Academic literature on the topic 'Annual rainfall data'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Annual rainfall data.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Annual rainfall data"
1
RAGHAVENDRA, V. K. "Trends and periodicities of rainfall in sub-divisions of Maharashtra State." MAUSAM 25, no. 2 (February 7, 2022): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v25i2.5194.
Full textAbstract:
The Maharashtra State of India is divided into four meteorological sub-divisions, viz., Konkan, Madhya Maharashtra, Marathwada and Vidarbha. Of these, Madhya Maharashtra and Marathwada are prone to droughts. The principal rainy season is the monsoon season of June to September when over 80 per cent of the annual rainfall is received. The coefficient of variation is about 20 per cent for the annual and monsoon rainfall except in Marathwada where it is 25 per cent. The annual and monsoon rainfalls follow the normal distribution for their yearly frequencies. In this region the annual and the monsoon rainfall series are highly correlated. In the loss drought prone sub-division of Konkan, the annual and monsoon rainfalls show a 100 year cycle. In all the sub-divisions the successive years' rainfalls are not dependent. The trend as revealed by fitting of orthogonal polynomials is shown as a quadratic curve for the annual and monsoon rainfalls of Konkan and Madhya, Maharashtra, the sub-divisions on either side of the Western Ghats. The low pass filter and Mann-Kendall test against randomness confirmed the trend in Konkan rainfall. The power spectral analysis of the data indicates the existence of long term trend for monsoon rainfall of Konkan, 60 year cycle for the annual rainfall of Konkan and Madhya Maharashtra, 30.year cycle for the annual and monsoon rainfall or Vidarbha, 20-year cycle for the monsoon rainfall of Marathwada, 15-year cycle for the monsoon rainfall of Madhya Maharashtra, 7.5-year cycle for the annual and monsoon rainfall of Marathwada.
2
Stefanidis, Stefanos, and Dimitrios Stathis. "Spatial and Temporal Rainfall Variability over the Mountainous Central Pindus (Greece)." Climate 6, no. 3 (September 6, 2018): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli6030075.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, the authors evaluated the spatial and temporal variability of rainfall over the central Pindus mountain range. To accomplish this, long-term (1961–2016) monthly rainfall data from nine rain gauges were collected and analyzed. Seasonal and annual rainfall data were subjected to Mann–Kendall tests to assess the possible upward or downward statistically significant trends and to change-point analyses to detect whether a change in the rainfall time series mean had taken place. Additionally, Sen’s slope method was used to estimate the trend magnitude, whereas multiple regression models were developed to determine the relationship between rainfall and geomorphological factors. The results showed decreasing trends in annual, winter, and spring rainfalls and increasing trends in autumn and summer rainfalls, both not statistically significant, for most stations. Rainfall non-stationarity started to occur in the middle of the 1960s for the annual, autumn, spring, and summer rainfalls and in the early 1970s for the winter rainfall in most of the stations. In addition, the average magnitude trend per decade is approximately −1.9%, −3.2%, +0.7%, +0.2%, and +2.4% for annual, winter, autumn, spring, and summer rainfalls, respectively. The multiple regression model can explain 62.2% of the spatial variability in annual rainfall, 58.9% of variability in winter, 75.9% of variability in autumn, 55.1% of variability in spring, and 32.2% of variability in summer. Moreover, rainfall spatial distribution maps were produced using the ordinary kriging method, through GIS software, representing the major rainfall range within the mountainous catchment of the study area.
3
Saha, Sudip. "Trend analysis of rainfall data Rangpur, Bangladesh." International Journal of Advanced Geosciences 8, no. 1 (July 25, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v8i1.30786.
Full textAbstract:
The study area lies in Bangladesh that is in the tropical area. The analysis of rainfall data reveals that the average annual rainfall in Rangpur was 2099.25 mm that varies from 427 mm to 3748 mm within the investigated period of time. The highest amount of annual rainfall was recorded in 1984. Heavy rainfall occurs in the month of July of the year. The highest amount of total monthly rainfall was recorded in July, 1987 and measured as 1314 mm. The rainfall trend can be expressed as monsoon rainfall > pre-monsoon rainfall> post monsoon rainfall. The total amount of annual rainfall is strongly significantly positively correlated with the total monthly rainfall of the months of June, July August, September and October and significantly positively correlated with the total monthly rainfall of the month April. The analysis shows that it rained in every year in the month of June as the minimum monthly value for June is greater than zero. Pearson correlation index shows that the mean daily temperature is significantly negatively correlated with daily rainfall which implies that fall of daily mean temperature with the daily rainfall. The increasing trend of annual rainfall suggests the climate change in Rangpur within the investigated period of time. In Rangpur, the value of skewness for all rainfall data are positive that indicate the data are skewed to the right. The positive values of kurtosis indicate that the distribution is not normal.
4
Yoo, Chulsang, Minkyu Park, Hyeon Jun Kim, and Changhyun Jun. "Comparison of annual maximum rainfall events of modern rain gauge data (1961–2010) and Chukwooki data (1777–1910) in Seoul, Korea." Journal of Water and Climate Change 9, no. 1 (October 6, 2017): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2017.110.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In this study, the annual maximum rainfall event series were constructed and compared for both the modern flip-bucket type rainfall data, collected since 1961 (the modern data), and the old Chukwooki rainfall data, collected from 1777 to 1910 (the Chukwooki data). First, independent rainfall events were derived, by applying the same rainfall threshold of 2 mm and data collection time interval of 2 hours, to both the Chukwooki and the modern data. Annual maximum rainfall event series were then constructed, by applying Freund's bivariate exponential distribution annually. Finally, bivariate frequency analysis was done for the annual maximum rainfall event series constructed, by applying the bivariate logistic model to evaluate and quantify their characteristics. The results are in summary: (1) characteristics of the Chukwooki rainfall events and modern rainfall events are very similar to each other; (2) the annual maximum rainfall events of modern data are slightly larger than those of the Chukwooki data. The total rainfall depth per rainfall event for any given return period is thus estimated to be a little higher for the modern data than that of the Chukwooki data. However, based on the findings in this study, it could not be concluded that the rainfall characteristics have significantly changed during the last 200 years.
5
Rao, Srinivas G., and A. Ramachandra Rao. "Run Analysis of Rainfall Data Affected by Urbanization." Hydrology Research 17, no. 1 (February 1, 1986): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1986.0004.
Full textAbstract:
Urbanization generally increases the amount of rainfall in urban areas and/or downwind areas of urban centers. This paper investigates whether urbanization significantly changes the run properties of rainfall. Three run properties, the run-length, run-sum and run-intensities of positive (surplus) and negative (deficit) runs, of the annual and monthly rainfall are evaluated by using the theory of runs. The annual rainfall is assumed to be normally or gamma distributed, and the monthly rainfall is assumed to follow a two-state Markov chain with stationary, transition probabilities. The methology is applied to annual and monthly rainfall data at La Porte and three surrounding stations in Indiana. The results indicate that these assumptions are adequate to characterize the annual and monthly rainfall. The study demonstrates that although urbanization has inadvertently increased the rainfall amounts at La Porte in relation to its surrounding stations (the so-called La Porte anamoly) the run properties at La Porte are not significantly different from those at the surrounding stations. Further it is found that the run-intensity is a better indicator than run-length or run-sum for evaluating the effects of urbanization on rainfall.
6
SINGH, VARTIKA, and PRAMENDRA DEV. "50 year rainfall data analysis and future trend in Saharanpur region." MAUSAM 63, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v63i1.1455.
Full textAbstract:
The environmental implications of rainfall pattern in replenishment of ground water system of Saharanpur region, located in western Uttar Pradesh, have been discussed. The mathematical analysis of rainfall dissimilarity of Saharanpur region for a period of 50 year (1959 to 2008) display a quite good range from 497.70 to 4357.5 mm with an annual average rainfall value of 1209.8 mm. The positive trend of departure from the computer value of average annual rainfall exhibits appropriate periods for recharge of ground water reservoir. The recorded data of annual rainfall during the last 3 year reveal values below the calculated annual average rainfall, pointing out negative trend. The statistical analysis of rainfall data involves computations of various statistical parameters, which also support the negative trend of rainfall. The prediction of expected future rainfall trend for a period up to 2018 has been made, which indicates a negative trend. The proposal have been incorporated to implement a plan for augmentation of ground water resource and also to develop possibilities of rainwater harvesting.
7
Lompi, Marco, Paolo Tamagnone, Tommaso Pacetti, Renato Morbidelli, and Enrica Caporali. "Impacts of Rainfall Data Aggregation Time on Pluvial Flood Hazard in Urban Watersheds." Water 14, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14040544.
Full textAbstract:
Pluvial floods occur when heavy rainstorms cause the surcharge of the sewer network drainage, representing one of the most impacting natural hazard in urban watersheds. Pluvial flood hazard is usually assessed considering the effect of annual maxima rainfall of short duration, comparable with the typical concentration times of small urban watersheds. However, short duration annual maxima can be affected by an error of underestimation due to the time resolution as well as the aggregation time of the rainfall time series. This study aims at determining the impact of rainfall data aggregation on pluvial flood hazard assessment. Tuscany region (Central Italy) is selected as a case study to perform the assessment of the annual maxima rainfall underestimation error, since the entire region has the same temporal aggregation of rainfall data. Pluvial flood hazard is then evaluated for an urban watershed in the city of Florence (Tuscany) comparing the results obtained using observed (uncorrected) and corrected annual maxima rainfall as meteorological forcing. The results show how the design of rainfall events with a duration of 30 min or shorter is significantly affected by the temporal aggregation, highlighting the importance of correcting annual maxima rainfall for a proper pluvial flood hazard evaluation.
8
Liao, Yifan, Bingzhang Lin, Xiaoyang Chen, and Hui Ding. "A New Look at Storm Separation Technique in Estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation in Mountainous Areas." Water 12, no. 4 (April 20, 2020): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041177.
Full textAbstract:
Storm separation is a key step when carrying out storm transposition analysis for Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) estimation in mountainous areas. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has recommended the step-duration-orographic-intensification-factor (SDOIF) method since 2009 as an effective storm separation technique to identify the amounts of precipitation caused by topography from those caused by atmospheric dynamics. The orographic intensification factors (OIFs) are usually developed based on annual maximum rainfall series under such assumption that the mechanism of annual maximum rainfalls is close to that of the PMP-level rainfall. In this paper, an alternative storm separation technique using rainfall quantiles, instead of annual maximum rainfalls, with rare return periods estimated via Regional L-moments Analysis (RLMA) to calculate the OIFs is proposed. Based on Taiwan’s historical 4- and 24-h precipitation data, comparisons of the OIFs obtained from annual maximum rainfalls with that from extreme rainfall quantiles at different return periods, as well as the PMP estimates of Hong Kong from transposing the different corresponding separated nonorographic rainfalls, were conducted. The results show that the OIFs obtained from rainfall quantiles with certain rare probabilities are more stable and reasonable in terms of stability and spatial distribution pattern.
9
Noorunnahar, M., and MA Hossain. "Trend Analysis of Rainfall Data in Divisional Meteorological Stations of Bangladesh." Annals of Bangladesh Agriculture 23, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aba.v23i1.51473.
Full textAbstract:
Sixty four years, 1952-2016, rainfall data (monthly rainfall and annual total rainfall) were analyzed using non-parametric methods like Mann-Kendall and Sen’s T test to detect the recent trends in rainfall pattern over seven divisions of Bangladesh. Sen’s non-parametric estimator of slope was frequently used to estimate the magnitude of trend, whose statistical significance was assessed by the Mann–Kendall test. Station basis trend analysis was performed for rainfall data. For rainfall of Bangladesh most of the stations, viz. Dhaka, Sylhet, Rangpur, Khulna showed significant upward trend. There were rising rates of rainfall in some months such as April in Rangpur and September in Khulna and a decreasing trend in some other months as in January in Sylhet were obtained by these statistical tests suggested overall significant changes in rainfall trend in these areas. Monthly rainfall and annual total rainfall were found to decrease at the rates of 4.94 mm/year and 16.11 mm/year, respectively, where the downward trend of monthly total rainfall was insignificant but the trend of annual total rainfall was significant with 5% level of significance.
Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2019) 23(1) : 49-61
10
SEETHARAM, K. "Rainfall models – a study over Gangtok." MAUSAM 61, no. 2 (November 27, 2021): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v61i2.819.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, the Pearsonian system of curves were fitted to the monthly rainfalls from January to December, in addition to the seasonal as well as annual rainfalls totalling to 14 data sets of the period 1957-2005 with 49 years of duration for the station Gangtok to determine the probability distribution function of these data sets. The study indicated that the monthly rainfall of July and summer monsoon seasonal rainfall did not fit in to any of the Pearsonian system of curves, but the monthly rainfalls of other months and the annual rainfalls of Gangtok station indicated to fit into Pearsonian type-I distribution which in other words is an uniform distribution. Anderson-Darling test was applied to for null hypothesis. The test indicated the acceptance of null-hypothesis. The statistics of the data sets and their probability distributions are discussed in this paper.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Annual rainfall data"
1
Kanetsi, Khahiso. "Annual peak rainfall data augmentation - A Bayesian joint probability approach for catchments in Lesotho." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/25567.
Full textAbstract:
A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering, 2017The main problem to be investigated is how short duration data records can be augmented using existing data from nearby catchments with data with long periods of record. The purpose of the investigation is to establish a method of improving hydrological data using data from a gauged catchment to improve data from an ungauged catchment. The investigation is undertaken using rainfall data for catchments in Lesotho. Marginal distributions describing the annual maximum rainfall for the catchments, and a joint distribution of pairs of catchments were established. The parameters of these distributions were estimated using the Bayesian – Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach, and using both the single-site (univariate) estimation and the two-site (bivariate) estimations. The results of the analyses show that for catchments with data with short periods of record, the precision of the estimated location and scale parameters improved when the estimates were carried out using the two-site (bivariate) method. Rainfall events predicted using bivariate analyses parameters were generally higher than the univariate analyses parameters. From the results, it can be concluded that the two-site approach can be used to improve the precision of the rainfall predictions for catchments with data with short periods of record. This method can be used in practice by hydrologists and design engineers to enhance available data for use in designs and assessments.
CK2018
Books on the topic "Annual rainfall data"
1
Rao, Donthamsetti V. Rainfall analysis for Northeast Florida: Summary of monthly and annual rainfall data through 1995. Palatka, Fla: St. Johns River Management District, 1997.
Find full text
2
B, Hinton Barry, United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., and University of Wisconsin--Madison. Space Science and Engineering Center., eds. Use of microwave satellite data to study variations in rainfall over the Indian Ocean: Final report, 1 August 1986 through 28 February 1990. Madison, Wis: Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1990.
Find full text
3
Nash, David. Changes in Precipitation Over Southern Africa During Recent Centuries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.539.
Full textAbstract:
Precipitation levels in southern Africa exhibit a marked east–west gradient and are characterized by strong seasonality and high interannual variability. Much of the mainland south of 15°S exhibits a semiarid to dry subhumid climate. More than 66 percent of rainfall in the extreme southwest of the subcontinent occurs between April and September. Rainfall in this region—termed the winter rainfall zone (WRZ)—is most commonly associated with the passage of midlatitude frontal systems embedded in the austral westerlies. In contrast, more than 66 percent of mean annual precipitation over much of the remainder of the subcontinent falls between October and March. Climates in this summer rainfall zone (SRZ) are dictated by the seasonal interplay between subtropical high-pressure systems and the migration of easterly flows associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Fluctuations in both SRZ and WRZ rainfall are linked to the variability of sea-surface temperatures in the oceans surrounding southern Africa and are modulated by the interplay of large-scale modes of climate variability, including the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Southern Indian Ocean Dipole, and Southern Annular Mode.Ideas about long-term rainfall variability in southern Africa have shifted over time. During the early to mid-19th century, the prevailing narrative was that the climate was progressively desiccating. By the late 19th to early 20th century, when gauged precipitation data became more readily available, debate shifted toward the identification of cyclical rainfall variation. The integration of gauge data, evidence from historical documents, and information from natural proxies such as tree rings during the late 20th and early 21st centuries, has allowed the nature of precipitation variability since ~1800 to be more fully explored.Drought episodes affecting large areas of the SRZ occurred during the first decade of the 19th century, in the early and late 1820s, late 1850s–mid-1860s, mid-late 1870s, earlymid-1880s, and mid-late 1890s. Of these episodes, the drought during the early 1860s was the most severe of the 19th century, with those of the 1820s and 1890s the most protracted. Many of these droughts correspond with more extreme ENSO warm phases.Widespread wetter conditions are less easily identified. The year 1816 appears to have been relatively wet across the Kalahari and other areas of south central Africa. Other wetter episodes were centered on the late 1830s–early 1840s, 1855, 1870, and 1890. In the WRZ, drier conditions occurred during the first decade of the 19th century, for much of the mid-late 1830s through to the mid-1840s, during the late 1850s and early 1860s, and in the early-mid-1880s and mid-late 1890s. As for the SRZ, markedly wetter years are less easily identified, although the periods around 1815, the early 1830s, mid-1840s, mid-late 1870s, and early 1890s saw enhanced rainfall. Reconstructed rainfall anomalies for the SRZ suggest that, on average, the region was significantly wetter during the 19th century than the 20th and that there appears to have been a drying trend during the 20th century that has continued into the early 21st. In the WRZ, average annual rainfall levels appear to have been relatively consistent between the 19th and 20th centuries, although rainfall variability increased during the 20th century compared to the 19th.
Book chapters on the topic "Annual rainfall data"
1
Tesfaye, Argaw, and Arragaw Alemayehu. "Climate Change and Variability on Food Security of Rural Household: Central Highlands, Ethiopia." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 379–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_188.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis chapter analyzes the impact of climate change and variability on food security of rural households in the central highlands of Ethiopia taking Basona Werana district as a case study site. Data were obtained from 123 households selected using simple random sampling from three agro ecological zones. Key informant interviews and focus group discussion (FDG) were used to supplement the data obtained from household survey. The monthly rainfall and temperature data are for 56 points of 10 × 10 km grids reconstructed from weather stations and meteorological satellite observations, which cover the period between 1983 and 2016. Standardized rainfall anomaly (SRA), linear regression (LR), and coefficient of variation (CV) are used to examine inter-annual and intra-annual variability of rainfall. Annual and seasonal rainfalls show decreasing trends over the period of observation. The decreasing trends in annual and March–May (Belg) rainfall totals exhibit statically significant decreasing trends at p = 0.05 level. Kiremt (June–September) shows statically significant decreasing trends at p = 0.1 level. Mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures show statically significant increasing trends at p = 0.05 level. More than 80% of households perceived that the climate is changing and their livelihoods (crop and livestock production) are impacted. The district belongs to one of the most vulnerable areas to climate change and variability in the country where large proportions of households (62%) are under different food insecurity classes. Results suggest that local level investigations are useful in developing context-specific climate change adaptation.
2
Chandar, Abhishek, Surya Kiran Suresh, and P. Mohamed Fathimal. "Prediction of Annual Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) Using Parametric Deep Learning Model." In Advances in Data and Information Sciences, 179–88. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5689-7_16.
Full text
3
Sedrique, Zoyem Tedonfack, and Julius Tata Nfor. "Rainfall Variability and Quantity of Water Supply in Bamenda I, Northwest Region of Cameroon." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 713–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_139.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractBamenda I municipality found in the humid tropic is endowed with a dense hydrological network which makes it a water catchment for the entire region. Paradoxically, the region still suffers problems of water shortage. This is due to the spatial and temporal variability in rainfall that greatly affects water supply through its impacts on surface and groundwater. For this reason, we came up with the research topic “Rainfall variability and quantity of water supply in Bamenda 1, Northwest Region of Cameroon.” The objective of this study is to examine the manifestations of rainfall variability, and how it affects quantity of water supply in the humid tropics. Rainfall data use for this study comprised of annual, monthly, and daily rainfall over a period of 55 years. Water supply data was made of monthly and annual supply. With these data, a Pearson’s correlation was computed, and it gave a value of 0.701, with a rainfall proportion of 49.14% and 50.86% for other factors. The seasonality and the Standardized Precipitation Index were equally analyzed. At the end of the study, results showed that rainfall events in Bamenda I fluctuates with time and in space. It equally presented a reduction in the number of rainy days from 204 days in 1663 to 155 in 2018. This led to a reduction in length of rainy season and in rainfall amounts. In addition, the area has witnessed sedimentation of riverbeds and water reservoirs due to erosion and deposition during high rainfall peaks. Equally, floods observed during high rainfall episodes have become a potential threat to water infrastructures imposing exceptional water shortages during the rainy seasons. Due to these, actors in the water supply sector are putting in measures to remedy the situation.
4
Ayanlade, Ayansina, Isaac Ayo Oluwatimilehin, Adeola A. Oladimeji, Godwin Atai, and Damilola T. Agbalajobi. "Climate Change Adaptation Options in Farming Communities of Selected Nigerian Ecological Zones." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 297–313. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_156.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis chapter examines the impacts of climate change on three tropical crops and assesses the climate change adaptation options adopted by rural farmers in the region. The study was conducted among farming communities settled in three major ecological zones in Nigeria. Over 37 years of data on rainfall and temperature were analyzed to examine climate change impacts on three major crops: rice, maize, and cassava. Farmers’ adaptive capacity was assessed with a survey. Climatic data, crop yields, and survey data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The relation between rainfall/temperature and crop yields was examined using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results show a high variation in the annual rainfall and temperature during the study period. The major findings from this research is that crops in different ecological zones respond differently to climate variation. The result revealed that there is a very strong relationship between precipitation and the yield of rice and cassava at p <0.05 level of significance. The results further showed low level of adaption among the rural farmers. The study concludes that rainfall and temperature variability has a significant impact on crop yield in the study area, but that the adaptive capacity of most farmers to these impacts is low. There is a need for enhancing the adaptation options available to farmers in the region, which should be the focus of government policies.
5
Saber, Mohamed, Sameh A. Kantoush, Tetsuya Sumi, Yusuke Ogiso, Tahani Alharrasi, Takahiro Koshiba, Mohammed Abdel-Fattah, et al. "Integrated Study of Flash Floods in Wadi Basins Considering Sedimentation and Climate Change: An International Collaboration Project." In Natural Disaster Science and Mitigation Engineering: DPRI reports, 401–22. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2904-4_15.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractRecently, Wadi flash floods (WFFs) have happened frequently in arid environments, resulting in great damage the society and the environment. In Oman, severe WFFs have occurred repeatedly within the last 10 years causing a huge impact on human lives and properties. This paper aims at introducing the framework of an international collaboration project between Japan and Oman for WFF management considering sediment dynamics and climate changes. Four research groups were established: climate change (G1), rainfall-runoff modeling (G2), sediment yield and transport (G3), and sedimentation and infiltration processes (G4). Several field investigations were conducted since 2017 until now. The detailed field survey to assess the deposited sediment in a dry reservoir by using sediment bars, and infiltration test, as well as drone survey were addressed. Some of the preliminary results and findings from the field investigation is discussed. The results show there is an adverse impact of sedimentation clogging on the infiltration process at the reservoirs. Based on the historical rainfall data analysis, there is a systematic increasing trend of the annual average precipitation with remarkable cycles over the MENA region and Oman. The knowledge obtained from this project is expected to be valuable to understanding sediment dynamics at Wadi basins.
6
Nthambi, Mary, and Uche Dickson Ijioma. "Retracing Economic Impact of Climate Change Disasters in Africa: Case Study of Drought Episodes and Adaptation in Kenya." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1007–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_66.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractValuation studies have shown that drought occurrences have more severe economic impact compared to other natural disasters such as floods. In Kenya, drought has presented complex negative effects on farming communities. The main objective of this chapter is to analyze the economic impacts of drought and identify appropriate climate change adaptation measures in Kenya. To achieve this objective, an empirical approach, combined with secondary data mined from World Bank Climate Knowledge Portal and FAOSTAT databases, has been used in three main steps. First, historical links between population size and land degradation, temperature and rainfall changes with drought events were established. Second, economic impacts of drought on selected economic indicators such as quantities of staple food crop, average food value production, number of undernourished people, gross domestic product, agriculture value added growth, and renewable water resources per annum in Kenya were evaluated. Third, different climate change adaptation measures among farmers in Makueni county were identified using focused group discussions and in-depth interviews, for which the use of bottom-up approach was used to elicit responses. Findings from the binary logistic regression model show a statistical relationship between drought events and a selected set of economic indicators. More specifically, drought events have led to increased use of pesticides, reduced access to credit for agriculture and the annual growth of gross domestic product. One of the main recommendations of this chapter is to involve farmers in designing and implementing community-based climate change adaptation measures, with support from other relevant stakeholders.
7
Alberto Sabattini, Julian, and Rafael Alberto Sabattini. "Rainfall Trends in Humid Temperate Climate in South America: Possible Effects in Ecosystems of Espinal Ecoregion." In Global Warming and Climate Change [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99080.
Full textAbstract:
In central Argentina, the annual rainfall regime shows increasing since the 2nd half of the 20th century. The aim of this work was to evaluate the long-term changes in the intensity of rainfall in the central-north region of Entre Ríos between 1945 and 2019, based only on daily precipitation records aggregated at yearly, monthly and seasonal levels. We used monthly rainfall data for the period 1945–2019 from 6 localities in Province of Entre Rios, Argentina. The change detection analysis has been conceded using Pettitt’s test, von Neumann ratio test, Buishand’s range test and standard normal homogeneity (SNH) test, while non-parametric tests including linear regression, Mann-Kendall and Spearman rho tests have been applied for trend analysis. Like the regional results, this study observed a sustained increase in monthly rainfall to the breaking point in the 1970s, but then the annual rate of increase was even higher. The average annual rainfall in the region prior to that date was 946 mm, while after the same 1150 mm, equivalent to 21.5% higher than the 1945–1977 average and 8.5% higher according to the historical average 1945–2019.
8
Zhang, Kang, and Yanyan Zhang. "Study on the Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Extreme Rainfall in Guangzhou." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde220975.
Full textAbstract:
Based on the rainfall data of 17 rainfall stations in Guangzhou every 15 minutes from 2004 to 2019, using a combination of statistical analysis and theoretical analysis, this paper analyzes the temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall in Guangzhou during the interannual and flood seasons, and the intensity and frequency of rainfall. The pattern of change and the characteristics of the “5.22” rainstorm showed that the annual rainfall and rainfall in the flood season in Guangzhou showed an increasing trend in the central urban area, and a downward trend in the northern mountainous and southern coastal areas; the intensity and frequency of rainfall in the central urban area were widespread. In the northern mountainous area and the southern coastal area, the opposite is true; the number of heavy rainstorms with a peak value of more than 20 mm in the central city is increasing, but the duration of the rainstorm is shortening, and the opposite is true in other areas; the peak of “5.22” rainstorm is only 39.5 mm, which is much lower than other central urban areas. The largest rainstorm peak in the history of the station, and the long rainstorm duration is the main cause of waterlogging. It is suggested to adopt the idea of adding underground water storage facilities in same place to temporarily alleviate the urban waterlogging problem.
9
Zhang, Xue, Juan Zhang, Xiujie Zhang, Moyuan Yang, Xingyao Pan, Chen Liu, and Shengli Yang. "Study on Precipitation Evolution Characteristics in Tongzhou District of Beijing in Recent 65 Years." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde210206.
Full textAbstract:
Based on the 65a (1956–2020) precipitation series data of 11 rainfall stations and 5 surrounding rainfall stations in Tongzhou District, Beijing, the evolution characteristics of precipitation in Tongzhou District on spatial, interannual and intra annual scales are comprehensively analyzed using cumulative anomaly method, 5a moving average method and spectral analysis method, and the future change trend is predicted using ARIMA model. The results show that: 1) the annual average precipitation in Tongzhou District is higher in the middle and northwest and lower in the southwest, and the precipitation between June to August, accounts for more than 70% of the annual precipitation; 2) In general, the precipitation shows a fluctuating downward trend at the rate of -2.42 mm a-1, in which the precipitation in summer decreases at the rate of -2.68 mm a-1, while the precipitation in spring and autumn increases at the rates of 0.35 mm a-1 and 0.26 mm a-1 respectively; 3) The abrupt change of precipitation occurred in 1959 and 2000, which were 990.2mm and 239.4mm respectively; 4) There are 3∼8a and 14∼16a oscillation periods on the inter annual scale of precipitation, the prediction results of ARIMA model show that the precipitation will increase about 40 mm in the next five years.
10
Lozano-Parra, Javier, Jacinto Garrido Velarde, and Ignacio Aguirre. "Extreme Precipitation Events in Chile." In Analyzing Sustainability in Peripheral, Ultra-Peripheral, and Low-Density Regions, 104–16. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-4548-8.ch006.
Full textAbstract:
Extreme precipitation has not only detrimental effects on ecosystems and social and economic sectors, but it is a natural hazard that can trigger floods or soil erosion. This study tries to analyze the extreme rainfalls on different geomorphological units and geographical regions of Chile. For this, data from 87 meteorological stations latitudinally and altitudinally distributed and covering a long period (1980–2018) were used. Results showed that precipitation concentration displays an exponential curve where 30% of the rainiest days were concentrated in only 10% of days with precipitation, proving high irregularity. The decisive weight on annual precipitation falls on a few rainy days with very high rainfall amounts. For return periods > 100 years, extreme events of daily precipitation could reach 109 mm and 305 mm in Northern and Southern Andes Mountains, respectively, while in Northern and Southern Central Depression, their values could be 70 mm and 170 mm, respectively.
Conference papers on the topic "Annual rainfall data"
1
North, Gerald R., Kenneth P. Bowman, J. C. Collier, Qiaoyan Wu, Eunho Ha, Amy Phillips, and James Hardin. "Ground truth and climate model comparison for TRMM rainfall data." In Optical Science and Technology, the SPIE 49th Annual Meeting, edited by Hung-Lung A. Huang and Hal J. Bloom. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.556984.
Full text
2
Perera, Helani, Miyuru Gunathilake, and Upaka Rathnayake. "Satellite Rainfall Products for analysis of Rainfall trends for Mahaweli River Basin." In The SLIIT International Conference on Engineering and Technology 2022. Faculty of Engineering, SLIIT, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54389/zzug8067.
Full textAbstract:
The presence of accurate and spatiotemporal data is of utmost importance in hydrological studies for river basins. However, limited ground-measured rainfall data restrict the accuracy of these analyses. Data scarcities can often be seen not only in many developing countries but also in the developed world. Therefore, much attention is given to alternative techniques to accomplish the data requirement. Precipitation data extraction from satellite precipitation products is one of the frequently used techniques in the absence of ground-measured rainfall data. The Mahaweli River Basin (MRB) is the largest river basin in Sri Lanka and it covers 1/6th of the total land area of the country. Mahaweli River is the heart of the country and the water of it is being used for many activities, including hydropower development, water supply, irrigation, etc. Therefore, analyzing rainfall trends of MRB is interesting and worthwhile for many stakeholders of the river basin. Therefore, this research investigates the suitability of Satellite Rainfall Products (SRP’s) as an alternative for Rain Gauge measured data in the MRB by performing trend analysis between the two datasets. Six precipitation products, namely PERSIANN, PERSIANNCCS, PERSIANN-CDR, GPM IMERG V06, TRMM-3B42 V7, TRMM-3B42RT V7 were extracted for 10-35 years for 14 locations of the MRB spatially distributed in the three climatic zones of the catchment. Non-parametric tests, including the Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator tests, were used to detect the possible rainfall trends in precipitation products. Significant increasing trends were observed for both ground-measured and SRP’s in the annual scale while mixed results were observed in monthly and seasonal scales. The trends from ground-measured rainfall and SRP’s were compared and the suitability of SRP’s as an alternative technique was stated. KEYWORDS: ground-measured rainfall data, Mahaweli River Basin, rainfall trends, satellite precipitation products, PERSIANN, IMERG, TRMM
3
Amarasinghe, H. G. K. H., and B. M. L. A. Basnayake. "Spatial Patterns and Temporal Trends of Rainfall Seasonality in Sri Lanka." In The SLIIT International Conference on Engineering and Technology 2022. Faculty of Engineering, SLIIT, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54389/qrsp2741.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding and knowledge of rainfall variability is necessitated for agricultural planning, flood mitigation activities, and water resources planning and management. Like other rainfall characteristics seasonality of rainfall is also spatio-temporally specific which has not been evaluated to Sri Lanka. In this study, seasonality in rainfall over Sri Lanka was analyzed using the seasonality index (SI) proposed by Walsh and Lawler. Rainfall data at 39 raingauge stations for the period 1988-2017 were collected to obtain the annual monthly rainfall cycles. The SI, a measure of annual rainfall distribution, was used to identify different rainfall regimes. Southwest and central highlands covering the stations Baddegama, Pelawatte, Kudawa, Deniyaya, Mawarella, Mapalana and Beausejour (lower) were identified as “equable with a definite wetter season”. Skirting to the definite wetter season was the “rather seasonal with a short drier season” regime surrounding the Colombo, Ratmalana, Nuwara Eliya, and Bandarawela. The region centered on Mannar received the most rain in three months or less. Markedly seasonal with a long drier season is in the eastern extending from Pottuvil to Trincomalee and in the northern part of the country above Puttalam and Maha Illuppallama except the surrounding of Mannar. Intermediate region to SI classes “rather seasonal with a short drier season” and “markedly seasonal with a long drier season” was designated as “seasonal”. However, the seasonal rainfall contribution, i.e., in NEM (Dec.-Feb.), IM1 (March-April), SWM (May-Sep.), and IM2 (Oct.-Nov.), and the annual monthly rainfall profiles confirmed the presence of sub-regimes within the identified rainfall regimes. Non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope were applied to identify the temporal changes in SI. Approximately, half of the country showed strong trends in the SI. Sixty one percent of the area including the northern part of the country surrounding Jaffna and the definite wetter region in the southern corresponds to the decreasing trend in seasonality. KEYWORDS: Intra-annual variation, rainfall regimes, rainfall variability, seasonality index, Sri Lanka, trend analysis.
4
Ferris, Gerry, Patrick Grover, and Aron Zahradka. "Real Time Rainfall Monitoring for Pipeline Geohazards." In ASME-ARPEL 2021 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2021-63162.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Oil and gas pipelines are subjected to multiple types of geohazards which cause pipeline failures (loss of containment); two of the most common types occur at watercourse crossings and at landslides. At watercourse crossings, the most common geohazard which causes pipeline failures is flooding during which excessive scour may result in the exposure of the buried pipeline and if the exposure results in a free spanning pipeline, then this may fail due to fatigue caused by cyclic loading from vortex-induced vibration. Fortunately the free span length and water velocity combinations that lead to failure can be defined and can be used to identify the flood discharge that should be monitored for in order to trigger actions to manage the hazard and avoid failure. Most watercourse crossings in a pipeline network are on ungauged watercourses and necessitate the use of a proxy gauged watercourse. The “proxy” gauged watercourse is used to infer whether flooding is occurring on the ungauged crossing, and the owner can take appropriate actions. Often the proxy gauged watercourse is too far away or the watercourse may not be representative of the crossing of concern (e.g. large difference in the drainage areas). Real-time rainfall data can be used in conjunction with streamflow monitoring to determine when extreme precipitation has occurred within the ungauged watercourses catchment which may result in flooding. Where pipelines cross landslide prone areas, large scale movements can be initiated, or slow on-going movement rates increased when extreme rainfall occurs. The definition of the extreme rainfall event for slope sites is the key component of providing a suitable warning of potentially dangerous conditions; shallow slides can be caused by short term events from sub-hourly to 3 day duration precipitation events whereas large deep seated (creeping) landslides can be driven by annual and intra-annual rainfall amounts. Monitoring of real time rainfall can be used to determine when extreme rainfall occurs at a landslide site. The density of in-situ weather stations collecting real-time rainfall data prevents the application along remote sections of pipeline routes and within large sections of Canada. Gridded real time rainfall from quantitative precipitation estimations which integrate a multiple data sources including in-situ, numerical weather prediction, satellite and weather radar, can be used to overcome this problem and provide warnings when pre-determined rainfall thresholds are exceeded on a site-specific basis.
5
Ashland, Francis X. "A PROVISIONAL RAINFALL THRESHOLD FOR ABUNDANT LANDSLIDES IN THE GREATER PITTSBURGH REGION DERIVED FROM RAINFALL CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR STORMS AND BEDROCK GROUNDWATER LEVEL DATA." In Joint 52nd Northeastern Annual Section and 51st North-Central Annual GSA Section Meeting - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017ne-291092.
Full text
6
Leta, Olkeba Tolessa, Aly El-Kadi, Henrietta Dulai, and Kariem A. Ghazal. "ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF RAINFALL DATA SCARCITY ON DAILY STREAMFLOW SIMULATION IN SPATIALLY HETEROGENEOUS WATERSHEDS." In 113th Annual GSA Cordilleran Section Meeting - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017cd-293021.
Full text
7
Jia, Shaohui, Lei Guo, Qingshan Feng, Lijian Zhou, and Yan Huang. "A New Method for Protecting Pipeline in Summer Monsoon." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39885.
Full textAbstract:
In annual summer monsoon, geo-hazard is common. Monsoon-caused casualties and economic losses throughout the year accounted for 70% ∼ 80% of the total annual losses. Also, geo-hazard is a serious threat for pipeline operators to manage. Over 12,000 kilometers of pipelines with crude oil, gas, and refined oil are operated by PetroChina Pipeline Company. The pipelines, through sixteen provinces and cities, have been operated for over forty years. Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, as an effective spatial analysis tool, provides advanced analysis for pipeline geo-hazard prediction and early warning during summer monsoon based on field data and historical precipitation records. After many years of research and application of our prediction model of pipeline geo-hazard, an important link between geo-hazard and rainfall is understood. Rainfall is the main triggering factor of geo-hazards such as landslide and debris flow leading to heavy losses, especially rainstorm and heavy rainstorm. We use GIS technology to perform spatial analysis with predicted rainfall data the next twenty-four hours and the data of pipeline geo-hazard susceptibility, and predict the severity of pipeline impacts caused by geo-hazards during the next twenty-four hours. Finally, the result is modified by existed geo-hazards data. The pipeline geo-hazard early warning is divided into five ranks which are displayed by different colors, and pipelines damaged by geo-hazards and protection measures are also proposed. During July 16 and 17 of 2009 years, we released geo-hazard early warning four rank of Lanzhou-Chengdu-Chongqing Oil Pipeline through PetroChina Pipeline Company web page and the communication software of Instant Messaging. The Lanzhou-Chengdu-Chongqing Oil Pipeline Company acted promptly with a detailed deployment and emergency plan to ensure pipeline safety.
8
Jia, Shaohui. "Pipeline Geo-Hazard Prediction and Early Warning During Summer Monsoon Based on GIS Technology." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31032.
Full textAbstract:
In annual summer monsoon, geo-hazard is common. Monsoon-caused casualties and economic losses throughout the year accounted for 70% ∼ 80% of the total annual losses. Also, geo-hazard is a serious threat for pipeline operators to manage. Over 12,000 kilometers of pipelines with crude oil, gas, and refined oil are operated by PetroChina Pipeline Company. The pipelines, through sixteen provinces and cities, have been operated for over forty years. Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, as an effective spatial analysis tool, provides advanced analysis for pipeline geo-hazard prediction and early warning during summer monsoon based on field data and historical precipitation records. After many years of research and applicaton of our prediction model of pipeline geo-hazard, an important link between geo-hazard and rainfall is understood. Rainfall is the main triggering factor of geo-hazards such as landslide and debris flow leading to heavy losses, especially rainstorm and heavy rainstorm. We use GIS technology to perform spatial analysis with predicted rainfall data the next twenty-four hours and the data of pipeline geo-hazard susceptibility, and predict the severity of pipeline impacts caused by geo-hazards during the next twenty-four hours. Finally, the result is modified by existed geo-hazards data. The pipeline geo-hazard early warning is divided into five ranks which are displayed by different colors, and pipelines damaged by geo-hazards and protection measures are also proposed. During July 16 and 17 of 2009 years, we released geo-hazard early warning four rank of Lanzhou-Chengdu-Chongqing Oil Pipeline through PetroChina Pipeline Company web page (http://www.gdgs.petrochina) and the communication software of IM. The Lanzhou-Chengdu-Chongqing Oil Pipeline Company acted promptly with a detailed deployment and emergency plan to ensure pipeline safety.
9
Niranjana, J. S., Feba Paul, Hridya D. Nambiar, Ashly Joy, and Neethu Roy. "Flood Risk Assessment of Thiruvananthapuram City, Kerala." In International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.112.21.
Full textAbstract:
Flood is one of the most dangerous and deadliest natural hazards in the world which devastates both life and economy to a very large extent. In Kerala, climate change induced floods are becoming an annual problem. In the midyear of 2018 and 2019, Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala, witnessed heavy rainfall and strong winds which resulted in widespread damage in various parts of the City. Flood risk assessment study provides a comprehensive detail of geographic areas and elements that are vulnerable to the particular hazard. As far as Thiruvananthapuram is considered, most of the flood risk assessment studies available were found to be based only on a specific catchment or stream. This paper discusses the need of flood risk assessment study of Thiruvananthapuram City and also focuses on estimating the intensity of storm causing flood. In this work, the major natural drains and the places prone to drainage concentration are delineated from Digital Elevation Model of the study area. The drainage map and land use map are prepared using ArcGIS and ERDAS software respectively. The hydraulic modeling is done using HEC-RAS software and simulations for different rainfall intensities are carried out to estimate the magnitude of flood and to identify the major flood prone areas in the City. This study presents a systematic methodology that can be adopted for flood risk assessment of urban cities, especially when there is less available data.
10
Dewi, Euis Sartika, and Nurjanna Joko Trilaksono. "Analysis of localized rainfall by using grid observation data of automatic weather station in Bandung basin case studies 28 February and 9 March 2017." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON EARTH HAZARD AND DISASTER MITIGATION (ISEDM) 2017: The 7th Annual Symposium on Earthquake and Related Geohazard Research for Disaster Risk Reduction. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5047335.
Full textReports on the topic "Annual rainfall data"
1
Rodriguez, Dirk, and Cameron Williams. Channel Islands Nation Park: Terrestrial vegetation monitoring annual report - 2016. National Park Service, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2293561.
Full textAbstract:
This report presents the data collected in 2016 as part of the long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring program at Channel Islands National Park. The purposes of the monitoring program are to document the long-term trends in the major vegetation communities within the park. The data collected are from 30 m point-line intercept transects. In the past, each transect was sampled annually. However, beginning in 2012 the program began adding randomly located transects to improve the representativeness of the sampling, and transitioned to a rotating panel design. Now only a core subset of the transects are read annually. Non-core transects are assigned to one of four panels, and those transects are read only once every four years. A summary analysis of the 2016 data shows that: 165 transects were read. The 165 transects were distributed across all five islands: Santa Rosa Island (n = 87), Santa Cruz Island (n = 33), Santa Barbara Island (n = 18), Anacapa Island (n = 9) and San Miguel Island (n = 11). Relative native plant cover averaged 63% across all islands and sampled communities while absolute native plant cover averaged 32%. Among plant communities, relative percent native cover ranged from a low of 1% in seablite scrub to a high of 98% in oak woodland. In general, the number of vegetation data points recorded per transect positively correlates with average rainfall, which is reflected in the number of “hits” or transect points intersecting vegetation. When precipitation declined there is a corresponding drop in the number of hits. In 2016, however this was not the case. Even though rainfall increased as compared to the previous 4 years (18.99 inches in 2016 vs an average of 6.32 for the previous 4 years), the average number of hits was only 64. To put this into perspective, the highest average number of hits was 240 in 1993, an El Niño year of high precipitation. The number of vegetation communities sampled varied by island with the larger islands having more communities. In 2016, there were 15 communities sampled on Santa Rosa Island, 12 communities on Santa Cruz Island, 7 communities on San Miguel Island, 7 communities on Santa Barbara Island, and 7 communities on Anacapa Island. Twenty-six vegetation types were sampled in 2016. Of these, 13 occurred on more than one island. The most commonly shared community was Valley/Foothill grassland which was found in one form or another on all five islands within the park. The next most commonly shared communities were coastal sage scrub and coastal scrub, which were found on four islands. Coastal bluff scrub and coreopsis scrub were monitored on three islands. Four communities—ironwood, mixed woodland, oak woodland, riparian, and seacliff scrub—were monitored on two islands, and 12 communities—Torrey pine woodland, shrub savannah, seablite scrub, Santa Cruz Island pine, perennial iceplant, lupine scrub, fennel, coastal strand, coastal marsh, cactus scrub, boxthorn scrub, barren, and Baccharis scrub—were each monitored on one island.
2
Raymond, Kara, Laura Palacios, and Evan Gwilliam. Status of climate and water resources at Big Bend National Park: Water year 2019. Edited by Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294267.
Full textAbstract:
Climate and hydrology are major drivers of ecosystem structure and function, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Understanding changes in climate, groundwater, streamflow, and water quality is central to assessing the condition of park resources. This report combines data collected on climate, groundwater, and springs at Big Bend National Park (NP) to provide an integrated look at climate and water conditions during water year (WY) 2019 (October 2018–September 2019). However, this report does not address the Rio Grande or its tributaries. Annual precipitation was higher than normal (1981–2010) for Big Bend NP at four of the five National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Cooperative Observer Program weather stations: 111% of normal for Chisos Basin, 122% of normal for Panther Junction, 155% of normal for Persimmon Gap, and 124% of normal for Rio Grande Village. Castolon had 88% of normal annual precipitation. All five stations had higher than normal rainfall in October and December, while rainfall totals were substantially below normal at all stations in November, February, and March. Monthly precipitation totals for April through September were more variable from station to station. Mean monthly maximum air temperatures were below normal in the fall months, with Panther Junction as much as 7.5°F below normal in October. Monthly temperatures from January through July were more variable. Temperatures in August and September were warmer than normal at every station, up to +9.4°F at Rio Grande Village and +8.7°F at Chisos Basin in July. The reconnaissance drought index values indicate generally wetter conditions (based on precipitation and evaporative demand) at Chisos Basin since WY2016 and at Panther Junction and Persimmon Gap since WY2015, except for WY2017. This report presents the manual and automatic groundwater monitoring results at nine wells. Five wells had their highest water level in or just before WY2019: Panther Junction #10 peaked at 99.94 ft below ground surface (bgs) in September 2018, Contractor’s Well peaked at 31.43 ft bgs in November 2018, T-3 peaked at 65.39 ft bgs in December 2018, K-Bar #6 Observation Well peaked at 77.78 ft bgs in February 2019, and K-Bar #7 Observation Well peaked at 43.18 ft bgs in February 2019. This was likely in response to above normal rainfall in the later summer and fall 2018. The other monitoring wells did not directly track within-season precipitation. The last measurement at Gallery Well in WY2019 was 18.60 ft bgs. Gallery Well is located 120 feet from the river and closely tracked the Rio Grande stage, generally increasing in late summer or early fall following higher flow events. Water levels in Gambusia Well were consistently very shallow, though the manual well measurement collected in April was 4.25 ft bgs—relatively high for the monitoring record—and occurred outside the normal peak period of later summer and early fall. The last manual measurement taken at TH-10 in WY2019 was 34.80 ft bgs, only 0.45 ft higher than the earliest measurement in 1967, consistent with the lack of directional change in groundwater at this location, and apparently decoupled from within-season precipitation patterns. The last water level reading in WY2019 at Oak Springs #1 was 59.91 ft bgs, indicating an overall decrease of 26.08 ft since the well was dug in 1989. The Southwest Network Collaboration (SWNC) collects data on sentinel springs annually in the late winter and early spring following the network springs monitoring protocol. In WY2019, 18 sentinel site springs were visited at Big Bend NP (February 21, 2019–March 09, 2019). Most springs had relatively few indications of natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Natural disturbances included recent flooding, drying, and wildlife use. Anthropogenic disturbances included flow modifications (e.g., springboxes), hiking trails, and contemporary human use. Crews observed one to seven facultative/obligate wetland plant...
3
Raymond, Kara, Laura Palacios, Cheryl McIntyre, and Evan Gwilliam. Status of climate and water resources at Saguaro National Park: Water year 2019. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2288717.
Full textAbstract:
Climate and hydrology are major drivers of ecosystems. They dramatically shape ecosystem structure and function, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Understanding changes in climate, groundwater, and water quality and quantity is central to assessing the condition of park biota and key cultural resources. The Sonoran Desert Network collects data on climate, groundwater, and surface water at 11 National Park Service units in south-ern Arizona and New Mexico. This report provides an integrated look at climate, groundwater, and springs conditions at Saguaro National Park (NP) during water year 2019 (October 2018–September 2019). Annual rainfall in the Rincon Mountain District was 27.36" (69.49 cm) at the Mica Mountain RAWS station and 12.89" (32.74 cm) at the Desert Research Learning Center Davis station. February was the wettest month, accounting for nearly one-quarter of the annual rainfall at both stations. Each station recorded extreme precipitation events (>1") on three days. Mean monthly maximum and minimum air temperatures were 25.6°F (-3.6°C) and 78.1°F (25.6°C), respectively, at the Mica Mountain station, and 37.7°F (3.2°C) and 102.3°F (39.1°C), respectively, at the Desert Research Learning Center station. Overall temperatures in WY2019 were cooler than the mean for the entire record. The reconnaissance drought index for the Mica Mountain station indicated wetter conditions than average in WY2019. Both of the park’s NOAA COOP stations (one in each district) had large data gaps, partially due to the 35-day federal government shutdown in December and January. For this reason, climate conditions for the Tucson Mountain District are not reported. The mean groundwater level at well WSW-1 in WY2019 was higher than the mean for WY2018. The water level has generally been increasing since 2005, reflecting the continued aquifer recovery since the Central Avra Valley Storage and Recovery Project came online, recharging Central Arizona Project water. Water levels at the Red Hills well generally de-clined starting in fall WY2019, continuing through spring. Monsoon storms led to rapid water level increases. Peak water level occurred on September 18. The Madrona Pack Base well water level in WY2019 remained above 10 feet (3.05 m) below measuring point (bmp) in the fall and winter, followed by a steep decline starting in May and continuing until the end of September, when the water level rebounded following a three-day rain event. The high-est water level was recorded on February 15. Median water levels in the wells in the middle reach of Rincon Creek in WY2019 were higher than the medians for WY2018 (+0.18–0.68 ft/0.05–0.21 m), but still generally lower than 6.6 feet (2 m) bgs, the mean depth-to-water required to sustain juvenile cottonwood and willow trees. RC-7 was dry in June–September, and RC-4 was dry in only September. RC-5, RC-6 and Well 633106 did not go dry, and varied approximately 3–4 feet (1 m). Eleven springs were monitored in the Rincon Mountain District in WY2019. Most springs had relatively few indications of anthropogenic or natural disturbance. Anthropogenic disturbance included spring boxes or other modifications to flow. Examples of natural disturbance included game trails and scat. In addition, several sites exhibited slight disturbance from fires (e.g., burned woody debris and adjacent fire-scarred trees) and evidence of high-flow events. Crews observed 1–7 taxa of facultative/obligate wetland plants and 0–3 invasive non-native species at each spring. Across the springs, crews observed four non-native plant species: rose natal grass (Melinis repens), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), crimson fountaingrass (Cenchrus setaceus), and red brome (Bromus rubens). Baseline data on water quality and chemistry were collected at all springs. It is likely that that all springs had surface water for at least some part of WY2019. However, temperature sensors to estimate surface water persistence failed...