Journal articles: 'Annealing of metals'

1

Raabe, D., and K. Lücke. "Annealing textures of BCC metals." Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 27, no. 11 (December 1992): 1533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(92)90140-a.

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VERLINDEN, BERT. "Severe plastic deformation of metals." Metalurgija-Journal of Metallurgy 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2005): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30544/380.

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This paper provides an introduction in the field of severe plastic deformation (SPD). First of all the main methods to produce SPD materials are discussed. In the following section, the mechanisms leading to the formation of fine grains are reviewed and the influence of changes in strain path is highlighted. During post-SPD thermal annealing, some typical microstructural changes take place. The influence of SPD and subsequent annealing on strength, ductility and superplastic properties are reviewed. Finally the paper provides a short overview of fatigue resistance and corrosion properties of those materials.

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Danno, Katsunori, H. Saitoh, Akinori Seki, T. Shirai, Hiroshi Suzuki, T. Bessho, Yoichiro Kawai, and Tsunenobu Kimoto. "Diffusion and Gettering of Transition Metals in 4H-SiC." Materials Science Forum 717-720 (May 2012): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.717-720.225.

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Diffusion of transition metals in 4H-SiC has been investigated by secondary ion mass spectroscopy using epilayers and substrates implanted with titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), or nickel (Ni). In the epilayers, Cr, Fe, and Ni atoms have diffused by argon (Ar) annealing at 1780°C for 30 min. In n+ substrates, the diffusivity of the metals is smaller than that in the epilayers, and only Ni has diffused by the annealing. By the Ar or helium implantation following the implantation of transition metals, diffusion of transition metals can be successfully suppressed.

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Raabe, Dierk, and K. Lücke. "Rolling and Annealing Textures of BCC Metals." Materials Science Forum 157-162 (May 1994): 597–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.157-162.597.

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Kopezky, Ch V., V. Yu Novikov, L. K. Fionova, and N. A. Bolshakova. "Investigation of annealing twins in F.C.C. metals." Acta Metallurgica 33, no. 5 (May 1985): 873–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(85)90111-7.

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Grigoryeva, M. S., I. N. Zavestovskaya, and A. P. Kanavin. "Laser annealing of porous defects in metals." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 941 (December 2017): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/941/1/012032.

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7

Wu, Shengjie, Wanlin Wang, Chongxiang Yue, and Hualong Li. "Effect of hot band annealing prior to cold rolling on the mechanical toughness and magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 120, no. 3 (2023): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2023036.

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In this work, the effect of hot band annealing on subsequent microstructure, toughness and final magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steel was investigated. It was found that the hot band annealing temperature plays an important role in the microstructure, toughness, texture and final magnetic properties. After hot band annealing, the grain size of hot-rolled and final annealed steels were increased, which made contribution to the reduction of iron loss. Besides that, hot band annealing could enhance the favorable θ-fiber texture and weaken the unfavorable γ-fiber texture of the final annealed steel. The magnetic induction B5000 of final annealed steel increased with the increasing of hot band annealing temperature within the testing range. In addition, the coarsening grain size caused by high hot band annealing temperature leaded to a sharp decrease in toughness of the hot-rolled steel. An increase in test temperature would improve the impact toughness of hot-rolled steel after hot band annealing. When the test temperature rose to 100 °C, ductile fracture occurred in all the hot-rolled steels under the hot band annealing condition of 850–950 °C.

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Dong, Lili, Yonglin Ma, and Baozhi Liu. "Effect of magneto-thermal coupling treatment on microstructure and texture of CGO steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 119, no. 6 (2022): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022092.

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The research object of this paper is the common oriented silicon steel (CGO) with Si content of 3.1%. The magneto-thermal coupling processing device independently developed was used to conduct laboratory studies on magneto-thermal coupling decarburization annealing, magneto-thermal coupling high temperature pre-annealing and magneto-thermal coupling tensile leveling annealing. The microstructure and macroscopic texture of CGO steel after magneto-thermal coupling treatment were measured by Zeiss microscope and X-ray diffrotometer, and compared with the samples after conventional annealing process. The results show that the magneto-thermal coupling treatment at the decarburization annealing stage can promote the distribution of ferritic grains along the magnetic field direction. The cubic texture {001}<100> with high level fault energy and {111}＜112＞ texture also increases. In the high temperature pretreatment stage, the increase of {111}＜112＞ texture is more obvious after magnetic-thermal coupling treatment. The deviation angle of goss-oriented grain decreases after magneto-thermal coupling treatment in tensile leveling stage. The magneto-thermal coupling effect plays a positive role in the microstructure and texture of CGO steel during decarburization annealing, high temperature pre-annealing and tensile leveling annealing.

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Mandal, Siddhartha Sankar, Dipak Kumar Mondal, and Karuna Sindhu Ghosh. "Cyclic annealing versus continuous annealing of 20 wt.% chromium white cast iron." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 4 (2021): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021044.

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To destabilize as-cast microstructure of 20 wt.% chromium white iron, cyclic annealing involving repeated austenitization for short duration of 0.6 h at 900, 950, 1000, 1050 and 1100 °C followed by forced air cooling is conducted as an alternative to continuous annealing requiring austenitization for longer period of 4–6 h at the said temperatures followed by furnace cooling. Continuous austenitization destabilizes the austenite matrix through precipitation of secondary carbides and transforms the alloy depleted austenite to pearlite on furnace cooling, thereby reducing the as-cast hardness from HV 669 to HV466. In contrast, repeated austenitization not only destabilizes the austenite matrix through precipitation of secondary carbides followed by its transformation to martensite on forced air cooling, but also causes disintegration of longer eutectic carbides to shorter segments with subsequent increase in hardness to as high as HV 890. Notched impact toughness after both continuous and cyclic annealing remains uniformly at 12.0 J as compared to as-cast value of 6.0 J. Besides, an unexpected rise in abrasive wear resistance after cyclic annealing treatment makes the alloy superior than that obtained by continuous annealing treatment as practiced in industries.

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10

Ørsund, R., and E. Nes. "Subgrain growth during annealing of heavily deformed metals." Scripta Metallurgica 23, no. 7 (July 1989): 1187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0036-9748(89)90324-4.

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11

Ali, Walid Jalal, and Anas Obed Idres. "Affecting the Determination of Forming Limit Diagram for Sheet Metals." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 12, no. 4 (November 30, 2005): 67–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.12.4.10.

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The sheet metal forming is defined as the ability of metal to deform plastically (stretch forming) without necking or fracture. To control the sheets forming operation failure a diagram is used , in which the ; accepted forming , failure and critical regions are shown.This diagram is known as “Forming Limit Diagram”(FLD) . It is considered as an important tool todetermine the formability of sheet metals . The forming limit diagrams for Aluminum , low carbon Steel and Brass were constructed experimentally as received and after annealing (with and without lubrication). Results have shown that the forming limit diagram for Brass was the highest and for Aluminum was the lowest. Annealing and lubrication have increased FLD for all metals in different quantities . Highest values of strain limits were appeared in FLD using both annealing and lubrication in the same time (widening limit curve) specially in brass .

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12

Zheng, Xiangui, Jian Hu, Jiongxian Li, and Yinong Shi. "Achieving Ultrahigh Hardness in Electrodeposited Nanograined Ni-Based Binary Alloys." Nanomaterials 9, no. 4 (April 4, 2019): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9040546.

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Annealing hardening has recently been found in nanograined (ng) metals and alloys, which is ascribed to the promotion of grain boundary (GB) stability through GB relaxation and solute atom GB segregation. Annealing hardening is of great significance in extremely fine ng metals since it allows the hardness to keep increasing with a decreasing grain size which would otherwise be softened. Consequently, to synthesize extremely fine ng metals with a stable structure is crucial in achieving an ultrahigh hardness in ng metals. In the present work, direct current electrodeposition was employed to synthesize extremely fine ng Ni-Mo and Ni-P alloys with a grain size of down to a few nanometers. It is demonstrated that the grain size of the as-synthesized extremely fine ng Ni-Mo and Ni-P alloys can be as small as about 3 nm with a homogeneous structure and chemical composition. Grain size strongly depends upon the content of solute atoms (Mo and P). Most importantly, appropriate annealing induces significant hardening as high as 11 GPa in both ng Ni-Mo and Ni-P alloys, while the peak hardening temperature achieved in ng Ni-Mo is much higher than that in ng Ni-P. Electrodeposition is efficient in the synthesis of ultrahard bulk metals or coatings.

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13

Métraux, C., B. Grobéty, and P. Ulmer. "Filling of Chrysotile Nanotubes with Metals." Journal of Materials Research 17, no. 5 (May 2002): 1129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2002.0167.

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Nanowires were produced by injection of molten Hg and Pb into chrysotile nanotubes. The breakdown of chrysotile and the surface tension of the molten metals are the limiting factors for the filling procedure. The thermal stability of chrysotile nanotubes was investigated by infrared spectrometry, thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis, and x-ray diffraction analyses. For short-term thermal annealing (30 min) the tube morphology remains stable up to 700 °C. The high surface tension of both molten Pb and Hg (γLV > 200 mN/m) requires external pressure for the melts to penetrate into the tubes. Filling of the tubes was achieved under high pressure and high temperature conditions compatible with the stability range for chrysotile determined in the annealing experiments. Transmission electron microscopy observations confirmed high filling yields for both metals. Almost all nanotubes were partially filled with lead. The length of continuous wires ranged from tens to hundreds of nanometers. Additional experiments with tin were not successful.

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14

Li, Zhenjiang, Yujing Liu, Pengju Jia, Ruyi Zhang, Chao Luo, and Huiping Qi. "Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Fe-0.14C-5Mn-1Al-Ce steel during intercritical annealing." Metallurgical Research & Technology 119, no. 5 (2022): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022061.

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The effects of intercritical annealing time on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of a novel medium Mn steel (Fe-0.14C-5Mn-1Al-Ce) were investigated. The microstructure composed of lamellar ferrite and retained austenite (RA)/α’-martensite mixed phases after intercritical annealing. With the extension of intercritical annealing holding time, the volume fraction of RA first increases and then decreases, and RA is always formed at the high-angle grain boundaries of the ferrite. Both the product of Rm*A and the total elongation increase as the volume fraction of RA increases. The greater volume fraction of RA, the greater total elongation and Rm*A. The enrichment of carbon in RA was investigated by XRD and DICTRA. As intercritical annealing holding time increases, the carbon concentration in austenite decreases, while the change of the carbon concentration will affect the volume fraction of RA after intercritical annealing.

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15

Demirtas, M., and D. M. Sekban. "Optimization of strength, ductility and wear resistance of low-carbon grade A shipbuilding steel by post-ECAP annealing." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 2 (2021): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021021.

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Effect of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and subsequent annealing on the microstructure, mechanical properties and tribological behavior of grade A shipbuilding steel was investigated. Coarse-grained microstructure of initial sample is eliminated during the ECAP at 375 °C and more refined microstructure is achieved. Post-ECAP annealing at 575 °C results in some grain growth, and also the cementite lamellae in the pearlite colonies is broken and got spheroidised during the annealing treatment. ECAP increases strength and hardness of steel significantly while it decreases the ductility. On the other hand, post-ECAP annealing treatment brings about an increase in ductility and diminishes the hardness, as expected. Strain hardening capacity, ductility, hardness and oxidation rate were found to be the main factors affecting wear resistance of the grade A steel. It was found that high hardness and strength, good wear resistance with sufficiently high ductility can be achieved in the grade A steel by applying ECAP + annealing processes.

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16

Deng, Yonggang, and R. Devesh Kumar Misra. "Significant impact of intercritical annealing temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al substituted Si dual phase steel under ultra-rapid heating." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 4 (2021): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021051.

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The significant impact of ultra-rapid heating continuous annealing on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al substituted Si dual phase steel under hot-dip galvanized process was studied. The heating rate of 300 °C/s, and different annealing temperatures in the range of 750 °C to 810 °C were explored. The study indicated that the yield and tensile strengths are increased with the increase of intercritical annealing temperature during rapid heating continuous annealing. When the annealing temperature was 780 °C, the steel exhibited good comprehensive properties with yield strength of 574.9 MPa, tensile strength up to 1009 MPa, total elongation of 18.5%. This is attributed to refined microstructure, appropriate proportion of phases, high density of dislocations and finely distributed NbC precipitates. Furthermore, the variations in strength, elongation and strain-hardening behavior of the steel with thermomechanical parameters and the inherent mechanism for strengthening were further discussed in relation to the microstructural features.

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17

Ben Ammar, Yamen, Michel Darrieulat, and Asdin Aoufi. "Influence of the size of the prior β grains on the microstructure of β quenched Zircaloy-4." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 1 (December 14, 2018): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018110.

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This work deals with the influence on Zircaloy-4 of annealing in the β domain and subsequent quenching in view of extrusion. The effect of the size of the prior β grains on the microstructure is investigated. The results indicate that for prior β grain sizes up to 1.6 mm, the β quenched Widmanstätten microstructure is distributed between “parallel platelets” and “basket-weave”. However, sizes larger than 2 mm promote the formation of “basket-weave”. Double annealing in the β domain leads to the formation of large prior β grains with no need to anneal for a long time. Indeed, protracted annealing may lead to exaggerated growth. Efficient double annealing requires some conditions: rate of cooling after the first β annealing a few °C.s−1 (air cooling), heating rates of 1 or 2 °C.s−1 during the second rise in temperature. The second cooling should be somewhat quicker (possibly 12 °C.s−1 and above) to obtain the thin, intricate lamellae favored for extrusion.

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Cui, Junjun, Liqing Chen, Yanfei Li, Jiahua Liu, and Jiaqi Xie. "Effects of annealing treatment on mechanical properties of 8011 aluminum alloy after cryogenic rolling." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 2 (2019): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018067.

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In order to improve mechanical properties of roll cast 8011 aluminum alloy (AA 8011) by grain strengthening, and expand its application field, the effect of different annealing treating processes on mechanical properties and microstructures of cryogenic rolled AA 8011 was investigated. The roll cast AA 8011 was cryogenic rolled for six passes and then annealed. The annealing treatment was adopted at 100–300 °C for 1 h, and then the annealing treatment was adopted at 220 °C for 10–80 min. The microstructures of AA 8011 under roll cast and cryogenic rolled states were studied by using OM. The grain size was calculated by the Image-pro-plus 5.0. The microstructures of AA 8011 under annealing states were observed by using TEM and energy dispersive spectrum analysis. The results show that the second phase Al8Fe2Si appears in the cryogenic rolled AA 8011 after annealing treatment. When the dislocation moves in the grain, the dislocation plays a pinning role, which is conducive to grain refinement. The optical annealing treatment was treated at 220 °C for 40 min with optimal thermal stability. The ideal grain size is 1 μm, hardness is 65 HV, and tensile strength is 202 MPa. It is about 1.5 times of the roll cast AA 8011.

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Trumic, B., D. Stankovic, and A. Ivanovic. "The impact of cold deformation, annealing temperatures and chemical assays on the mechanical properties of platinum." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 46, no. 1 (2010): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb1001051t.

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In order to form the necessary data base on platinum and platinum metals, certain tests were carried out on platinum samples of different purity of 99.5%, 99.9% and 99.99%. The degree of cold deformation, annealing temperature and chemical assays were tested as well as their impact on the mechanical properties of platinum. The Vickers hardness (HV) values were determined with different deformation degree, starting from annealing temperatures for platinum of different purity and tensile strength (Rm), flow limit (Rp0,2) and elongation (A) in the function of annealing temperatures and annealing time at a constant deformation degree.

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Rokhlin, L. L., T. V. Dobatkina, N. Yu Tabachkova, I. E. Tarytina, and E. A. Lukyanova. "Phenomenon of reversion after ageing in magnesium alloys with gadolinium and samarium." Perspektivnye Materialy 12 (2020): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/1028-978x-2020-12-16-26.

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The parameters of reversion after hardening ageing of magnesium alloys containing two rare-earth metals: gadolinium (yttrium group) and samarium (cerium group) were determined at various ratios of their contents. The reversion was observed at short annealing at 250 and 300 °С beginning with 5 minutes after preliminary ageing at 200 °С up to maximum hardening and consisted of significant softening of the alloys then. Measurements of the electrical resistance indicated, that during softening the reverse dissolution of the rare-earth metals in magnesium-base solid solution takes place with diminution of the hardening particles quantity, precipitated during ageing before The reverse dissolution of the rare-earth metals into solid magnesium increases with elevating annealing temperature after ageing from 250 to 300 °С and with increase of the gadolinium to samarium ratio in the alloys.

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21

Iwata, T., and A. Iwase. "Damage production and annealing in ion-irradiated FCC metals." Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 113, no. 1-3 (March 1990): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10420159008213060.

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22

Pande, C. S., M. A. Imam, and B. B. Rath. "Study of annealing twins in fcc metals and alloys." Metallurgical Transactions A 21, no. 11 (November 1990): 2891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02647209.

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23

Ilyasov, Rafis, Oleg Sitdikov, Elena Avtokratova, and Michael Markushev. "Microstructure Development in Cold-Rolled Al-Mg-Sc-Zr Alloy under Furnace and Short Electric Pulse Annealing." Materials Science Forum 830-831 (September 2015): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.830-831.399.

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Effects of furnace and short electric pulses (SEP) annealing with current density of ~104A/mm2on the microstructure of the cold-rolled 01570c aluminum alloy, containing high densities of Al3(Sc,Zr) dispersoids, were investigated. The high potential of the SEP annealing to process fine-grained sheets from aluminum alloys with high additions of transition metals has been shown.

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Lotkov, Aleksandr, Victor Grishkov, Roman Laptev, Dorzhima Zhapova, Natalia Girsova, and Angelina Gusarenko. "Effect of Isochronous Annealings on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Ti49.8Ni50.2 (at.%) Alloy after abc Pressing at 573 K." Metals 13, no. 10 (September 22, 2023): 1632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13101632.

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The regularities and features of the evolution of the grain–subgrain structure, phase composition and mechanical properties in Ti49.8Ni50.2 (at.%), depending on the temperature of isochronous annealings at 573–973 K are herein studied. The state of the Ti49.8Ni50.2 (at.%) alloy samples after abc pressing at T = 573 K with the given true strain e = 9.55 was taken as the initial state. It is shown that the grain–subgrain structure of the samples after annealing for 1 h in the temperature range of 573–673 K changes slightly. In samples annealed at 673 K, regions with the microband structure similar to the microstructure of a fast-frozen turbulent liquid flow were found. It has been established that during annealing at 773 K the beginning of an active recrystallization process is realized; the size of grains does not exceed the submicrocrystalline scale (~200 nm). At 873 K, the recrystallization process occurs in the entire volume of the samples; the grains with an average size of 2 ± 0.5 µm are almost equiaxed. The microstructure of the samples after annealing at 973 K (with average grain sizes of 5 ± 0.5 µm) is qualitatively similar to the microstructure of the samples after annealing at 873 K. It was found that the phase composition of the samples as a result of isochronous annealing at 573–973 K changes from R and B19’ immediately after abc pressing to a three-phase state: B2, R and B19’ phases. It is shown that the highest values of yield stress σy, ultimate tensile strength σUTS (1043 MPa and 1232 MPa, correspondingly) and low ductility (the deformation to fracture εf = 48%) are observed in the initial samples. Increasing the temperature of post-deformation annealing and, correspondingly, the development of recrystallization, led to a decrease in σy, σUTS and an increase in εf to the values of these characteristics in the coarse-grained samples (σy = 400 MPa, σUTS = 920 MPa and εf = 90%).

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25

Saleem, Muhammad Farooq, Yi Peng, Liuyan Li, Bangdi Zhou, Jia Yang, Haixia Lu, Guoxin Li, et al. "Surface Plasmon Enhancement of an InGaN Quantum Well Using Nanoparticles Made of Different Metals and Their Combinations." Nanomaterials 12, no. 3 (January 24, 2022): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12030370.

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Surface plasmon (SP) enhancement of photoluminescence (PL) from a green-emitting InGaN/GaN quantum well (QW) using nanoparticles (NPs) made of different metals and their combinations was investigated. The NPs were formed by annealing the metal films in N2 followed by rapid cooling. Four-fold enhancement in PL intensity was achieved using random metal NPs made of Cu on Mg (Cu-Mg) double metal film that was more than two folds of the enhancement observed by AgNPs. Reversing the order of metal film deposition (Mg on Cu) resulted in much lower PL intensity due to significantly different NPs size distribution as the given annealing conditions did not cause homogeneous alloying of the two metals. The results pave the way for the application of NPs of relatively low-cost unconventional metals and their combinations in the SP enhancement of LEDs.

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Hidalgo-González, José Luis, José Trinidad Elizalde Galindo, Christian E. Botez, and José Andrés Matutes-Aquino. "Nanocrystalline Sm_0.5Y_0.5Co₅ Alloys with Enhanced Magnetic Properties." Advanced Materials Research 68 (April 2009): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.68.84.

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Nanocrystalline Sm0.5Y0.5Co5 powders (average crystal size d = 12 nm) were produced by arc melting pure metals followed by mechanical milling and annealing. Different milling/annealing times and annealing temperatures were used to optimize the hard magnetic properties of these nanopowders. A noticeably enhanced coercivity and remanence (coercivity of 2.1 MA/m, and σr/σmax = 0.7 respectively) were observed in samples milled for 240 minutes and then annealed for 1 minute at Temperatures ~1200K. Such remarkable magnetic properties stem from the high magnetocrystalline anisotropy field and the homogeneous grain size of the Sm0.5Y0.5Co5 nanocrystals.

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Feng, Rui, Weichao Zhao, Yumei Sun, Xiaowen Wang, Benkui Gong, Baoping Chang, and Tianjie Feng. "Softened Microstructure and Properties of 12 μm Thick Rolled Copper Foil." Materials 15, no. 6 (March 18, 2022): 2249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15062249.

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Up to now, 12 μm thick rolled copper foil is the thinnest rolled copper foil that can be stably produced. The softened microstructure and properties of 12 μm thick rolled copper foil were systematically studied in this paper. The softened process consists of thermal treatment at 180 °C for different times. The results show that the softened annealing texture is mainly cubic texture, and the cubic texture fraction increases with the increase in annealing time. The cubic texture fraction reaches the highest (34.4%) after annealing for 60 min. After annealing for 1–5 min, the tensile strength and the bending times decrease significantly. After annealing for 10–60 min, the tensile strength tends to be stable, and the bending times increase slightly. With the increase in annealing time, the electrical conductivity increases gradually, reaching 92% International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS) after annealing for 60 min. Electrical conductivity can be used as a fast and effective method to analyze the microstructure of metals.

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Lapovok, Rimma, Michael Dubrovsky, Anna Kosinova, and Georgy Raab. "Effect of Severe Plastic Deformation on the Conductivity and Strength of Copper-Clad Aluminium Conductors." Metals 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9090960.

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Aluminium rods with different copper sheath thicknesses were processed by severe plastic deformation at room temperature and then annealed, to join the constituent metals and produce a nanocrystalline microstructure. A study of the effects of the deformation parameters, copper cladding thickness and annealing temperature on the electrical conductivity and hardness of the conductors is reported. It is shown that an interface forms between constituents because of intermixing in the course of severe shear deformation under high hydrostatic pressure and diffusion during the subsequent annealing. The effective conductivity of the aluminium copper-clad conductor dropped after deformation, but was recovered during annealing, especially during short annealing at 200 °C, to a level exceeding the theoretically predicted one. In addition, the annealing resulted in increased hardness at the interface and copper sheath.

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Han, Ruo Bing, Chun Lei Wan, Hui Wu, and Wei Pan. "An Original Process of Nanoporous Materials via Templating Nickel Phosphate Colloidal Particles." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 1706–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.1706.

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A novel templating method for preparing nanoporous materials has been developed. Spherical nickel phosphate particles synthesized through a homogeneous precipitation method were used as templates after annealing to fabricate porous metals. Effort of annealing temperature on the morphology of the spherical particles and the structure of outcome materials were studied. Hierarchical nanoporous metal with a high surface area was obtained using a template annealed at 200 oC.

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Xia, ChangMing, LePing Bu, and Qi Zhou. "Annealing hardening behaviour of cold rolled Al_0.5CoNiCu high-entropy alloy." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2338, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2338/1/012050.

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Abstract The usually, softening occurs when metals are annealed, while for some special metals or alloys, the abnormal phenomenon of annealing hardening will occur. By means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), metallographic (OM) observation, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and hardness test, the microstructure and hardness of 79% cold rolled Al0.5CrFeCoNiCu high entropy alloy was studied after isothermal annealing for 1 hour at different temperatures, which revealed the cause of annealing induced hardening of the alloy. The results show that the homogenized high-entropy alloy is a face centered cubic (FCC) biphasic structure with close lattice constant. After annealing at 300-750°C, the microhardness of the alloy is higher than that of the cold rolled alloy (399hv); With the increase of annealing temperature, the hardness increased first and then decreased. After annealing at 500 °C for 1 hour, the hardness reached the peak (489hv). XRD phase analysis shows that the alloy will precipitate body centered cubic (BCC) phase when annealed at 500-950°C and precipitate σ phase when annealed at 700-850 °C; In addition, when annealed at 650°C and above, the dislocation recovery speed in FCC phase is accelerated and recrystallization will occur, resulting in rapid softening of the alloy. TEM observation showed that there were L12 nano-precipitates with ordered structure in the FCC phase of the matrix. Therefore, the reason for the hardness peak of the alloy annealed at 500°C is the joint action of dislocation strengthening and precipitation strengthening (L12 and BCC phases).

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Kuttner, R., G. Mallmann, and K. G. Butzbach. "New continuous annealing line for Rasselstein." Revue de Métallurgie 104, no. 12 (December 2007): 598–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal:2008004.

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32

Barkov, M. V., O. I. Mamzurina, M. V. Glavatskikh, R. Yu Barkov, and A. V. Pozdniakov. "Structure and properties of AL–Cu–Yb alloy with iron and silicon impurities." Izvestiya Vuzov. Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya (Universities' Proceedings Non-Ferrous Metallurgy), no. 3 (June 16, 2022): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2022-3-77-85.

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The effect of iron and silicon impurities on the phase composition and properties of the Al–4.3Cu–2.2Yb quasi-binary alloy was determined. In addition to the aluminum solid solution and dispersed eutectic ((Al) + Al8Cu4Yb) containing about 1 % of dissolved iron, Al3 Yb/(Al,Cu)17Yb2 and Al80Yb5Cu6 Si8 phases were identified in the cast alloy microstructure (the latter was not found in an alloy of a similar composition but without impurities). After homogenization annealing at t = 590 °C for 3 h, the structure is represented by compact fragmented and coagulated intermetallic compounds 1–2 μm in size, and a solid solution (Al) with a maximum copper content of 2.1 %. The hardness of deformed sheets significantly decreases after 30 min of annealing, and then changes slightly in the following 5.5 h of annealing at t = 150÷210 °C. After annealing at 180 °C (τ = 3 h), a substructure with a subgrain size of 200–400 nm is formed in the alloy structure. Rolled sheet softening occurs due to recovery and polygonization processes after annealing at temperatures up to 250 °C, and due to recrystallization after annealing at temperature above 300 °C. After annealing at 300 °C (τ = 1 h), the recrystallized grain size is 7 μm. The grain increases to 16 μm after annealing at t = 550 °C (τ = 1 h). The alloy under study has a high level of mechanical properties (conditional yield limit is 205–273 MPa, tensile strength is 215–302 MPa, relative elongation is 2.3–5.6 %) in the annealed state after rolling. Iron and silicon impurities do not lead to the formation of coarse lamellar intermetallic phases and do not reduce the ductility of the investigated alloy.

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Pal-Val, P., L. Pal-Val, V. Natsik, A. Davydenko, and A. Rybalko. "Giant Young’S Modulus Variations in Ultrafine-Grained Copper Caused by Texture Changes at Post-Spd Heat Treatment / Gigantyczne Zmiany Modułu Younga W Ultra Drobnoziarnistej Miedzi Spowodowane Przez Zmiany Tekstury W Trakcie Obróbki Cieplnej Po SPD." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 3073–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0491.

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The effect of annealing on dynamic Young’s modulus, E, of ultrafine-grained (UFG) copper obtained by combined severe plastic deformation (SPD) is investigated. It is established that Young’s modulus in the SPD-prepared samples exceeds that in the coarse-grained fully annealed (CGFA) samples by 10 to 20 %. Isothermal annealing at elevated temperatures between 90 and 630°С leads to a sharp decrease of Young’s modulus for annealing temperatures above 210°С. After annealing at 410°С, the value of E reaches its minimal value that is 35 % lower than E in CGFA samples (total change in E is about 47 % of the initial value). Further annealing at higher temperatures leads to an increase in Young’s modulus. It is shown, that the unusual behavior of Young’s modulus is caused by formation of the <111> axial texture in the SPD-treated samples which then is replaced by the <001> texture during the post-SPD heat treatment.

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34

Khodabakhshi, Farzad, Mohsen Kazeminezhad, Mohammad Azarnush, and Seyyed Hossein Miran. "Effect of Post Annealing Treatment on Nano-Structured Low Carbon Steel Sheets Processed by Constrained Groove Pressing." Materials Science Forum 667-669 (December 2010): 1009–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.667-669.1009.

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There are many works on annealing process of SPDed bulk metals but there are limited works on annealing process of SPDed sheets. Therefore, in this study the annealing response after constrained groove pressing (CGP) of low carbon steel sheets has been investigated. These sheets are subjected to severe plastic deformation at room temperature by CGP method up to three passes. Nano-structured low carbon steel sheets produced by severe plastic deformation are annealed at temperature range of 100 to 600 °C for 20 min. The microstructural changes after deformation and annealing are studied by optical microscopy. The effects of CGP strain and annealing temperature on microstructure, strength and hardness evolutions of the nano-scale grained low carbon steel are examined. The results show that annealing phenomena can effectively improve the elongation of process sheets with preserving the hardness and mechanical strength. Also, a thermal stability of microstructure can be observed with annealing at a temperature range of 375–425 °C and 400 °C is achieved as an optimum annealing temperature. Microstructure after post-annealing at temperatures of higher than 600 °C shows abnormal grain growth.

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35

Zhou, You, Cheng Zhou, Dongpo Xuan, Tianliang Jiang, and Wenhao Fan. "Microstructure, texture and magnetic properties of the semi-processed strip-cast non-oriented electrical steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 121, no. 2 (2024): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2024014.

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{100}<0vw> texture is the favorable texture in non-oriented electrical steels (NOES). However, the conventional processes are difficult to produce NOES with strong {100}<0vw> texture. In this study, the 0.35 mm thick 3.1% Si NOES with strong {100}<0vw> texture was produced by the top-side pouring twin-roll casting, cold rolling with or without intermediate annealing, and final annealing process. The microstructure and texture were characterized by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction. Compared to the one-stage cold-rolled strip-cast NOES, the semi-processed (two-stage cold-rolled) strip-cast NOES with intermediate annealing at 650 °C and 700 °C have stronger {100}<0vw> texture and better magnetic properties. The reason is that the semi-processing method can avoid the encroachment on {100}<0vw> grains by other oriented grains, which can encroach on the {100}<0vw> grains by strain-induced grain boundary migration mechanism. Furthermore, the effect of intermediate annealing temperature on the microstructure, texture, and magnetic properties of the semi-processed strip-cast NOES were studied.

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Kim, Won Nyeon, In Kyu Kim, and Sun Ig Hong. "Mechanical Performance and Ductility of Cu/Al/Cu Clad Metals." Advanced Materials Research 1102 (May 2015): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1102.7.

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The tensile mechanical performance and ductility of Cu/Al/Cu clad composite were studied. Brittle interfacial reaction compounds were observed at Cu/Al interfaces after annealing at 500°C. The ultimate tensile strength of the tri-layered Cu/Al/Cu clad plates is in close agreement with those calculated from the UTS data of separated Cu and Al layers using the rule of mixture. The loss of ductility in Cu/Al/Cu and separate Cu upon annealing at 500°C is associated with the brittle intermetallic layer. The greater ductility of as-roll-bonded Cu/Al/Cu than those of both Cu and Al is linked to the excellent interface bonding after roll-bonding. Excellent bonding at Cu/Al interface is prerequisites for improvement ductility of clad composite.

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Krztoń, Hanna J., Dariusz Kuc, and Zofia Kania. "The Studies of Texture in Cold Rolled and Annealed Sheets of Mn-Al Steel." Solid State Phenomena 203-204 (June 2013): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.203-204.38.

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The effect of cold rolling and annealing treatments in two temperatures, 800°C and 900°C on texture formation in duplex steel (X60MnAl30-9) was examined. Texture measurements were carried out using X-ray diffraction and Schulz reflection technique. The mechanical properties i. e. 0.2% proof stress, ultimate tensile strength and elongation were measured for each experimental conditions. It was found that ferrite was characterized by the orientations of a fibre which could be found in cold rolling state and also after the annealing in both temperatures. The weak orientations close to g fibre were observed after the annealing. The cold rolling texture of austenite was a typical texture of cold rolled fcc metals. No significant changes in texture of austenite after the annealing treatments were found.

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38

Purwaningrum, Yustiasih, Dwi Darmawan, and Panji Lukman Tirta Kusuma. "Heat Treatment, Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of T-Joint Steel Arc Welded." Applied Mechanics and Materials 876 (February 2018): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.876.36.

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Heat treatment of T-Joint’s steel arc welded are performed are investigated in this research. The heat treatment process that used were annealing and quenching. The microstructure was investigated by optical microscope. The mechanical behavior of the samples was investigated using universal tensile testing machine for tensile test and Microvickers hardness method for hardness testing. The microstructure of welding zone of welding metals with various heat treatments is grain boundary ferrite, Widmanstatten ferrite and acicular ferrite. The weld metal with quenching treatment has a highest tensile strength with tensile strength 197.97 Mpa. The quenching process increases the tensile strength by 49.58 %. The distortion value in weld metal without heat treatment, quenching and annealing is 0.11mm; 0.04 mm and 0.08 mm respectively. The hardness number of weld metals with quenching process have a highest number base metal, HAZ and weld metals. Results showed that the mechanical properties of T-joints steel arc welded can be improved by various heat treatments.

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39

Grechnikov, F. V., Ya A. Erisov, S. V. Surudin, and V. A. Razzhivin. "Effect of reduction ratio during cold rolling and final annealing temperature on the properties and microstructure of Al–Mg–Sc alloy sheets." Izvestiya Vuzov. Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya (Universities' Proceedings Non-Ferrous Metallurgy) 28, no. 4 (August 19, 2022): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2022-4-75-83.

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The study covers the effect of the reduction ratio during cold rolling (εh) and the final annealing temperature of sheets rolled with different reduction ratios on the microstructure and the complex of mechanical and processing properties of cold-rolled sheets made of the V-1579 aluminum alloy of the Al–Mg–Sc system. It was established that as εh increases, the nature of plastic anisotropy changes slightly, and an increase in tensile strength and yield strength with a decrease in relative elongation is observed. In this case, the ultimate strength and yield strength anisotropy is practically absent. As the reduction ratio increases to 30–40 %, the relative elongation anisotropy increases, and its value in the rolling direction decreases more rapidly. However, after rolling with εh > 50 %, the relative elongation anisotropy practically disappears. Regardless of the annealing temperature, samples rolled with a higher reduction ratio have better strength properties. It was found that as the annealing temperature increases, the ultimate strength and yield strength decrease, and the relative elongation increases. In this case, softening with an increase in the annealing temperature occurs more intensively for samples rolled with a lower reduction. After annealing, the distribution nature of anisotropy indices in the sheet plane does not decrease and corresponds to the deformation type of textures for all analyzed modes. Moreover, the value of the in-plane anisotropy coefficient decreases in comparison with a cold-rolled sample. At the same time, processing properties of samples rolled with a higher degree of deformation after annealing are higher than those of samples rolled with a lower reduction, regardless of the annealing temperature.

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40

Betekhtin V.I., Kadomtsev A. G., Narykova M. V., Lihachev A. I., Amosova O. V., Saenko M. Yu., and Kolobov Yu. R. "Evolution of the defective structure during long-term loading of ultrafine-grained titanium VT1-0 obtained by intensive plastic deformation." Physics of the Solid State 64, no. 11 (2022): 1761. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pss.2022.11.54203.387.

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For high-strength titanium VT1-0, the ultrafine-grained structure of which was obtained by mechanical-thermal treatment using the methods of helical and longitudinal rolling followed by annealing to relieve stress of the first kind. The effect of long-term loading in the creep mode at elevated temperature on the size and shape of grains has been studied. A similar study was previously carried out for recrystallized coarse-grained titanium transferred from the ultrafine-grained state by isothermal annealing. Based on the data obtained in the work and the previous results of the authors, the factors affecting the mechanical stability (durability) of ultrafine-grained metals obtained under severe plastic deformation were analyzed. Keywords: creep, durability, nanopores, ultrafine-grained metals, titanium, recrystallization.

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41

Niessen, Frank, Flemming Bjerg Grumsen, John Hald, and Marcel Adrianius Johannes Somers. "Formation and stabilization of reverted austenite in supermartensitic stainless steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 4 (2018): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018051.

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The formation and stabilization of reverted austenite upon inter-critical annealing was investigated in a X4CrNiMo16-5-1 (EN 1.4418) supermartensitic stainless steel by means of scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter-diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and dilatometry. The results were supported by thermodynamics and kinetics models, and hardness measurements. Isothermal annealing for 2 h in the temperature range of 475 to 650 °C led to gradual softening of the material which was related to tempering of martensite and the steady increase of the reverted austenite phase fraction. Annealing at higher temperatures led to a gradual increase in hardness which was caused by formation of fresh martensite from reverted austenite. It was demonstrated that stabilization of reverted austenite is primarily based on chemical stabilization by partitioning, consistent with modeling results.

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42

Lan, Yong Jun, and C. Pinna. "Modelling Textures Formed during the Plane Strain Compression and Subsequent Static Recrystallisation of Body-Centred Cubic (BCC) Metals." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 3040–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.3040.

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The Plane Strain Compression and Static Recrystallisation Textures of BCC Metals Have Been Simulated Using a Coupled 3D Crystal Plasticity Finite Element (CPFE)-Single Phase Field (PF) Model Using an Interstitial-Free (IF) Steel as an Example. the Recrystallisation Nucleation Is Modelled Based on the Orientation Dependent Recovery (ODR) Theory which Assumes that Deformation Texture Components with a Relatively High Number of Slip Systems Activated during the Plane Strain Compression Undergo a Faster Recovery Process during the Subsequent Annealing due to the Cross Slip of Dislocations and as a Result Will Nucleate Earlier than Others. the Growth of Strain-Free Grains Is Simulated Using the Mis-Orientation Angle Dependent Grain Boundary Energy and Interface Mobility. A Linear Interpolation Method Is Adopted to Map the Data between the CPFE Model of Deformation and the Single PF Model of Recrystallisation. Simulated Results Show a Qualitative Agreement with the Typical Rolling and Annealing Textures Measured Experimentally for BCC Metals. Apart from the Texture and Grain Structure Formed during Deformation and Annealing, the Softening Fraction Can Also Be Simulated Using the Developed Model.

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43

Liu, Qing, W. Q. Cao, and Andrew Godfrey. "Microstructural Parameter-Based Characterization of Annealing Behaviour in Metals Deformed to High Strains." Materials Science Forum 467-470 (October 2004): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.467-470.387.

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The transition from discontinuous recrystallization to a continuous recovery process during annealing of aluminium deformed to high plastic strains has been investigated by following several different microstructural parameters. Samples were examined following equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE), accumulated roll bonding (ARB) and high-strain conventional rolling (HSCR). Local variations in the uniformity of coarsening have been characterized by an analysis of grain size distributions, obtained from electron backscatter pattern investigations. Except for at the lowest strains the distributions were not obviously bimodal. Methods of separating the distributions into two parts based on the mean value have therefore also been examined. The results suggest that the presence of a high fraction of high angle boundaries (>15o) in the microstructure may be a necessary but not sufficient condition for continuous recovery during annealing. The annealing behaviour can be related in part to the heterogeneity of the deformed microstructures, which can be pronounced even after strains of ≈ 10 (ECAE). The presence of oxide particles in the ARB sample has a beneficial effect in limiting the grain growth.

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Berger, Clement, Jean François Michaud, David Chouteau, and Daniel Alquier. "Laser Annealing Simulations of Metallisations Deposited on 4H-SiC." Materials Science Forum 963 (July 2019): 502–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.963.502.

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Based on finite elements method, thermal simulations were conducted to reproduce a laser annealing of several common metals deposited on 4H-SiC. We estimated the temperature reached at the metal/4H-SiC interface to check the possibility to achieve ohmic contact formation through laser annealing. An optimization of Al/Ti/4H-SiC stacking was also considered. Simulations highlighted the low temperature of the non-irradiated SiC face that allows using grinded wafer.

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45

Doyama, Masao. "History of Research on Point Defects in Metals. Especially Stage III Annealing in Irradiated Metals." Materia Japan 37, no. 8 (1998): 651–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.37.651.

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46

Sparks, D. R., N. S. Alvi, and Mysore A. Dayananda. "The Behavior of Transition Metals in Silicon during Annealing Transients." Defect and Diffusion Forum 59 (January 1991): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.59.239.

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47

Huang, X. "Hardening by Annealing and Softening by Deformation in Nanostructured Metals." Science 312, no. 5771 (April 14, 2006): 249–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1124268.

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48

de la Rubia, T. Diaz, N. Soneda, M. J. Caturla, and E. A. Alonso. "Defect production and annealing kinetics in elemental metals and semiconductors." Journal of Nuclear Materials 251 (November 1997): 13–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3115(97)00265-1.

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49

Waryoba, Daudi, Zahabul Islam, Baoming Wang, and Aman Haque. "Low temperature annealing of metals with electrical wind force effects." Journal of Materials Science & Technology 35, no. 4 (April 2019): 465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2018.09.069.

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50

Lendzion-Bieluń, Zofia, and Marta Gleń. "Studies on the recrystalization of nanocrystalline metals." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-007-0079-7.

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Studies on the recrystalization of nanocrystalline metals The influence of the promoters such as CaO, Al2O3 and K2O on the specific surface area of the nanocrystalline cobalt was determined. The recrystalization process of the nanocrystalline cobalt was determined and compared with the examinations conducted on the iron catalyst for ammonia synthesis. The triply promoted nanocrystalline obtained cobalt after the annealing process, has got greater specific surface area than the triply promoted iron.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Annealing of metals'

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