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1
McHugh, Damhnait. "Molecular phylogeny of the Annelida." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 1873–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-141.
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Traditionally, the Annelida has been classified as a group comprising the Polychaeta and the Clitellata. Recent phylogenetic analyses have led to profound changes in the view that the Annelida, as traditionally formulated, is a natural, monophyletic group. Both molecular and morphological analyses support placement of the Siboglinidae (formerly the Pogonophora) as a derived group within the Annelida; there is also evidence, based on molecular analysis of the nuclear gene elongation factor-1α, that the unsegmented echiurids are derived annelids. While monophyly of the Clitellata is well-supported by both molecular and morphological analyses, there is no molecular evidence to support monophyly of the polychaete annelids; the Clitellata fall within a paraphyletic polychaete grade. Relationships among groups of polychaete annelids have not yet been resolved by molecular analysis. Within the Clitellata, paraphyly of the Oligochaeta was indicated in a phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome c oxidase I, which supported a sister relationship between the leeches, including an acanthobdellid and a branchiobdellid, and two of the four oligochaetes in the analysis. There is some evidence from analysis of 18S rRNA sequences for a sister-group relationship between the clitellates and the taxon Aeolosoma. There is no agreement regarding the body form of the basal annelid, and while molecular analyses provide strong support for the Eutrochozoa, the identity of sister-group to the Annelida among the Eutrochozoa remains enigmatic. It is recommended that future investigations include additional conserved gene sequences and expanded taxon sampling. It is likely that the most productive approach to resolving annelid phylogeny, and thus increasing our understanding of annelid evolution, will come from combined analyses of several gene sequences.
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ROUSE, GREG W., and FREDRIK PLEIJEL. "Annelida*." Zootaxa 1668, no. 1 (December 21, 2007): 245–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.13.
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The first annelids were formally described by Linnaeus (1758) and we here briefly review the history and composition of the group. The traditionally recognized classes were Polychaeta, Oligochaeta and Hirudinea. The latter two are now viewed as the taxon Clitellata, since recognizing Hirudinea with class rank renders Oligochaeta paraphyletic. Polychaeta appears to contain Clitellata, and so may be synonymous with Annelida. Current consensus would place previously recognized phyla such as Echiura, Pogonophora, Sipuncula and Vestimentifera as annelids, though relationships among these and the various other annelid lineages are still unresolved.
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Mucciolo, Serena, Andrea Desiderato, Marika Salonna, Tomasz Mamos, Viviane Prodocimo, Maikon Di Domenico, Francesco Mastrototaro, Paulo Lana, Carmela Gissi, and Giuseppe Calamita. "Finding Aquaporins in Annelids: An Evolutionary Analysis and a Case Study." Cells 10, no. 12 (December 17, 2021): 3562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10123562.
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Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of membrane channels facilitating diffusion of water and small solutes into and out of cells. Despite their biological relevance in osmoregulation and ubiquitous distribution throughout metazoans, the presence of AQPs in annelids has been poorly investigated. Here, we searched and annotated Aqp sequences in public genomes and transcriptomes of annelids, inferred their evolutionary relationships through phylogenetic analyses and discussed their putative physiological relevance. We identified a total of 401 Aqp sequences in 27 annelid species, including 367 sequences previously unrecognized as Aqps. Similar to vertebrates, phylogenetic tree reconstructions clustered these annelid Aqps in four clades: AQP1-like, AQP3-like, AQP8-like and AQP11-like. We found no clear indication of the existence of paralogs exclusive to annelids; however, several gene duplications seem to have occurred in the ancestors of some Sedentaria annelid families, mainly in the AQP1-like clade. Three of the six Aqps annotated in Alitta succinea, an estuarine annelid showing high salinity tolerance, were validated by RT-PCR sequencing, and their similarity to human AQPs was investigated at the level of “key” conserved residues and predicted three-dimensional structure. Our results suggest a diversification of the structures and functions of AQPs in Annelida comparable to that observed in other taxa.
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Parry, Luke A., Gregory D. Edgecombe, Danny Eibye-Jacobsen, and Jakob Vinther. "The impact of fossil data on annelid phylogeny inferred from discrete morphological characters." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1837 (August 31, 2016): 20161378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1378.
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As a result of their plastic body plan, the relationships of the annelid worms and even the taxonomic makeup of the phylum have long been contentious. Morphological cladistic analyses have typically recovered a monophyletic Polychaeta, with the simple-bodied forms assigned to an early-diverging clade or grade. This is in stark contrast to molecular trees, in which polychaetes are paraphyletic and include clitellates, echiurans and sipunculans. Cambrian stem group annelid body fossils are complex-bodied polychaetes that possess well-developed parapodia and paired head appendages (palps), suggesting that the root of annelids is misplaced in morphological trees. We present a reinvestigation of the morphology of key fossil taxa and include them in a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of annelids. Analyses using probabilistic methods and both equal- and implied-weights parsimony recover paraphyletic polychaetes and support the conclusion that echiurans and clitellates are derived polychaetes. Morphological trees including fossils depict two main clades of crown-group annelids that are similar, but not identical, to Errantia and Sedentaria, the fundamental groupings in transcriptomic analyses. Removing fossils yields trees that are often less resolved and/or root the tree in greater conflict with molecular topologies. While there are many topological similarities between the analyses herein and recent phylogenomic hypotheses, differences include the exclusion of Sipuncula from Annelida and the taxa forming the deepest crown-group divergences.
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Bartolomaeus, Thomas. "Head Kidneys in Hatchlings of Scoloplos Armiger (Annelida: Orbiniida): Implications for the Occurrence of Protonephridia in Lecithotrophic Larvae." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 78, no. 1 (February 1998): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400040017.
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It is generally believed that lecithotrophic larvae of annelids do not possess functional excretory organs. However, as in certain annelids the planktotrophic trochophora larva has been secondarily modified into a lecithotrophic developmental stage and because protonephridia are characteristic for the trochophora, lecithotrophic developmental stages should also possess such organs. To test this assumption hatchlings of the orbiniidan Scoloplos armiger, which develops directly without a free-living larval stage, were investigated ultrastrucrurally. Each hatchling possesses a pair of protonephridia which lie caudal to the eyes and almost level with the frontal margin of the foregut. Each organ consists of three multiciliated cells, a terminal cell, a duct cell and a nephropore cell. The terminal cell bears a distally oriented hollow cytoplasmic cylinder, which surrounds the cilia. Adherens junctions connect this structure to the duct cell. Several clefts and pores perforate the wall of the hollow cylinder. Extracellular material covers the pores and clefts and thus may function as a molecular sieve during filtration. A comparison with the protonephridia of other annelid larvae reveals: (1) that one pair of protonephridial head kidneys consisting of a terminal cell, a duct cell and a nephropore cell must be assumed for the trochophore in the ground pattern of annelids and (2) that these organs are preserved when lecithotrophic larval stages evolved within the Annelida
6
Capa, María, and Pat Hutchings. "Annelid Diversity: Historical Overview and Future Perspectives." Diversity 13, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13030129.
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Annelida is a ubiquitous, common and diverse group of organisms, found in terrestrial, fresh waters and marine environments. Despite the large efforts put into resolving the evolutionary relationships of these and other Lophotrochozoa, and the delineation of the basal nodes within the group, these are still unanswered. Annelida holds an enormous diversity of forms and biological strategies alongside a large number of species, following Arthropoda, Mollusca, Vertebrata and perhaps Platyhelminthes, among the species most rich in phyla within Metazoa. The number of currently accepted annelid species changes rapidly when taxonomic groups are revised due to synonymies and descriptions of a new species. The group is also experiencing a recent increase in species numbers as a consequence of the use of molecular taxonomy methods, which allows the delineation of the entities within species complexes. This review aims at succinctly reviewing the state-of-the-art of annelid diversity and summarizing the main systematic revisions carried out in the group. Moreover, it should be considered as the introduction to the papers that form this Special Issue on Systematics and Biodiversity of Annelids.
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MAGALHÃES, WAGNER F., PAT HUTCHINGS, ALEJANDRO OCEGUERA-FIGUEROA, PATRICK MARTIN, RÜDIGER M. SCHMELZ, MARK J. WETZEL, HELENA WIKLUND, NANCY J. MACIOLEK, GISELE Y. KAWAUCHI, and JASON D. WILLIAMS. "Segmented worms (Phylum Annelida): a celebration of twenty years of progress through Zootaxa and call for action on the taxonomic work that remains." Zootaxa 4979, no. 1 (May 28, 2021): 190–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4979.1.18.
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Zootaxa has been the leading journal on invertebrate systematics especially within Annelida. Our current estimates indicate annelids include approximately 20,200 valid species of polychaetes, oligochaetes, leeches, sipunculans and echiurans. We include herein the impact of Zootaxa on the description of new annelid species in the last two decades. Since 2001, there have been over 1,300 new annelid taxa published in about 630 papers. The majority of these are polychaetes (921 new species and 40 new genera) followed by oligochaetes (308 new species and 10 new genera) and leeches (21 new species). The numerous papers dealing with new polychaete species have provided us a clear picture on which polychaete families have had the most taxonomic effort and which authors and countries have been the most prolific of descriptions of new taxa. An estimated additional 10,000+ species remain to be described in the phylum, thus we urge annelid workers to continue their efforts and aid in training a new generation of taxonomists focused on this ecologically important group.
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Kennedy, Victor S. "A summer benthic survey in Conception Bay, Newfoundland, emphasizing zoogeography of annelids and amphipods." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 8 (August 1, 1985): 1863–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-277.
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A limited benthic survey was made in August in Conception Bay, Newfoundland, using a 0.2-m2 van Veen grab sampler. Nine stations were sampled in a relatively shallow (62–79 m), soft-bottom (predominantly silt) region with low bottom water (0.2–1.4 °C) and sediment (0.5–2.0 °C) temperatures. Annelids (32 species) and amphipods (18 species) were the common invertebrates collected, with annelids being more numerous, both in numbers of individuals and of species. Deposit-feeding annelids outnumbered carnivores, with subsurface deposit feeders more abundant than surface feeders. Sedentary individuals predominated. Most annelid species had boreal–temperate affinities, with few arctic species being present. Detritivorous amphipods predominated, followed by scrapers and scavengers. Nearly all were burrowers. All the amphipod species were arctic–boreal in distribution and most do not range as far south as do the annelids. Molluscs were small and uncommon and they, like the remaining uncommon components of the biomass, were not identified to any extent.
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Kostyuchenko, Roman P., and Vitaly V. Kozin. "Comparative Aspects of Annelid Regeneration: Towards Understanding the Mechanisms of Regeneration." Genes 12, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12081148.
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The question of why animals vary in their ability to regenerate remains one of the most intriguing questions in biology. Annelids are a large and diverse phylum, many members of which are capable of extensive regeneration such as regrowth of a complete head or tail and whole-body regeneration, even from few segments. On the other hand, some representatives of both of the two major annelid clades show very limited tissue regeneration and are completely incapable of segmental regeneration. Here we review experimental and descriptive data on annelid regeneration, obtained at different levels of organization, from data on organs and tissues to intracellular and transcriptomic data. Understanding the variety of the cellular and molecular basis of regeneration in annelids can help one to address important questions about the role of stem/dedifferentiated cells and “molecular morphallaxis” in annelid regeneration as well as the evolution of regeneration in general.
10
Clauss, Wolfgang G. "Epithelial transport and osmoregulation in annelids." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 192–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-200.
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Epithelial transport related to osmoregulation has so far not been extensively investigated in annelids. Compared with the large body of information about ion transport across crustacean or insect epithelia, only a few studies have been done with isolated preparations of annelids, using the body wall of marine polychaetes or Hirudinea. Nephridial function and general body homeostasis have received more attention, and have probably been best investigated in Hirudinea. With recent advances in the molecular physiology of epithelial transport systems in vertebrates, the cloning of various transporters and ion channels, and the considerable number of osmoregulatory peptides that have now been found and analyzed from annelids, it should now be possible, and is timely, to conduct functional studies on individual selected epithelial preparations or isolated cells from annelids. Such studies may be important for establishing useful models with somewhat less complexity than mammalian systems. For example, annelids lack aldosterone, an important osmoregulatory hormone, which is a key factor in the regulation of sodium reabsorption in vertebrates. Therefore, not only would such studies contribute to annelid physiology, but they would be important in a broader sense for understanding osmoregulation and its evolution. They should also facilitate the discovery and investigation of new specific regulatory pathways.
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Belato, Flávia A., Christopher J. Coates, Kenneth M. Halanych, Roy E. Weber, and Elisa M. Costa-Paiva. "Evolutionary History of the Globin Gene Family in Annelids." Genome Biology and Evolution 12, no. 10 (June 29, 2020): 1719–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa134.
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Abstract Animals depend on the sequential oxidation of organic molecules to survive; thus, oxygen-carrying/transporting proteins play a fundamental role in aerobic metabolism. Globins are the most common and widespread group of respiratory proteins. They can be divided into three types: circulating intracellular, noncirculating intracellular, and extracellular, all of which have been reported in annelids. The diversity of oxygen transport proteins has been underestimated across metazoans. We probed 250 annelid transcriptomes in search of globin diversity in order to elucidate the evolutionary history of this gene family within this phylum. We report two new globin types in annelids, namely androglobins and cytoglobins. Although cytoglobins and myoglobins from vertebrates and from invertebrates are referred to by the same name, our data show they are not genuine orthologs. Our phylogenetic analyses show that extracellular globins from annelids are more closely related to extracellular globins from other metazoans than to the intracellular globins of annelids. Broadly, our findings indicate that multiple gene duplication and neo-functionalization events shaped the evolutionary history of the globin family.
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Parry, Luke A., Gregory D. Edgecombe, Dan Sykes, and Jakob Vinther. "Jaw elements in Plumulites bengtsoni confirm that machaeridians are extinct armoured scaleworms." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1907 (July 24, 2019): 20191247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1247.
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Machaeridians are Palaeozoic animals that are dorsally armoured with serialized, imbricating shell plates that cover or enclose the body. Prior to the discovery of an articulated plumulitid machaeridian from the Early Ordovician of Morocco that preserved unambiguous annelid characters (segmental parapodia with chaetae), machaeridians were a palaeontological mystery, having been previously linked to echinoderms, barnacles, tommotiids (putative stem-group brachiopods) or molluscs. Although the annelid affinities of machaeridians are now firmly established, their position within the phylum and relevance for understanding the early evolution of Annelida is less secure, with competing hypotheses placing Machaeridia in the stem or deeply nested within the crown group of annelids. We describe a scleritome of Plumulites bengtsoni from the Fezouata Formation of Morocco that preserves an anterior jaw apparatus consisting of at least two discrete elements that exhibit growth lines. Although jaws have multiple independent origins within the annelid crown group, comparable jaws are present only within Phyllodocida, the clade that contains modern aphroditiforms (scaleworms and relatives). Phylogenetic analysis places a monophyletic Machaeridia within the crown group of Phyllodocida in total-group Aphroditiformia, consistent with a common origin of machaeridian shell plates and scaleworm elytrae. The inclusion of machaeridians in Aphroditiformia truncates the ghost lineage of Phyllodocida by almost a hundred million years.
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Roots, Betty I. "The phylogeny of invertebrates and the evolution of myelin." Neuron Glia Biology 4, no. 2 (May 2008): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740925x0900012x.
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Current concepts of invertebrate phylogeny are reviewed. Annelida and Arthropoda, previously regarded as closely related, are now placed in separate clades. Myelin, a sheath of multiple layers of membranes around nerve axons, is found in members of the Annelida, Arthropoda and Chordata. The structure, composition and function of the sheaths in Annelida and Arthropoda are examined and evidence for the separate evolutionary origins of myelin in the three clades is presented. That myelin has arisen independently at least three times, namely in Annelids, Arthropodas and Chordates, provides a remarkable example of convergent evolution.
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Li, Yan, Viktar Lemiasheuski, and Svetlana Maksimova. "The Simulated Experimental Design and Study of the Synergistic Treatment of Chicken Manure and Traditional Chinese Medicine Residues on Earthworm Growth and Soil Quality." E3S Web of Conferences 497 (2024): 03012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202449703012.
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Annelids conspicuously exert influence upon soil physicochemical attributes through their alimen-tary, burrowing, and excretion endeavors, thereby imparting ramifications upon soil erosion phenomena. Nev-ertheless, comprehension of the particular repercussions stemming from annelid activities vis-à-is soil erosion remains circumscribed. The primary objective of this investigation was to scrutinize the synergistic ramifica-tions of gallinaceous fecal matter and remnants of traditional Chinese medicinal substances on annelid prolif-eration and soil characteristics within a simulated experiment. In order to gauge the impact of annelid activities upon soil hydric distribution, runoff velocity, and soil erosion, a laboratory-simulated precipitation experiment was executed across three incline gradients (5 degrees, 10 degrees, and 15 degrees), featuring a uniform pre-cipitation intensity of 80 mm/h and a 60-minute precipitation duration post-runoff initiation. Findings evinced that annelids significantly heightened soil hydric infiltration and retention. In tanks inhabited by annelids, the increments in soil hydric retention were 93%, 51%, and 70% more elevated than those in control plots at incline gradients of 5 degrees, 10 degrees, and 15 degrees, respectively. Comparatively, earthworm activities led to a 70% reduction in runoff rate at a 5-degree slope, a 13% reduction at 10 degrees, and a 39% reduction at 15 degrees. However, soil erosion rates increased by 42% and 46% at slope gradients of 10 degrees and 15 degrees, respectively. Earthworms, through their feeding and burrowing activities, not only enhanced soil water infil-tration but also mitigated surface runoff while contributing to increased soil erosion. This research proffers invaluable perspicacity regarding the influence of subterranean fauna on the vicissitudes of soil erosion pro-cesses, furnishing empirical evidence amenable for assimilation into extant soil erosion simulation paradigms or as a substratum for the construction of nascent models.
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Muir, Lucy A., and Joseph P. Botting. "The putative Ordovician annelid worm Haileyia adhaerens Ruedemann, 1934 is not a recognizable fossil." Journal of Paleontology 94, no. 3 (October 10, 2019): 589–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2019.76.
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AbstractA number of putative annelid worms have been described from Ordovician strata, and these records are included in large-scale compilations of paleontological data. If these fossils are worms, they may yield important phylogenetic information; conversely, if they are not worms, they should not be included in large-scale databases. In either case, restudy of the type material of these supposed annelids is useful. The type material (holotype and one paratype) of one of these putative annelids, Haileyia adhaerens Ruedemann, 1934, from the Middle Ordovician Normanskill Shale of Idaho, USA, is re-described and re-illustrated. The original description stated that the species is segmented, with parapodia, papillae, and setae, and lived attached to graptolites. Upon re-examination, the setae could not be detected, and the segmentation, parapodia, and papillae are herein re-interpreted as taphonomic, rather than biological, features. The supposed attachment of Haileyia to graptolites is likely to represent fortuitous bedding-surface associations. There is no evidence that Haileyia adhaerens is an annelid, or even a recognizable fossil.
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Seaver, Elaine C., and Danielle M. de Jong. "Regeneration in the Segmented Annelid Capitella teleta." Genes 12, no. 11 (November 8, 2021): 1769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12111769.
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The segmented worms, or annelids, are a clade within the Lophotrochozoa, one of the three bilaterian superclades. Annelids have long been models for regeneration studies due to their impressive regenerative abilities. Furthermore, the group exhibits variation in adult regeneration abilities with some species able to replace anterior segments, posterior segments, both or neither. Successful regeneration includes regrowth of complex organ systems, including the centralized nervous system, gut, musculature, nephridia and gonads. Here, regenerative capabilities of the annelid Capitella teleta are reviewed. C. teleta exhibits robust posterior regeneration and benefits from having an available sequenced genome and functional genomic tools available to study the molecular and cellular control of the regeneration response. The highly stereotypic developmental program of C. teleta provides opportunities to study adult regeneration and generate robust comparisons between development and regeneration.
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Freitas, RF, and PR Pagliosa. "Mangrove benthic macrofauna: drivers of community structure and functional traits at multiple spatial scales." Marine Ecology Progress Series 638 (March 19, 2020): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13260.
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Environmental processes acting at multiple spatial scales influence the structure and function of macrofaunal communities in marine habitats. However, the relative contributions of small- and large-scale factors in shaping faunal communities are still poorly understood. We investigated the relative contributions of climate, geophysical and soil properties, and forest structure on structural and functional characteristics of Brazilian coastal mangrove macrofauna. We found that macrofaunal community structure is mainly driven by large-scale factors, such as minimum air temperature and runoff, which significantly differed among the coastal settings investigated. Conversely, annelid assemblage functional traits were correlated with small-scale factors such as aboveground biomass, subsurface root biomass, soil bulk density, and soil phosphorus. Annelids with diversified and more complex functional traits (e.g. with respect to appendages, segments, parapodia) preferentially inhabited sites with low subsurface root biomass, while annelids with a slender body plan were more common at sites with dense root mats. Thus, while climate and geophysical conditions drive benthic macrofaunal community structure at larger spatial scales (i.e. coastal setting) in this system, vegetation and soil factors at smaller spatial scales (i.e. site) were more related to annelid functional characteristics.
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TOSO, ANDREA, MATTEO PUTIGNANO, LARA M. FUMAROLA, MICHEL BARICHE, ADRIANA GIANGRANDE, LUIGI MUSCO, STEFANO PIRAINO, and JOACHIM LANGENECK. "A revised inventory of Annelida in the Lebanese coastal waters with ten new aliens for the Mediterranean Sea." Mediterranean Marine Science 25, no. 3 (November 13, 2024): 715–31. https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.37998.
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Sampling activities conducted in the Tyre Coast Nature Reserve, southern Lebanon, to study the marine annelid fauna of the area, allowed for the revision of the diversity of this group in Lebanon. We particularly focused on non-indigenous species (NIS), which were characterised from morphological and molecular points of view. A total of 116 taxa were collected; 10 species are reported here for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea, while 6 species with presumable Indo-Pacific affinity are likely new to science. Seventy-three taxa were native, while 43 taxa were NIS; among the latter, 24 species are reported for the first time in Lebanon. Molecular data were obtained for 28 NIS, representing the first data from the Mediterranean Sea for 23 of them. Non-indigenous annelids occurring along the coast of Lebanon mainly have Indo-Pacific affinity. However, molecular data highlighted inconsistencies between the sampled material and the sequences available in public repositories, suggesting the widespread occurrence of species complexes in these taxa. These results suggest that further research on Indo-Pacific annelids is needed to understand their diversity patterns and invasion pathways. Additionally, the large number of new records of annelids in Lebanese waters indicate that further studies are needed to explore their diversity in comparison with neighbouring Mediterranean regions.
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Platova, Sofia, Liudmila Poliushkevich, Milana Kulakova, Maksim Nesterenko, Viktor Starunov, and Elena Novikova. "Gotta Go Slow: Two Evolutionarily Distinct Annelids Retain a Common Hedgehog Pathway Composition, Outlining Its Pan-Bilaterian Core." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (November 18, 2022): 14312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214312.
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Hedgehog signaling is one of the key regulators of morphogenesis, cell differentiation, and regeneration. While the Hh pathway is present in all bilaterians, it has mainly been studied in model animals such as Drosophila and vertebrates. Despite the conservatism of its core components, mechanisms of signal transduction and additional components vary in Ecdysozoa and Deuterostomia. Vertebrates have multiple copies of the pathway members, which complicates signaling implementation, whereas model ecdysozoans appear to have lost some components due to fast evolution rates. To shed light on the ancestral state of Hh signaling, models from the third clade, Spiralia, are needed. In our research, we analyzed the transcriptomes of two spiralian animals, errantial annelid Platynereis dumerilii (Nereididae) and sedentarian annelid Pygospio elegans (Spionidae). We found that both annelids express almost all Hh pathway components present in Drosophila and mouse. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of the core pathway components and built multiple sequence alignments of the additional key members. Our results imply that the Hh pathway compositions of both annelids share more similarities with vertebrates than with the fruit fly. Possessing an almost complete set of single-copy Hh pathway members, lophotrochozoan signaling composition may reflect the ancestral features of all three bilaterian branches.
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Schröder, Heinz C., Hans J. Breter, Ernesto Fattorusso, Hiroshi Ushijima, Matthias Wiens, Renate Steffen, Renato Batel, and Werner E. G. Müller. "Okadaic Acid, an Apoptogenic Toxin for Symbiotic/Parasitic Annelids in the Demosponge Suberites domuncula." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 7 (July 2006): 4907–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00228-06.
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ABSTRACT The role of okadaic acid (OA) in the defense system of the marine demosponge Suberites domuncula against symbiotic/parasitic annelids was examined. Bacteria within the mesohyl produced okadaic acid at concentrations between 32 ng/g and 58 ng/g of tissue (wet weight). By immunocytochemical methods and by use of antibodies against OA, we showed that the toxin was intracellularly stored in vesicles. Western blotting experiments demonstrated that OA also existed bound to a protein with a molecular weight of 35,000 which was tentatively identified as a galectin (by application of antigalectin antibodies). Annelids that are found in S. domuncula undergo apoptotic cell death. OA is one candidate inducer molecule of this process, since this toxin accumulated in these symbionts/parasites. Furthermore, we identified the cDNA encoding the multifunctional prosurvival molecule BAG-1 in S. domuncula; it undergoes strong expression in the presence of the annelid. Our data suggest that sponges use toxins (here, OA) produced from bacteria to eliminate metazoan symbionts/parasites by apoptosis.
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Meca, Miguel A., Anna Zhadan, and Torsten H. Struck. "The Early Branching Group of Orbiniida Sensu Struck et al., 2015: Parergodrilidae and Orbiniidae." Diversity 13, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13010029.
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This review addresses the state of the art of the systematics and the improvements in the biology, ecology and species diversity of the two annelid taxa Parergodrilidae and Orbiniidae, the early branching group of Orbiniida sensu Struck et al., 2015 according to molecular studies. An effort to identify gaps of knowledge is given to understand the distribution, dispersal and the diversity Parergodrilidae and Orbiniidae hold, as well as to give several directions for future research. Parergodrilidae is a taxon of interstitial annelids constituted by the terrestrial Parergodrilus heideri (monotypic genus up to date), reported throughout Europe but also in Korea and North America, and the genus Stygocapitella, which includes eleven species from the upper shore of sandy beaches distributed along Europe and other regions of the world. Orbiniidae contains more than 200 described species spread over 20 valid genera, varying in size from a few millimeters up to 30 cm, distributed globally and living in a wide variety of soft bottoms. Improving the knowledge on these two sister-taxa is crucial for the understanding of the evolution to interstitial forms by progenesis in Annelida.
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Wedeen, C. J., and D. A. Weisblat. "Segmental expression of an engrailed-class gene during early development and neurogenesis in an annelid." Development 113, no. 3 (November 1, 1991): 805–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.113.3.805.
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ht-en protein, an annelid homolog of the Drosophila engrailed protein, is expressed during both early development and neurogenesis in embryos of the leech, Helobdella triserialis. In Helobdella as in Drosophila, early expression is in segmentally iterated stripes of cells within the posterior portion of the segment and later expression is in cells of the segmental ganglia. These findings suggest that dual expression of an en-class gene was present in a common ancestor of annelids and arthropods.
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Kerfouf, A., A. Baaloudj, F. Kies, K. Belhadj Tahar, and F. Denis. "Inventory of Annelida Polychaeta in Gulf of Oran (Western Algerian Coastline)." Zoodiversity 55, no. 4 (2021): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/zoo2021.04.307.
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Bionomical research on the continental shelf of the Oran‘s Gulf enabled us to study the Annelida macrofauna. Sampling sites were selected according to the bathymetry, which was divided into eight transects. Collected samples with the Aberdeen grab separated the Polychaeta Annelids from other zoological groups. 1571 Annelida Polychaeta were inventoried and determined by the species, including ten orders (Amphinomida, Capitellida, Eunicida, Flabelligerida, Ophelida, Oweniida, Phyllodocidae, Sabellida, Spionida, Terebellidae), 24 families, 84 genus and 74 species. The analyzed taxa highlighted the dominant and main species on the bottom of the Gulf, including Hyalinoecia bilineata, which appeared as the major species, Eunice vittata, Chone duneri, Glycera convoluta, Hyalinocea fauveli, Pista cristata, Lumbrinerris fragilis and Chloeia venusta.
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Vinther, Jakob, Danny Eibye-Jacobsen, and David A. T. Harper. "An Early Cambrian stem polychaete with pygidial cirri." Biology Letters 7, no. 6 (July 6, 2011): 929–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0592.
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The oldest annelid fossils are polychaetes from the Cambrian Period. They are representatives of the annelid stem group and thus vital in any discussion of how we polarize the evolution of the crown group. Here, we describe a fossil polychaete from the Early Cambrian Sirius Passet fauna, Pygocirrus butyricampum gen. et sp. nov., with structures identified as pygidial cirri, which are recorded for the first time from Cambrian annelids. The body is slender and has biramous parapodia with chaetae organized in laterally oriented bundles. The presence of pygidial cirri is one of the characters that hitherto has defined the annelid crown group, which diversified during the Cambrian–Ordovician transition. The newly described fossil shows that this character had already developed within the total group by the Early Cambrian.
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Keay, June, and Joseph W. Thornton. "Hormone-Activated Estrogen Receptors in Annelid Invertebrates: Implications for Evolution and Endocrine Disruption." Endocrinology 150, no. 4 (November 26, 2008): 1731–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2008-1338.
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As the primary mediators of estrogen signaling in vertebrates, estrogen receptors (ERs) play crucial roles in reproduction, development, and behavior. They are also the major mediators of endocrine disruption by xenobiotic pollutants that mimic or block estrogen action. ERs that are sensitive to estrogen and endocrine disrupters have long been thought to be restricted to vertebrates: although there is evidence for estrogen signaling in invertebrates, the only ERs studied to date, from mollusks and cephalochordates, have been insensitive to estrogen and therefore incapable of mediating estrogen signaling or disruption. To determine whether estrogen sensitivity is ancestral or a unique characteristic of vertebrate ERs, we isolated and characterized ERs from two annelids, Platynereis dumerilii and Capitella capitata, because annelids are the sister phylum to mollusks and have been shown to produce and respond to estrogens. Functional assays show that annelid ERs specifically activate transcription in response to low estrogen concentrations and bind estrogen with high affinity. Furthermore, numerous known endocrine-disrupting chemicals activate or antagonize the annelid ER. This is the first report of a hormone-activated invertebrate ER. Our results indicate that estrogen signaling via the ER is as ancient as the ancestral bilaterian animal and corroborate the estrogen sensitivity of the ancestral steroid receptor. They suggest that the taxonomic scope of endocrine disruption by xenoestrogens may be very broad and reveal how functional diversity evolved in a gene family central to animal endocrinology.
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Parry, Luke, and Jean-Bernard Caron. "Canadia spinosa and the early evolution of the annelid nervous system." Science Advances 5, no. 9 (September 2019): eaax5858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax5858.
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Annelid worms are a disparate, primitively segmented clade of bilaterians that first appear during the early Cambrian Period. Reconstructing their early evolution is complicated by the extreme morphological diversity in early diverging lineages, rapid diversification, and sparse fossil record. Canadia spinosa, a Burgess Shale fossil polychaete, is redescribed as having palps with feeding grooves, a dorsal median antenna and biramous parapodia associated with the head and flanking a ventral mouth. Carbonaceously preserved features are identified as a terminal brain, circumoral connectives, a midventral ganglionated nerve cord and prominent parapodial nerves. Phylogenetic analysis recovers neuroanatomically simple extant taxa as the sister group of other annelids, but the phylogenetic position of Canadia suggests that the annelid ancestor was reasonably complex neuroanatomically and that reduction of the nervous system occurred several times independently in the subsequent 500 million years of annelid evolution.
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Arai, A., A. Nakamoto, and T. Shimizu. "Specification of ectodermal teloblast lineages in embryos of the oligochaete annelid Tubifex: involvement of novel cell-cell interactions." Development 128, no. 7 (April 1, 2001): 1211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.128.7.1211.
Full textAbstract:
In embryos of clitellate annelids (i.e. oligochaetes and leeches), four ectodermal teloblasts (ectoteloblasts N, O, P and Q) are generated on either side through a stereotyped sequence of cell divisions of a proteloblast, NOPQ. The four ectoteloblasts assume distinct fates and produce bandlets of smaller progeny cells, which join together to form an ectodermal germ band. The pattern of the germ band, with respect to the ventrodorsal order of the bandlets, has been highly preserved in clitellate annelids. We show that specification of ectoteloblast lineages in the oligochaete annelid Tubifex involves cell interaction networks distinct from those in leeches. Cell ablation experiments have shown that fates of teloblasts N, P and Q in Tubifex embryos are determined rigidly as early as their birth. In contrast, the O teloblast and its progeny are initially pluripotent and their fate becomes restricted to the O fate through an inductive signal emanating from the P lineage. In the absence of this signal, the O lineage assumes the P fate. These results differ significantly from those obtained in embryos of the leech Helobdella, suggesting the diversity of patterning mechanisms that give rise to germ bands with similar morphological pattern.
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Müller, Julian, Thomas Bartolomaeus, and Ekin Tilic. "Formation and degeneration of scaled capillary notochaetae in Owenia fusiformis Delle Chiaje, 1844 (Oweniidae, Annelida)." Zoomorphology 141, no. 1 (December 13, 2021): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00435-021-00547-z.
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AbstractPhylotranscriptomic studies of the past decade have repeatedly placed Oweniidae together with Magelonidae, as the sister group to remaining annelids. This newly established placement clearly makes them a key-lineage for understanding annelid evolution and morphology. One of the most prominent morphological features of all annelids are their chaetae. The arrangement and formation process (chaetogenesis) of these chitinous bristles have been studied extensively in hooked chaetae that are arranged in rows. However, the information on other types of chaetae is still scarce. In this study, we investigated the scaled capillary notochaetae of Owenia fusiformis, looking both into the formation process that causes the scaly surface ornamentation and into their arrangement within tight bundles. Our results demonstrate the incredible plasticity of chaetogenesis that allows forming a vast array of three-dimensional structures. The capillary chaetae of Owenia fusiformis are unique in lacking an enamel coating and the scales covering the apical surface of each chaeta are formed by a single microvillus of the chaetoblast. Furthermore, the bundle of chaetae has a peripherally located formative site and a central degenerative site and it appears to result from a secondary curling of the chaetal sac.
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Hou, Xitan, Maokai Wei, Qi Li, Tingting Zhang, Di Zhou, Dexu Kong, Yueyang Xie, Zhenkui Qin, and Zhifeng Zhang. "Transcriptome Analysis of Larval Segment Formation and Secondary Loss in the Echiuran Worm Urechis unicinctus." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 8 (April 12, 2019): 1806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20081806.
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The larval segment formation and secondary loss in echiurans is a special phenomenon, which is considered to be one of the important characteristics in the evolutionary relationship between the Echiura and Annelida. To better understand the molecular mechanism of this phenomenon, we revealed the larval transcriptome profile of the echiuran worm Urechis unicinctus using RNA-Seq technology. Twelve cDNA libraries of U. unicinctus larvae, late-trochophore (LT), early-segmentation larva (ES), segmentation larva (SL), and worm-shaped larva (WL) were constructed. Totally 243,381 unigenes were assembled with an average length of 1125 bp and N50 of 1836 bp, and 149,488 unigenes (61.42%) were annotated. We obtained 70,517 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by pairwise comparison of the larval transcriptome data at different developmental stages and clustered them into 20 gene expression profiles using STEM software. Based on the typical profiles during the larval segment formation and secondary loss, eight signaling pathways were enriched, and five of which, mTOR, PI3K-AKT, TGF-β, MAPK, and Dorso-ventral axis formation signaling pathway, were proposed for the first time to be involved in the segment formation. Furthermore, we identified 119 unigenes related to the segment formation of annelids, arthropods, and chordates, in which 101 genes were identified in Drosophila and annelids. The function of most segment polarity gene homologs (hedgehog, wingless, engrailed, etc.) was conserved in echiurans, annelids, and arthropods based on their expression profiles, while the gap and pair-rule gene homologs were not. Finally, we verified that strong positive signals of Hedgehog were indeed located on the boundary of larval segments using immunofluorescence. Data in this study provide molecular evidence for the understanding of larval segment development in echiurans and may serve as a blueprint for segmented ancestors in future research.
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Lee, Huan Chiao, Christopher J. Glasby, Anja Schulze, Han Raven, Siong Kiat Tan, Takaomi Arai, Amirah Md Jin, Nurun Nazihah Tal’ah, Ainina Zarifi, and David J. Marshall. "Dramatic Enhancement of Macrozoobenthic Species β-Diversity in Response to Artificial Breakwater Construction Along a Tropical Coastline." Diversity 16, no. 12 (November 30, 2024): 742. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16120742.
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The beneficial or detrimental effects of human-built marine structures (piers, breakwaters, and seawalls) on macrozoobenthic assemblages and diversities are currently underexplored. The present study investigated the enhancement of β-diversity of oysterbed-associated species on breakwaters constructed along sandy beaches. We compared habitat complexities and species assemblages among artificial breakwater shores (ABS), a natural rocky shore (NS), and an embayment shore (ES). Oysterbed habitat complexity was found to be greatest on the ABS due to the successional colonization of the reef-forming estuarine oyster, Saccostrea echinata, followed by the colonization of boring bivalves and burrowing annelids. High-resolution taxonomic data revealed that the ABS supports the greatest species richness, including 48.1% unique species and 33.3% species shared with the embayment shore. The other shores uniquely or in combination with ABS support up to 11.1% of the total species richness associated with the oysterbeds (n = 81). Taxonomic dominance in terms of species number was Mollusca > Annelida > Arthropoda. This study reveals that ABS enhances β-diversity by ~91% (Jaccard dissimilarity index), which is driven by the sequential cascading events of (1) sheltering of shores, (2) colonization of novel habitat-forming oysters, (3) novel macrozoobenthic species recruitment from adjacent shores and sheltered embayments, including habitat-forming bivalves and annelids, and (4) the recruitment of macrozoobenthic species to boreholes. ABS habitat complexity derives from a spatially distinct, three-tiered ecological engineering system, involving (1) breakwater construction (100 m), (2) reef-forming oysters (10 m), and (3) boring bivalves and burrowing annelids (<10 cm). Irrespective of the purpose of their construction, breakwaters along extended sandy shores can potentially increase the resilience (β-diversity) and regional interconnectivity of hard surface macrozoobenthic species.
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Worsaae, Katrine, Gonzalo Giribet, and Alejandro Martínez. "The role of progenesis in the diversification of the interstitial annelid lineage Psammodrilidae." Invertebrate Systematics 32, no. 4 (2018): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is17063.
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Psammodrilidae constitutes a family of understudied, nearly completely ciliated, small-sized annelids, whose systematic position in Annelida remains unsettled and whose internal phylogeny is here investigated for the first time. Psammodrilids possess hooked chaetae typical of macroscopic tube-dwelling semi-sessile annelids, such as Arenicolidae. Yet, several minute members resemble, with their conspicuous gliding by ciliary motion and vagile lifestyle, interstitial fauna, adapted to move between sand grains. Moreover, psammodrilids exhibit a range of unique features, for example, bendable aciculae, a collar region with polygonal unciliated cells, and a muscular pumping pharynx. We here present a combined phylogeny of Psammodrilidae including molecular and morphological data of all eight described species (two described herein as Psammodrilus didomenicoi, sp. nov. and P. norenburgi, sp. nov.) as well as four undescribed species. Ancestral character state reconstruction suggests the ancestor of Psammodrilidae was a semi-sessile larger form. Miniaturisation seems to have occurred multiple times independently within Psammodrilidae, possibly through progenesis, yielding small species with resemblance to a juvenile stage of the larger species. We find several new cryptic species and generally reveal an unexpected diversity and distribution of this small family. This success may be favoured by their adaptive morphology, here indicated to be genetically susceptible to progenesis.
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Václav, Pižl, Jiří Schlaghamerský, and Jan Tříska. "The effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals on terrestrial annelids in urban soils." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 44, no. 8 (August 2009): 1050–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2009000800038.
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The effect of soil contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals on earthworms and enchytraeids was studied in urban parks, in Brno, Czech Republic. In spring and autumn 2007, annelids were collected and soil samples taken in lawns along transects, at three different distances (1, 5 and 30 m) from streets with heavy traffic. In both seasons, two parks with two transects each were sampled. Earthworms were collected using the electrical octet method. Enchytraeids were extracted by the wet funnel method from soil cores. All collected annelids were counted and identified. Basic chemical parameters and concentrations of 16 PAH, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were analysed from soil from each sampling point. PAH concentrations were rather low, decreasing with the distance from the street in spring but not in autumn. Heavy metal concentrations did not decrease significantly with increasing distance. Annelid densities did not significantly differ between distances, although there was a trend of increase in the number of earthworms with increasing distance. There were no significant correlations between soil content of PAH or heavy metals and earthworm or enchytraeid densities. Earthworm density and biomass were negatively correlated with soil pH; and enchytraeid density was positively correlated with soil phosphorus.
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TILIC, EKIN, KATHRYN G. FEERST, and GREG W. ROUSE. "Two new species of Amphiglena (Sabellidae, Annelida), with an assessment of hidden diversity in the Mediterranean." Zootaxa 4648, no. 2 (July 30, 2019): 337–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4648.2.8.
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Amphiglena is a clade of sabellid annelids that has 12 named species from around the world. New COI and 18S sequences were combined with some available data to generate a molecular phylogeny for Amphiglena. Two new species of Amphiglena are described as a result, using an integrative approach combining molecular evidence with morphological descriptions using histology, 3D reconstructions and electron microscopy. Amphiglena seaverae n. sp is described from Florida, USA and Amphiglena joyceae n. sp. from Edithburgh, South Australia. Our analyses also reveal a previously underemphasized species complex in the Mediterranean, with up to six undescribed species. This highlights the potential diversity of these minute annelid worms yet to be named.
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Coneo-Gómez, Shanly, Silvia Sierra-Escrigas, Pedro R. Dueñas-Ramírez, and Rocío García-Urueña. "Nuevos registros de anélidos del banco de las Ánimas, Caribe colombiano." Boletín de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras 51, no. 1 (June 14, 2022): 9–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25268/bimc.invemar.2022.51.1.1083.
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The banco de las Ánimas is a poor studied underwater environment with a characteristic reef fauna and an unknown large number of cryptic species. Annelids are one of the most common invertebrate groups in the coral formations of the Colombian Caribbean; these organisms are very abundant and variable in their body shapes (parapodia, setae, and gill structures), which imply a great evolutionary radiation. In order to know the diversity of annelids in the reef ecosystem in the Banco de las Ánimas, four artificial structures (known as autonomous reef monitoring structures) used as fauna collectors were located at a depth of 14 m in the Montículo sector. The first records for the Colombian Caribbean of 23 species of annelids of the families Amphinomidae, Eunicidae, Polynoidae, Lumbrineridae, Sabellidae, Serpulidae, Sigalionidae, Syllidae, and Terebellidae. The contribution to the knowledge of the fauna of reef annelids of a little poor known area of the Colombian Caribbean is highlighted.
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Parry, Luke, Jakob Vinther, and Gregory D. Edgecombe. "Cambrian stem-group annelids and a metameric origin of the annelid head." Biology Letters 11, no. 10 (October 2015): 20150763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0763.
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The oldest fossil annelids come from the Early Cambrian Sirius Passet and Guanshan biotas and Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale. While these are among the best preserved polychaete fossils, their relationship to living taxa is contentious, having been interpreted either as members of extant clades or as a grade outside the crown group. New morphological observations from five Cambrian species include the oldest polychaete with head appendages, a new specimen of Pygocirrus from Sirius Passet, and an undescribed form from the Burgess Shale. We propose that the palps of Canadia are on an anterior segment bearing neuropodia and that the head of Phragmochaeta is formed of a segment bearing biramous parapodia and chaetae. The unusual anatomy of these taxa suggests that the head is not differentiated into a prostomium and peristomium, that palps are derived from a modified parapodium and that the annelid head was originally a parapodium-bearing segment. Canadia , Phragmochaeta and the Marble Canyon annelid share the presence of protective notochaetae, interpreted as a primitive character state subsequently lost in Pygocirrus and Burgessochaeta , in which the head is clearly differentiated from the trunk.
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Chipman, Ariel D. "Annelids step forward." Evolution & Development 10, no. 2 (March 3, 2008): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-142x.2008.00221.x.
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Dumnicka, Elzbieta, Joanna Galas, Mariola Krodkiewska, and Agnieszka Pociecha. "The diversity of annelids in subterranean waters: a case study from Poland." Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, no. 421 (2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2020007.
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Not all invertebrate groups commonly occur in subterranean waters but annelids live in surface and underground habitats. The annelid species' richness in various underground waters (wells and interstitial and cave waters) and surface streams of Poland was compared, and the habitat preferences for the most frequent species were determined. Until now, 111 annelid taxa (mainly oligochaetes) had been identified in underground waters in Poland, with higher numbers (71) in the interstitial habitat than in stream bottoms (62). The number of species identified in the caves and wells was distinctly lower (54 and 29, respectively). The Correspondence Analysis did not separate the samples from various underground water types into distinct groups, and the distribution of well fauna was especially scattered (in the ordination diagram) because abiotic parameters differ strongly in studied wells. Only three stygobiontic species (Cernosvitoviella parviseta, Enchytraeus dominicae and Trichodrilus moravicus) were related to some caves. The analysis of the available data indicate that to obtain a comprehensive picture of the aquatic fauna in a given country all types of subterranean aquatic habitats should be sampled and taken into account. Moreover, to ascertain the composition of benthic invertebrates in running waters, investigation of the interstitial habitat should also be performed.
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Lauri, Antonella, Paola Bertucci, and Detlev Arendt. "Neurotrophin, p75, and Trk Signaling Module in the Developing Nervous System of the Marine AnnelidPlatynereis dumerilii." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2456062.
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In vertebrates, neurotrophic signaling plays an important role in neuronal development, neural circuit formation, and neuronal plasticity, but its evolutionary origin remains obscure. We found and validated nucleotide sequences encoding putative neurotrophic ligands (neurotrophin, NT) and receptors (Trk and p75) in two annelids,Platynereis dumerilii(Errantia) andCapitella teleta(Sedentaria, for which some sequences were found recently by Wilson, 2009). Predicted protein sequences and structures ofPlatynereisneurotrophic molecules reveal a high degree of conservation with the vertebrate counterparts; some amino acids signatures present in the annelid Trk sequences are absent in the basal chordate amphioxus, reflecting secondary loss in the cephalochordate lineage. In addition, expression analysis of NT, Trk, and p75 duringPlatynereisdevelopment by whole-mount mRNAin situhybridization supports a role of these molecules in nervous system and circuit development. These annelid data corroborate the hypothesis that the neurotrophic signaling and its involvement in shaping neural networks predate the protostome-deuterostome split and were present in bilaterian ancestors.
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De Assis, José Eriberto, and Martin Lindsey Christoffersen. "Character investigation and homology, with a brief discussion on the phylogenetic relationships of Annelida and Polychaeta within Metazoa." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 7, no. 16 (2020): 119–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs(2020)071601.
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The intense production of information demands coherent treatment of available bodies of theoretical knowledge. A critical revision of methods in use within research programs is essential to maintain an adequate ontology and to guarantee the particular epistemological position required by each research area. The theory of Phylogenetic Systematics was developed in multiple forms, resulting in hypotheses that may be widely incongruent. This reflects the crisis of present paradigm, and illustrates failures in present phylogenetic thinking. The aim of the study is to discuss characters and homology hypotheses based on Hennigian principles. We present samples from the most unresolved groups within the evolutionary history of the Metazoa: Annelida and Polychaeta. The main phylogenetic proposals appearing in the history of the Annelida, from morphological (living and fossilized organisms) to molecular approaches are discussed. We do not consider annelids and polychaetes to be monophyletic entities. Both taxa need more detailed comparisons with others groups, such as deuterostomes. According to our published opinions, Annelida and Polychaeta are placed at the base of the deuterostomes, and these worm-like organisms are ultimately the ancestors of the Enterocoela. Thus, in order to systematize the Metameria, we have regarded Annelida, Pleistoannelida, Lophotrochozoa and Protostomia as being paraphyletic taxa.
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Silva, Rafael Costa da, and Antonio Carlos Sequeira Fernandes. "Review of Oliveirania santa catharinae (sic) Maury 1927 and associated ichnofossils (Itararé Group, Late Carboniferous of Paraná Basin, Brazil)." Terr Plural 15 (2021): e2117741. http://dx.doi.org/10.5212/terraplural.v.15.2117741.029.
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The sedimentary layers of Anitápolis, Santa Catarina, were the subject of relevant discussions about age and paleoenvironment in the first half of the 20th century. Today they are correlated to the ritmites from Itararé Group, but some of the fossils that are part of these studies were not subsequently revised. This is the case of Oliveirania santa catharinae (sic) Maury 1927, a species originally attributed to annelids, and the ichnofossils attributed to it by association. The Annelida fossils were considered here as pseudofossils of inorganic origin. The ichnofossils attributed to Oliveirania were redescribed as a new ichnospecies, Pterichnus mauryae isp. nov., possibly related to the activity of crustaceans. This is the first occurrence of Pterichnus in Brazil and the oldest in the world.
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Chartier, Thomas F., Joran Deschamps, Wiebke Dürichen, Gáspár Jékely, and Detlev Arendt. "Whole-head recording of chemosensory activity in the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii." Open Biology 8, no. 10 (October 2018): 180139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.180139.
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Chemical detection is key to various behaviours in both marine and terrestrial animals. Marine species, though highly diverse, have been underrepresented so far in studies on chemosensory systems, and our knowledge mostly concerns the detection of airborne cues. A broader comparative approach is therefore desirable. Marine annelid worms with their rich behavioural repertoire represent attractive models for chemosensation. Here, we study the marine worm Platynereis dumerilii to provide the first comprehensive investigation of head chemosensory organ physiology in an annelid. By combining microfluidics and calcium imaging, we record neuronal activity in the entire head of early juveniles upon chemical stimulation. We find that Platynereis uses four types of organs to detect stimuli such as alcohols, esters, amino acids and sugars. Antennae are the main chemosensory organs, compared to the more differentially responding nuchal organs or palps. We report chemically evoked activity in possible downstream brain regions including the mushroom bodies (MBs), which are anatomically and molecularly similar to insect MBs. We conclude that chemosensation is a major sensory modality for marine annelids and propose early Platynereis juveniles as a model to study annelid chemosensory systems.
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ARSLAN, NAIME, and DENIZ MERCAN. "The aquatic oligochaete fauna of Lake Çıldır, Ardahan-Kars, Turkey, including an updated checklist of freshwater annelids known to occur in the country." Zoosymposia 17, no. 1 (February 17, 2020): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.17.1.8.
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In this paper, we present the results of the first survey for aquatic oligochaetes in Lake Çıldır, northeastern Turkey, during which 22 oligochaete species were recorded from the lake. The results of this survey were integrated into an updated and annotated list of oligochaetes and other aquatic annelids occurring in the country, summarized from historical and recent publications. Currently, the freshwater annelid fauna of Turkey includes 150 species of oligochaetes (1 Crassiclitellata, 21 Enchytraeidae, 1 Propappidae, 1 Haplotaxidae, 4 Lumbriculidae, 56 Naidinae, 64 Tubificinae, 2 Lumbricidae), 1 species of Branchiobdellida, and 6 species of Aphanoneura (1 Potamodrilidae and 5 Aeolosomatidae). Although studies focusing on the aquatic oligochaete fauna of Turkey have increased over the past 15–20 years, species diversity still remains unclear.
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Bradshaw, Stuart A., Sean C. M. O'Hara, Eric D. S. Corner, and Geoffrey Eglinton. "Dietary lipid changes during herbivory and coprophagy by the marine invertebrate Nereis diversicolor." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 70, no. 4 (November 1990): 771–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400059051.
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Changes in dietary lipids (fatty acids, sterols and fatty alcohols) during herbivory and coprophagy by the annelid worm Hediste (Nereis) diversicolor (O.F. Müller) were modelled in laboratory feeding experiments. The dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea (Stein) was used as the food in herbivory; faeces from the crustacean Neomysis integer (Leach) after feeding on this same alga, were used as the food in coprophagy.Nereis is extremely efficient in its assimilation of dietary lipids and produces faeces with very low fatty acid:sterol (FAST) ratios in both herbivory and coprophagy. The net decrease in total lipid in both modes of feeding with this species suggests that annelids, where present, are as important as other invertebrate groups in affecting the flux of lipids through marine food chains.
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Parapar, Julio, Gudmundur V. Helgason, Igor Jirkov, and Juan Moreira. "Diversity and Taxonomy of Ampharetidae (Polychaeta) from Icelandic Waters." Polish Polar Research 35, no. 2 (July 29, 2014): 311–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/popore-2014-0019.
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Abstract Based on material collected during the BIOICE project off Iceland, the taxonomy and distribution of seventeen species (11 genera) of polychaetous annelids belonging to the family Ampharetidae (Annelida; Polychaeta) is reviewed. Eleven of these species were previously reported in the area or nearby areas: Amage auricula, Anobothrus gracilis, Glyp-hanostomum pallescens, Grubianella klugei, Lysippe fragilis, L. labiata, L. sexcirrata, L. vanelli, Samythella elongata, Sosane bathyalis and S. wireni. Five species, Amage benhami, Melinnampharete eoa, Noanelia hartmanae, Ymerana pteropoda and Zatsepinia rittichae, either never or only once reported after original description, are redescribed or discussed. A potentially new species, Amage sp., is described but not named because only one specimen is present. Several body characters of high taxonomic relevance in Ampha-retidae are reviewed using SEM. The distribution of each species off Iceland is provided.
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Espíndola-Gonzalez, A., R. Fuentes-Ramirez, A. L. Martínez-Hernández, V. M. Castaño, and C. Velasco-Santos. "Structural Characterization of Silica Particles Extracted from GrassStenotaphrum secundatum: Biotransformation via Annelids." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/956945.
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This study shows the structural characterization of silica particles extracted fromStenotaphrum secundatum(St. Augustine) grass using an annelid-based biotransformation process. This bioprocess starts when St. Augustine grass is turned into humus by vermicompost, and then goes through calcination and acid treatment to obtain silica particles. To determine the effect of the bioprocess, silica particles without biotransformation were extracted directly from the sample of grass. The characterization of the silica particles was performed using Infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS). Both types of particles showed differences in morphology and size. The particles without biotransformation were essentially amorphous while those obtained via annelids showed specific crystalline phases. The biological relationship between the metabolisms of worms and microorganisms and the organic-mineral matter causes changes to the particles' properties. The results of this study are important because they will allow synthesis of silica in cheaper and more ecofriendly ways.
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ROUSE, GREG W., and KRISTIAN FAUCHALD. "The articulation of annelids." Zoologica Scripta 24, no. 4 (October 1995): 269–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1995.tb00476.x.
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Parry, Luke, Alastair Tanner, and Jakob Vinther. "The origin of annelids." Palaeontology 57, no. 6 (September 12, 2014): 1091–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pala.12129.
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Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio Ignacio. "Biodiversity and Marine Annelids:." Biología y Sociedad 6, no. 12 (June 22, 2023): 14–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.29105/bys6.12-87.
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En esta contribución atiendo algunas cuestiones relativas al estudio de la biodiversidad y de los anélidos marinos(principalmente poliquetos) desde una perspectiva de las transiciones históricas y ambientales. Se revisa brevemente el origen del término biodiversidad y su rápido desplazamiento en el discurso político por el de desarrollo sostenible, aunque este último ha sido difícil de especificar o alcanzar. La importancia de los anélidos marinos se concibe desde las crisis ambientales contemporáneas, que han sido más severas en el medio marino. Se analiza la historia de la exploración oceanográfica desde el mercadeo de especias al descubrimiento de las especies, y de la transformación de los gabinetes de curiosidades en museos de historia natural. Se repasan los museos que contienen colecciones de anélidos marinos incluyendo los especialistas históricos y actuales, y se agrega un apéndice con las publicaciones principales sobre las colecciones del mundo. Para explicar la distribución de las especies se revisa la importancia de la latitud y de la temperatura incluyendo el establecimiento de regiones y provincias biogeográficas, y en la situación contrastante en las especies de anélidos marinos porque la mayoría eran consideradas cosmopolitas hasta los años 1980, cuando las revisiones planetarias se hicieron más frecuentes. Se presenta una serie de propuestas incluyendo una para renegociar y reducir la carga del pago de la deuda externa para cada nación, así como otros aspectos fundamentales para la formación de recursos humanos, la necesidad de actualizar la infraestructura de los laboratorios, de realizar inventarios, catálogos o claves ilustradas, y para clarificar las confusiones en la fauna regional, estudiar la especiación, y en la necesidad de realizar programas nacionales de monitoreo y de acciones para atenuar el cambio climático.
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Pickerill, Ron K. "Repository of Trentonia shegiriana Pickerill and Forbes, 1978 (Annelida, Polychaeta)." Journal of Paleontology 64, no. 6 (November 1990): 1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000019867.
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The holotype of the errant polychaete annelid Trentonia shegiriana Pickerill and Forbes, 1978 from the Middle Ordovician Trenton Group of the Quebec City area, Quebec, Canada (see Pickerill and Forbes, 1978, fig. 1, p. 660), and subsequently figured in Boardman et al. (1987, fig. 12.4, p. 199), has now been reposited in the Division of Natural Sciences, New Brunswick Museum, Saint John, New Brunswick, with the catalog number NBMG 6501. Although the Trenton Group in this area has yielded additional annelids of uncertain affinity (Conway Morris et al., 1982), the holotype of T. shegiriana still represents the only known specimen despite a further decade of investigation. At the time of publication, a repository for the specimen was unavailable, but Dr. R. Miller, Curator for Paleontological Collections, has now arranged to receive the specimen.
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Seaver, Elaine C. "Annelids shed light on the evolution of spiralian development." Canadian Journal of Zoology 95, no. 10 (October 2017): 705–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2016-0261.
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Spiralian development is characterized by stereotypic cell geometry and spindle orientation in early cleavage stage embryos, as well as conservation of ultimate fates of descendent clones. Diverse taxa such as molluscs, annelids, flatworms, and nemerteans exhibit spiralian development, but it is a mystery how such a conserved developmental program gives rise to such diverse body plans. This review highlights examples of variation during early development among spiralians, emphasizing recent experimental studies in the annelid Capitella teleta Blake, Grassle and Eckelbarger, 2009. Intracellular fate mapping studies in C. teleta reveal that many of its cells’ fates are shared among spiralians, but it also has a novel origin for trunk mesoderm (3c and 3d micromeres). Studies have identified an inductive signal in spiralians that has “organizing activity” and that influences cell fates in the surrounding embryo. Capitella teleta also has an organizing activity; however, surprisingly, it is localized to a different cell, it signals at a different developmental stage, and likely utilizes a distinct molecular signaling pathway compared with that in molluscs. A model is presented to provide a mechanistic explanation of evolutionary changes in the cellular identity of the organizer. Detailed experimental investigations in spiralian embryos demonstrate variation in developmental features that may influence the evolution of novel forms.