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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Konstantynowicz, Jerzy, Halina Kadziela-Olech, Maciej Kaczmarski, Roger M. D. Zebaze, Sandra Iuliano-Burns, Janina Piotrowska-Jastrzebska, and Ego Seeman. "Depression in Anorexia Nervosa: A Risk Factor for Osteoporosis." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 5382–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-0026.

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Abstract Context: Both anorexia nervosa (AN) and depression are associated with osteoporosis. We hypothesized that adolescent girls with AN and depression will have lower bone mineral density (BMD) than anorexic girls without depression. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate whether depression is an independent risk factor for osteoporosis in anorexic adolescent girls. Design: This study was cross-sectional. Setting: This study was conducted at the University Children’s Hospital (Bialystok, Poland) from October 2002 through September 2003. Participants: Forty-five Caucasian anorexic girls aged 13–23 yr, matched by age, Tanner stage, weight, height, calcium intake, and duration of AN, were studied, including 14 with comorbid depression (based on Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale) and 31 anorexic girls without depression. Main Outcome Measures: Total body and lumbar spine (LS) BMD, fat mass, and lean mass assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry were compared between AN girls with and without depression. Results: BMD was reduced in both groups, relative to reference data, but girls with AN and depression had lower BMD than those with AN alone (LS Z-scores, −2.6 ± 0.3 vs. −1.7 ± 0.3; P = 0.02) (mean ± sem). Quantitative assessment of depression correlated independently with total body BMD (r = −0.4; P < 0.05) and LS BMD (r = −0.6; P < 0.001). Conclusion: Anorexic girls with depression are at higher risk of osteoporosis than those without depression. The mechanisms responsible for decreased BMD in depression are not known. Independent treatment of the depressive disorder in AN may partly alleviate the bone fragility.

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2

Bracco, L. "Preventive medicine for anorexia of female adolescent." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1853.

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IntroductionAnorexia of females adolescents has a high mortality rate and heavy health, psychological, family consequences even in case of survival.ObjectivesTo reduce the mortality rate and the consequences of anorexia by providing a theory that allows us to have early or even predictive diagnosisMethods25 years ago I found blood type (O, A, B, AB) difference between an anorexic patient and her mother. Pregnancy had been with placental detachment and birth was traumatic, presumed causes of a mother/daughter blood contact. From that day on, I checked, in the case of Anorexia of the Female Adolescent, the blood types of the anorexic girl and her mother.ResultsIn my collection of data (more than 100 cases in 25 years): only the girls who have a different blood type (O, A, B, AB) from the mother are anorexic and from the patient’s history, we could think of a mother/daughter blood contact during the pregnancy. There are no exceptions in my data. My new theory is that Anorexia of the Female Adolescent, in addition to the girl’s psychological causes, needs a “conditio sine qua non” (a necessary but not sufficient condition): Different mother/daughter blood types (O,A,B,AB) and traumatic contact between the two blood types during pregnancy and/or birth”.ConclusionsMy theory facilitates early diagnosis (Preventive Medicine) by limiting observation, for Anorexia risk, to only daughters with a different blood type than that of the mother. Recognizing this “conditio sine qua non” for Anorexia of the Female Adolescent allows us an early diagnosis and a predictive hypothesis.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

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3

S dersten, P. "Antidepressants' Use in Anorexic Girls." Science 305, no. 5689 (September 3, 2004): 1401c. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.305.5689.1401c.

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4

Tonhajzerova, Ingrid, Andrea Mestanikova, Alexander Jurko, Marian Grendar, Peter Langer, Igor Ondrejka, Tomas Jurko, Igor Hrtanek, Dana Cesnekova, and Michal Mestanik. "Arterial stiffness and haemodynamic regulation in adolescent anorexia nervosa versus obesity." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 45, no. 1 (January 2020): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2018-0867.

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Cardiovascular complications contribute to higher morbidity and mortality in patients with anorexia nervosa. We aimed to study biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in anorexic, normal-weight, and obese adolescents with focus on complex cardiovascular autonomic regulation and early arteriosclerotic damage. We examined 20 adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa, 20 obese girls, and 20 healthy normal-weight controls. Collected data: body composition analysis, 5 min recordings of R–R intervals and beat-to-beat blood pressure (BP), and arterial stiffness evaluated using cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). Evaluated parameters: beat-to-beat heart rate and BP variability, haemodynamic parameters (total peripheral resistance (TPR) cardiac output), CAVI, and anthropometric indices, including novel body roundness index (BRI). Adolescents with anorexia nervosa had increased CAVI associated with lower arterial constriction indexed by low-frequency band of BP variability compared with normal-weight peers (p = 0.03, p = 0.04, respectively) and obese adolescents (p < 0.01, p = 0.01, respectively). After normalization of CAVI and TPR by BRI, the relationship between CAVI and TPR was significant for all groups with the highest slope in the anorexia nervosa group (R2 = 0.724, p < 0.01). This is the first study revealing early arteriosclerotic damage in anorexic girls with increased CAVI. Complex analysis of cardiovascular autonomic regulation, and early arteriosclerotic, hemodynamic, and anthropometric changes in spectrum anorexia nervosa, normal weight, and obesity could help to understand the mechanisms of increased cardiovascular risk in malnutrition. Novelty Girls with anorexia nervosa showed signs of early arteriosclerotic damage indexed by CAVI. Insufficient sympathetic cardiovascular control was found already in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. The effect of body composition on CAVI was best predicted by novel body roundness index.

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5

Zechowski, C., I. Namyslowska, J. Bragoszewska, and M. Witkowska. "Different Subtypes of Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescent Patients." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70999-x.

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Aim:Proper diagnosis and choice of adequate treatment have essential influence on the course and prognosis in eating disorders. Resent research (Thompson-Brenner, Eddy, Satir, Boisseau, Westen 2008) and our clinical practice (Jakubczyk, Zechowski, Namyslowska 2003) has shown that anorectic patients are not homogenous group, and they differ in the character of clinical symptoms and personality profile. Aim of the study is differentiation of anorexic patients on the basis on personality pathology, comorbidity and outcome.Methods:50 hospitalized anorexic adolescent girls (14-19 y.o.) were investigated by SWAP-200-A procedure, EDI, YBOCS, STAI, GAF, Hamilton Scale, Beck Scale, PAS, Developmental Impairment Questionnaire. Authors also assessed parameters of outcome such as a body mass change (kg/BMI), recurrence of menses, pharmacotherapy, kind of therapy preferred by patients and length of hospital treatment.Results:Preliminary results revealed three subgroups of anorexic patients different in personality pathology (well functioning/perfectionist, emotionally deregulated and avoidant), comorbidity and outcome. (Detail description of the study will be presented at the conference).Conclusions:The study confirms clinical observations and the results of other studies that there are three groups of anorexic patients different in clinical symptoms, comorbidity and profiles of personality.

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6

Bachrach, Laura K., David Guido, Debra Katzman, Iris F. Litt, and Robert Marcus. "Decreased Bone Density in Adolescent Girls With Anorexia Nervosa." Pediatrics 86, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 440–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.86.3.440.

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Osteoporosis develops in women with chronic anorexia nervosa. To determine whether bone mass is reduced in younger patients as well, bone density was studied in a group of adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa. With single- and dual-photon absorptiometry, a comparison was made of bone mineral density of midradius, lumbar spine, and whole body in 18 girls (12 to 20 years of age) with anorexia nervosa and 25 healthy control subjects of comparable age. Patients had significantly lower lumbar vertebral bone density than did control subjects (0.830 ± 0.140 vs 1.054 ± 0.139 g/cm2) and significantly lower whole body bone mass (0.700 ± 0.130 vs 0.955 ± 0.130 g/cm2). Midradius bone density was not significantly reduced. Of 18 patients, 12 had bone density greater than 2 standard deviations less than normal values for age. The diagnosis of anorexia nervosa had been made less than 1 year earlier for half of these girls. Body mass index correlated significantly with bone mass in girls who were not anorexic (P < .05, .005, and .0001 for lumbar, radius, and whole body, respectively). Bone mineral correlated significantly with body mass index in patients with anorexia nervosa as well. In addition, age at onset and duration of anorexia nervosa, but not calcium intake, activity level, or duration of amenorrhea correlated significantly with bone mineral density. It was concluded that important deficits of bone mass occur as a frequent and often early complication of anorexia nervosa in adolescence. Whole body is considerably more sensitive than midradius bone density as a measure of cortical bone loss in this illness. Low body mass index is an important predictor of this reduction in bone mass.

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7

Tsapenko, Aleksandr. "Traumatic influence of the attitude towards one’s own gender as a factor in the development of eating disorders." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 10046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127310046.

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At present, the amount of people suffering from various types of eating disorders is steadily increasing all over the world. A large proportion is occupied by people with manifestations of anorexia. Primarily this disorder affects female representatives at the age of 13-20 years. Taking into account the severity of the consequences that anorexia leads to, cases of death are increasingly being recorded, including adolescents. That’s why the question of providing effective assistance to such patients is especially relevant. However, without establishing the true causes, the results achieved during the treatment may be only short-term. In this connection, the author made an attempt to look at the problem more deeply. Thus, the article is devoted to the consideration of the causes of anorexia of adolescent girls, lying in the field of the unconscious, in particular, in a deep psychological trauma received in childhood. According to the author, the reasons of this trauma are the perception as a humiliation of the manifestations of the brother’s admiration or friends’ son from the girl’s parents, as opposed to the lack of attention, warmth and care towards her. The arising misunderstanding of the reason for such a different attitude contributes to the formation of a girl’s confidence that it is better to be a boy and, as a result, an unwillingness to be a woman. This, in turn, leads to anorexic behavior, as anorexia can inhibit the transformation of the body into a woman. The given assessment was confirmed in a conducted study among 128 girls aged 13-18 years with various eating disorders, including 46 with manifestations of anorexia nervosa. The substantiation of the hypothesis put forward at the beginning of the study was checked by means of a statistical method - the Fisher-φ test.

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8

Palazzoli Selvini, M. "Family therapy with anorexic-bulimic girls. Beyond systemic rigidity." Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity 2, no. 3 (September 1997): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03339967.

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9

Urdapilleta, Isabel, C. Cheneau, L. Masse, and A. Blanchet. "Comparative study of body image among dancers and anorexic girls." Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity 12, no. 3 (September 2007): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03327641.

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10

Bynum, Caroline Walker, Walter Vandereycken, and Ron van Deth. "From Fasting Saints to Anorexic Girls: The History of Self-Starvation." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 26, no. 4 (1996): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/205048.

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11

Docx, M. K., J. Ramet, A. Simons, and F. Eyskens. "312 Bone Mineral Density in the Lumbar Spine in Anorexic Girls." Pediatric Research 68 (November 2010): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-201011001-00312.

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12

BREMER, JENNIFER. "From Fasting Saints to Anorexic Girls: The History of Self-Starvation." American Journal of Psychiatry 152, no. 8 (August 1995): 1231—a—1232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.8.1231-a.

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13

Parry-Jones, W. Ll. "From fasting saints to anorexic girls. The history of self-starvation." Journal of Psychosomatic Research 39, no. 7 (October 1995): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(95)90157-4.

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14

INTAN, Tania. "Mythe de beauté et image de soi chez une adolescente dans « Robert des noms propres » d’Amelie Nothomb." FRANCISOLA 3, no. 2 (March 2, 2019): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/francisola.v3i2.15748.

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RÉSUMÉ. Cette étude vise donc à prouver surtout la relation entre le ballet, l'anorexie, et l'image de soi chez le personnage principal du roman Robert des Noms Propres, écrit en 2013 par Amélie Nothomb, une auteure francophone de Belgique. Cette recherche utilise la méthode d'analyse descriptive, pour obtenir une vue holistique des problèmes dans l'œuvre littéraire, qui ont été étudié en utilisant l'approche psychologique. Cette écriture est préparée en utilisant un large éventail de documents liés au thème du ballet, l'anorexie, et l'image de soi chez les filles. Le résultat de la recherche montre qu'il existe une relation causale entre ces trois elements cités. Le trouble de l'alimentation s’est montré depuis l’enfance du personnage principal qui devient anorexique en raison d'un traumatisme, les influences de l'environnement, ainsi que les exigences de sa profession en tant que danseuse de ballet. Cette recherche apporte également l’information que l’image de soi chez l’adolescente s’est formé dans les aspects cognitifs, affectifs, et psychomotoriques. Mots-clés : ballet, anorexie, image de soi, adolescente ABSTRACT. This study aims to prove above all the relationship between ballet, anorexia, and self-image in the main character of the novel Robert des Noms Propres, written in 2013 by Amélie Nothomb, a French-speaking author from Belgium. This research uses the method of descriptive analysis, to obtain a holistic view of the problems in the literary work, which were studied using the psychological approach. This writing is prepared using a wide range of documents related to the theme of ballet, anorexia, and self-image in girls. The result of the research shows that there is a causal relationship between these three elements. The eating disorder has been shown since the childhood of the main character who becomes anorexic due to trauma, environmental influences, as well as the demands of her profession as a ballet dancer. This research also brings the information that the adolescent's self-image has formed in the cognitive, affective, and psychomotoric aspects. Keywords: ballet, anorexia, self-image, adolescent girls

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Ugazio, Valeria. "Anorexic girls and their families: How can we deal with their semantic and its dilemmas?" Psychotherapy Section Review 1, no. 63 (2019): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpspsr.2019.1.63.10.

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16

Crowe, Nic, and Kate Hoskins. "Researching Transgression: Ana as a Youth Subculture in the Age of Digital Ethnography." Societies 9, no. 3 (July 8, 2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc9030053.

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In this paper, we explore the contribution of material and digital ethnography to providing a deeper understanding of youth subcultures. We provide the context by reviewing some of the research carried out by the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) to provide a historical overview of cultural studies and critically appraise how they have drawn on ethnography as a way of deepening our understanding of young people’s subculture. We then draw on digital ethnographic data to explore the lived experiences of Ana girls, that is, young women who advocate anorexic and bulimic behaviours as legitimate lifestyle choices, as they explore and negotiate their identity through online social media platforms with like-minded people. The aim is to demonstrate the potential of longitudinal digital ethnography to provide insights into these girls’ transgressive voices played out through online spaces. In narrating the Ana girls through digital storytelling, we argue that digital ethnography is the only way to access and understand their experiences and as such, has a unique role to play in advancing sociological understanding of their complex lived experiences. Thus, we suggest that digital ethnography provides a unique way of capturing longitudinal data and that this knowledge is important to bring about greater understanding of the challenges facing these girls as they grapple with complex problems. This greater understanding could inform changes to practice needed to better support Ana girls in online spaces.

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Polak, Ewa, Adrianna Gardzińska, and Maria Zadarko-Domaradzka. "Anorexic Readiness Syndrome in Elite Female Acrobatic Gymnasts—International Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20 (October 13, 2022): 13181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013181.

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Anorexic Readiness Syndrome (ARS) is a concept used in research for the early detection of disordered eating (DE). It is a set of indicators located primarily within the cognitive and behavioral sphere of an individual’s functioning. The aim of this study was to examine whether among the elite acrobats there are girls showing a high level of anorexic tendency, and if so, what behaviors and attitudes are the most common. In addition, an attempt to determine what sport-related factors or other non-sport variables may increase the risk of ARS was conducted. The study group was made up of 133 acrobatic gymnasts aged 10–19, representing six countries that participated in the Acro World Cup competition held in Poland. The study procedures included surveys (personal questionnaire and the Eating Attitudes Questionnaire), anthropometric measurements such as weight, height, waist circumference (WC) and determination of the Body Mass Index (BMI), fat percentage (Fat%), and waist to height ratio (WHtR). A high level of ARS was found in 9.8% of acrobats. This group most often declared attitudes and behaviors indicative of anorexic tendencies. A strong relationship with the level of ARS was noted in the following: the use of fasting and diets (p ≤ 0.001; V = 0.54), limiting of fats and carbohydrates (p ≤ 0.001; V = 0.60), feeling angry after eating too much (p ≤ 0.001; V = 0.55), knowing the caloric value of many food products (p ≤ 0.001; V = 0.59), and the desire to improve the appearance of one’s body (p ≤ 0.001; V = 0.52). The role played in the acrobatic partnership and the region of residence were considered as the sport-related risk factors. Among non-sport factors, the strongest predictor of ARS was the age of gymnasts (β = 0.516; p ≤ 0.001).

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Hacohen-Kerner, Yaakov, Natan Manor, Michael Goldmeier, and Eytan Bachar. "Detection of Anorexic Girls-In Blog Posts Written in Hebrew Using a Combined Heuristic AI and NLP Method." IEEE Access 10 (2022): 34800–34814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3162685.

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Jovanovic, Maja. "Behaviours And Attitudes About Body Image And Eating Disorders Among Adolescent Females In Kragujevac." Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjecr-2015-0031.

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AbstractEating disorders are often in older teens and young women with prevalence 4-5% with increasing tendency. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of eating disorders among adolescents in the city of Kragujevac, and to examine the relationship between the age and the type of eating disorder that can occur in adolescents.This descriptive, cross sectional study involved 220 participants (16-25 years old, 105 high school students and 115 students of the Faculty of Medical Sciences in Kragujevac, Serbia). Eating Attitudes Test EAT-26 questionnaire was used as a screening instrument, which consists of three subscales related to eating disorders (dieting, bulimia, oral control diet). The frequency of disturbed attitudes and eating habits among the investigated population was 26,8% (EAT-26 score ≥20). The high school students had a significantly higher score values (30,4% of girls achieved values EAT-26 score ≥20) than the medical students. Among the respondents, 17,6% were malnourished, 72,7% normal weight, 9,3% of the overweight and 0,5% obese. Eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) was 13,7%, subclinical bulimia 4,4% and subclinical anorexia 8,8%. There was statistically significant difference (p=0,024) in the expression of behavioral disorders between students of high school and faculty education.Our results suggest that malnutrition and anorexic syndrome are more frequently in population of medical students, but on the other hand, obesity and subclinical bulimic syndrome have a higher prevalence in high school student`s population, which can be explained by inappropriate education for adolescents.

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Mumford, David. "From fasting saints to anorexic girls. Walter Vandereycken, Ron van Deth. The Athlone Press: London. (1994) pp. 296, £18.95." European Eating Disorders Review 3, no. 2 (June 1995): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/erv.2400030212.

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Healy, David. "From fasting saints to anorexic girls: the history of self-starvation. Walter Vandereycken, Ron van Deth. London: Athlone Press, 1994." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 12, no. 1 (March 1995): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700002111.

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22

Tsygankova, Polina V., and Ekaterina Y. Pronchihina. "SPECIFICS OF THE EMOTIONAL RESPONSE TO PERCEIVING INTERNET-POSTS OF THE GROUP “TYPICAL ANOREXIC” IN THE SOCIAL NETWORK “VKONTAKTE” BY GIRLS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF CORPORALITY." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Psychology. Pedagogics. Education, no. 2 (2019): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6398-2019-2-77-96.

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23

Wiśniowiecka, Magdalena, and Leszek Szewczyk. "The personality structure of girls with anorexia nervosa." Pediatric Endocrinology 13, no. 2 (2014): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18544/ep-01.13.02.1483.

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Canellopoulos, Lissy. "The Unbearable Heaviness of Being: Pain and Suffering in Anorexia." Open Pain Journal 7, no. 1 (November 24, 2014): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876386301407010046.

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In anorexia which classically shows the difficulty in adolescence to link bodily transformations and sexuality, psychic suffering is undeniable and is embodied in the body while taking into account contemporary social data. Building on some elements of the psychoanalysis of a young anorexic girl, the article attempts to break through the wall of pain and get to perceive that in an order that is no longer governed by the paternal instance, which allows the representation, the subject can no longer support a phallusized image and the body is reduced to its reality. This results in a particularly painful female transmission in the clinic of anorexia, in which the contemporary world is not innocent. Pain is not the goal for the anorexic; it shows a willingness to feel the existence of the body. She seeks this nothing through which she attempts to capture the rift in the Other. But to achieve this nothing she must feel the pain of its absence. Pain is thus a claimed effect. The article ends with a reflection on the therapeutic work with the anorexic subject, which would be to allow the dis-completeness of the discourse concerning it, to reintroduce a relationship to its own image marked with a lack and offer the conditions of its own enunciation.

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AARSKOG, D., L. AKSNES, T. MARKESTAD, and O. TRYGSTAD. "Plasma concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in pubertal girls with anorexia nervosa." Acta Endocrinologica 113, no. 4_Suppl (December 1986): S458—S467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.112s458.

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ABSTRACT Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH)2D), 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25-(OH)2D) and vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) were measured in 12 pubertal girls (aged 10-18 yr) with anorexia nervosa in relapse. The results were compared with similar data obtained in 81 healthy girls representing all stages of puberty. The patients with anorexia nervosa had significantly lower 1,25-(OH)2D levels (71 vs. 124 pmol/l; p<0.0005), and significantly higher 24,25-(OH)2D levels (6.0 vs. 3.2 nmol/l; p<0.0005), whereas the 25-OHD concentrations were similar in the two groups (85.7 vs. 86.7 nmol/l). The molar ratios of 24,25-(OH)2D to 25-OHD, which reflects the relative activity of the 24-hydroxylation, were significantly higher in the anorectics (6.6 % vs. 3.6 %; p<0.0005). The mean level of DBP did not differ between the two groups, and accordingly the calculated "free-fraction of 1,25-(OH)2 D" was significantly lower in the anorectic patients (p<0.0005). It appears that the regulatory mechanisms of the vitamin D endocrine system are altered in the patients with anorexia nervosa at puberty resulting in a relative decrease of the plasma concentration of 1,25-(OH)2D and increase of the 24,25-(OH)2D concentration. Key words: Anorexia nervosa, vitamin D metabolism, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, vitamin D binding protein

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Reik, Herta. "The Group, the Patient and the Illness." Group Analysis 24, no. 4 (December 1991): 465–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0533316491244011.

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The young woman said that she did not understand anything, she did not know what was going on in the group, she felt left out, like a child among grown-ups. She had made similar complaints in previous sessions to which the group had not reacted. It seemed that she would again be ignored. However this time I heard something in her voice which I thought was important. She sounded anxious. I remarked that it might be interesting for the group to explore why they wanted this group member to remain a `child'. There was a short silence. Then an older woman said that it suited her - there were more women in the group than men, she did not need another woman. An older man looked at the girl fondly and said that he thought that she was lovely as she was and should stay like this. A woman exclaimed that she was `so cute', always coming out with things which nobody else mentioned. `I like to confide in her, use her as a mother like my mother used me' was another spontaneous reaction. The group then began to associate with problems of their own adolescence, their wishes and fears. Two women who had adolescent daughters became aware of feelings about them which they had not been in touch with before. The talk widened to families and their jealousies and rivalries, incestuous phantasies and wishes. Each communication was responded to with strong feelings and brought new realizations. The young woman who had listened silently through all this then began to speak. She said that she had been the only one of four siblings who had not known that her parents were planning to separate. She was twelve at the time and it had bothered her ever since. She realized that she had become anxious in the group when she did not know what was happening. She was now able to connect her anxiety to her past experience. She was father's favourite of the four girls in the family. She had been anorexic at the time of her parents' separation but was able to stop it. However, she still had trouble with eating from time to time. The theme did not change until the end of the group. I did not say anything; it seemed totally unnecessary, in fact I felt that it would be an intrusion and interruption of the intense group process in action.

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Mumford, David B., Andrew M. Whitehouse, and Margaret Platts. "Sociocultural Correlates of Eating Disorders among Asian Schoolgirls in Bradford." British Journal of Psychiatry 158, no. 2 (February 1991): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.158.2.222.

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A survey of 204 south-Asian and 355 Caucasian schoolgirls was conducted in Bradford using the EAT-26 and the BSQ. At interview, seven Asian girls and two Caucasian girls met DSM–III—R criteria for bulimia nervosa, yielding a prevalence of 3.4% and 0.6% respectively. One Asian girl met DSM–III–R criteria for anorexia nervosa. Factor analyses of the EAT and BSQ supported their cross-cultural conceptual equivalence in this south-Asian population. Among the Asians, high EAT and BSQ scores were associated with a more traditional cultural orientation and not with greater Westernisation. It is probable that these findings reflect the cultural and familial difficulties faced by these Asian girls growing up in Britain.

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Umarani, J., and Anand Amirthraj Annamalai. "Prevalence of anorexia nervosa among adolescent girls." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 15, no. 3 (November 3, 2016): 466–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v15i3.22030.

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Background: Girls tend to be more concerned about their physical appearance than boys during adolescent period. Adolescent girls are more likely to care for losing weight with the fear of being fat. Anorexia nervosa (AN), a form of self-starvation, is an eating disorder characterized by a distorted body image that leads to restricted eating and other behavior that prevents a person from gaining weight. It commonly occurs in teenage girls, although boys are also affected, especially in the prepubertal age group. Hence the researcher would like to assess the prevalence of anorexia nervosa among the adolescent nursing students.Objectives: 1. Determine the prevalence of anorexia nervosa among adolescent girls. 2. Find out the association between prevalence and selected demographic variables.Materials and Methods: The study was conducted among 100 B.Sc Nursing 1st year students at selected nursing colleges of Mangalore. The samples were selected by convenience sampling method. After obtaining informed consent and ethical clearance the data was collected by assessing the baseline proforma and Eating attitude Test.Findings: It was found that 31% of the adolescent girls were having high risk to anorexia nervosa and 69% were of no risk, whereas none of them were found consistent with anorexia nervosa. It was noted that all the 31 high risk girls were hostel residents. There was no association found between the risk of anorexia nervosa and the selected demographic variables.Conclusion: Some perceive anorexia as a simple case of vanity taken too far, but rather it is a complex psychological problem. So it is the responsibility of the teachers to create awareness among students by educating about the ill effects of anorexia nervosa which help us to prevent the incidence of anorexia nervosa and lead to healthy adolescents to the society.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.15(3) 2016 p.466-470

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Klein, Catherine J., Tova G. Jacobovits, Frank Siewerdt, Leila T. Beker, Mark A. Kantor, Nadine R. Sahyoun, and Irene Chatoor. "Infantile Anorexia." ICAN: Infant, Child, & Adolescent Nutrition 4, no. 2 (January 26, 2012): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941406411435169.

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Eating disorders among young children are not well characterized. Diet and growth data were collected from toddlers (1-3 years old) at the time of diagnosis of infantile anorexia (IA) and up to 1 year after family counseling. Children (n = 62) were underweight (≤ −2 z-score weight-for-age). Boys (n = 34) had a greater ( P = .04) mean (standard error) weight-for-age percentile than girls (n = 28) and less evidence of wasting ( z-score weight-for-length = −1.8 (0.14) vs −2.3 (0.17), respectively; P = .04). After counseling, girls demonstrated better linear growth than boys (4.14 (0.18) vs 3.47 (0.18) cm/6 months, respectively; P < .002). Significant catch-up in length-for-age was observed across genders and diagnoses of 1.4 (2.07) growth percentiles and 0.13 (0.05) z-scores on the normal curve in 6 months ( P = .019). Head circumference correlated with dietary protein ( r = .23, P = .03), calcium ( r = .32, P = .004), and zinc ( r = .36, P = .001). Girls met or exceeded dietary reference intakes for energy, protein, iron, zinc, vitamin A, and calcium, and boys improved intake of these nutrients ( P < .05) but boys with IA fell short of recommended energy intake. Many children with IA reached tolerable upper intake levels for zinc and vitamin A, which warrants concern. These are the first data published on diet and growth among children with IA.

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Likierman, Meira. "On rejection: Adolescent girls and anorexia." Journal of Child Psychotherapy 23, no. 1 (April 1997): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00754179708254529.

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RUSSELL, G. F. M., J. TREASURE, and I. EISLER. "Mothers with anorexia nervosa who underfeed their children: their recognition and management." Psychological Medicine 28, no. 1 (January 1998): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329179700603x.

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Background. Women with anorexia nervosa have a reduced fertility but they may have borne children before the onset of their illness or after partial recovery. Little is known on how to identify the anorexic mothers who underfeed their children and how to manage them. This article aims to remedy these gaps.Methods. The clinical scientific method is the only means of identifying the children of anorexic mothers who are at risk. Eight such mothers were identified as a result of obtaining serial measurements of the children's weights and heights over time. Tanner–Whitehouse charts were used to plot weight for age and height for age. A simple rating scale was devised to measure the acceptance of treatment involving both mother and child.Results. Nine children (eight boys and one girl) were found to have suffered food deprivation: with severe reduction in weight-for-age in six and in height-for-age in eight. Five siblings were not affected. Catch-up growth was correlated with the degree of engagement in treatment of both mother and child. Long-term treatment of one mother, combining family therapy with admissions to hospital, resulted in catch-up growth in her two sons.Conclusions. The mechanisms underlying the privation of the children stem from the anorexic mother's abnormal concerns with body size extending to her children. The children may become unduly accepting of the underfeeding. It is essential to obtain the confidence of anorexic mothers suspected of underfeeding their children and to adopt a whole family approach to treatment.

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Laghi, Fiorenzo, Sara Pompili, Valeria Zanna, Maria Chiara Castiglioni, Michela Criscuolo, Ilenia Chianello, Silvia Mazzoni, and Roberto Baiocco. "How adolescents with anorexia nervosa and their parents perceive family functioning?" Journal of Health Psychology 22, no. 2 (July 10, 2016): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105315597055.

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This study aims at examining whether adolescent girls diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and their parents differ in perceiving the different aspects of family functioning. Moreover, the discrepancy between adolescent girls and healthy controls on Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales dimensions, family communication, and family satisfaction is investigated. The study includes 36 female anorexia patients and their parents and 36 healthy controls. The results showed a different view between mothers and their daughters with regard to the dimension of rigidity. In addition, girls with anorexia nervosa were less satisfied about family environment and rated their families as less communicative, flexible, cohesive, and more disengaged, compared to controls.

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Skriptchenko, P. "Psychotherapy for anorectic adolescent girls." Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence 60, no. 5 (July 2012): S62—S63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurenf.2012.05.559.

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Råstam, Maria, Christopher Gillberg, and Maja Garton. "Anorexia Nervosa in a Swedish Urban Region." British Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 05 (November 1989): 642–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000018134.

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The total population of 15-year-olds in Göteborg, Sweden, were screened in 1985 for anorexia nervosa using brief questionnaires, growth charts and individual school nurse reports. An accumulated frequency of anorexia of 0.84% for girls up to and including 15 years of age was obtained, with 85% of the cases fulfilling DSM–III–R criteria. Boys were affected just over one-tenth as often as girls. The frequency of anorexia nervosa appeared to be much higher in private than in comprehensive schools. The peak age of onset seemed to be 14 years.

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Råstam, Maria, Christopher Gillberg, and Maja Garton. "Anorexia Nervosa in a Swedish Urban Region." British Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 5 (November 1989): 642–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.155.5.642.

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The total population of 15-year-olds in Göteborg, Sweden, were screened in 1985 for anorexia nervosa using brief questionnaires, growth charts and individual school nurse reports. An accumulated frequency of anorexia of 0.84% for girls up to and including 15 years of age was obtained, with 85% of the cases fulfilling DSM–III–R criteria. Boys were affected just over one-tenth as often as girls. The frequency of anorexia nervosa appeared to be much higher in private than in comprehensive schools. The peak age of onset seemed to be 14 years.

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Halvorsen, Inger, Anne Andersen, and Sonja Heyerdahl. "Girls with anorexia nervosa as young adults." European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 14, no. 7 (October 2005): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-005-0489-0.

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COMERCI, GEORGE D. "Fasting Girls: The History of Anorexia Nervosa." Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 145, no. 2 (February 1, 1991): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1991.02160020036010.

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Sari, Tri Indah, and Rezkiyah Rosyidah. "Pengaruh Body Shaming terhadap Kecenderungan Anorexia Nervosa pada Remaja Perempuan di Surabaya." Personifikasi: Jurnal Ilmu Psikologi 11, no. 2 (November 27, 2020): 202–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/personifikasi.v11i2.9105.

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ABSTRACTThere are many dramatic changes in adolescence, one of them is the physical changes in which adolescent girls are less satisfied with their bodies due to increased amount of fat. There is an assumption that having a thin body will be easier to adapt to the social environment, influencing adolescents in making a decision to go on a diet even though it causes a tendency to anorexia nervosa. This research was conducted to knowing the effect of body shaming on the tendency of anorexia nervosa in adolescent girls in Surabaya. This study uses a quantitative approach where the respondents in this study were adolescent girls who experienced the tendency of anorexia nervosa in the city of Surabaya with a total of 349 respondents. The instruments in this study were the body shaming scale and the tendency scale for anorexia nervosa. This study used to simple linear regression test to analyze data (with SPSS 24 for windows program). The results of the study show the value of F = 54.172; P = 0.00, and R = 0.135. This means that there is an effect of body shaming on the tendency of anorexia nervosa in teenage girls in Surabaya. ABSTRAK Banyak perubahan dramatis di usia remaja, salah satunya adalah perubahan fisik dimana remaja perempuan kurang puas dengan tubuhnya terkait dengan meningkatnya jumlah lemak. Adanya anggapan bahwa memiliki tubuh kurus akan lebih mudah beradaptasi dengan lingkungan sosial, mempengaruhi remaja dalam mengambil suatu keputusan untuk melakukan diet meskipun menimbulkan kecenderungan anorexia nervosa. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh body shaming terhadap kecenderungan anorexia nervosa pada remaja perempuan di Surabaya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dimana responden dalam penelitian ini adalah remaja perempuan yang mengalami kecenderungan anorexia nervosa di kota Surabaya dengan jumlah 349 responden. Instrumen dalam penelitian ini adalah skala body shaming dan skala kecenderungan anorexia nervosa. Analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah uji regresi linier sederhana dengan bantuan program SPSS 24 for windows dimana hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai F = 54,172; P = 0,00, dan R = 0,135. Artinya terdapat pengaruh body shaming terhadap kecenderungan anorexia nervosa pada remaja perempuan di Surabaya.

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Sokol, Mae S., Anna K. Carroll, Denise M. Heebink, Kristina M. Hoffman-Rieken, Christine S. Goudge, and Douglas D. Ebers. "Anorexia Nervosa in Identical Triplets." CNS Spectrums 14, no. 3 (March 2009): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900020137.

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ABSTRACTThe cause of anorexia nervosa (AN) is unclear, but is likely multifactorial, including psychological, familial, environmental, societal, genetic, and other biological factors. This case report of identical 12-year-old female triplets simultaneously concordant for AN illustrates the importance of addressing all these components in evaluation and treatment, and the difficulty of determining the relative importance of each factor in the cause of an individual's eating disorder. An overly close relationship and competitiveness between the girls, treated at times as a triplet group rather than as individuals, as well as stressful family dynamics, were probably important antecedents to the girls' AN. The girls encouraged each other and competed to lose weight. Brief individual and family psychotherapy, parent counseling, nutritional counseling, and psychoeducation led to successful treatment. The triplets were encouraged in treatment to compete with and encourage each other to obtain treatment goals, including eating more healthily and achieving healthy weights. A literature review of AN twins studies is also presented, as these studies add to our understanding of the relative importance of shared genes and shared environment in the development of AN. These studies also add insight into treating individuals from families with multiple affected relatives.

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van Noort, Betteke Maria, Ernst Pfeiffer, Ulrike Lehmkuhl, and Viola Kappel. "Cognitive Remediation Therapy for Children with Anorexia Nervosa." Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie 43, no. 5 (September 2015): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1422-4917/a000372.

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Abstract. Objective: Evidence-based treatment programs for children with anorexia nervosa (AN) are scarce, while their prognosis is negative and the incidence rate rises. A new therapeutic approach recently received positive attention: cognitive remediation therapy (CRT). This intervention targets inflexibility and the inability to perceive the bigger picture in persons with AN. So far, studies and case reports have focused on either adolescent or adult patients and less on young children with AN. This case report therefore describes and evaluates the implementation of CRT with a child with AN. Method: A 12-year-old girl with severe chronic AN was treated with 10 sessions of CRT. Her clinical and neuropsychological evaluations before, directly after and 7 months after CRT are reported. Additionally, the patient’s written and verbal feedbacks are reviewed. Results: At the 7-month follow-up the patient showed a stable healthy weight and reported a reduced presence of psychopathology. Her neuropsychological performance directly after CRT and after 7 months did not improve. Conclusions: The clinical evaluation of our case report suggests that CRT may be a promising add-on therapy in the clinical treatment of young girls with AN.

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Rabe-Jablonska Jolanta, J., and M. Sobow Tomasz. "The links between body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders." European Psychiatry 15, no. 5 (August 2000): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(00)00398-9.

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SummaryThe aim of the study was to search for a body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) period preceding the symptoms meeting the criteria of either anorexia or bulimia nervosa, and an evaluation of the prevalence of BDD symptoms in a control group of girls without any eating disorder. Ninety-three girls (12–21 years old) were included in the study (36 with anorexia nervosa, 17 with bulimia nervosa and 40 healthy controls). The Structured Clinical Interview (SCID), including the BDD module, and a novel questionnaire (for the presence of preceding life events) were used. We found the symptoms of BDD in 25% of anorexia nervosa sufferers for at least six months before observing a clear eating disorder picture. Moreover, other mental disorders were also present among these patients. The results may support the idea that BDD and anorexia nervosa both belong to either OCD or affective disorders spectra.

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Malczyk, Żaneta, Wojciech Roczniak, Bogdan Mazur, Jarosław Kwiecień, Katarzyna Ziora, Karolina Górska-Flak, and Joanna Oświęcimska. "Exocrine Pancreatic Function in Girls with Anorexia Nervosa." Nutrients 13, no. 9 (September 20, 2021): 3280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13093280.

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Objectives: To assess pancreatic exocrine function in patients with anorexia nervosa using a breath test with 13C-labeled mixed triglycerides (MTG-BT) and to determine the relationship between the test results and selected biochemical and hormonal parameters. Material and methods: Anthropometric measurements, biochemical and hormonal parameters (serum leptin, soluble leptin receptor (sLR), acylated and desacylated ghrelin, free leptin index (FLI)), and MTG-BT were performed in a group of 31 girls with the restrictive type of AN, as well as 38 healthy girls (C). Results: The average cumulative dose of 13C-triglycerides recovered with exhaled air (%CD) was similar in both study groups, while the average time from 13C-triglycerides administration to peak 13CO2 excretion in expired air (time to peak (TTP)) was significantly longer in patients with AN compared to C. In both groups, %CD correlated negatively with FLI. TTP correlated negatively with sLR and FLI in the AN and with serum insulin and HOMA-IR values in the C. Conclusions: In girls with AN, the pancreatic efficiency of lipase secretion was found to be normal, while the kinetics of this enzyme secretion were disturbed. These changes may result from disorders in the functioning of the adipose–insular and islet–acinar axes.

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Misra, Madhusmita, Leslie A. Soyka, Karen K. Miller, David B. Herzog, Steven Grinspoon, Dave de Chen, Gregory Neubauer, and Anne Klibanski. "Serum Osteoprotegerin in Adolescent Girls with Anorexia Nervosa." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 88, no. 8 (August 2003): 3816–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-030088.

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Stone, Monique, Julie Briody, Michael R. Kohn, Simon Clarke, Sloane Madden, and Christopher T. Cowell. "Bone Changes in Adolescent Girls with Anorexia Nervosa." Journal of Adolescent Health 39, no. 6 (December 2006): 835–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.09.011.

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Bomba, Monica, Mirella Marfone, Elisa Brivio, Silvia Oggiano, Fiorenza Broggi, Francesca Neri, and Renata Nacinovich. "Autobiographical Memory in Adolescent Girls with Anorexia Nervosa." European Eating Disorders Review 22, no. 6 (September 29, 2014): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/erv.2321.

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Breuer, Christian, Claudia Fisch-Kohl, Markus J. Kemper, E. Sebastian Debus, and Gülsen Atlihan. "An Anorexic Girl with Severe Peripheral Vasospasm." Journal of Pediatrics 164, no. 1 (January 2014): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.08.049.

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Alfred Solomon D and Nishanthi E. "Knowledge Impact of Anorexia Nervosa on Adolescent Girls: An exploratory survey." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (December 20, 2020): 296–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.3788.

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Every individual has various preferences for food and distinctive dietary patterns and wanting for some food tastes. These are on the whole ordinary inclinations with regards to considering about food, a portion of the people become fixated on food, weight and self-perception issues which lead to change in their dietary patterns; they may start to eat minuscule or very huge bits of food, or they may even quit eating for a critical time frame which may leads to Eating disorders which affects the mental health of an individual. However, they are completely treatable and have high chance of recovery. The Study Aims to compare the knowledge regarding anorexia nervosa between urban and rural areas. The Research approach used for the study was evaluative approach. The research design was exploratory survey method. Convenient sampling technique was adopted, the study was conducted in Porur for urban and Kondancheri for rural. At the end overall knowledge score, the mean level of knowledge in anorexia nervosa among adolescent girls in rural area are 19.5. The mean of level of knowledge of anorexia nervosa among adolescent girls in urban area is 23.6. The mean difference score is 4.1. The "t" value is 7.49. The degree of freedom is 29. The mean of urban area is higher than the rural area. The “t " value is scientifically significant. The study indicates that there is a great need for knowledge regarding anorexia nervosa to adolescent girls and their family members in rural areas.

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Mykhailova, I., D. Mitelov, T. Matkovska, and O. Mayorov. "Model of therapeutic intervention in anorexia nervosa of adolescents with depressive behavioral disorders." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.601.

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IntroductionAnorexia nervosa is often associated with the development of depressive disorders.ObjectivesSkillful dissimulation of the true causes of fasting in adolescents leads to diagnostic errors and delayed adequate therapy.MethodsThe study design includes clinical psychopathological, somatic-neurological, and psychological methods for examination of 54 adolescent girls aged 12-14, with a recurrent depression, and factors determine disorders in alimentary behavior (anorexia nervosa) in teen-agers. The following psychological tests were performed: Children’s Depression Rating Scale Revised, Columbia - Suicide Severity Rating Scale, Mendelevitch - Yakhin Scale to establish a neurotic state.Resultsin all adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa depressive disorders were present in prepuberty. Behavioral syndrome and aggressive vulnerability prevailed in the structure of depression. Cognitive component was represented in the form of unstable type of poor memory and decreased rate of sensorimotor reactions with episodic recurrent attacks of bulimia. Our model of therapeutic intervention included: behavioral intervention, intravenous administration of Cerebrolysin 10,0 with 0,9 % Sodium chloride 200,0 (No.15). Therapeutic neuroplasticity, multimodal effect, and a disease - modifying therapy effects in short terms provide regression of emotional-cognitivity.ConclusionsIn adolescent girls with a recurrent depression anorexia nervosa has specific features that require early differentiation, neurotropic and neurodegenerative therapy.

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Ecklund, Kirsten, Sridhar Vajapeyam, Henry A. Feldman, Catherine D. Buzney, Robert V. Mulkern, Paul K. Kleinman, Clifford J. Rosen, and Catherine M. Gordon. "Bone marrow changes in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa." Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 25, no. 2 (December 14, 2009): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.090805.

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BACHRACH, LAURA K., DEBRA K. KATZMAN, IRIS F. LITT, DAVID GUIDO, and ROBERT MARCUS. "Recovery from Osteopenia in Adolescent Girls with Anorexia Nervosa*." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 72, no. 3 (March 1991): 602–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem-72-3-602.

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