Journal articles: '-ant form'

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Petersen, Dan. "Cusp form motives and admissibleG-covers." Algebra & Number Theory 6, no. 6 (August 12, 2012): 1199–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.2140/ant.2012.6.1199.

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Matomäki, Kaisa, Maksym Radziwiłł, and Terence Tao. "An averaged form of Chowla’s conjecture." Algebra & Number Theory 9, no. 9 (November 4, 2015): 2167–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2140/ant.2015.9.2167.

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Rumalolas, Nuryanti, Zali Natalia Tiblola, Keliopas Krey, and Febriza Dwiranti. "Ant Eating Behavior." Inornatus: Biology Education Journal 2, no. 2 (November 21, 2022): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30862/inornatus.v2i2.363.

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This study aims to determine the eating behavior of ants in the context of maintaining decomposer organisms in the ecosystem. The study was conducted using the Scan sampling method, namely recording the behavior of more than one individual per a predetermined time, which is every 10 minutes for 1 hour. The feeding behavior of ants was recorded using the Instantaneous sampling method. The results showed that ants have different eating behavior when consuming liquid and solid textured food. When eating liquid food, ants will make a neat formation, whereas when consuming solid food ants do not form formations.

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Saïdi, Mohamed, and Akio Tamagawa. "On the Hom-form of Grothendieck’s birational anabelian conjecture in positive characteristic." Algebra & Number Theory 5, no. 2 (August 27, 2011): 131–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2140/ant.2011.5.131.

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Maschwitz, U., S. Steghaus-Kovac, R. Gaube, and H. H�nel. "A South East Asian ponerine ant of the genus Leptogenys (Hym., Form.) with army ant life habits." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 24, no. 5 (May 1989): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00290907.

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Yitbarek, Senay, and Stacy M. Philpott. "Arboreal twig-nesting ants form dominance hierarchies over nesting resources." PeerJ 7 (November 27, 2019): e8124. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8124.

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Interspecific dominance hierarchies have been widely reported across animal systems. High-ranking species are expected to monopolize more resources than low-ranking species via resource monopolization. In some ant species, dominance hierarchies have been used to explain species coexistence and community structure. However, it remains unclear whether or in what contexts dominance hierarchies occur in tropical ant communities. This study seeks to examine whether arboreal twig-nesting ants competing for nesting resources in a Mexican coffee agricultural ecosystem are arranged in a linear dominance hierarchy. We described the dominance relationships among 10 species of ants and measured the uncertainty and steepness of the inferred dominance hierarchy. We also assessed the orderliness of the hierarchy by considering species interactions at the network level. Based on the randomized Elo-rating method, we found that the twig-nesting ant species Myrmelachista mexicana ranked highest in the ranking, while Pseudomyrmex ejectus was ranked as the lowest in the hierarchy. Our results show that the hierarchy was intermediate in its steepness, suggesting that the probability of higher ranked species winning contests against lower ranked species was fairly high. Motif analysis and significant excess of triads further revealed that the species networks were largely transitive. This study highlights that some tropical arboreal ant communities organize into dominance hierarchies.

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Kilmen, Sevilay. "Designing A Shorter Form of the Big Three Perfectionism Scale: An Application of Ant Colony Optimization." Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 40, no. 2 (December 5, 2021): 190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07342829211055880.

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The present study has two main purposes. The first is to create a short form of the BTPS and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the short form. The second is to evaluate the performance of the ant colony optimization procedure and discuss the applicability of the ant colony optimization procedure in creating a short form. Results revealed that the 30-item short form of the BTPS can be applied to psychological or educational assessment settings to obtain valid and reliable results related to ten different facets of perfectionism. The current study also showed that the ant colony optimization procedure can be used to create the best short form which has variance, reliability, and high factor correlations between original and short versions of a scale.

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Sofia Rahmi. "PALM SUGAR BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT IN MELATI VILLAGE, PERBAUNGAN DISTRICT, SERDANG BEDAGAI REGENCY." ABDIMAS TALENTA: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 4, no. 1 (May 22, 2019): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/abdimastalenta.v4i1.2389.

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This program of community service activities aims to provide education to the public about processing palm sugar into ant sugar. With the assistance in the form of ant sugar processing equipment and education about palm sugar processing so it is not easy to taste acid can increase the knowledge of entrepreneurs in developing their businesses. Palm sugar which was originally a sugar that easily melts and is packaged in a very simple form will have a higher selling value because it is made in the form of ant sugar and packaged in such a way. The tim of this community service activity give educate in the form of the equipment. And its processing so that they are able to understand more the process of palm sugar into ant sugar.

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Grangier, Julien, and Philip J. Lester. "A novel interference behaviour: invasive wasps remove ants from resources and drop them from a height." Biology Letters 7, no. 5 (March 30, 2011): 664–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0165.

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This study reports a novel form of interference behaviour between the invasive wasp Vespula vulgaris and the New Zealand native ant Prolasius advenus . By videotaping interactions at bait stations, we found that wasps commonly remove ant competitors from food resources by picking up the workers in their mandibles, flying backward and dropping them unharmed some distance from the food. Both the frequency and the efficiency of the wasp behaviour significantly increased with the abundance of ant competitors. Ant removals were the most common interference events initiated by wasps when ants were numerous, while intraspecific conflicts among wasps were prominent when few ants were present. The ‘ant-dropping’ behaviour emphasizes how asymmetry in body sizes between competitors can lead to a pronounced form of interference, related to asymmetric locomotion modes.

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Liu, Liqiang, Yuntao Dai, and Jinyu Gao. "Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm for Continuous Domains Based on Position Distribution Model of Ant Colony Foraging." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/428539.

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Ant colony optimization algorithm for continuous domains is a major research direction for ant colony optimization algorithm. In this paper, we propose a distribution model of ant colony foraging, through analysis of the relationship between the position distribution and food source in the process of ant colony foraging. We design a continuous domain optimization algorithm based on the model and give the form of solution for the algorithm, the distribution model of pheromone, the update rules of ant colony position, and the processing method of constraint condition. Algorithm performance against a set of test trials was unconstrained optimization test functions and a set of optimization test functions, and test results of other algorithms are compared and analyzed to verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

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Olaru, Gabriel, and Daniel Danner. "Developing Cross-Cultural Short Scales Using Ant Colony Optimization." Assessment 28, no. 1 (May 16, 2020): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191120918026.

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This article demonstrates how the metaheuristic item selection algorithm ant colony optimization (ACO) can be used to develop short scales for cross-cultural surveys. Traditional item selection approaches typically select items based on expert-guided assessment of item-level information in the full scale, such as factor loadings or item correlations with relevant outcomes. ACO is an optimization procedure that instead selects items based on the properties of the resulting short models, such as model fit and reliability. Using a sample of 5,567 respondents from five countries, we selected a 15-item short form of the Big Five Inventory–2 with the goal of optimizing model fit and measurement invariance in exploratory structural equation modeling, as well as reliability, construct coverage, and criterion-related validity of the scale. We compared the psychometric properties of the new short scale with the Big Five Inventory–2 extra-short form developed with a traditional approach. Whereas both short scales maintained the construct coverage and criterion-related validity of the full scale, the ACO short scale achieved better model fit and measurement invariance across countries than the Big Five Inventory–2 extra-short form. As such, ACO can be a useful tool to identify items for cross-cultural comparisons of personality.

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Fiedler, Konrad. "The ant associates of Lycaenidae butterfly caterpillars – revisited." Nota Lepidopterologica 44 (September 8, 2021): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.44.68993.

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Based on a global compilation of data on ant associates of 523 Lycaenidae species, a synthesis is attempted as to which ants participate in these interactions. Ants from 63 genera have thus far been observed as visitors of facultative myrmecophiles or as hosts of obligate myrmecophiles among the Lycaenidae. Over 98% of records come from nectarivorous and trophobiotic ants in just three subfamilies, viz. Formicinae, Myrmicinae and Dolichoderinae, with the genera Crematogaster and Camponotus occupying the top ranks. Accumulation analysis suggests that rather few ant genera remain to be added to the list of associates. The representation of ant genera as attendants of lycaenid immatures is related to their global species richness, but with some notable exceptions. Ants that form ecologically dominant, large, long-lived colonies are over-represented as hosts of obligate myrmecophiles. The taxonomic diversity of lycaenid-ant associations is highest in the Oriental and Australian region, and lowest in the Neotropical and Afrotropical region. Among tropical African lycaenids, this is due to two butterfly lineages (genus Lepidochrysops and subfamily Aphnaeinae) that have massively radiated in the Neogene, but mostly maintaining their general affiliations with either Camponotus or Crematogaster ants, respectively. Many tropical and subtropical lycaenids nowadays form associations also with invasive alien tramp ants, giving rise to novel mutualistic interactions.

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MALINOWSKI, JANUSZ, JAN W. KANTELHARDT, and KRZYSZTOF KUŁAKOWSKI. "DETERMINISTIC ANTS IN LABYRINTH — INFORMATION GAINED BY MAP SHARING." International Journal of Modern Physics C 24, no. 06 (May 2013): 1350035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183113500356.

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A few ant robots are placed in a labyrinth, formed by a square lattice with a small number of corridors removed. Ants move according to a deterministic algorithm designed to explore all corridors. Each ant remembers the shape of corridors which it has visited. Once two ants meet, they share the information acquired. We evaluate how the time of getting a complete information by an ant depends on the number of ants, and how the length known by an ant depends on time. Numerical results are presented in the form of scaling relations.

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DeHeer, Michael A. D. Goodisman, and Ross. "Queen Dispersal Strategies in the Multiple-Queen Form of the Fire Ant Solenopsis invicta." American Naturalist 153, no. 6 (1999): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2463622.

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DeHeer, Christopher J., Michael A. D. Goodisman, and Kenneth G. Ross. "Queen Dispersal Strategies in the Multiple‐Queen Form of the Fire Ant Solenopsis invicta." American Naturalist 153, no. 6 (June 1999): 660–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/303205.

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Schmidt, Justin O., Li S. Schmidt, and Deborah K. Schmidt. "The paradox of the velvet-ant (Hymenoptera, Mutillidae)." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 84 (August 24, 2021): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.84.68795.

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Female diurnal velvet-ants are among the insects most strongly protected against predation. These protections include an exceedingly hard and tightly fitting integument, powerful legs and rapid running ability, aposematic color, aposematic warning stridulation, aposematic odor, and, most famously, legendarily powerful stings. Small to medium-sized velvet-ants were rarely injured or killed in tests against potential predators. Velvet-ant stings are painful, often exceedingly so, but have low toxicity or lethality and are of defensive value primarily by causing intense pain. Despite being well defended against predators they do not form night-time resting aggregations that might enhance mutual protection.

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Prichko, Tatiana, and Valery Sivoplyasov. "The influence of the rootstock on the formation of quality indicators of sweet cherry variety Alexandria." BIO Web of Conferences 34 (2021): 05008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213405008.

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The tested 27 samples of sweet cherry Alexandria variety grown on rootstocks with different growth rates (low-growing, medium and vigorous) had different indicators both in marketable conditions and in the content of a complex of biologically active substances – sugars, acids, vitamins. According to the level of accumulation of substances that form the nutritional, therapeutic and prophylactic properties of sweet cherry fruits, variety-rootstock combinations have been identified that provide an improvement in the quality indicators of fruits: ANT x Maaka 9-8, ANTD 12/20, S 33, Gegard, ANT x 2-77-1, ANT self-fertile 17, ANT w / n 5, Chufut Kale.

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Latty, Tanya, Kai Ramsch, Kentaro Ito, Toshiyuki Nakagaki, David J. T. Sumpter, Martin Middendorf, and Madeleine Beekman. "Structure and formation of ant transportation networks." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 8, no. 62 (February 2, 2011): 1298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2010.0612.

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Many biological systems use extensive networks for the transport of resources and information. Ants are no exception. How do biological systems achieve efficient transportation networks in the absence of centralized control and without global knowledge of the environment? Here, we address this question by studying the formation and properties of inter-nest transportation networks in the Argentine ant ( Linepithema humile ). We find that the formation of inter-nest networks depends on the number of ants involved in the construction process. When the number of ants is sufficient and networks do form, they tend to have short total length but a low level of robustness. These networks are topologically similar to either minimum spanning trees or Steiner networks. The process of network formation involves an initial construction of multiple links followed by a pruning process that reduces the number of trails. Our study thus illuminates the conditions under and the process by which minimal biological transport networks can be constructed.

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Liantoni, Febri, Rifki Indra Perwira, and Daniel Silli Bataona. "Comparison of Adaptive Ant Colony Optimization for Image Edge Detection of Leaves Bone Structure." EMITTER International Journal of Engineering Technology 6, no. 2 (December 29, 2018): 328–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24003/emitter.v6i2.306.

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Leaf bone structure has a characteristic that can be used as a reference in digital image processing. One form of digital image processing is image edge detection. Edge detection is the process of extracting edge information from an image. In this research, Adaptive Ant Colony Optimization algorithm is proposed for edge image detection of leaf bone structure. The Adaptive Ant Colony Optimization method is a modification of Ant Colony Optimization, in which the initial an ant dissemination process is no longer random, but it is done by a pixel placement process that allows for an edge based on the value of the image gradient. As a comparison also performed edge detection using Robert and Sobel method. Based on the experiments performed, Adaptive Ant Colony Optimization algorithm is capable of producing more detailed image edge detection and has thicker borders than others.Â Keywords: edge detection, ant colony optimization, robert, sobel

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Ribas, Carla, Paulo Oliveira, Tathiana Sobrinho, José Schoereder, and Marcelo Madureira. "The arboreal ant community visiting extrafloral nectaries in the Neotropical cerrado savanna." Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 3, no. 1 (2010): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187498310x487785.

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AbstractThe cerrado savanna of Brazil embraces an area of approximately 2 million km2, in which vegetation physiognomies may vary from open grassland to forest with a discontinuous herbaceous layer. Here we describe the main ecological factors accounting for the prevalence of ants on cerrado foliage, and present a general characterization of the arboreal ant fauna of this savanna. The high incidence of ants on cerrado foliage results mostly from the wide occurrence of predictable liquid food sources in the form of extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) and insect honeydew, which act as efficient promoters of ant activity on vegetation. In addition, stem galleries and cavities constructed by boring beetles and insect galls create a nesting space frequently used by arboreal ants. Specific studies involving ants, herbivores and plants are reported to demonstrate the impact that foliage-dwelling ants can have on phytophagous insects, herbivory levels, and ultimately on host plants. These studies show that: (i) ants visit EFNs and likely benefit from this resource; (ii) EFN-gathering ants can benefit particular plant species by reducing herbivory and increasing plant fitness; (iii) presence of EFNs does not affect ant species richness within a given tree; (iv) there is not a particular ant species composition typical of plants with EFNs; (v) although plants with EFNs are visited by more ant individuals than non-nectariferous plants, this visitation pattern does not translate into lower numbers of herbivores on the nectariferous plant community. We suggest some promising research avenues to elucidate how community-level parameters can be tied to the ecology of ant-plant associations in cerrado.

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Hasegawa, Eisuke, Saori Watanabe, Yuuka Murakami, and Fuminori Ito. "Adaptive phenotypic variation among clonal ant workers." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 2 (February 2018): 170816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170816.

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Phenotypic variations are observed in most organisms, but their significance is not always known. The phenotypic variations observed in social insects are exceptions. Genetically based response threshold variances have been identified among workers and are thought to play several important adaptive roles in social life, e.g. allocating tasks among workers according to demand, promoting the sustainability of the colony and forming the basis of rationality in collective decision-making. Several parthenogenetic ants produce clonal workers and new queens by asexual reproduction. It is not clearly known whether such genetically equivalent workers show phenotypic variations. Here, we demonstrate that clonal workers of the parthenogenetic ant Strumigenys membranifera show large threshold variances among clonal workers. A multi-locus genetic marker confirmed that colony members are genetic clones, but they showed variations in their sucrose response thresholds. We examined the changing pattern of the thresholds over time generating hypotheses regarding the mechanism underlying the observed phenotypic variations. The results support the hypothesis that epigenetic modifications that occur after eclosion into the adult form are the cause of the phenotypic variations in this asexual species.

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Afifi, Alan Abdu Robbi, Sarjiya Sarjiya, and Yusuf Susilo Wijoyo. "Ant Colony Optimization for Resolving Unit Commitment Issues by Considering Reliability Constraints." IJITEE (International Journal of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering) 2, no. 4 (November 11, 2019): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijitee.49422.

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Unit Commitment or generator scheduling is one of complex combination issues aiming to obtain the cheapest generating power total costs. Ant Colony Optimization is proposed as a method to solve Unit Commitment issues because it has a better result convergence according to one of journals that reviews methods to solve Unit Commitment issues. Ant Colony Optimization modification into Nodal Ant Colony Optimization as well as addition of several elements are also conducted to overcome Ant Colony Optimization limitations in resolving Unit Commitment issues. Nodal Ant Colony Optimization simulations are then compared with Genetic Algorithm and Simulated Annealing methods which previously has similar simulations. Reliability index combination in a form of Loss of Load Probability and Expected Unserved Energy are also added as reliability constraints in the system. Comparison of three methods shows that Nodal Ant Colony Optimization is able to provide better results up to 0.08% cheaper than Genetic Algorithm or Simulated Annealing methods.

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Bauer, Manuel K. A., Alexis Schubert, Oliver Rocks, and Stefan Grimm. "Adenine Nucleotide Translocase-1, a Component of the Permeability Transition Pore, Can Dominantly Induce Apoptosis." Journal of Cell Biology 147, no. 7 (December 27, 1999): 1493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.147.7.1493.

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Here, we describe the isolation of adenine nucleotide translocase-1 (ANT-1) in a screen for dominant, apoptosis-inducing genes. ANT-1 is a component of the mitochondrial permeability transition complex, a protein aggregate connecting the inner with the outer mitochondrial membrane that has recently been implicated in apoptosis. ANT-1 expression led to all features of apoptosis, such as phenotypic alterations, collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, caspase activation, and DNA degradation. Both point mutations that impair ANT-1 in its known activity to transport ADP and ATP as well as the NH2-terminal half of the protein could still induce apoptosis. Interestingly, ANT-2, a highly homologous protein could not lead to cell death, demonstrating the specificity of the signal for apoptosis induction. In contrast to Bax, a proapoptotic Bcl-2 gene, ANT-1 was unable to elicit a form of cell death in yeast. This and the observed repression of apoptosis by the ANT-1–interacting protein cyclophilin D suggest that the suicidal effect of ANT-1 is mediated by specific protein–protein interactions within the permeability transition pore.

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Villada, Gabriel, Farhaan Hafeez, Jose Ollague, Carlos H. Nousari, and George W. Elgart. "Imported fire ant envenomation: A clinicopathologic study of a recognizable form of arthropod assault reaction." Journal of Cutaneous Pathology 44, no. 12 (September 21, 2017): 1012–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cup.13036.

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Chen, Y. P., and S. B. Vinson. "Queen Attractiveness to Workers in the Polygynous Form of the Ant Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 92, no. 4 (July 1, 1999): 578–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/92.4.578.

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DI GIULIO, Andrea, Simone FATTORINI, Wendy MOORE, James ROBERTSON, and Emanuela MAURIZI. "Form, function and evolutionary significance of stridulatory organs in ant nest beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Paussini)." European Journal of Entomology 111, no. 5 (December 10, 2014): 692–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/eje.2014.083.

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HAEMIG, PAUL D. "Effects of birds on the intensity of ant rain: a terrestrial form of invertebrate drift." Animal Behaviour 54, no. 1 (July 1997): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1996.0428.

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Singh, Gurpreet, Amanpreet Kaur, Aashdeep Singh, and Rohan Gupta. "Ant Based Zonal Routing in Mobile Adhoc Networks." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.1 (August 4, 2018): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.1.16795.

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Mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of moving wireless nodes which form a temporary network topology without using any pre-existing network infrastructure. One of the challenges in MANET is to identify a path between the source and the destination nodes. MANET is highly deployable, self-organizing, autonomous and self-configuring network with the ability of rapid deployment. Nodes movement imposes high challenges to routing in MANET due to dynamically changing of topologies, low transmission power and asymmetric links. So well-organized routing is very critical task due to highly dynamic environment. Route instability occurs due to node mobility and leads to frequent change in topologies; therefore routing becomes one of the core issues. Many researchers are working on the expansion of routing protocols in MANET.

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Bassenden, Angelia, Dmitry Rodionov, Nilu Sabet-Kassouf, Tahereh Haji, Kun Shi, and Albert Berghuis. ""Structural characterization of aminoglycoside modifying enzyme ANT(2"")-Ia"." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314092973.

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Aminoglycosides are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics used in the treatment of serious Gram-negative bacterial infections, they target the 16S RNA subunit and upon binding cause errors in translation, eventually inducing a bactericidal effect [1]. Aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase (2")-Ia (ANT(2")-Ia) is an aminoglycoside modifying enzyme that prevents aminoglycosides from binding to the ribosomal subunit, making this enzyme a principle candidate structure-based drug design [2]. Characterization of ANT(2")-Ia has been proven to be difficult due to the low stability and solubility of overexpressed protein, where 95% of the protein being expressed is in the form of inclusion bodies [3]. We describe a protocol that has lead to successful expression and purification of ANT(2")-Ia. A successful enzymatic assay has also been adapted and the protein is active and stable under these conditions with a specific activity of 0.14 U/mg. Furthermore, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies have allowed for the assignment of 144 of the 176 non-proline backbone residues. Substrate binding NMR experiments have shown unique global chemical shift perturbations upon binding ATP and tobramycin, suggesting unique binding sites for each substrate. Structural determination of ANT(2")-Ia using NMR in conjunction with x-ray crystallography can be utilized in order to develop small molecules that will act as more effective aminoglycosides in order to inhibit ANT(2")-Ia from binding and modifying these antibiotics.

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Deng, Lei Lei. "Pheromone-Based Ant Colony Algorithm for Optimal Proliferation of Research." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 3152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.3152.

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In order to realize the water-saving irrigation of field plots path pipeline deployment management and control, the pheromone of ant colony algorithm for optimization design of. Ant colony algorithm (ACA) is a kind of Bionic Engineering with the development of the optimization algorithm, is mainly based on ant foraging in the search for the shortest path model and form. This article attempts in the existing ant colony algorithm combinatorial optimization of real defect on the basis of field plots, to coordinate as a data source, An improved ant colony algorithm for field plots wiring path design, thereby improving the ant colony algorithm in an iterative process to update the optimal solution ability, Finally in the same number of iterations to find path shorter, cost less rules, solve agricultural water-saving irrigation pipeline path optimization deployment problem. And in the VC++ program validation path optimization problems. The test results show that, under the same climatic conditions, route optimization design results can be deployed for water saving irrigation pipeline layout management provides reference basis and data support.

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de Mingo López, Luis Fernando, Nuria Gómez Blas, Angel Luis Castellanos Peñuela, and Juan Bautista Castellanos Peñuela. "Swarm Intelligence Models: Ant Colony Systems Applied to BNF Grammars Rule Derivation." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 31, no. 01 (January 2020): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054120400079.

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Ant Colony Systems have been widely employed in optimization issues primarily focused on path finding optimization, such as Traveling Salesman Problem. The main advantage lies in the choice of the edge to be explored, defined using the idea of pheromone. This article proposes the use of Ant Colony Systems to explore a Backus-Naur form grammar whose elements are solutions to a given problem. Similar studies, without using Ant Colonies, have been used to solve optimization problems, such as Grammatical Swarm (based on Particle Swarm Optimization) and Grammatical Evolution (based on Genetic Algorithms). Proposed algorithm opens the way to a new branch of research in Swarm Intelligence, which until now has been almost non-existent, using ant colony algorithms to solve problems described by a grammar.

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Palungwachira, Pakhawadee, Salunya Tancharoen, Chareerut Phruksaniyom, Sirinapha Klungsaeng, Ratchaporn Srichan, Kiyoshi Kikuchi, and Thamthiwat Nararatwanchai. "Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Anthocyanins Extracted from Oryza sativa L. in Primary Dermal Fibroblasts." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2019 (July 31, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2089817.

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Flavonoids are naturally active substances that form a large class of phenolic compounds abundant in certain foods. Black rice (Oryza sativa L.) contains high levels of anthocyanin polyphenols, which have beneficial effects on health owing to their antioxidant properties. The breakdown of collagenous networks with aging or skin deterioration results in the impairment of wound healing in the skin. Accordingly, reviving stagnant collagen synthesis can help maintain dermal homeostasis during wound healing. This study presents an assessment of the cellular activity of anthocyanins (ANT) extracted from Oryza sativa L., providing information necessary for the development of new products that support natural healing processes. The relative composition of ANT from Oryza sativa L. was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection. ANT promoted the migration of rat dermal fibroblasts (RDFs) and demonstrated antioxidant properties. ANT increased the mRNA expression of collagen type I alpha 2 (COL1A2) and upregulated type I collagen protein levels in H2O2-stimulated RDFs without cytotoxicity. Compared with the untreated group, treatment of RDFs with ANT in the presence of H2O2 led to the activation of signaling pathways, including the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and Akt, whereas it significantly (p<0.001) inhibited the phosphorylation of IκBα and suppressed the activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) subunits, p50 and p65, which are transcription factors responsible for inflammation. Taken together, our findings suggest that ANT from Oryza sativa L. have anti-inflammatory properties and antiaging potential by modulating type I collagen gene expression and suppressing H2O2-induced NF-κB activation in skin fibroblasts.

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Dindar, Çiğdem K., Cem Erkmen, Bengi Uslu, and Nilgün G. Göğer. "The Development of Spectrophotometric and Validated Stability- Indicating RP-HPLC Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Ephedrine HCL, Naphazoline HCL, Antazoline HCL, and Chlorobutanol in Pharmaceutical Pomade Form." Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 23, no. 10 (December 28, 2020): 1090–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1386207323666200720101835.

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Background: Allergic rhinitis, acute nasal congestion and sinusitis are one of the most common health problems and have a major effect on the quality of life. Several medications are used to improve the symptoms of such diseases in humans. Pharmaceutical pomade form containing Ephedrine (EPD) HCl, Naphazoline (NPZ) HCl, Antazoline (ANT) HCl, and Chlorobutanol (CLO) is one of them. Objective: For these reasons, this study includes the development of spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods for the determination of EPD HCl, NPZ HCl, ANT HCl, and CLO active agents in the pharmaceutical pomade. Method: In the spectrophotometric method, third-order derivative of the amplitudes at 218 nm n=5 and the first-order derivative of the amplitudes 254 nm n=13 was selected for the determination of EPD, ANT, respectively while NPZ was determined by the second derivative at 234 nm and n=21. Colorimetric detection was applied for assay analysis of CLO at 540 nm. Furthermore, a reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP- HPLC) method has been developed and optimized by using Agilent Zorbax Eclipse XDB C18 (75 mm x 3.0 mm, 3.5μm) column. The column temperature was 40°C, binary gradient elution was used and the mobile phase consisted of 15 mM phosphate buffer in distilled water (pH 3.0) and methanol, and the flow rate was 0.6 mL min-1 and the UV detector was detected at 210 nm. The linear operating range was obtained as 11.97-70, 0.59-3, 2.79-30, and 2.92-200 μg mL-1 for EPD HCl, NPZ HCl, ANT HCl, and CLO respectively. Results: The LOD values were found to be 3.95, 0.19, 0.92 and 0.96 μg mL-1 for EPD HCl, NPZ HCl, ANT HCl, and CLO in the spectrophotometric method, respectively. The linear ranges in the RP-HPLC method were 8.2-24.36 μg mL-1, 0.083 - 0.75 μg/mL, 2.01-7.5 μg mL-1 and 2.89-24.4 μg mL-1 for EPD HCl, NPZ HCl, ANT HCl, and CLO, respectively. The LOD values in the validation studies were 2.7, 0.025, 0.66 and 0.86 μg mL-1 for EPD HCl, NPZ HCl, ANT HCl, and CLO in RP-HPLC method respectively. Conclusion: The results of the spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods were compared and no differences were found between the two methods.

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Chen, Zhi Gao. "Cloud Logistics Path Optimization Based on Ant Colony Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 722 (December 2014): 442–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.722.442.

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Cloud Manufacturing is developed in the cloud computing, which is based on the idea of "Made in service" recently. Cloud manufacturing mode connect all sorts of manufacturing resources and capability together and form standard manufacturing services which customers can obtain according to their demand at any time. Logistics mode should coincide with manufacturing mode for the certain correlation between logistics and manufacturing process,so the production and development of cloud manufacturing mode had the logistics mode reformed. In this paper we present a cloud manufacturing service composition method considering execution reliability based on ant algorithm, to optimize the use of composite service execution path to save the costs.

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Colby, Dee, Lacy Inmon, and Lane Foil. "Red Imported Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Worker Head Widths as an Indicator of Social Form in Louisiana." Journal of Entomological Science 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-42.1.20.

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Classification of red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, colonies as monogyne or polygyne by using differences in worker size (head widths) was compared to PCR discrimination of alleles for colony social form. Maximum head widths were significantly different between the two social forms, but reliable assignment of social form based on head widths was not possible because of considerable overlap in sizes among ants in the two social forms.

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Piva, Alcione, and Ana Eugênia de Carvalho Campos. "Ant Community Structure (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Two Neighborhoods with Different Urban Profiles in the City of São Paulo, Brazil." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/390748.

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Some ant species are highly abundant in cities, may form huge unicolonial populations with thousands of individuals able to displace native fauna, and impoverish ecological relationships in urban environments. In this work, we study the ant community in two neighborhoods with different urban profiles, one recently populated and another from the 1900s in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Two hundred and ninety houses were sampled with baits for ant collections. Results show that the recent urbanized neighborhood with greater disturbance favors opportunistic and dominant species to colonize it, likeTapinoma melanocephalum. We also made a temporal analysis in the ancient neighborhood, collecting ants after ten years from a first survey.T. melanocephalumhas a broader range than ten years ago, displaced other ant species, but confronts withPheidole megacephalathat was not found in the recent urbanized neighborhood.

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Zhang, Shu, and Lei Meng. "Based on Immune Algorithm Heat Treatment Analysis of the Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 532-533 (June 2012): 763–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.532-533.763.

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We have used the metaphor of ant colonies to define "the immune system", a class of distributed algorithms for combinatorial optimization. In this paper we analyze some properties of Ant-cycle, the up to now best performing of the ant algorithms we have tested. 4.2% Re alloy 1320 °C solution treatment can significantly reduce the elements in the interdendritic / arm region segregation, after the high temperature air-cooling solution, γ'-phase combination of butterfly present form, after aging at 1100 °C, the size of about 0.45 m to cubic γ'-phase coherent manner mosaic in g matrix, aging temperature increased, γ' phase size too grew up.

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Dobata, Shigeto, Tomonori Sasaki, Hideaki Mori, Eisuke Hasegawa, Masakazu Shimada, and Kazuki Tsuji. "Cheater genotypes in the parthenogenetic ant Pristomyrmex punctatus." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1656 (October 14, 2008): 567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1215.

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Cooperation is subject to cheating strategies that exploit the benefits of cooperation without paying the fair costs, and it has been a major goal of evolutionary biology to explain the origin and maintenance of cooperation against such cheaters. Here, we report that cheater genotypes indeed coexist in field colonies of a social insect, the parthenogenetic ant Pristomyrmex punctatus . The life history of this species is exceptional, in that there is no reproductive division of labour: all females fulfil both reproduction and cooperative tasks. Previous studies reported sporadic occurrence of larger individuals when compared with their nest-mates. These larger ants lay more eggs and hardly take part in cooperative tasks, resulting in lower fitness of the whole colony. Population genetic analysis showed that at least some of these large-bodied individuals form a genetically distinct lineage, isolated from cooperators by parthenogenesis. A phylogenetic study confirmed that this cheater lineage originated intraspecifically. Coexistence of cheaters and cooperators in this species provides a good model system to investigate the evolution of cooperation in nature.

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Defossez, Emmanuel, Champlain Djiéto-Lordon, Doyle McKey, Marc-André Selosse, and Rumsaïs Blatrix. "Plant-ants feed their host plant, but above all a fungal symbiont to recycle nitrogen." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1710 (October 27, 2010): 1419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1884.

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In ant–plant symbioses, plants provide symbiotic ants with food and specialized nesting cavities (called domatia). In many ant–plant symbioses, a fungal patch grows within each domatium. The symbiotic nature of the fungal association has been shown in the ant-plant Leonardoxa africana and its protective mutualist ant Petalomyrmex phylax . To decipher trophic fluxes among the three partners, food enriched in 13 C and 15 N was given to the ants and tracked in the different parts of the symbiosis up to 660 days later. The plant received a small, but significant, amount of nitrogen from the ants. However, the ants fed more intensively the fungus. The pattern of isotope enrichment in the system indicated an ant behaviour that functions specifically to feed the fungus. After 660 days, the introduced nitrogen was still present in the system and homogeneously distributed among ant, plant and fungal compartments, indicating efficient recycling within the symbiosis. Another experiment showed that the plant surface absorbed nutrients (in the form of simple molecules) whether or not it is coated by fungus. Our study provides arguments for a mutualistic status of the fungal associate and a framework for investigating the previously unsuspected complexity of food webs in ant–plant mutualisms.

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Crawford, Michael J., Farhad KhosrowShahian, Richard A. Liversage, and Susannah L. Varmuza. "Xenopus adenine nucleotide translocase mRNA exhibits specific and dynamic patterns of expression during development." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 79, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o00-096.

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We report the isolation and characterization of the Xenopus homolog to human T1 ANT (adenine nucleotide translocase). The 1290-nucleotide sequence contains initiation and termination signals, and encodes a conceptual protein of 298 amino acids. The sequence shares high amino acid identity with the mammalian adenine translocases. The transcript is present in unfertilized eggs, and it is expressed at higher levels during formation of the antero-posterior dorsal axis in embryos. Although low levels are expressed constitutively except in endodermal cells, adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) expression is dynamically regulated during neurulation. At this stage, expression in ectoderm rapidly diminishes as the neural folds form, and then ANT expression increases slightly in mesoderm. At the culmination of neurulation, the neural tube briefly expresses ANT, and thereafter its expression predominates in the somitic mesoderm and also the chordoneural hinge. In addition, ANT expression is particularly high in the prosencephalon, the mesencephalon, the branchial arches, eye, and the otic vesicle. Treatment of embryos with retinoic acid has the effect of diminishing constitutive expression of ANT, but microinjection studies demonstrate that immediate and local repression cannot be induced in dorsal structures.Key words: adenine nucleotide translocase, Xenopus, retinoic acid, pattern formation, gastrulation.

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Gonthier, David J., Gabriella L. Pardee, and Stacy M. Philpott. "Azteca instabilis ants and the defence of a coffee shade tree: an ant–plant association without mutual rewards in Chiapas, Mexico." Journal of Tropical Ecology 26, no. 3 (March 30, 2010): 343–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467409990666.

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Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are important predators of herbivorous insects on plants (Rosumek et al. 2009). Ant removal or absence may result in negative indirect effects on plants, as herbivore abundance and herbivory increase and plant growth and reproduction decline (Rosumek et al. 2009, Schmitz et al. 2000). Ant presence on plants often results from a mutualistic interaction. For example, strong highly coevolved ant–plant mutualisms are found on myrmecophytic plants that house ants in domatia (specialized nesting sites). Weaker mutualistic associations are found with myrmecophilic plants that only offer extra-floral nectaries (EFNs) or food bodies to attract ants, or on other plants hosting honeydew-producing hemipterans (indirect ant–plant interactions) that mediate ant abundance (Hölldobler & Wilson 1990). However, in most cases, plants and arboreal ants form more passive associations, where ants nest in the natural cavities of branches or bark, or construct carton nests on plant substrates (Hölldobler & Wilson 1990) and the only reward plants offer these ants is the use of their substrates. In these situations the indirect effect of ants on plants is merely by chance, a byproduct of ant presence (byproduct association).

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Czaczkes, T. J., and P. Kumar. "Very rapid multi-odour discrimination learning in the ant Lasius niger." Insectes Sociaux 67, no. 4 (November 2020): 541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-020-00787-0.

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AbstractInsects can be very good learners. For example, they can form associations between a cue and a reward after only one exposure. Discrimination learning, in which multiple cues are associated with different outcomes, is critical for responding correctly complex environments. However, the extent of such discrimination learning is not well explored. Studies concerning discrimination learning within one valence are also rare. Here we ask whether Lasius niger ants can form multiple concurrent associations to different reward levels, and how rapidly such associations can be learned. We allowed individual workers to sequentially feed on up to four different food qualities, each associated with a different odour cue. Using pairwise preference tests, we found that ants can successfully learn at least two, and likely three, odour/quality associations, requiring as little as one exposure to each combination in order for learning to take place. By testing preference between two non-extreme values (i.e. between 0.4 M and 0.8 M having been trained to the qualities 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6) we exclude the possibility that ants are only memorising the best and worst values in a set. Such rapid learning of multiple associations, within one valence and one modality, is impressive, and makes Lasius niger a very tractable model for complex training paradigms.

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Herwina, Henny, Muhammad N. Janra, Fitri Anita, Mairawita, and Yaherwandi. "Are Bird Nests the Habitat for Ants? Implication from Ant Inventory (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Across Various Bird Nests." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 748, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/748/1/012036.

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Abstract This study aimed to do the inventory on ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) that specifically inhabit the bird nests within the Universitas Andalas campus complex, Limau Manis, Padang. It had been conducted from January to August 2018, where the bird nests were purposively collected then followed with ant collection from each nest. Forty nests were sampled and identified as nests of Estrildidae, Pycnonotidae, Sylviidae and from the unknown taxa; 5 nests showed active breeding indications when collected. A total of 2,741 ant individuals belong to 13 species, 12 genera, 8 tribes, and 4 subfamilies extracted from 31 (of which 4 were active nests), out of 40, observed nests. The ant species inventory included the members of subfamilies Formicinae (5), Myrmicinae (5), Dolichoderinae (2) and Pseudomyrmicinae (1). We statistically detected correlation between nest biomass and number of ant individual and species infested in the bird nests, which explained the more species recorded from Estrildid nests that were averagely bulkier than other nests. This result offers strong indication that bird nests may serve as form of habitat, or at least a niche, for ants.

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Yan, Guangwei, and Dandan Feng. "Escape-Route Planning of Underground Coal Mine Based on Improved Ant Algorithm." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/687969.

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When a mine disaster occurs, to lessen disaster losses and improve survival chances of the trapped miners, good escape routes need to be found and used. Based on the improved ant algorithm, we proposed a new escape-route planning method of underground mines. At first, six factors which influence escape difficulty are evaluated and a weight calculation model is built to form a weighted graph of the underground tunnels. Then an improved ant algorithm is designed and used to find good escape routes. We proposed a tunnel network zoning method to improve the searching efficiency of the ant algorithm. We use max-min ant system method to optimize the meeting strategy of ants and improve the performance of the ant algorithm. In addition, when a small part of the mine tunnel network changes, the system may fix the optimal routes and avoid starting a new processing procedure. Experiments show that the proposed method can find good escape routes efficiently and can be used in the escape-route planning of large and medium underground coal mines.

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Hermita, Neni, Zetra Hainul Putra, Jesi Alexander Alim, Jianlan Tang, Tommy Tanu Wijaya, Li Li, Jerito Pereira, and Maximus Tamur. "The Hungry Ant: Development of Video-Based Learning on Polyhedron." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 15, no. 17 (September 6, 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i17.23099.

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This research on learning media development is to answer the challenge of using technology in this 21st century wherein technology is growing rapidly. The purpose of this research is to develop a learning media in the form of learning video on primary school topics. Researchers chose polyhedron to be the research subject. This search will use the 4D model and will only focus from the define up to the development stage. While the small-scale try-out and disseminate of the learning video can be done in another research. According to the validation result, the hungry ant video passed the validation and only needed a few revisions. The hungry ant video would be able to help students to visualize the shape of polyhedron, finding the diagonal space, proofing the area and volume formulas. Future research can analyze effect of the hungry ant video towards the students’ critical thinking ability.

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Zollschan, Linda. "The Date of the Fannius Letter: Jos. Ant. 14.233." Journal for the Study of Judaism 38, no. 1 (2007): 9–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006307x170607.

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AbstractThe letter of safe-conduct to Jewish envoys in Jos. Ant. 14.233 is widely held, following Niese, to have been written by the consul of 161 B.C.E., C. Fannius Strabo although the letter is placed by Josephus among Roman documents that date to 49 B.C.E. The circumstances of the civil war go some way to explaining the extraordinary nature of this document: the element of danger present on Cos in 49 B.C.E., danger that was not present in the second c. B.C.E., the legend PR on the Asian cistophori of C. Fannius and the meaning of the phrase στρατηγòς νπατoς. The letter is addressed to the archons of Cos, a form of address found in the rst but not the second c. B.C.E. Research from the last three decades provide fresh considerations that argue for an identi cation of the author of the letter with C. Fannius, the governor of Asia in 49/8 B.C.E., a date which accords with the chronological position given by Josephus.

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Fang, Fan Tao, Rui Pan, Deng Yun Ma, and Ding Fang Chen. "High Biomimetic Hexapod Ant Robot Based on Multivariable Fuzzy Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 540 (April 2014): 407–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.540.407.

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The robot, being used for specific functions and having strict algorithm, has been greatly developed, yet the high biomimetic robots are still to be developed. The popular research method in this field is to imitate a small simulated robot’s physiological form, behavioral action and instinctive habits through production research, so as to explore new ideas and algorithm. The research involves multiple disciplines of mechanical design, computer virtual modeling and simulation, SCM, sensor and mathematical modeling. This paper selects ant as its research object, analyze ant’s physiological structure and movement rule, builds the fuzzy model of ant’s movement rules, draws the structural model with Soildworks, implements the control algorithm through SCM programming, and produces the prototype.

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Penick, Clint A., Omar Halawani, Bria Pearson, Stephanie Mathews, Margarita M. López-Uribe, Robert R. Dunn, and Adrian A. Smith. "External immunity in ant societies: sociality and colony size do not predict investment in antimicrobials." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 2 (February 2018): 171332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171332.

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Social insects live in dense groups with a high probability of disease transmission and have therefore faced strong pressures to develop defences against pathogens. For this reason, social insects have been hypothesized to invest in antimicrobial secretions as a mechanism of external immunity to prevent the spread of disease. However, empirical studies linking the evolution of sociality with increased investment in antimicrobials have been relatively few. Here we quantify the strength of antimicrobial secretions among 20 ant species that cover a broad spectrum of ant diversity and colony sizes. We extracted external compounds from ant workers to test whether they inhibited the growth of the bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis . Because all ant species are highly social, we predicted that all species would exhibit some antimicrobial activity and that species that form the largest colonies would exhibit the strongest antimicrobial response. Our comparative approach revealed that strong surface antimicrobials are common to particular ant clades, but 40% of species exhibited no antimicrobial activity at all. We also found no correlation between antimicrobial activity and colony size. Rather than relying on antimicrobial secretions as external immunity to control pathogen spread, many ant species have probably developed alternative strategies to defend against disease pressure.

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Shao, Nan. "Research on Architectural Planning and Landscape Design of Smart City Based on Computational Intelligence." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (July 19, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1745593.

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City brain is a complex system, including online center, server network, and system with given algorithm. The core of the city brain is the intelligent system. After putting the urban brain into the intelligent nerve center, on the basis of not changing its original data structure, combining its own characteristics for design and then integrating into application, it can intelligently change the urban management mode. Urban planning leads the development of smart cities on a certain meaning, and smart city planning must have scientific and rational urban planning. The intelligent model is used to make urban planning form a more modern, convenient, and reasonable urban architectural planning. Some influential books on classical architectural theory are the theoretical basis of intelligent urban planning and even the trend and implementation blueprint of how smart cities will develop in the future. In this paper, four algorithms, ant colony algorithm, particle swarm optimization algorithm, genetic algorithm, and improved ant colony algorithm, are proposed to optimize the characteristics of urban architectural planning and landscape design; especially the security research of architecture and landscape characteristics is very important. The improved ant colony algorithm has the shortcoming of insufficient optimization ability in the face of complex path selection. By improving the influencing factors, a new ant colony algorithm is created. The improved ant colony algorithm achieves the best in security features, so it is advocated to use this algorithm for planning and design. The urban form in smart city aims to create a beautiful and comfortable urban environment, improve the competitiveness of cities in the rapid urbanization process, improve the living standards of the public, and shape the image of this beautiful city.

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Valles, Steven M., Charles A. Strong, Robert S. Emmitt, Christopher T. Culkin, and Ronald D. Weeks. "Efficacy of the InvictDetectTM Immunostrip® to Taxonomically Identify the Red Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta, Using A Single Worker Ant." Insects 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11010037.

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The early detection and identification of the red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta are crucial to intercepting and preventing it from becoming established in new areas. Unfortunately, the visual identification of fire ants to species is difficult and ant samples must often be couriered to an expert for positive identification, which can delay control interventions. A lateral flow immunoassay that provides a rapid and portable method for the identification of S. invicta ants was developed and commercialized, and it is available from Agdia, Inc. under the trade name InvictDetectTM. While the test was 100% accurate when using the recommended minimum sample of three ant workers, InvictDetectTM was field tested for the first time while using homogenates prepared from single S. invicta workers to determine the effectiveness of the method under these non-recommended conditions. Disregarding social form, the false negative rate was 25.5% for an initial single worker ant test and 10% after a repeat test was performed. The InvictDetectTM false negative response was independent of worker weight. Though InvictDetectTM requires a minimum of three worker ants, the test improves upon current identification methods because it can be conducted in the field, be completed in 10–30 min, and requires no special training or expertise.

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Journal articles on the topic '-ant form'

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