Relevant bibliographies by topics / Annual reports ERÚ

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Annual reports ERÚ'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Annual reports ERÚ"

1

Scott, David. "Annual Reports Online9844Annual Reports Online. 369 Broadway, San Francisco, CA 94133: The Annual Reports Library URL: http://zpub.com/sf/arl/." Electronic Resources Review 2, no. 5 (May 1998): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/err.1998.2.5.50.44.

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Osesoga, Maria Stefani, and Jimmy Ardianto. "Pengaruh Opini Audit Terhadap Earnings Response Coefficient." Jurnal ULTIMA Accounting 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 64–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31937/akuntansi.v3i2.435.

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The users of financial statements require quality and relevant earnings information to be used in decision-making process. The purpose of this study is to determine the significant effect of audit opinion information that contained in the companies' annual report against the quality and relevance earnings information, which measured by Earning Response Coefficient or ERC. This research used control variables, which are beta, leverage, and PBV. The tests conducted in this study were normality test using normal probability plot, the autocorrelation test using Durbin-Watson, multicollinearity test using the value of tolerance and VIF, and heteroscedasticity test using the scatter plot graphic. The hypotheses were tested by using multiple regressions. The results of the study showed that PBV had significant impact on ERC, and indicated that investors had not appreciated the audit opinion information disclosed by the companies in their annual reports for their investment decision. Keywords: Audit Opinion, Beta, Earnings Response Coefficient, Leverage, Price to Book Value.
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Boyle, Erik S., Melissa F. Lewis-Western, and Timothy A. Seidel. "Do Quarterly and Annual Financial Statements Reflect Similar Financial Statement Error in the Post-SOX Era?" Journal of Financial Reporting 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jfr-2020-003.

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ABSTRACT The U.S. has invested substantial resources into the regulation and oversight of public-company financial reporting. While these investments should incentivize high-quality reporting among quarterly and annual financial statements, the sharp rise in public company auditor oversight may disproportionately benefit annual reports given the fiscal year-centric nature of audits. We compare the within company-year difference in financial statement error between quarterly and annual financial reports and examine how any difference changed following SOX. We find that pre-SOX error is lower for audited financial statements than for reviewed financial statements and that this difference increases following SOX. Additional tests suggest that elevated auditor oversight, rather than managerial incentives, is the impetus for the change. Despite regulatory investment designed to incentivize the production of high-quality quarterly and annual financial statements, the post-SOX difference in error between quarterly and annual financial statements appears to have increased. Data Availability: Data are available from public sources cited in the text. JEL Classifications: M41; M42.
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Kulevicz, Rosane Aparecida, Grasiela Edith de Oliveira Porfirio, Ozeni Souza de Oliveira, Arturo Alejandro Zavala Zavala, Benedito Albuquerque da Silva, and Michel Constantino. "Influence of sustainability reports on social and environmental issues: bibliometric analysis and the word cloud approach." Environmental Reviews 28, no. 4 (December 2020): 380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2019-0075.

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The aim of the present study is to analyze how corporate sustainability reports address socio-environmental issues and business development through bibliometric analysis. The search led to 53 articles indexed in the ScienceDirect database between 2012 and 2017. A bibliometric analysis was applied to sustainability reports and to several topics, namely: “sustainability report” (SR) and “corporate sustainability” (CS), triple bottom line (TBL), eco-innovation in business (ECO), and “global reporting initiative” (GRI). The word cloud approach was applied to each keyword in the quantitative analysis. Annual publication frequency was applied to identify the year accounting for the largest number of publications. The target of the descriptive analysis applied to the sample was determined; it consists in metrically determining the frequency of each variable. The inferential analysis compared the means recorded for the subsets of the sample; it is a technique commonly used to investigate data. Friedman’s test was used to compare the behavior of the research groups. The keywords sustainability, business, reporting, environment, social, and performance were found. These words appeared in most of the analyzed articles; they represented the conceptual core of each topic involved in the “sustainability report” (SR). Based on the selected articles, companies surveyed over the years have incorporated sustainability concepts into their strategic planning to ensure the satisfaction and needs of future generations. The disclosure of information available in sustainability reports has become a marketing instrument that may clearly provide evidence of business activities or inactivity.
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Gouiaa, Raef, Daniel Zéghal, and Meriem El Aoun. "An analysis of the relation between enterprise risk management (ERM) information disclosure and traditional risk measures in the US banking sector." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 10, no. 1 (2020): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv10i1p5.

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The purpose of this article is to validate the quality and the relevance of enterprise risk management (ERM) information disclosure by analyzing the relation between the different dimensions of ERM disclosed in the annual report and the traditional measures of risk in the US banking sector. We use content analysis to measure ERM dimensions and a correlation analysis to document the links between risk exposure, consequences, and strategies (Aebi, Sabato, & Schimd, 2012), and the traditional measures of risk (Schnatterly, Clark, Howe, & DeVaughn, 2019) disclosed in the annual reports from 2006 to 2009. We then separately make the analysis for the period before and after the crisis to identify any effect of the crisis on ERM information’s ability to predict and reflect the banking sector’s traditional risk (Maingot, Quon, & Zéghal, 2018). Our results reveal the overall validity of ERM information in assessing traditional risk measures through a significant correlation between ERM exposure, consequences and strategies, and most of the traditional measures of risk. Finally, we confirmed the relevance and the robustness of our results through a portfolio analysis approach. This research sheds new light on the relevance of ERM information by introducing a new framework and a new methodology for assessing the validity of this information within the banking sector, where risk management plays a vital role. The results are potentially useful for banks regulators as well as for producers and users of the information on banking risks.
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Polivenok, Igor V., Frank J. Molloy, Christian L. Gilbert, Mark Danton, Ali Dodge-Khatami, Sri O. Rao, John P. Breinholt, Marcelo Cardarelli, Jamie S. Penk, and William M. Novick. "Results of international assistance for a paediatric heart surgery programme in a single Ukrainian centre." Cardiology in the Young 29, no. 3 (February 28, 2019): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951118002457.

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AbstractBackgroundSurgery for CHD has been slow to develop in parts of the former Soviet Union. The impact of an 8-year surgical assistance programme between an emerging centre and a multi-disciplinary international team that comprised healthcare professionals from developed cardiac programmes is analysed and presented.Material and methodsThe international paediatric assistance programme included five main components – intermittent clinical visits to the site annually, medical education, biomedical engineering support, nurse empowerment, and team-based practice development. Data were analysed from visiting teams and local databases before and since commencement of assistance in 2007 (era A: 2000–2007; era B: 2008–2015). The following variables were compared between periods: annual case volume, operative mortality, case complexity based on Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS-1), and RACHS-adjusted standardised mortality ratio.ResultsA total of 154 RACHS-classifiable operations were performed during era A, with a mean annual case volume by local surgeons of 19.3 at 95% confidence interval 14.3–24.2, with an operative mortality of 4.6% and a standardised mortality ratio of 2.1. In era B, surgical volume increased to a mean of 103.1 annual cases (95% confidence interval 69.1–137.2, p<0.0001). There was a non-significant (p=0.84) increase in operative mortality (5.7%), but a decrease in standardised mortality ratio (1.2) owing to an increase in case complexity. In era B, the proportion of local surgeon-led surgeries during visits from the international team increased from 0% (0/27) in 2008 to 98% (58/59) in the final year of analysis.ConclusionsThe model of assistance described in this report led to improved adjusted mortality, increased case volume, complexity, and independent operating skills.
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Kosciuch, Karl L., Andrew C. Kasner, and Keith A. Arnold. "Annual Reproductive Success of Culvert-Dwelling Cliff Swallows in East-Central Texas." Condor 103, no. 4 (November 1, 2001): 879–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/103.4.879.

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Abstract Most studies describing reproductive biology of an avian species provide some measure of annual reproductive success (ARS), frequently reported per nest or per egg. These measurements do not indicate the success of average females in the population. We report conventional measures of reproductive success along with ARS(b), number of broods successfully reared per female, and ARS(k), number of young successfully reared per female. We calculated ARS for four culvert-dwelling Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) colonies in east-central Texas from 1982 to 1985 (n = 1805 nests) and compared our calculations of ARS with those reported for other regions. We analyzed differences in number of fledglings per female to estimate variation in ARS among years and among culverts. In east-central Texas, ARS differed significantly among years and among culverts. We attributed variation in ARS to predation and abiotic factors. Consistent reporting of ARS would facilitate comparisons among populations or species over multiple scales. Éxito Reproductivo Anual de Petrochelidon pyrrhonota que Forman Colonias en Puentes del Este-Central de Texas Resumen. La mayoría de los estudios que describen la biología reproductiva de especies de aves proveen alguna medida de éxito reproductivo anual (ERA), la cual, se reporta frecuentemente por nido o por huevo. Estas medidas no indican el éxito reproductivo de las hembras promedio de la población. Nosotros reportamos medidas convencionales de éxito reproductivo junto con el ERA(b), número de nidadas exitosamente criadas por hembra y ERA(k), número de juveniles exitosamente criados por hembra. Calculamos el ERA para cuatro colonias de Petrochelidon pyrrhonota que habitan puentes en el este-central de Texas desde 1982 hasta 1985 (n = 1805 nidos) y comparamos nuestros cálculos de ERA con aquellos reportados para otras regiones. Analizamos las diferencias en el número de pichones por hembra para estimar variaciones en el ERA entre años y entre puentes. En el este-central de Texas el ERA varió significativamente entre años y entre puentes. Atribuimos la variación en el ERA a depredación y factores abióticos. El informe consistente de valores de ERA facilitaría la comparación entre poblaciones y especies a través de múltiples escalas.
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Adely, Fida J. "EDUCATING WOMEN FOR DEVELOPMENT: THE ARAB HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2005 AND THE PROBLEM WITH WOMEN'S CHOICES." International Journal of Middle East Studies 41, no. 1 (February 2009): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743808090144.

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In the 1980s, after a decades-long emphasis on economic growth as the primary engine for development, a number of prominent economists and development practitioners heralded a new era in the conceptualization of development as primarily a human endeavor with improved life chances and quality of life as the proper end. Thus was coined the term “human development,” followed by subsequent efforts to delineate the essential dimensions of human development and the appropriate measures of a development endeavor that no longer had “growth” (and, more narrowly, increased income) as its primary indicator but now sought to measure human ends, capabilities, and opportunities. Of most prominence, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) took up this charge in the form of an annual global human development report, releasing the first one in 1990. Perhaps no other human development reports have received as much attention in the past few years as have the Arab human development reports.
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Eriandani, Rizky. "Pengaruh Luas Pengungkapan Csr Terhadap Earning Response Coefficient Pada Industri High Profile Yang Terdaftar Di Pasar Modal." AKRUAL: Jurnal Akuntansi 1, no. 2 (April 6, 2010): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jaj.v1n2.p118-136.

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AbstractThe study hypothesized that CSR disclosure strengthen the association between unexpected earning and abnormal return (ERC), since CSR disclosure provide more information to interpreting accounting earning. The sample of the study is annual report 2006 of the companies listed at the Indonesian Stock Exchange, and the company is the high profile industry. This finding raises the question of whether CSR information in annual report contain value-relevant about accounting earning or if investor are simply not capable of incorporating CSR information in the firm value estimates.
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Kramer, Anneke, Rianne Boenink, Marlies Noordzij, Jizzo R. Bosdriesz, Vianda S. Stel, Palma Beltrán, Juan C. Ruiz, et al. "The ERA-EDTA Registry Annual Report 2017: a summary." Clinical Kidney Journal 13, no. 4 (June 22, 2020): 693–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa048.

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Abstract Background This article presents a summary of the 2017 Annual Report of the European Renal Association–European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA) Registry and describes the epidemiology of renal replacement therapy (RRT) for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in 37 countries. Methods The ERA-EDTA Registry received individual patient data on patients undergoing RRT for ESRD in 2017 from 32 national or regional renal registries and aggregated data from 21 registries. The incidence and prevalence of RRT, kidney transplantation activity and survival probabilities of these patients were calculated. Results In 2017, the ERA-EDTA Registry covered a general population of 694 million people. The incidence of RRT for ESRD was 127 per million population (pmp), ranging from 37 pmp in Ukraine to 252 pmp in Greece. A total of 62% of patients were men, 52% were ≥65 years of age and 23% had diabetes mellitus as the primary renal disease. The treatment modality at the onset of RRT was haemodialysis for 85% of patients. On 31 December 2017, the prevalence of RRT was 854 pmp, ranging from 210 pmp in Ukraine to 1965 pmp in Portugal. The transplant rate in 2017 was 33 pmp, ranging from 3 pmp in Ukraine to 103 pmp in the Spanish region of Catalonia. For patients commencing RRT during 2008–12, the unadjusted 5-year patient survival probability for all RRT modalities combined was 50.8%.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Annual reports ERÚ"

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Pololáník, Pavel. "Analýza současných statistických výkazů a SW možností pro hodnocení energetických soustav." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442544.

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Diploma thesis deals with the issue of statistical reporting Energy regulátory office ČR. The introduction describes the contents regularly published reports on the operation of the electricity system in the Czech Republic. In the thsis deals with the analysis of statistical reports. Processing code in Python and describes its implementation in analytical platform KNIME.
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Aceves, Manuel A. "Schools of Education in a New Era of Accountability| A Case Study of an Annual Report Process Used to Advance a Professional Learning Community." Thesis, Loyola Marymount University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3597634.

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Institutions of higher education are entering a new era, one where cost, value, and quality are at the front of mind. To proactively ensure long-term viability, institutions must operate differently. This qualitative case study examined how the St. Alexander University School of Education's Annual Report Process impacted institutional decision-making. Additionally, the study explored how the Annual Report Process could facilitate learning and improvement for a school of education.

Using the Professional Learning Community model as the conceptual framework, document analysis, process analysis, and semi-structured interviews were used as the primary methods for data collection. Using pattern analysis, four themes emerged in the study. First, there is lack of shared vision and understanding regarding the purpose for the SOE Annual Reports. Second, there is a disconnect between the SOE Annual Reports and the impact that they play in the decision-making process related to resource allocation. Third, the level of dialogue and impact that the SOE Annual Reports facilitate at the department and programmatic level is mixed. Finally, there has been minimal training for the SOE Annual Report process, which has resulted in a lack of quality in the reports. In turn, this has resulted in an overall frustration with the process for those that are involved in the SOE Annual Report process. The findings and recommendations in this study provide the SOE at St. Alexander a pathway to move forward with an Annual Report Process that positively influences the building of learning community, while positively impacting the decision-making process.

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Backtun, Larsson Emma, and Emmelie Larsson. "Förändring i riskkommunikation? : En komparativ studie av svenska och brittiska bankers årsredovisningar." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Handels- och IT-högskolan, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-17869.

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Risk, som kan definieras som möjligheten att något oönskat ska hända, är idag ett omdiskuterat ämne. Det har blivit allt viktigare att företag kommunicerar information om sina risker och hur de hanteras. Det har visat sig att banker är mycket utsatta för risk och att banksektorn är instabil. De finansiella risker som banker ofta är utsatta för är kreditrisk, marknadsrisk, likviditetsrisk och operativ risk. På senare tid, och framförallt till följd av den senaste finanskrisen, har det tillkommit flertalet standarder som reglerar för en mer detaljerad riskupplysning. Kraven på riskinformation i årsredovisningen har därmed ökat och banker rapporterar mer om sina risker nu än tidigare. IFRS 7 och Basel är internationella regelverk som reglerar upplysning av riskrelaterad information. Regelverkens syfte är att förbättra riskupplysningen och att stärka den finansiella stabiliteten. Risken för att hamna i en ny finansiell kris minskar till följd av ökad öppenhet. Inom riskhantering har ramverket ERM tillkommit, som vägleder företag i riskhanteringsprocessen. Vidare kan bankers riskinformation i årsredovisningen skilja sig, både mellan länder och mellan banker inom ett land.Syftet med studien är att undersöka svenska och brittiska marknadsnoterade bankers kommunikation av riskinformation i årsredovisningen och studera om den har förändrats från år 2006 till år 2013 och i så fall hur. Studien syftar också till att analysera hur förändringen skiljer sig mellan olika banker i Sverige och i Storbritannien. Slutligen syftar studien till att studera hur förändringen skiljer sig mellan de två länderna, som i grunden anses härstamma från olika redovisningstraditioner. För att uppfylla syftet med studien genomförs en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av årsredovisningar från de fyra största bankerna i Sverige respektive Storbritannien. Därefter undersöks hur informationen förändrats för varje bank och sedan genomförs en komparativ studie, där bankerna respektive de två länderna jämförs.Studiens resultat visar att det har skett en förändring i riskkommunikation i årsredovisningen från år 2006 till år 2013 för samtliga studerade banker, då upplysningen om risker och riskhantering har ökat. De svenska bankerna skiljer sig i förändringen i högre grad än de brittiska. Det är svårt att se ett samband bland de svenska bankerna, medan de brittiska i stort sett följer samma mönster i förändringen. Vidare visar studien att de brittiska bankerna har genomgått en större förändring och att de har förändrats i högre takt än de svenska bankerna mellan de studerade åren. Det visar tydligt att de brittiska bankerna tillhör den anglosaxiska redovisningstraditionen och i jämförelse kan de svenska bankerna relateras till den kontinentaleuropeiska traditionen. Studien ger dock belägg för att de svenska bankernas riskkommunikation närmar sig den anglosaxiska traditionen, eftersom de har förändrats mellan de studerade åren och eftersom de har blivit mer transparenta. Vidare har både de brittiska och de svenska bankerna blivit mer transparenta när det gäller information om risk i årsredovisningen, vilket går i linje med legitimitetsteorin och intressentteorin.
Program: Civilekonomprogrammet
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Glombitza, Tim Felix. "Does risk management have an influence on market value in non-financial industries? : evidence from the chemical industry." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/25465.

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This thesis focuses on the structure of risk management in the chemical industry to evaluate the relationship between risk management and market value performance. The objective is to draw an integral picture of the companies’ risk management procedures. Furthermore, the most popular tools and general trends for risk management in the chemical industry are examined. The analysis is based on two pillars, quantitative (ratios) and qualitative (risk score) data obtained from company annual reporting. Therefore, handpicked balance sheet data from 82 of the largest chemical producers worldwide over 10 years has been collected, processed and evaluated. The data suggests an increased attention regarding risk management in the chemical sector, since companies worldwide increased their efforts significantly during the research period. Furthermore, almost all companies monitor and hedge their risk exposure in one way or another. However, it is not possible to infer that risk management contributes significantly to the market value development of chemical companies in the researched sample. The quantitative data analysed, shows significant results and indicates an interest of investors regarding risk or in other words risk aversion. For the risk score, which measures institutional risk management efforts of companies, no statistical significance – hence contribution to company’s performance – can be observed. In conclusion, risk management plays an increasingly important role for company’s strategic decision-making, while investors seem to care only about the outcome of the risk profile of companies and not how they are accomplished.
Esta tese foca-se na gestão de risco na indústria química, de modo a analisar a relação entre gestão de risco e performance de mercado. O objetivo é recolher uma fotografia dos procedimentos de gestão de risco das empresas. Além disso, as ferramentas mais populares e tendências gerais para gestão de risco na indústria química são examinadas. A análise é baseada em dois pilares, dados quantitativos (rácios) e qualitativos (pontuação de risco) obtidos do reporte annual das empresas. Assim, dados de 82 dos maiores produtores químicos mundiais durante mais de 10 anos foram recolhidos, processados e avaliados. Os dados sugerem uma atenção acrescida relativamente à gestão de risco no setor químico, já que mundialmente as empresas aumentaram significativamente os seus esforços durante o período de pesquisa. Além disso, quase todas as empresas monitorizam e fazem hedging da sua exposição de risco de uma forma ou outra. Porém, não é possível inferir que a gestão de risco contribui significativamente para o desenvolvimento de valor de mercado das empresas químicas na amostra analisada. Os dados quantitativos analisados mostram resultados significativos e indicam um interesse dos investidores à aversão de risco. Para a pontuação de risco, que mede os esforços institucionais na gestão de risco, significância estatística – logo contribuição para a performance – não é observada. Concluindo, a gestão de risco tem um papel cada vez mais importante na tomada de decisão de empresas, enquanto os investidores aparentam apenas preocupar-se com o resultado do perfil de risco das empresas e não como este é atingido.
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Books on the topic "Annual reports ERÚ"

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Conference, Christian Health Association of Kenya. Providing primary health care in the era of HIV/AIDS: Report of the CHAK Annual Health Conference 2004, Brackenhurst International Conference Centre, 6th-7th April, 2004. Nairobi: Christian Health Association of Kenya, 2004.

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International, Symposium on Democracy Trade Investment and Economic Development in Africa (4th 2001 Port of Miami Fla ). Foundation for Democracy in Africa report on the fourth Annual International Symposium on Democracy, Trade Investment and Economic Development in Africa: U.S. - Caribbean-African trade in the global era : "Integrating Africa into the world economy.". Hallandale Beach, Florida: Aglob Publishing, 2003.

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International Symposium on Democracy, Trade, Investment and Economic Development in Africa. Foundation for Democracy in Africa report on the fourth Annual International Symposium on Democracy, Trade Investment and Economic Development in Africa: U.S. - Caribbean-African trade in the global era : "Integrating Africa into the world economy.". Hallandale Beach, FL: Aglob Publishing, 2004.

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Japan. Kagaku Gijutsuchō. Kenkyū Kaihatsukyoku. Eru nīnyo nanpō shindō no kikō kaimei to sono eikyō ni kansuru kenkyū: Heisei 8-nendo seika hōkokusho : Heisei 6-nendo--Heisei 15-nendo = Dynamics and predictability of enso system (DPRES) : annual report, April 1996-March 1997 : FY1994-FY2003. Tōkyō: Kagaku Gijutsuchō Kenkyū Kaihatsukyoku, 1997.

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San Francisco Art Institute Artists Committee 1991 annual report: S & L transactions in the post-industrial era. San Francisco, Calif: San Francisco Art Institute, 1991.

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Annual Report And Summaires Of FY 1996 Activities... DOE/ER-0698... U.S. Department Of Energy... April 1997. [S.l: s.n., 1997.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Observations of Enhanced Radar Backscatter (ERB) from Millstone Hill: A semi-annual report for the sponsored research NASA NAG-1055. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.

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Zimmer, Kenyon. “No Right to Exist Anywhere on This Earth”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039386.003.0007.

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This chapter looks at how anarchist groups throughout the country maintained their functionality, with International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) organizer Anna Sosnovsky noting “a general revival amongst the Comrades.” By 1933, one anarchist newspaper counted seventy-five anarchist groups across the country, while a U.S. military intelligence agent reported a keen revival of anarchistic activities on the East Coast. This modest resurgence is reflected in available circulation figures from the era, which shows that the American anarchist press retained approximately three-quarters of its prewar readership. The spread of multiethnic, English-speaking international groups led to the unprecedented growth of the English-language anarchist press, while Italian-language anarchist periodicals maintained a higher combined circulation between 1925 and 1933.
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Division Of Energy Biosciences Annual Report And Summaries Of FY 1995 Activities... DOE/ER-0676... U.S. Department Of Energy... April 1996. [S.l: s.n., 1998.

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United States. Dept. of Energy., ed. Steel And Aluminium Energy Conservation And Technology Competitiveness Act Of 1988... Annual Report Of The Metals Initiative For Fiscal Year 1996... DOE/ER-0147... U.S. Department Of Energy. [S.l: s.n., 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Annual reports ERÚ"

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Dhingra-Kumar, Neelam, Silvio Brusaferro, and Luca Arnoldo. "Patient Safety in the World." In Textbook of Patient Safety and Clinical Risk Management, 93–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59403-9_8.

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AbstractPatient safety is a fundamental principle of health care. However, many medical practices and risks associated with health care are emerging as major challenges for patient safety globally and contribute significantly to the burden of harm due to unsafe care. Available evidence suggests hospitalizations in low- and middle-income countries lead annually to 134 million adverse events, contributing to 2.6 million deaths. About 134 million adverse events worldwide give rise to 2.6 million deaths every year. Estimates indicate that in high-income countries, about 1 in 10 patients is harmed while receiving hospital care. This problem affects both high-income countries and low- and middle countries even if priorities and issues may differ. The most important adverse events concern medication procedures, healthcare-associated infections, surgical procedures, injection safety, blood transfusions, venous thromboembolism, sepsis, and diagnostic and radiation errors. Since 1999 when the Institute of Medicine (IOM) published its report “To err is human,” some progress has been made but patient harm is still a daily problem in healthcare. As a matter of fact, new threats are emerging due to population aging, along with new treatments and technologies which must be dealt with in addition to still-unresolved, long-standing problems. In this context, it is very important to adopt an international common strategy that creates networks, shares knowledge, programs, tools, good practices and develop and track indicators focusing on the specific priorities of each country and region.
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Kreider, Brent L. "Chapter 22. Proteomics: defining protein function in the post genomics era." In Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, 227–35. Elsevier, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0065-7743(01)36062-1.

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Williams, Michael, Joseph T. Coyle, Sanober Shaikh, and Michael W. Decker. "Chapter 1: Same brain, new decade: Challenges in CNS drug discovery in the postgenomic, proteomic era." In Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, 1–10. Elsevier, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0065-7743(01)36041-4.

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Sandhu, Nicole P., Lynne T. Shuster, and Amy T. Wang. "Women’s Health." In Mayo Clinic Internal Medicine Board Review, 379–90. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190464868.003.0036.

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Quality improvement, broadly interpreted, refers to any formal approach taken to understand and better the performance of a system. Quality improvement, conversationally, more often is taken to mean those methodologies or tools appropriated from industry and applied to health care. The genesis of the quality movement in health care is often traced to 2 landmark Institute of Medicine reports. “To Err is Human” cast a magnifying glass on safety gaps in care delivery, implicating preventable medical errors in the death of nearly 100,000 hospitalized patients annually.
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Brack, Graham, Penny Franklin, and Jill Caldwell. "Patient Safety and Error Reduction." In Medicines management for nursing practice. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199697878.003.0008.

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Most healthcare professionals take up their career because they want to make people better. It is rare—but not unknown—to find nurses deliberately harming patients. It is not always possible to cure a patient’s condition, and readers may be surprised to hear the view of Lord Justice Stuart-Smith that our ‘only duty as a matter of law is not to make the victim’s condition worse’ (Capital and Counties plc v Hampshire CC (1997) 2 All ER 865 at 883). Despite our best intentions, healthcare professionals do sometimes make the patient’s condition worse. There are too many instances of harm caused to patients. Not only does the patient suffer harm, staff will be upset (some may even give up their careers) and large compensation claims may be made which deplete NHS resources. According to the NHS Litigation Authority, in 2010–11 it received 8655 claims of clinical negligence and 4346 claims of non-clinical negligence against NHS bodies, and paid £863 million in connection with clinical negligence claims (NHSLA Annual Report and Accounts, 2011). To put that into perspective, NHS Warwickshire had a budget of £827m for that year, so this amount would fund a mediumsized PCT. For all these reasons, therefore, our first concern must be to do no harm to our patient. If we can improve their condition, so much the better, but at the very least we must leave them no worse off for having put themselves in our care. Patient safety must be everyone’s concern. It is monitored by the NHS Commissioning Board Special Health Authority. Until June 2012 there was a separate agency, the National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA), which produced a report in 2009 entitled Safety in doses: improving the use of medicines in the NHS . There were 811 746 reports to the NPSA in 2007, of which 86 085 were related to medication. The figures for July 2010– June 2011 show an increase to 1.27 million incidents, of which 133 727 were related to medication.
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Wang, Yiman. "Acoustic Ladies." In Vamping the Stage. University of Hawai'i Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21313/hawaii/9780824869861.003.0002.

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July 1935, a British newspaper reported, “China’s own most famous actress, Miss Butterfly Wu, of Shanghai, shook hands yesterday with Hollywood’s most famous Chinese star, Miss Anna May Wong,” at a reception in honor of both Wu and Mei Lan-fang, “China’s leading stage actor.” All three performers became involved in filmmaking as it was emerging into a new dominant entertainment industry. Interestingly, if Mei needed to foreground the visual choreography at the expense of his vocal performance in 1920 when some of his repertoire pieces were filmed as silent shorts, Wong and Wu played a key role in ushering in the talkie era with their singing voice. This chapter explores how the two instances of female singing voice were triangulated and intermediated with Mei Lanfang’s female impersonation derived from Peking Opera on the one hand, and on the other hand, remediated through new filming and recording technologies at the cusp the sound era. It thus unpacks the cultural phenomenon of the emerging female singing voice, using it as a lens to examine the reconfiguration of gendered performance and performative gender identity in relation to colonial modernity and cosmopolitanism, national identity and international aspirations.
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Ross, Andrew. "The Road Runner’s Appetite." In Bird on Fire. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199828265.003.0008.

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Political and business leaders know that their defects and blunders will be excused if they turn in a respectable growth performance. The quarterly or annual gains in corporate revenue or GDP are really all that matters. But when and why did these raw metrics come to surpass all other indicators of well-being? Although growth is often seen as integral to any capitalist system of accumulation, its recognition as a society’s only relevant standard of worth is largely a postwar development. For example, four-fifths of U.S. growth has occurred in the last fifty years, some part of it driven by Cold War competition to prove the superiority of a market economy. The consensus mood that developed after 1945—which historians have called “growth liberalism”—presided over an expansionist boom in the industrialized world that did not contract until the 1970s. Subsequent doctrines—the supply-side gospel of the Reagan era, the high-tech evangelism of the 1990s, and the asset ownership creed of the 2000s—were all aimed at reviving and boosting the high growth rates that managers of a consumer society had come to expect. Growthmanship spread abroad, along with the internationalization of production, and soon growth in GDP became the most important yardstick for nations, whether in the advanced or the developing world. Slowing growth rates were a cause for concern, while falling numbers were a sign that something was awry, and that close scrutiny, even intervention, from the World Bank or the International Monetary Fund was in the offing. Those who believed or behaved otherwise were not wrong; they were simply treated as dropouts from modernity. So entrenched was this orthodoxy that The Limits to Growth, the momentous 1972 Club of Rome report that concluded that current rates of industrial growth could not be sustained ecologically in the long term, was received among business and policy elites as a genuinely heretical document that had to be publicly pilloried. Subsequent surveys, drawing upon a wider range of experts and a more comprehensive collection of scientific data, amplified the 1972 warning about the ruinous impact of unrestrained growth.
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Wurtz, Tricia L., and Robert A. Ott. "Timber Harvest in Interior Alaska." In Alaska's Changing Boreal Forest. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195154313.003.0025.

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The most active period of timber harvesting in the history of Alaska’s interior occurred nearly a century ago (Roessler 1997). The beginning of this era was the year 1869, when steam-powered, stern-wheeled riverboats first operated on the Yukon River (Robe 1943). Gold was discovered in Alaska in the 40-Mile River area in 1886, a find that was overshadowed 10 years later by the discovery of gold in the Klondike, Yukon Territory. By 1898, Dawson City, Yukon Territory, was reported to have 12 sawmills producing a total of 12 million board feet of lumber annually (Naske and Slotnick 1987). Over the next 50 years, more than 250 different sternwheeled riverboats operated in the Yukon drainage, covering a large part of Alaska and Canada’s Yukon Territory (Cohen 1982). This transportation system required large amounts of fuel. Woodcutters contracted with riverboat owners to provide stacked cordwood at the river’s edge, at a cost of $7.14 in 1901 (Fig. 18.1; Cohen 1982). Between 100 and 150 cords of wood were required to make the 1400-km round trip from the upper Yukon to Dawson City (Trimmer 1898). Over time, woodcutters moved inland from the rivers’ edges, significantly impacting the forest along many rivers of the Yukon drainage (Roessler 1997). The growth of the town of Fairbanks required wood for buildings and flumes as well as for fuel. In Fairbanks’s early days, all electrical generation was by wood fuel at the N.C. Company’s power plant. From the founding of the town in 1903 through the 1970s, white spruce harvested in the Fairbanks area was used exclusively by local sawmills, which produced small amounts of green and air-dried lumber. In 1984, however, the Alaska Primary Manufacturing Law was struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court, removing the legal barrier to round-log export of timber harvested from State lands. During the late 1980s and 1990s, many high-quality logs from State and private land timber sales were exported, primarily to Pacific Rim countries. Declining markets ended this trend in the late 1990s, and there have been no significant exports since the market collapse.
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Conference papers on the topic "Annual reports ERÚ"

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Natarajan, Naveen Ramji, Thamaraiselvi, A. S. Arunkumar, Kalaiselvan, and S. Gowtham. "Tetanus in the Era of Vaccination: A Case Report." In ISACON KARNATAKA 2017 33rd Annual Conference of Indian Society of Anaesthesiologists (ISA), Karnataka State Chapter. Indian Society of Anaesthesiologists (ISA), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/isacon-karnataka/2017/ep127.

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Kelley Sobel, A. E. "A software engineering curriculum incorporating formal methods: a progress report." In Proceedings Frontiers in Education 1997 27th Annual Conference. Teaching and Learning in an Era of Change. IEEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fie.1997.635991.

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Saulnier, George J., K. Patrick Lee, Donald A. Kalinich, S. David Sevougian, and Jerry A. McNeish. "Total System Performance Assessment Model for the Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Potential High-Level Nuclear Waste Repository at Yucca Mountain." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22322.

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The total-system performance assessment (TSPA) model for the final environmental impact statement (FEIS) for the potential high-level nuclear-waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada was developed from a series of analyses and model studies of the Yucca Mountain site. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has recommended the Yucca Mountain, Nevada site for the potential development of a geologic repository for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel. In May 2001, the DOE released the Yucca Mountain Science and Engineering Report (S&ER) for public review and comment. The S&ER summarizes more than 20 years of scientific and engineering studies supporting the site recommendation (SR). Following internal reviews of the S&ER and other documents, the DOE performed supplemental analyses of uncertainty in support of the SR as summarized in the Supplemental Science and Performance Analysis (SSPA) reports [2, 3]. The SSPA (1) provided insights into the impact of new scientific data and improved models and (2) evaluated a range of thermal operating modes and their effect on the predicted performance of a potential repository. The various updated component models for the SSPA resulted in a modified TSPA model, referred to as the supplemental TSPA model or SSPA TSPA model capturing the combined effects of the alternative model representations on system performance. The SSPA TSPA model was the basis for analyses for the FEIS for the Yucca Mountain site. However, after completion of the SSPA, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released its final radiation-protection standards for the potential repository at Yucca Mountain (40 CFR Part 197). Compliance with the regulation required modification of several of the component models (e.g., the biosphere transport model and the saturated-zone transport model) in order to evaluate repository performance against the new standards. These changes were incorporated into the SSPA TSPA model. The resulting FEIS TSPA model, known as the “integrated TSPA model,” was used to perform the calculations presented in this report. The results of calculations using the FEIS TSPA model under a non-disruptive scenario, show that the potential disposal of commercial and DOE waste at a Yucca Mountain repository would not produce releases to the environment that would exceed the regulatory standards promulgated in the EPA Final Rule 10 CFR 197 and the NRC Final Rule 10 CFR 63 for both individual protection and groundwater protection. The analyses also show that both the high and low-temperature operating modes result in similar mean annual dose to the reasonably maximally exposed individual (RMEI). Further, the analyses show that consideration of intrusive and extrusive igneous events, human intrusion, or inclusion of the potential inventory of all radioactive material in the commercial and DOE inventory would not exceed those published standards.
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Ugolo, Jerry Obaro. "Impact of Public Health on Oil Production Operation Expenditure – Case Study: Covid-19 Era Expenses in Nigeria Oil & Gas Industry." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208229-ms.

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Abstract Oil price is primarily determined by global supply and demand forces as well as governments policies and action or inaction of institutions like OPEC. However, in recent times, it has become evident that public health is a vital factor influencing demand and in turn oil price. In US, oil price reached a negative value for the first time in history by April 2020. Personnel and public health have been shown to have profound effect on operational expenditure (OPEX) of organizations, this in turn affecting the profitability of such organizations. Extra measures involving cost, had to be taken by organizations all over the world to ensure health and safety of their personnel in their sites. In Nigeria, effect of covid-19 measures for companies were, shut in of production, declaration of force majeure on ongoing contracts, slashing of costs, suspension on evaluation of future projects, profile assets for sale, remote/tele working, etc. Huge costs were also incurred as a part of corporate social responsibility for host communities/states where they operate. The consequential outcome is that there are reports of lower than planned profitability and liquidity positions. This paper examines action taken during this covid crisis and their impact on the financial status of their organizations. Using a quantitative and descriptive research design, an online survey has been used to gather information from respondents from different oil and gas companies of cost incurred by them. Secondary data was also obtained from quarterly reports of some companies of the oil majors to show their profitability comparing Q1-Q4 of 2019 and 2020. The paper also appraises action and inaction by corporate/government bodies to stimulate economic growth and help its personnel/citizenry. An attempt is also made to glean experience and lessons from organization that lived through the periods being examined.
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Sen, S., J. Higle, R. Ferrell, L. Head, and J. Goldberg. "ELITE-Engineering with Liberal and Technical Education. Project status report-evaluation, seminars, and advising." In Proceedings Frontiers in Education 1997 27th Annual Conference. Teaching and Learning in an Era of Change. IEEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fie.1997.635972.

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Khurana, Anil, Paramjeet Kaur, Ashok K. Chauhan, Yashpal Verma, and Nupur Bansal. "Extra ovarian adult granulosa cell tumor of omentum: A report of a rare entity." In 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685372.

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Aims: Extra ovarian granulosa cell tumor (GCT) is extremely rare tumor, assumed to arise from the ectopic gonadal tissue along the embryonal route of the genital ridge. A case of extra ovarian granulosa cell tumor of omentum in a 69 year old female presented here. Materials and Methods: A 69 years old postmenopausal, hypertensive female presented with complaints of pain in right lumber and iliac region of one month duration. Pain was off and on and intermittent. The patient had a history of hysterectomy 12 years ago for fibroid uterus. Results: Ultrasound examination of abdomen showed a hypoechoic lesion of size 78.1 mm x 57.3 mm in right iliac fossa with mild thickening of surrounding omentum. Another hypoechoic lesion of size 36.7 mm x 22.9 mm was seen in retroperitoneal region in supero-medial aspect of right kidney. CECT abdomen showed heterogeneously enhanced nodular lesion of size 6.6 x 6.8 cm in right lumbar region, mild thickening of surrounded omentum also seen however there was no evidence of infiltration to bowel loop seen. Uterus was not visualized. PET CT whole body revealed mildly metabolically active enlarged nodes in the bilateral level ib an ii, metabolically active large lobulated heterogeneously enhancing soft tissue density lesion in right lumbar region with non enhancing areas of necrosis. The lesion is closely abutting the anterior abdominal wall musculature antero laterally and small bowel loop medially surrounding mesenty shows increased vascularity and haziness. Colonoscopy findings were normal. Trucut biopsy of mass right lumbar region was positive for malignancy likely Round cell Sarcoma. A provisional diagnosis of retroperitoneal sarcoma of right lumbar region was made. She underwent exploratory laparotomy with excision of tumor. As per Operative findings there was approximately 8 x 7 cm, firm, omental mass present right to midline, arising from under surface of greater omentum. Ovaries were normal. Gross examination of omental mass showed nodular mass measuring 8 x 5 x 6 cm. External surface was multinodular and cut surface was grey brown to grey yellow with solid cystic areas and areas of necrosis. Microscopic examination of specimen showed Extraovarian Adult granulosa cell tumor/metastasis from occult granulose cell tumor. On IHC Vimentin, CK, SMA, Inhibin were positive, Ki67:15%, ER/PR were also positive and are negative for calretinin, thromobomodulin. Extensive necrosis was seen. After that she underwent rexploration and total omenectomy. HPE showed fat necrosis in omentum. All investigation showed no evidence of tumor in ovaries and at any other primary site then the patient finally diagnosed as having Granulosa cell tumor involving only omentum post op stage III C. Then patient was given six courses of chemotherapy with Inj Paclitaxel and Inj Carboplatin three weekly. Now patient is on regular follow up and disease free. Conclusion: Extra ovarian adult granulosa cell tumor of omentum is rare tumor. Multimodal treatment approaches including surgery, multi-agent chemotherapy may provide a survival benefit for patients.
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Ferrara, Paolo, Luigi Mutidieri, Gianluca Magni, Daniele Farina, Luca Dal Forno, Giorgio Ricci Maccarini, Francesco Battaglia, and Giovanni Ricci. "First Complete Digital Drilling Package Deployment for Risks Reduction and Performance Optimization: Africa Offshore Case History." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205924-ms.

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Abstract In an era of reduced profit margin and high market uncertainty, more than ever it is important to meet operational excellence as a key factor for business sustainability. This is common to most technical applications, but it is particularly true for the drilling operations, where considerable investments and associated risks are involved. During last four years, as part of its digital transformation process, Eni has equipped itself with several digital tools for the diagnosis and the monitoring of drilling and completion operations. Goals and reached benefits can be summarized in risk reduction, operational efficiency and performance optimization. Based on a wide case history started in 2019, a Digital Drilling Package was developed for operations support, from the design to the construction phase. Three main tools are now available to be applied to the most complex wells, either stand-alone or in parallel, covering drilling operations non-productive time (NPT) prediction, performance advanced analytics and real time simulations. This last simulation tool was deployed for the first time in late 2020 on some wells and is now being included in the engineering and operation workflows. Attacking operational NPT and invisible lost time with the aim to increase safety and to reach the technical limit is not only a matter of processing tools. It requires a deep integration with headquarter (HQ), geographical units and field locations, with the definition of a strong data management infrastructure. This paper describes Eni's experience both on-site and in office, showing how the portability and integration of big data systems, suitable data lake architectures and human factor synergies can create effectiveness at all levels. An Africa Offshore field case history is reported to show how predictive and data analytics modelling and tools interact. In addition, the way in which these tools have been managed to support optimum decision-making processes is highlighted. Next development steps will target an even higher level of integration of all available digital tools to have a single diagnostic approach based on univocal dashboards and in-house data server infrastructures.
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Soni, Abhishek, Nupur Bansal, A. K. Dhull, Vivek Kaushal, Rajeev Atri, and Monica Verma. "Diagnostic dilemma of mesonephric adenocarcinoma cervix." In 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685283.

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Introduction: Mesonephric carcinoma is a rare type of epithelial tumor of the uterine cervix which derive from the remnants of the paired mesonephric (Wolff’s) ducts. The incidence of such neoplasms is difficult to determine due to rarity, previous misclassification of clear cell carcinomas and yolk sac tumours as mesonephric carcinomas and potential underreporting due to misclassification of mesonephric carcinoma as Mullerian tumours or mesonephric hyperplasia. The evidence regarding the clinical course, prognosis and optimal treatment is limited. Materials and Methods: Searches were performed on MEDLINE, EMBASE and Google Scholarly articles. All the relevant articles were included in the study. Only approximate 40 cases have been reported till now. Discussion: Mesonephric adenocarcinoma cervix has different morphologies like ductal, tubular, solid, retiform, sex-cord like pattern, clear cell and serous papillary structures. IHC assessment is helpful in differentiating it from Mullerian counterpart, as it is negative for CEA, CK20, p16, PAX2, ER/PR and vimentin and positive for CD10, calretinin, CK7, CAM5.2 and EMA. It has no relation with HPV infection. Unlike squamous epithelial carcinoma, it is rarely presenting with the abnormal cervical smear result, has more advanced age at presentation and its incidence does not appear to decline with age. The diagnosis has been supported by endometrial curettings, directed/cone cervical biopsies and hysterectomy specimens. The majority of patients are diagnosed at stage IB with mean DFS of 48.6 months. Recurrence rate is 23%, with a mean interval of 40 months. Hysterectomy is the primary treatment. Advanced stage disease of adenocarcinoma seemed to respond to radiotherapy, but for the MMMTs the combination of chemotherapy with radiotherapy appears to be preferable. Conclusion: Rarity of the neoplasm, varied morphology, mix presentation and very low number of cases leads to difficulty in correct diagnosis in a small biopsy specimen. IHC helpful in differentiating it from other lesions.
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Bykerk, Vivian, Orit Schieir, Marie-France Valois, Glen Hazlewood, Gilles Boire, Carol Hitchon, Louis Bessette, et al. "AB1304 THE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS FLARE QUESTIONNAIRE (RA-FQ) IS AN EASY TO ADMINISTER PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOME MEASURE THAT TRACKS WELL WITH THE CLINICAL DISEASE ACTIVITY INDEX (CDAI) OVER TIME IN PATIENTS WITH EARLY RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (ERA) IN 2 DIFFERENT HEALTH SETTINGS." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, EULAR 2019, Madrid, 12–15 June 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-eular.4977.

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Park, Ji Hyun, Myoung Joo Kang, Jin-Hee Ahn, Jeong Eun Kim, Kyung Hae Jung, Gyung-Yub Gong, Hee Jin Lee, et al. "Abstract P1-14-02: Neoadjuvant letrozole and lapatinib is feasible in Asian postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor (ER) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) positive breast cancer [Neo-All-In]: First efficacy and safety report." In Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; December 9-13, 2014; San Antonio, TX. American Association for Cancer Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs14-p1-14-02.

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Reports on the topic "Annual reports ERÚ"

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Black, David. Nevada National Security Site E-Tunnel Wastewater Disposal System Quarterly Monitoring Report and Annual Summary Report, Including Biennial Well ER 12-1 Groundwater Sampling Summary, Water Pollution Control Permit NEV 96021, Fourth Quarter and Calendar Year 2019. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1605431.

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Ruosteenoja, Kimmo. Applicability of CMIP6 models for building climate projections for northern Europe. Finnish Meteorological Institute, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361416.

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In this report, we have evaluated the performance of nearly 40 global climate models (GCMs) participating in Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The focus is on the northern European area, but the ability to simulate southern European and global climate is discussed as well. Model evaluation was started with a technical control; completely unrealistic values in the GCM output files were identified by seeking the absolute minimum and maximum values. In this stage, one GCM was rejected totally, and furthermore individual output files from two other GCMs. In evaluating the remaining GCMs, the primary tool was the Model Climate Performance Index (MCPI) that combines RMS errors calculated for the different climate variables into one index. The index takes into account both the seasonal and spatial variations in climatological means. Here, MCPI was calculated for the period 1981—2010 by comparing GCM output with the ERA-Interim reanalyses. Climate variables explored in the evaluation were the surface air temperature, precipitation, sea level air pressure and incoming solar radiation at the surface. Besides MCPI, we studied RMS errors in the seasonal course of the spatial means by examining each climate variable separately. Furthermore, the evaluation procedure considered model performance in simulating past trends in the global-mean temperature, the compatibility of future responses to different greenhouse-gas scenarios and the number of available scenario runs. Daily minimum and maximum temperatures were likewise explored in a qualitative sense, but owing to the non-existence of data from multiple GCMs, these variables were not incorporated in the quantitative validation. Four of the 37 GCMs that had passed the initial technical check were regarded as wholly unusable for scenario calculations: in two GCMs the responses to the different greenhouse gas scenarios were contradictory and in two other GCMs data were missing from one of the four key climate variables. Moreover, to reduce inter-GCM dependencies, no more than two variants of any individual GCM were included; this led to an abandonment of one GCM. The remaining 32 GCMs were divided into three quality classes according to the assessed performance. The users of model data can utilize this grading to select a subset of GCMs to be used in elaborating climate projections for Finland or adjacent areas. Annual-mean temperature and precipitation projections for Finland proved to be nearly identical regardless of whether they were derived from the entire ensemble or by ignoring models that had obtained the lowest scores. Solar radiation projections were somewhat more sensitive.
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