Academic literature on the topic 'Anomalous process'

We live in the data explosion era. The unprecedented amount of data offers a potential wealth of knowledge but also brings about concerns regarding ethical collection and usage. Mistakes stemming from anomalous data have the potential for severe, real-world consequences, such as when building prediction models for housing prices. To combat anomalies, we develop the Cauchy-Net Mixture Model (CNMM). The CNMM is a flexible Bayesian nonparametric tool that employs a mixture between a Dirichlet Process Mixture Model (DPMM) and a Cauchy distributed component, which we call the Cauchy-Net (CN). Each portion of the model offers benefits, as the DPMM eliminates the limitation of requiring a fixed number of a components and the CN captures observations that do not belong to the well-defined components by leveraging its heavy tails. Through isolating the anomalous observations in a single component, we simultaneously identify the observations in the net as warranting further inspection and prevent them from interfering with the formation of the remaining components. The result is a framework that allows for simultaneously clustering observations and making predictions in the face of the anomalous data. We demonstrate the usefulness of the CNMM in a variety of experimental situations and apply the model for predicting housing prices in Fairfax County, Virginia.<br>Doctor of Philosophy<br>We live in the data explosion era. The unprecedented amount of data offers a potential wealth of knowledge but also brings about concerns regarding ethical collection and usage. Mistakes stemming from anomalous data have the potential for severe, real-world consequences, such as when building prediction models for housing prices. To combat anomalies, we develop the Cauchy-Net Mixture Model (CNMM). The CNMM is a flexible tool for identifying and isolating the anomalies, while simultaneously discovering cluster structure and making predictions among the nonanomalous observations. The result is a framework that allows for simultaneously clustering and predicting in the face of the anomalous data. We demonstrate the usefulness of the CNMM in a variety of experimental situations and apply the model for predicting housing prices in Fairfax County, Virginia.

This investigation employs Anomalous Small Angle X-ray Scattering (ASAXS), and further expands the technique for conducting time resolved experiments within synchrotron facilities. ASAXS utilises the absorption effects of a given element as photon energies approach an absorption edge, and is used to extract partial scattering functions of the individual species within a composite material. In situ ASAXS is used to explore and understand the complex reactions in sol gel processing. The gelation process for zirconia, yttria stabilised zirconia (YSZ), YSZ and zirconia in silica, and zinc-silica systems are observed using in situ ASAXS across the zirconia and zinc absorption edges respectively. A new technique of high temperature time resolved double ASAXS, which explores two absorption edges in a single experiment, has also been employed to investigate phase changes during the sintering of YSZ and YSZ in silica. A computational model for ASAXS is also proposed, which can be used as a tool for data analysis. It is shown that monochromator resolution induces an uncertainty into the correct values of the coefficients - used to extract scattering information from individual species within a composite material. The model suggests methods to reduce this uncertainty in order to converge on the correct solution. New techniques for future time resolved ASAXS experiments are also presented. Time resolved ASAXS of the gelation process reveals contrast in the resonant term for sol-gels containing zirconia. The profile of which is independent of the relative concentrations of yttria and silica. It is proposed that the zirconia is being fully integrated into the gel network to form zirconia-silica chains. In comparison, the zinc systems did not reveal this effect, and instead display contrast in both the resonant and cross terms, implying a gel network is forming at the exclusion of zinc. High temperature in situ double ASAXS of the YSZ materials reveals the nucleation of nano zirconia at temperatures close to 400ºC. The nano crystals grow to eventually incorporate yttria, preserving the zirconia in the cubic and tetragonal phases. Inhomogeneities are revealed during crystal growth; caused by the mixed phase states of zirconia and YSZ present in the material. It is also shown that the presence of a silica matrix delays the growth of these crystals until a temperature of 780 ºC is reached. Samples with high concentrations of yttria also reveal an additional feature beyond 900ºC indicating a saturation point for cubic YSZ formation.

The main focus of this research was to explore how counselling psychologists experience what that they cannot understand in the therapeutic process. The study focuses on how counselling psychologists make sense of and manage these experiences, as well as the role such experiences play in therapy. Although the existence of such occurrences are acknowledged in the foundations of many therapeutic approaches (Bion, 1970; Bugental, 1990; Freud 1915; Jung, 1923; Maslow, 1971; Ogden, 1999; Perls, 1973; Rogers, 1961; Stern, 2004) , there seems to be a lack of research in relation to how these phenomena are experienced and what role they play in the therapeutic process. Eight counselling psychologists with ten years of experience in clinical practice were recruited and interviewed using semi-structured interviews. Different aspects of these experiences were explored through applying the qualitative method known as Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (Smith, 2004). The findings suggest that the way counselling psychologists experience phenomena that cannot be understood strongly relates to anxiety, fear and uncertainty, drawing attention to deep feelings of vulnerability and insecurity. The results demonstrate the ambivalent meanings of such experiences in the therapeutic process, and their significance in the process of therapy. The thesis also comprises the way in which counselling psychologists spoke about these phenomena and how these occurrences were managed by counselling psychologists. Some conclusions were made about what kind of knowledge counselling psychologists relied on while making sense of such phenomena. The recommendations made as a result of the research show validity as they closely relate to the way counselling psychologists explore their own identity as professionals. Also, the research highlighted the essentiality of exploring the role of theoretical knowledge and reflexivity for counselling psychologists. The research also explores unanticipated findings such as the existence of those experiences that need to remain undefinable and the ability of counselling psychologists to let go of the need to make sense of phenomena. The study also addresses the limitations and implications of the research, and suggestions for further research are indicated.

This thesis is a presentation of an analysis of the $ZZ\rightarrow 4\ell$ ($\ell = e,\mu$) process in proton-proton collisions with centre-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV at the LHC during 2015 and 2016 (a total integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb$^{-1}$), using the ATLAS detector. Candidate $ZZ \rightarrow 4\ell$ events are selected in the three decay channels, $4e$, $2e2\mu$ and $4\mu$. The cross section of the $ZZ\rightarrow 4\ell$ process is measured in four fiducial regions closely matching the detector acceptance: one for each decay channel ($4e$, $2e2\mu$ and $4\mu$) and one for the combination of all decay channels. The total cross section of $pp\rightarrow ZZ$ is measured in a phase-space in which both $Z$ bosons have a mass $m_{Z}$ in the range 66 GeV $ < m_{Z} < $ 116 GeV to be 16.5 $\pm 0.5$ (stat.) $\pm 0.4$ (syst.) $\pm 0.5$ (lumi.)$\,$ pb which is consistent with a next-to-next-to-leading-order prediction of $16.9^{+0.6}_{-0.5}$ pb. Observed event yields in four bins of transverse momentum are used to set 95{\%} CL$_{\text{s}}$ limits on four neutral triple gauge couplings ($f^{V}_{i}$, $V=Z,\gamma$, $i=4,5$) which parameterise an effective $ZZV$ vertex (assuming both $Z$ bosons are on shell). The obtained limits are of the order of $|f^{V}_{i}|<0.0017$.

In this PhD research a question is posed that concerns ‘varieties of creativity’ that have infrequently been explored empirically, although often described anecdotally. This question being: is, and if so, how, is creativity related to altered states of consciousness (ASCs) and parapsychological experiences? This thesis systematically explores the relationship between multiple dimensions of creativity and: personality traits characterised by an openness to intrapersonal experience and a fluid cognitive-style; specific altered states of consciousness and anomalous experiences (such as mystical experiences and subjective paranormal experiences); and anomalous cognition. The common thread is conceived as an examination of the extent to which creativity might involve ‘epistemological flexibility’ — that is, involves shifts into, and between, different ‘ways of knowing’. As such, a major part of this thesis was the psychometric development of a new self-report instrument, the Creative Cognition Inventory, which measures the reported use of different epistemological resources (such as intuition, dreams and rational logic) in the creative process. Creativity is defined in terms of a process, participated in at the person-level, which leads to a novel and adaptive product or performance. Drawing upon models of the creative process and person, it is suggested that a biphasic process is common to most theories of creativity, and that individuals with particular traits have been hypothesised to engage in this with more facility. Models that have explored cognitive, affective and perceptual ‘looseness’ as facilitating novelty are examined. As altered states of consciousness involve subjective shifts in these same dimensions, it is proposed that creativity and ASCs may be experientially related, either directly, or in terms of an overarching trait, such as ‘boundary-thinness’ or ‘transliminality’, which propitiates both. A multi-dimensional approach was taken to creativity measurement, accepting its complexity as a componential construct that might consist of multiple creativities. In Study One, the benefits of a multidimensional approach to creativity measurement were evident, refuting earlier work that had used only cognitive estimates of creativity and found no relationship with either boundary-thinness or transliminality. These constructs are experiential-traits that assess ones degree of intrapersonal openness, cognitive fluidity and sensitivity, and are associated with a proclivity to have unusual experiences. In Study One, they were found to be significantly correlated with both domain general measures of creativity (creative personality) and domain specific measures (emotional creativity and involvement in the arts). The sample for Study One consisted of 65 psychology undergraduates (49 females; 16 males). A second study assessed the degree to which different dimensions of creativity were related to different experiences of consciousness. 211 participants were recruited from the general population through opportunity sampling (108 females; 101 males). The sample included professional artists (n = 36) and scientists (n = 27). Competing models of a relationship between creativity and ASC-proclivity were assessed: cognitive expansion; affective openness; and motivational impetus. This study provided numerous insights into the experiences of consciousness that might be related to varieties of creativity. The key findings were that emotional creativity was most robustly associated with ASCs; artistic creative-personality was associated with ‘positive’ ASCs, including those along an oneiric continuum (e.g. hypnagogia and hallucinations), and those along an affective expansion continuum (e.g. dissociation and positive mystical experiences). Further, original and flexible cognition appeared to be associated with states along an oneiric continuum. Thus, Study Two found support for the affective and cognitive models, yet within different ranges of experience. This ‘model’ helps to clarify, by using heterogeneous, rather than homogenous constructs of ‘unusual experiences’, specific processes by which ASCs and creativity may be related and as such deserves further exploration. The final piece of research developed a novel protocol for recording impressions thought by participants to involve extrasensory perception (ESP) and associated states of consciousness in daily life, using experience- sampling methodology. As success in ESP experiments has consistently been reported amongst visual artists, the above models were used to explore what aspects of the creativity complex might be associated with ESP-performance. As only emotional creativity related to the reporting of parapsychological experiences in Study Two, the affective openness model was expected to predict ESP-performance. Further, a carefully matched control group (n = 15) was used against which to compare success of artists (n = 15). Artists did not demonstrate a superior ESP effect in this study, although they did perform at a level commensurate with previous research. The affective openness hypothesis for ESP performance was rejected. Rather, it was questioned whether previous studies had not adequately matched controls or that the ‘take-home’ methodology, perhaps increasing relaxation and control for the participants, increased performance levels for the non-artists

Renormalization group analysis is a useful tool for studying critical behaviour of stochastic systems. In this thesis, field-theoretic renormalization group will be applied to the scalar model representing directed percolation, known as Gribov model, in presence of the random velocity field. Turbulent mixing will be modelled by the compressible form of stochastic Navier-Stokes equation where the compressibility is described by an additional field related to the density. The task will be to find corresponding scaling properties.

Le Modéle Standard (MS), actuelle théorie fondamentale de la physique des particules, fournit une description des particules élémentaires et de plusieurs interactions fondamentales : les forces électromagnétique, forte et faible. Au Centre Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (CERN), des scientifiques du monde entier cherchent à com- prendre les lois fondamentales régissant l’Univers. LHC (Large Hadron Collider), pour les faire entrer en collision au centre des détecteurs et obtenir des indications quant à la manière dont les particules interagissent et ainsi appréhender les lois fondamentales de la nature. L’expérience ATLAS(roidalLhcApparatuS), couvre un large spectre de mesures physiques, incluant des mesures de précision du MS, la recherche du boson de Higgs, ou de trace de nouvelle physique. L’expérience CMS a un programme similaire. Les événements W⁺W⁻ sont sélectionnés à partir de trois états finaux : ee, eµ, and µµ. Afin de réduire le bruit de fond, constitué principalement de processus Drell-Yan ou de paires t¯t, une coupure est appliquée sur l’énergie transverse manquante, et les événements contenant des jets hadroniques satisfaisant certains critères de sélection sont rejetés. Les principaux bruits de fonds résiduels, essentiellement des processus W+jets, top, Z+jets, sont estimés à l’aide de modèles établis à partir des données observées (méthodes data driven). Ces méthodes d’estimation sont validées en les comparants à d’autres méthodes indépendantes. La section efficace mesurée est 71.0⁺¹⋅¹₋₁⋅₁(stat)⁺⁵⋅⁷₋₅⋅₀(syst)⁺²⋅¹₋₂⋅₀(lumi) pb, en accord avec la prédiction NNLO du MS de 63.2⁺²⋅⁰₋₁⋅₈pb<br>The Standard Model (SM), actual fundamental theory for particle physics, provides a description of the elementary particles and the fundamental interactions: the electromagnetic, weak and strong forces. At the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), physicists and engineers from all over the world are searching to understand the fundamental laws of the universe. It is at CERN that the world's largest and most sophisticated experimental instruments have been built, to accelerate particles at the energy of 3.5-4 TeV with the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS (ATLAS), one of the four main detectors at LHC. In ATLAS, di-boson production is one of the most important electro-weak processes.The electro-weak sector of the SM, as well as the strong interactions, can be tested through the precision measurements of the W⁺W⁻ production cross section. A measurement of the W⁺W⁻ production cross section in 8 TeV center of mass proton-proton collisions is presented here from data collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC for a total integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb⁻¹. The W⁺W⁻ events are selected with 3 final states: ee, eµ, and µµ. In order to suppress the background contamination, mainly from the Drell-Yan and ttbar processes, a cut on missing transverse energy is applied and events with hadronic jets satisfying appropriate selection criteria are rejected. The major backgrounds, mainly including W +jets, top and Z+jets, are estimated by data driven technique. The measured cross section is 71.0⁺¹⋅¹₋₁⋅₁(stat)⁺⁵⋅⁷₋₅⋅₀(syst)⁺²⋅¹₋₂⋅₀(lumi) pb, which is consistent with SM Next-to-Next-Leading-Order prediction of 63.2⁺²⋅⁰₋₁⋅₈ pb

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo mejorar el proceso de Monitoreo de Accesos y Comportamiento de Usuarios en Entorno Cloud de la gerencia de Seguridad Tecnológica, este proceso es uno de los principales controles en el programa de seguridad de la información y ciberseguridad de Mibanco por contribuir en la detección oportuna de eventos de seguridad, evitar incidentes que pudieran afectar a la organización y por el cumplimiento de estándares de seguridad que debe cumplir toda entidad financiera. El trabajo de investigación se desarrolló en seis capítulos donde en primer lugar, se detalla el Marco Teórico utilizado; luego en el capítulo de Desarrollo de Proyecto, se realiza el análisis de la arquitectura empresarial y la identificación de los problemas objetivos que se deben trabajar para la mejora del proceso. Asimismo, en los demás capítulos se desarrolló la arquitectura de software de solución y la gestión del proyecto.<br>The objective of this research work is to improve the process of Monitoring Accesses and User Behavior in the Cloud Environment of the Technological Security management, this process is one of the main controls in the information security and cybersecurity program of Mibanco by contribute to the timely detection of security events, avoid incidents that could affect the organization and for the fulfillment of security standards that every financial entity must comply with. The research work was developed in six chapters where, first, the Theoretical Framework used is detailed; Then, in the Project Development chapter, the analysis of the business architecture and the identification of the objective problems that must be worked on to improve the process is carried out. Likewise, in the other chapters the solution software architecture and project management were developed.<br>Tesis

Jump-diffusion processes often model financial time series as they can simulate the random jumps that they frequently exhibit. These jumps can be seen as anomalies and are essential for financial analysis and model building, making them vital to detect.The realized variation, realized bipower variation, and realized semi-variation were tested to see if one could use them to detect jumps in a jump-diffusion process and if anomaly detection algorithms can use them as features to improve their accuracy. The algorithms tested were Isolation Forest, Robust Random Cut Forest, and Isolation Forest Algorithm for Streaming Data, where the latter two use streaming data. This was done by generating a Merton jump-diffusion process with a varying jump-rate and tested using each algorithm with each of the features. The performance of each algorithm was measured using the F1-score to compare the difference between features and algorithms. It was found that the algorithms were improved from using the features; Isolation Forest saw improvement from using one, or more, of the named features. For the streaming algorithms, Robust Random Cut Forest performed the best for every jump-rate except the lowest. Using a combination of the features gave the highest F1-score for both streaming algorithms. These results show one can use these features to extract jumps, as anomaly scores, and improve the accuracy of the algorithms, both in a batch and stream setting.<br>Hopp-diffusionsprocesser används regelbundet för att modellera finansiella tidsserier eftersom de kan simulera de slumpmässiga hopp som ofta uppstår. Dessa hopp kan ses som anomalier och är viktiga för finansiell analys och modellbyggnad, vilket gör dom väldigt viktiga att hitta. Den realiserade variationen, realiserade bipower variationen, och realiserade semi-variationen är faktorer av en tidsserie som kan användas för att hitta hopp i hopp-diffusionprocesser. De används här för att testa om anomali-detektionsalgoritmer kan använda funktionerna för att förbättra dess förmåga att detektera hopp. Algoritmerna som testades var Isolation Forest, Robust Random Cut Forest, och Isolation Forest Algoritmen för Strömmande data, där de två sistnämnda använder strömmande data. Detta gjordes genom att genera data från en Merton hopp-diffusionprocess med varierande hoppfrekvens där de olika algoritmerna testades med varje funktion samt med kombinationer av funktioner. Prestationen av varje algoritm beräknades med hjälp av F1-värde för att kunna jämföra algoritmerna och funktionerna med varandra. Det hittades att funktionerna kan användas för att extrahera hopp från hopp-diffusionprocesser och även använda de som en indikator för när hopp skulle ha hänt. Algoritmerna fick även ett högre F1-värde när de använde funktionerna. Isolation Forest fick ett förbättrat F1-värde genom att använda en eller fler utav funktionerna och hade ett högre F1-värde än att bara använda funktionerna för att detektera hopp. Robust Random Cut Forest hade högst F1-värde av de två algoritmer som använde strömmande data och båda fick högst F1-värde när man använde en kombination utav alla funktioner. Resultatet visar att dessa funktioner fungerar för att extrahera hopp från hopprocesser, använda dem för att detektera hopp, och att algoritmernas förmåga att detektera hoppen ökade med hjälp av funktionerna.

Memoria para optar al título de Ingeniera Civil Eléctrica<br>La automatización de la maquinaria dentro de la minería es una tendencia que ha cobrado mayor importancia con el transcurso del tiempo, principalmente por el ambiente peligroso e impredecible en el que deben ser manejadas, lo que genera una serie de riesgos para los operadores manuales de los equipos. Lo anterior sumado a los potenciales beneficios económicos por aumento del factor de utilización, reducción del desgaste de los componentes y operación eficiente de la máquina, hacen del concepto de la minería autónoma una promesa interesante. El objetivo de este trabajo es crear un detector de anomalías para el proceso de carguío autónomo de maquinaria minera, en donde la anomalía se define como la necesidad de impactar más de una vez contra la pila de recolección para llenar el balde del cargador. Para esto se utilizaron los datos de operación obtenidos de un cargador LHD utilizado en la minera 'San Gerónimo'. Debido a la complejidad física de estos sistemas, se utilizará un modelo no paramétrico para la modelación del proceso, el cual corresponde a un modelo basado en similitud (SBM de sus siglas en inglés). Se creará una metodología para obtener un modelo que contengan las variables explicativas del proceso y con el que se pueda generar una rutina de detección que avise al operario en caso de que las señales medidas mientras carga sean similares a las caracterizadas en el modelo SBM como anomalía. La metodología propuesta en este trabajo fue probada con los datos obtenidos en la minera, con los cuales se obtuvo un error de un 7,5% en la detección de carguíos anómalos. También se probó la metodología con datos de carguío manual, en donde un operador manejaba en la mina el cargador de forma remota. En este caso los resultados no fueron tan positivos como en el caso autónomo, en donde se consiguió que el detector errara en promedio un 23,3% de las veces que fue probado. Como principales conclusiones, se verifica el uso de modelos no paramétricos para la caracterización de procesos multivariables, sin embargo la metodología desarrollada sólo es aplicable a la maquinaria estudiada. También se destaca la importancia de datos variados para la creación de los modelos, es decir, que contengan diferentes puntos de operación del proceso. En particular en el caso de los carguíos autónomos, existe una mayor complejidad para caracterizar el carguío, dado que se necesita recolectar los datos de muchos operarios para tener una matriz de entrada rica en información, no así en el caso autónomo donde el hecho de utilizar una secuencia programada reduce la cantidad de datos necesarios para la modelación.