expansion. Throughout Phases 3 and 4, the amber record of trophic interactions involves parasites, parasitoids, and perhaps transmission of diseases, such as malaria. Other recorded interactions are herbivory, predation, pollination, phoresy, and mimicry. In addition to litter, amber also captures microhabitats of wood and bark, large sporocarps, dung, carrion, phytotelmata, and resin substrates. These microhabitats are differentially represented; the primary taphonomic bias is size, and then the sedentary vs. wandering life habits of organisms. Organismic abundance from lekking, ant-refuse heaps, and pest outbreaks additionally contribute to bias. Various techniques are used to image and analyze amber, allowing assessment of: 1) ancient proteins; 2) phylogenetic reconstruction; 3) macroevolutionary patterns; and 4) paleobiogeographic distributions. Three major benefits result from study of amber fossil material, in contrast to three different benefits of compression-impression fossils.

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von Beeren, Christoph, Adrian Brückner, Philipp O. Hoenle, Bryan Ospina-Jara, Daniel J. C. Kronauer, and Nico Blüthgen. "Multiple phenotypic traits as triggers of host attacks towards ant symbionts: body size, morphological gestalt, and chemical mimicry accuracy." Frontiers in Zoology 18, no. 1 (September 19, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12983-021-00427-8.

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Abstract Background Ant colonies are plagued by a diversity of arthropod guests, which adopt various strategies to avoid or to withstand host attacks. Chemical mimicry of host recognition cues is, for example, a common integration strategy of ant guests. The morphological gestalt and body size of ant guests have long been argued to also affect host hostility, but quantitative studies testing these predictions are largely missing. We here evaluated three guest traits as triggers of host aggression—body size, morphological gestalt, and accuracy in chemical mimicry—in a community of six Eciton army ant species and 29 guest species. We quantified ant aggression towards 314 guests in behavioral assays and, for the same individuals, determined their body size and their accuracy in mimicking ant cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles. We classified guests into the following gestalts: protective, myrmecoid, staphylinid-like, phorid-like, and larval-shaped. We expected that (1) guests with lower CHC mimicry accuracy are more frequently attacked; (2) larger guests are more frequently attacked; (3) guests of different morphological gestalt receive differing host aggression levels. Results Army ant species had distinct CHC profiles and accuracy of mimicking these profiles was variable among guests, with many species showing high mimicry accuracy. Unexpectedly, we did not find a clear relationship between chemical host similarity and host aggression, suggesting that other symbiont traits need to be considered. We detected a relationship between the guests’ body size and the received host aggression, in that diminutive forms were rarely attacked. Our data also indicated that morphological gestalt might be a valuable predictor of host aggression. While most ant-guest encounters remained peaceful, host behavior still differed towards guests in that ant aggression was primarily directed towards those guests possessing a protective or a staphylinid-like gestalt. Conclusion We demonstrate that CHC mimicry accuracy does not necessarily predict host aggression towards ant symbionts. Exploitation mechanisms are diverse, and we conclude that, besides chemical mimicry, other factors such as the guests’ morphological gestalt and especially their body size might be important, yet underrated traits shaping the level of host hostility against social insect symbionts.

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Hashimoto, Yoshiaki, Tomoji Endo, Takeshi Yamasaki, Fujio Hyodo, and Takao Itioka. "Constraints on the jumping and prey-capture abilities of ant-mimicking spiders (Salticidae, Salticinae, Myrmarachne)." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (October 26, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75010-y.

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Abstract Accurate morphological ant mimicry by Myrmarachne jumping spiders confers strong protective benefits against predators. However, it has been hypothesized that the slender and constricted ant-like appearance imposes costs on the hunting ability because their jumping power to capture prey is obtained from hydraulic pressure in their bodies. This hypothesis remains to be sufficiently investigated. We compared the jumping and prey-capture abilities of seven Myrmarachne species and non-myrmecomorphic salticids collected from tropical forests in Malaysian Borneo and northeastern Thailand. We found that the mimics had significantly reduced abilities compared with the non-mimics. The analysis using geometric morphometric techniques revealed that the reduced abilities were strongly associated with the morphological traits for ant mimicry and relatively lower abilities were found in Myrmarachne species with a more narrowed form. These results support the hypothesis that the jumping ability to capture prey is constrained by the morphological mimicry and provide a new insight into understanding the evolutionary costs of accurate mimicry.

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