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1
Chen, Xiaoming. "Two-dimensional constrained anisotropic inversion of magnetotelluric data." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2012. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2012/6316/.
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Tectonic and geological processes on Earth often result in structural anisotropy of the subsurface, which can be imaged by various geophysical methods. In order to achieve appropriate and realistic Earth models for interpretation, inversion algorithms have to allow for an anisotropic subsurface. Within the framework of this thesis, I analyzed a magnetotelluric (MT) data set taken from the Cape Fold Belt in South Africa. This data set exhibited strong indications for crustal anisotropy, e.g. MT phases out of the expected quadrant, which are beyond of fitting and interpreting with standard isotropic inversion algorithms. To overcome this obstacle, I have developed a two-dimensional inversion method for reconstructing anisotropic electrical conductivity distributions.
The MT inverse problem represents in general a non-linear and ill-posed minimization problem with many degrees of freedom: In isotropic case, we have to assign an electrical conductivity value to each cell of a large grid to assimilate the Earth's subsurface, e.g. a grid with 100 x 50 cells results in 5000 unknown model parameters in an isotropic case; in contrast, we have the sixfold in an anisotropic scenario where the single value of electrical conductivity becomes a symmetric, real-valued tensor while the number of the data remains unchanged. In order to successfully invert for anisotropic conductivities and to overcome the non-uniqueness of the solution of the inverse problem it is necessary to use appropriate constraints on the class of allowed models. This becomes even more important as MT data is
not equally sensitive to all anisotropic parameters. In this thesis, I have developed an algorithm through which the solution of the anisotropic inversion problem is calculated by minimization of a global penalty functional consisting of three entries: the data misfit, the model roughness constraint and the anisotropy constraint. For comparison, in an isotropic approach only the first two entries are minimized. The newly defined anisotropy term is measured by the sum of the square difference of the principal conductivity values of the model. The basic idea of this constraint is straightforward. If an isotropic model is already adequate to explain the data, there is no need to introduce electrical anisotropy at all.
In order to ensure successful inversion, appropriate trade-off parameters, also known as regularization parameters, have to be chosen for the different model constraints. Synthetic tests show that using fixed trade-off parameters usually causes the inversion to end up by either a smooth model with large RMS error or a rough model with small RMS error. Using of a relaxation approach on the regularization parameters after each successful inversion iteration will result in smoother inversion model and a better convergence. This approach seems to be a sophisticated way for the selection of trade-off parameters. In general, the proposed inversion method is adequate for resolving the principal conductivities defined in horizontal plane. Once none of the principal directions of the anisotropic structure is coincided with the predefined strike direction, only the corresponding effective conductivities, which is the projection of the principal conductivities onto the model coordinate axes direction, can be resolved and the information about the rotation angles is
lost.
In the end the MT data from the Cape Fold Belt in South Africa has been analyzed. The MT data exhibits an area (> 10 km) where MT phases over 90 degrees occur. This part of data cannot be modeled by standard isotropic modeling procedures and hence can not be properly interpreted. The proposed inversion method, however, could not reproduce the anomalous large phases as desired because of losing the information about rotation angles. MT phases outside the first quadrant are usually obtained by different anisotropic anomalies with oblique anisotropy strike. In order to achieve this challenge, the algorithm needs further developments. However, forward modeling studies with the MT data have shown that surface highly conductive heterogeneity in combination with a mid-crustal electrically anisotropic zone are required to fit the data. According to known geological and tectonic information the mid-crustal zone is interpreted as a deep aquifer related to the fractured Table Mountain Group rocks in the Cape Fold Belt.Tektonische und geologische Prozesse verursachen häufig eine strukturelle Anisotropie des Untergrundes, welche von verschiedenen geophysikalischen Methoden beobachtet werden kann. Zur Erstellung und Interpretation geeigneter, realistischer Modelle der Erde sind Inversionsalgorithmen notwendig, die einen anisotropen Untergrund einbeziehen können. Für die vorliegende Arbeit habe ich einen magnetotellurischen (MT) Datensatz vom Cape Fold Gürtel in Südafrika untersucht. Diese Daten weisen auf eine ausgeprägte Anisotropie der Kruste hin, da z.B. die MT Phasen außerhalb des erwarteten Quadranten liegen und nicht durch standardisierte isotrope Inversionsalgorithmen angepasst und ausgewertet werden können. Um dieses Problem zu beheben, habe ich eine zweidimensionale Inversionsmethode entwickelt, welche eine anisotrope elektrische Leitfähigkeitsverteilungen in den Modellen zulässt. Die MT Inversion ist im allgemeinen ein nichtlineares, schlecht gestelltes Minimierungsproblem mit einer hohen Anzahl an Freiheitsgraden. Im isotropen Fall wird jeder Gitterzelle eines Modells ein elektrischer Leitfähigkeitswert zugewiesen um den Erduntergrund nachzubilden. Ein Modell mit beispielsweise 100 x 50 Zellen besitzt 5000 unbekannte Modellparameter. Im Gegensatz dazu haben wir im anisotropen Fall die sechsfache Anzahl, da hier aus dem einfachen Zahlenwert der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit ein symmetrischer, reellwertiger Tensor wird, wobei die Anzahl der Daten gleich bleibt. Für die erfolgreiche Inversion von anisotropen Leitfähigkeiten und um die Nicht-Eindeutigkeit der Lösung des inversen Problems zu überwinden, ist eine geeignete Einschränkung der möglichen Modelle absolut notwendig. Dies wird umso wichtiger, da die Sensitivität von MT Daten nicht für alle Anisotropieparameter gleich ist. In der vorliegenden Arbeit habe ich einen Algorithmus entwickelt, welcher die Lösung des anisotropen Inversionsproblems unter Minimierung einer globalen Straffunktion berechnet. Diese besteht aus drei Teilen: der Datenanpassung, den Zusatzbedingungen an die Glätte des Modells und die Anisotropie. Im Gegensatz dazu werden beim isotropen Fall nur die ersten zwei Parameter minimiert. Der neu definierte Anisotropieterm wird mit Hilfe der Summe der quadratischen Abweichung der Hauptleitfähigkeitswerte des Modells gemessen. Die grundlegende Idee dieser Zusatzbedingung ist einfach. Falls ein isotropes Modell die Daten ausreichend gut anpassen kann, wird keine elektrische Anisotropie zusätzlich in das Modell eingefügt. Um eine erfolgreiche Inversion zu garantieren müssen geeignete Regularisierungsparameter für die verschiedenen Nebenbedingungen an das Modell gewählt werden. Tests mit synthetischen Modellen zeigen, dass bei festgesetzten Regularisierungsparametern die Inversion meistens entweder in einem glatten Modell mit hohem RMS Fehler oder einem groben Modell mit kleinem RMS Fehler endet. Die Anwendung einer Relaxationsbedingung auf die Regularisierung nach jedem Iterationsschritt resultiert in glatteren Inversionsmodellen und einer höheren Konvergenz und scheint ein ausgereifter Weg zur Wahl der Parameter zu sein. Die vorgestellte Inversionsmethode ist im allgemeinen in der Lage die Hauptleitfähigkeiten in der horizontalen Ebene zu finden. Wenn keine der Hauptrichtungen der Anisotropiestruktur mit der vorgegebenen Streichrichtung übereinstimmt, können nur die dazugehörigen effektiven Leitfähigkeiten, welche die Projektion der Hauptleitfähigkeiten auf die Koordinatenachsen des Modells darstellen, aufgelöst werden. Allerdings gehen die Informationen über die Rotationswinkel verloren. Am Ende meiner Arbeit werden die MT Daten des Cape Fold Gürtels in Südafrika analysiert. Die MT Daten zeigen in einem Abschnitt des Messprofils (> 10 km) Phasen über 90 Grad. Dieser Teil der Daten kann nicht mit herkömmlichen isotropen Modellierungsverfahren angepasst und daher mit diesen auch nicht vollständig ausgewertet werden. Die vorgestellte Inversionsmethode konnte die außergewöhnlich hohen Phasenwerte nicht wie gewünscht im Inversionsergebnis erreichen, was mit dem erwähnten Informationsverlust der Rotationswinkel begründet werden kann. MT Phasen außerhalb des ersten Quadranten können für gewöhnlich bei Anomalien mit geneigter Streichrichtung der Anisotropie gemessen werden. Um diese auch in den Inversionsergebnissen zu erreichen ist eine Weiterentwicklung des Algorithmus notwendig. Vorwärtsmodellierungen des MT Datensatzes haben allerdings gezeigt, dass eine hohe Leitfähigkeitsheterogenität an der Oberfläche in Kombination mit einer Zone elektrischer Anisotropie in der mittleren Kruste notwendig sind um die Daten anzupassen. Aufgrund geologischer und tektonischer Informationen kann diese Zone in der mittleren Kruste als tiefer Aquifer interpretiert werden, der im Zusammenhang mit den zerrütteten Gesteinen der Table Mountain Group des Cape Fold Gürtels steht.
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Adams, Amy Lynn. "Permeability anisotropy and resistivity anisotropy of mechanically compressed mudrocks." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90036.
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Thesis: Ph. D. in Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 313-322).
Permeability anisotropy (the ratio of the horizontal to vertical permeability) is an important parameter used in sedimentary basin models and geotechnical design to model fluid flow, locate hydrocarbon reserves and estimate stress and pressure evolution. The magnitude of the permeability anisotropy for a given mudrock is difficult to measure; further, whether the permeability anisotropy is a constant value or evolves with the basin state is of active debate. This thesis experimentally investigates the development of permeability anisotropy in mechanically compressed mudrocks. A novel measurement method is developed using resedimented cubic specimens. The permeability anisotropy of Resedimented Boston Blue Clay (RBBC) is systematically measured to determine both the magnitude and evolution of the permeability anisotropy. The permeability anisotropy predicted using measurements of the mudrock fabric is compared with the measured permeability anisotropy to understand the relationship between fabric evolution and permeability anisotropy. Finally, resistivity anisotropy is compared with permeability anisotropy to reveal useful field correlations. The results of the RBBC study are contrasted with additional measurements made using mudrocks covering a range of plasticity, clay fraction and mineralogical composition. The permeability anisotropy and the conductivity anisotropy (inverse of the resistivity anisotropy) of uniform RBBC increase from 1.2 to 1.9 as the porosity decreases from 0.49 to 0.36. The permeability decreases by over one order of magnitude and the formation factor triples over this porosity range. Platy particles rotate from ~ 42 to 28 degrees to the horizontal, driving permeability anisotropy development. Further decreasing the porosity of RBBC below porosity 0.36 decreases both the permeability anisotropy and the conductivity anisotropy. Finally, the conductivity anisotropy is shown to equal to the permeability anisotropy within +/-20%. This general behaviour is characteristic of all mudrocks studied. Though small (<2), the permeability anisotropy of uniform mudrocks can significantly increase the permeability anisotropy of larger systems, as shown through layered system models. These models also reveal that the large scale conductivity anisotropy is not equal to the permeability anisotropy, though the relationship identified for uniform mudrocks may still be useful for sites with high measurement resolution.
by Amy Lynn Adams.
Ph. D. in Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
3
Rostamabad, Houshang Mansouri. "Distinguishing stress-induced anisotropy from fracture-induced anisotropy, and the implications of stress-induced anisotropy for time-lapse seismic." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/108.
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Ouahioune, Nedjma. "MOKE set-upto measure magnetic anisotropy : MOKE set-upto measure magnetic anisotropy." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Materialfysik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-414388.
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Wack, Michael Richard. "Anisotropy of magnetic remanence." Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-145717.
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Robson, Martin. "The Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319559.
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Wheatley, Richard James. "The anisotropy of repulsion." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359829.
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Eisenbach, Markus. "Magnetic anisotropy in nanostructures." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364862.
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Walsh, James Paul Slater. "Anisotropy in molecular magnetism." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/anisotropy-in-molecular-magnetism(11474b91-0d3d-4b0a-97cd-214d1713674e).html.
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A collection of studies are reported that focus on the examination of exchange interactions in complexes containing paramagnetic ions with a large magnetic anisotropy. A number of complementary techniques are used to analyse the complicated systems that arise, including high-field high-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance, inelastic neutron scattering, SQUID magnetometry, and ab initio calculations. The nuclearity of the complexes ranges from dimetallic, to trimetallic, to octametallic. A family of five water- and carboxylate-bridged nickel(II) dimetallics are the focus of a magneto-structural correlation study that succeeds in measuring the magnitude of the exchange interaction despite dominating effects from large zero-field splitting effects. Similar work is reported for four cobalt(II) analogues of these compounds, with the relationship between exchange interactions and geometry also being probed by pressure INS. Charge density studies that combine high resolution X-ray and neutron diffraction studies are reported on cobalt and nickel analogues from the same family of dimetallics, revealing strong evidence for non-direct exchange. A family of four trimetallic triangle complexes containing two nickel(II) ions and one chromium(III) ion bridged by a central fluoride and a total of six carboxylates are reported, and the exchange interactions are elucidated from a global model that accounts for the low-field magnetic, heat capacity, and EPR data. Two new octametallic vanadium(III) wheels—where each pair of adjacent metals are bridged by a fluoride and two carboxylates—are reported along with preliminary results from magnetic measurements and solid state proton NMR spectra, which reveal significant field-dependent effects arising from level crossings at high fields.
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Thorsteinsson, Throstur. "Anisotropy of ice Ih : development of fabric and effects of anisotropy on deformation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6844.
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Chen, Christopher H. K. "Anisotropy of solar wind turbulence." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/6375.
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As well as being of fundamental interest, understanding plasma turbulence is important for many areas of astrophysics and space physics that remain to be fully understood, such as accretion disk dynamics, the origin of cosmic rays and coronal heating. The anisotropy with respect to the magnetic fi eld is central to understanding plasma turbulence, but this has only recently started to be measured in detail. The solar wind provides a unique opportunity to study this anisotropy due to the range of high precision in situ measurements available. In this thesis, the anisotropy of solar wind turbulence is measured using data from the multi-spacecraft Cluster mission. At all scales measured, the fluctuations are found to be spatially anisotropic: elongated along the direction of the magnetic field. The scaling of the turbulence is also anisotropic, with a steeper spectral index in the direction parallel to the local magnetic fi eld. This is consistent with the fluctuations being in critical balance: having approximately equal linear wave timescales and nonlinear eddy decay timescales. At large scales, the anisotropy of the density and parallel magnetic fi eld fluctuations follows that of the perpendicular Alfvénic turbulence, in agreement with passive scalar theory. One puzzling result, however, is the scaling of the parallel magnetic field at small scales, which does not follow theoretical expectations. For the fi rst time, the technique used to measure the anisotropy of solar wind turbulence is applied to turbulence in reduced magnetohydrodynamic simulations. Again, the anisotropic scaling is seen, which is in agreement with critical balance predictions. It is also shown that when measuring the anisotropy with respect to the global, rather than local magnetic field, the anisotropic scaling cannot always be properly measured, which explains the previous apparently contradictory measurements in the literature.
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Chakravarty, Subhashish. "Bayesian surface smoothing under anisotropy." Diss., University of Iowa, 2007. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/169.
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Fard, Samad Moemen Bellah. "Modelling anisotropy in electrotechnical steels." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263551.
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Nordquist, Taylor James. "Permeability anisotropy of resedimented mudrocks." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99578.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2015.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 257-260).
Permeability anisotropy (ratio of horizontal to vertical permeability) is an important but uncertain parameter used in characterizing underground formations. While it is a fairly unknown parameter, it is integral for the petroleum industry, where a greater permeability anisotropy understanding can greatly aid in basin modelling, pore pressure prediction, and borehole stability. This research experimentally characterizes the permeability anisotropy of several mudrocks, which are clay-rich sedimentary formations, using re-sedimentation, a process of homogenization of naturally-occurring soils and recreation of the sedimentation environment in a controlled laboratory setting. The permeability anisotropy of resedimented Boston Blue Clay (RBBC), an illitic lean clay (CL), increases from 1.5 to 3 when mechanically compressed from 0.1 to 40 MPa, corresponding to porosities ranging from 0.55 to 0.26. Resedimented Gulf of Mexico - Eugene Island mudrock (RGoM-EI), a smectitic fat clay (CH), exhibits permeability anisotropy increasing from 1 to 5 when compressed to the same stresses, corresponding to porosities ranging from 0.6 to 0.25. Not only does smectitic RGoM-EI mudrock transition to greater anisotropy with compression, but the rate of increase accelerates with compression. These measurements are made using a commercially-available Trautwein® constant rate of strain (CRS) consolidometer with vertical drainage combined with a novel radially-outward draining CRS device. The combination of the vertically and radially draining CRS devices produces permeability anisotropy data quickly, with very little scatter. For RGoM-EI, the effects of horizontal shearing to 29.5% shear strain at 0.14 MPa on permeability anisotropy are negligible. Permeability anisotropy of the homogeneous resedimented mudrocks tested, using a cubic specimen constant head permeameter within a triaxial cell, is directly correlated to their electrical conductivity anisotropy. The permeability anisotropy values measured using this technology, however, are lower than those measured using CRS testing.
by Taylor James Nordquist.
S.M.
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Lam, Yukyam 1982. "Dark energy and CMB anisotropy." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32743.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-60).
According to the WMAP and earlier COBE observations, the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropy power on large angular scales appears to be significantly lower than predicted by the standard model of cosmology. We propose a scalar field model of the dark energy as a mechanism for suppressing low l multipoles through late-Universe evolution of metric fluctuations and the integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) effect. We find that for a constant dark energy equation of state, theoretical predictions actually give a larger (instead of a desired smaller) value of the quadrupole and other low l multipoles.
by Yukyan Lam.
S.B.
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Sugita, Hikaru. "Anisotropy of Osteoporotic Cancellous Bone." Kyoto University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/157004.
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本文データは平成22年度国立国会図書館の学位論文(博士)のデジタル化実施により作成された画像ファイルを基にpdf変換したものであるKyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・論文博士
博士(医学)
乙第10371号
論医博第1709号
新制||医||742(附属図書館)
UT51-2000-F437
(主査)教授 開 祐司, 教授 堤 定美, 教授 岡 正典
学位規則第4条第2項該当
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Wang, Nian. "Intrinsic versus extrinsic seismic anisotropy." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GLOB0101.
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Li, Liang-shi. "Anisotropy in CdSe quantum rods." Berkeley, Calif. : Oak Ridge, Tenn. : Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ; distributed by the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 2003. http://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/827094-DOIqqD/native/.
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Thesis (Ph.D.); Submitted to the University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (US); 1 Sep 2003.Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "LBNL--55023" Li, Liang-shi. USDOE Director. Office of Science. Office of Basic Energy Sciences (US) 09/01/2003. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.
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Azevedo, Carlos Alberto Cabral de. "Formulação alternativa para análise de domínios não-homogêneos e inclusões anisotrópicas via MEC." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18134/tde-18102007-110753/.
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Este trabalho trata da análise de problemas planos de chapa compostos por materiais anisotrópicos, definidas em uma região ou no domínio por completo, utilizando-se o método dos elementos de contorno. As soluções fundamentais para problemas anisotrópicos, embora existentes, mostram-se difíceis de serem utilizadas devido à complexidade de sua formulação matemática ou da necessidade de se encontrar partes da solução numericamente. Nesse sentido, a formulação alternativa mostrada nesse trabalho permite o estudo de meios anisotrópicos utilizando-se as soluções fundamentais para meios isotrópicos nas representações integrais de problemas planos com campo de tensões iniciais. A região do domínio com propriedades anisotrópicas ou diferentes das propriedades elásticas de um meio isotrópico usado como referência é discretizada em células triangulares, enquanto que o contorno do problema é discretizado em elementos lineares. As componentes do tensor de tensões iniciais da região anisotrópica são definidas como uma correção das tensões elásticas do material isotrópico de referência através de uma matriz de penalização. Essa matriz, por sua vez, é obtida através de relações envolvendo as constantes elásticas de rigidez do meio desejado e os coeficientes elásticos de flexibilidade do meio isotrópico de referência. Essa técnica é particularmente adequada para a análise de inclusões anisotrópicas onde há a necessidade de discretizar apenas uma parte pequena do domínio, aumentando, portanto, pouco o número de graus de liberdade do sistema. Os resultados obtidos com a formulação proposta são comparados com os resultados numéricos existentes na literatura.This work deals with elastic 2D problems characterized by the presence of zones with different materials and anisotropic inclusions using the boundary element method. The anisotropy can be assumed either over the whole domain or defined only over some particular inclusions, which is the most usual case. Fundamental solutions for anisotropic domains, although well-known, lead to more complex formulations and may introduce difficulties when the analysis requires more complex material models as for instance plastic behavior, finite deformations, etc. The alternative formulation proposed in this work can be applied to anisotropic bodies using the classical fundamental solutions for 2D elastic isotropic domains plus correction given by an initial stress field. The domain region with anisotropic properties or only with different isotropic elastic parameters has to be discretized into cells to allow the required corrections, while the complementary part of the body requires only boundary discretization. The initial stress tensor to be applied to the anisiotropic region is defined as the isotropic material elastic stress tensor correction by introducing a local penalty matrix. This matrix is obtained by the difference between the elastic parameters between the reference values and the anisotropic material. This technique is particularly appropriate for anisotropic inclusion analysis, in which the domain discretization is required only over a small region, therefore increasing very little the number of degrees of freedom of the final algebraic system. The numerical results obtained by using the proposed formulation have demonstrated to be very accurate in comparison with either analytical solutions or the other numerical values.
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El-Khatib, Fatima. "Synthèse, caractérisation et études magnétiques de complexes de Co(II) et de Ni(II) avec des ligands de type cryptands." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS018/document.
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Les molécules-aimants sont une classe d’objets aux propriétés très singulières, et dont les applications envisagées, certes sans doute lointaines, sont multiples. Dans le cadre du stockage de l’information, la principale propriété de ces molécules est le blocage de leur aimantation qui leur confère les propriétés de mémoire au niveau de la molécule unique. Théoriquement l’existence d’une aimantation spontanée au niveau d’une molécule de spin S ne peut exister que s’il y a une levée de dégénérescence à champ nul (ZFS) qui sépare les états de spin ±mS. Dans ce contexte, les molécules-aimants peuvent être divisées en deux classes : (i) les complexes mononucléaires dont la majorité comprennent, en général, des ions paramagnétiques présentant une forte anisotropie axiale qui à leurs tours sont responsables de la relaxation lente de l’aimantation dans le système, et (ii) les complexes polynucléaires, où les ions métalliques (métaux de transition et/ou lanthanides) communiquent entre eux par une interaction d’échange J ou par interaction dipolaire. Ce type de complexes peut à son tour diviser en deux parties : HomoBinucléaires et HétéroBinucléaires. Différents complexes de Co (II) et de Ni (II) sont synthétisés et étudiés chimiquement et magnétiquement avec ce type de ligand qui est capable d’accepter deux métaux dans deux sites de coordination liés par des différents ligands pontants (Cl-, Br-, NO3-, N3-, imidazole, etc..). Les mesures de susceptibilité magnétique de certains complexes montrent une interaction antiferromagnétique avec une anisotropie axiale de type Ising (D < 0) et autre de type planaire (D > 0). Cela est dû de la nature des ions métalliques et les géométries des complexes pentacoordinés (bipyramide trigonale et pyramide à base carrée)For molecular magnetic materials to be used in applications, they must retain their magnetization at reasonable temperatures, which can be achieved with high-energy barriers for magnetization reversal and slow relaxation of the magnetization. In the field of Single-Molecule Magnets (SMMs), over the last decade, the main focus has shifted from large spin complexes to highly anisotropic systems which have displayed high energy barriers.1 Here, we used a cryptand ligand that forces a trigonal bipyramidal arrangement to obtain a large (in absolute value) negative zero field splitting parameter D.2 In order to use these molecules as models for entangled quantum bits (qbits), the cryptand ligand was chosen to have two coordination sites allowing the design of chemically stable binuclear complexes with tunable antiferromagnetic coupling. We prepared pentacoordinate complexes of Co(II) and Ni(II) with different bridging ligands (Cl-, Br-, NO3-, N3-, Im-, etc.). Magnetic measurements indicated an Ising type anisotropy and weak antiferromagnetic coupling as expected from the nature of the bridging ligands (N3- and Im-) and the trigonal bipyramidal geometry around the metal ions
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Ferraro, Filippo Jacopo. "Magnetic anisotropies and exchange bias in ultrathin cobalt layers for the tunnel anisotropic magnetoresistance." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAY086/document.
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Dans le cadre de l’étude des phénomènes magnétiques et de la spintronique qui sont présents aux échelles nanoscopiques nous avons étudié différents aspects des structures asymétriques de Pt/Co/AlOx. L’un des objectifs de cette thèse est le contrôle de l’oxydation et des propriétés magnétiques de ces multicouches. Nous avons combiné les mesures de structures (réflexion de Rayon-X), transports (Effet Hall anormal), et magnétiques (VSM-SQUID) afin de déterminer les rôles des effets magnétiques et d’interfaces. Un objectif était d’analyser le rôle de quelques monocouches (MCs) de CoO (qui peut se former lors de la sur oxydation de l’Al) sur les propriétés de la multicouche. Nous avons utilisé une technique de déposition avec un gradient d’épaisseur pour contrôler l’oxydation à l’échelle nanométrique. Nous avons établis que quelques monocouches (MCs) de CoO a un impact sur l’anisotropie de a multicouche. Pour approfondir l’effet de la couche de CoO, nous avons construit des bicouches ultrafines de Co(0.6nm)/CoO(0.6nm). Nous avons effectué des mesures refroidi sur champ sur ce système et trouvé un fort effet de couplage d'échange. Ces résultats indiquent que la couche CoO garde une forte anisotropie même en dans la limite des monocouches et permet de réfuter certains modèles sur l’effet d’échange bias et indique que les couches, couramment négligé, de CoO doivent être prises en considération dans le bilan énergétiques du système. Nous avons construits un appareil de mesure perpendiculaire de la magnétorésistance tunnel anisotrope (TAMR) à partir de la structure Pt/Co/AlOx. La TAMR est un effet de spintronique relativement récent dans lequel la rotation d’aimantation dans une électrode magnétique (combiné avec un couplage spin-orbite) peut entrainer un changement de la probabilité de l’effet tunnel, ce qui se manifeste comme un effet de magnétorésistance. Nous avons démontré qu’un contrôle précis de l’état d’oxydation est essentiel pour l’effet TAMR. La forte anisotropie magnétique induite nous permet d’atteindre des valeurs de TAMR plus grande comparée à celle des structures Pt/Co/AlOxIn the context of studying magnetic and spintronics phenomena occurring at the nanoscale, we investigated several aspects of Pt/Co/AlOx asymmetric structures. One of the objectives of this thesis was the control of the oxidation and the tailoring of the magnetic properties of these multilayers. We combined structural (X-Ray Reflectivity), transport (Anomalous Hall Effect) and magnetic measurements (VSM-SQUID), to study the interplay of magnetic and interfacial effects. One objective was to analyze the role that few monolayers (MLs) of CoO (which can form when overoxidizing the Al layer), could have on the properties of the stack. We used a wedge deposition techniques to control the oxidation on a subnanometer scale. We established that few MLs of CoO largely affect the total anisotropy of the stack. To further investigate the impact of the CoO, we engineered ultrathin Co(0.6nm)/CoO(0.6nm) bilayers. We performed field cooled measurements on this system and we found a large exchange bias anisotropy. These results indicate that the CoO keeps a large anisotropy even in the ML regime, help to rule out some of the models proposed to explain the exchange bias effect and imply that the usually neglected CoO presence must be considered in the energy balance of the system. We build perpendicular Tunneling Anisotropic MagnetoResistance (TAMR) devices based on the Pt/Co/AlOx structure. The TAMR is a relatively new spintronics effect in which the rotation of the magnetization in a single magnetic electrode (combined with the Spin-Orbit Coupling) can cause a change of the tunnel probability, which manifests as a magnetoresistance effect. We demonstrated that a careful control of the interface oxidation is crucial for the TAMR effect. The large induced magnetic anisotropy allowed us to achieve enhanced TAMR values compared to similar Pt/Co/AlOx structures
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Ballot, Noémie. "Matériaux nanométriques à base de métaux 3d (Fe, Co, Ni) : Nouvelles voies de synthèse et caractérisations." Thesis, Paris 13, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA132065/document.
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L’intérêt grandissant envers les nanomatériaux a base des métaux de transition 3d comme le cobalt, le nickel et le fer trouve son origine dans les propriétés intrinsèques de ces éléments (forte aimantation du fer et constante magnétocristalline élevée du cobalt) combinées aux propriétés particulières offertes par la taille nanométrique et l’anisotropie de ces alliages. Parmi les nombreuses voies de synthèse dites de chimie douce, le procède polyol permet l’élaboration de plusieurs classes de matériaux inorganiques a l’état finement divises (oxydes, hydroxydes et métaux) grâce aux réactions de réduction et d’hydrolyse qui peuvent être conduites et contrôlées dans les milieux polyols. Le premier axe de ce travail a consisté à tirer profit de l’état finement divise des oxydes et hydroxydes élabores en milieu polyol pour l’obtention de métaux et alliages correspondants, au moyen d’une réduction ménagée a l’état solide sous flux d’hydrogène. Il a alors été possible d’aboutir a des particules de CoFe2, CoFe, NiFe, Ni3Fe et Fe ferromagnétiques avec une température de blocage supérieure a 300 K. Le deuxième axe de travail a trait a l’élaboration d’objets anisotropes. Pour ce faire, une nouvelle approche est proposée : la synthèse en milieu polyol assistée par l’application d’un champ magnétique. Ce type de synthèse mené a des nanofils d’akaganeite β-FeOOH et a des nanoparticules d’oxydes spinelles. Une réduction relativement douce (300 °C) des nanofils d’akaganeite permet de l’obtention de phases spinelles de même morphologie et avec des propriétés magnétiques en accord avec la composition chimique et le caractère nanométrique des particules (comportement superparamagnétique avec une température de blocage proche de 300 K, Ms élevée et Hc dépendant de la nature de l’élément M se trouvant dans le spinelle MFe2O4 : élevé dans le cas du cobalt et faible dans le cas du fer et du nickel)The growing interest in nanomaterials based on 3d transition metals such as cobalt, iron and nickel finds its origin in the intrinsic properties of these elements (high magnetization of iron and high magnetocristalline constant of cobalt) combined with particular property due to nanometric size and anisotropy of these alloys. Among the numerous synthetic routes, the polyol method which belongs to the chimie douce routes allows the elaboration of several finely divided inorganic materials (oxides, hydroxides, metals) by means of reduction or forced hydrolysis reactions conducted in polyol medium. The main first contribution of this work was to take advantage of these finely divided oxides and hydroxides elaborated in polyol medium to obtain metals and alloys, through a controlled reduction in solid form under hydrogen flow. Ferromagnetic particles of CoFe2, CoFe, NiFe, Ni3Fe and Fe with a blocking temperature above 300 K were obtained. The second main contribution of this work relates elaboration of anisotropic objects. Further, a new approach is proposed: forced hydrolysis in polyol medium assisted by applying a magnetic field. This type of synthesis leads to akaganeite β7&eOOH nanowires and spinel oxides nanoparticles. A relative mild reduction (300 °C) of akaganeite nanowires allows to obtain spinels phase with same morphology and magnetic properties in agreement with the chemical composition and the particles nanoscale (superparamagnetic behavior with blocking temperaturenear 300 K, high Ms and Hc dependent on the nature of the M element in the spinel MFe2O4, high in the case of cobalt and low for nickel and iron)
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Robertson, C. J. "Factors controlling etch anisotropy in plasmas." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1990. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843224/.
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The use of radio frequency (rf) plasma techniques to produce fine structures of precise geometry is widespread in the microelectronics industry. An important factor influencing the functionality of fabricated devices is the wall angle of these structures. In certain applications vertical walls are required - for example to minimise mask degradation and maximise gate densities; in others a sloping sidewall is preferred - to minimise stress in metal coatings when making electrical contact through 'via' holes, for instance. This fine control cannot be achieved on micron and sub-micron scale devices using conventional 'wet' chemical processing techniques and has led to the adoption of so-called 'dry' processing techniques using plasmas. Both vertical and sloping wall profiles can be produced depending upon the plasma conditions. It is apparent, therefore, that a thorough understanding of the processes affecting the etch profile is important. Reactive ion etching (RIE) has been employed to produce micron, and sub-micron size structures in polyimide using an oxygen plasma. Present models of etch directionality all make the initial assumption that the directional component of the etching process can be attributed solely to O2+ ion bombardment of the exposed horizontal surface of the wafer driven by the electric 'sheath' field developed above the electrode. Whether species such as O+ and even multiply charged reactive species such as O++ and O+++ can legitimately be neglected in formulating such a model has yet to be established. That such multiply ionized species exist, however, is highly probable given that plasmas are well known to emit strongly in the ultraviolet. The etching system developed to investigate these problems was equipped with diagnostic techniques including optical emission spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and a grid energy analyser. The optical emission spectrometer was novel in being capable of measuring emission from the far-ultraviolet emission spectrum of the plasma and was therefore able to detect the high energy ultraviolet light and the singly and multiply ionised species from which this radiation is emitted. Using this technique the role of multiply-ionised species in controlling etch anisotropy was investigated. Results are also presented, obtained from a retarding grid, particle energy analyser built into the surface of the earth electrode, which indicate increased charged particle flux and energy at low pressure providing further information with regard to the process dynamics. The influence of gas pressure and rf excitation frequency on the resultant etch profile have been investigated. Results are presented showing the presence of doubly-ionised atomic oxygen O++ in the plasma. It is shown in this work that O++ also has a role in etch anisotropy at low pressure. This and other more highly charged species need to be considered, therefore, in formulating models of etch anisotropy, etch rate, and etch chemistry and reaction mechanisms. The role of ultraviolet irradiation which is itself of sufficient energy to induce surface reactions must also be considered.
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Smith, Andrew Geoffrey Kent. "Cosmic ray anisotropy at high energies." Title page, contents and overview only, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/18616.
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Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physics and Mathematical Physics, 1996
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Bali, R. "Exchange anisotropy in magnetic thin films." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.596311.
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I have studied Exchange Bias in epitaxial α-Fe2O3 and polycrystalline FeMn and CoMn antiferromagnets coupled to the ferromagnet Permalloy (Ni81Fe19). Despite the nominal magnetocrystalline anisotropy of Permalloy, surface features such as vicinal steps and roughness induced strong uniaxial anisotropy. Exchange coupling with epitaxial α-Fe2O3 led to a biaxial anisotropy component in the ferromagnet. Anisotropy axes of the biaxial component remained fixed despite applying magnetic field at elevated temperatures. The magnitude of biaxial anisotropy varied with every temperature cycle, providing implicit evidence of domains in the antiferromagnet. In polycrystalline systems, uniaxial anisotropy of the ferromagnet set-up during growth competes with exchange anisotropy. By setting up an AF/F/AF trilayer, magnetic field cooling allowed control of the net anisotropy. These findings demonstrate that the two crucial factors that impact exchange biased thin films are (1) uniaxial anisotropies in the ferromagnet from surface and growth conditions and (2) exchange coupling with domains in the antiferromagnet. Competing effect of these two factors is the key to understanding any exchange coupled system.
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Irving, J. C. E. "Seismological studies of inner core anisotropy." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.604955.
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In this dissertation I examine the inner core using two complementary seismic perturbations: seismic body waves and free oscillations of the Earth. I investigate the velocity anisotropy present in the inner core by measuring PKPdf-PKPbc and PKPdf-PKPab differential travel time residuals. A model for an inner core with 3.5% cylindrical anisotropy is consistent with the data. However, the data are better fitted by an inner core which is divided into two ‘hemispheres’, an isotropic eastern hemisphere between 14°E and 151°W and western hemisphere which contains 4.4% anisotropy between 151°W and 14°E. The axis of anisotropy in the inner core is coincident with the Earth’s rotation axis, and an isotropic layer at the top of the western hemisphere of up to 150km in depth is consistent with the data. I find that there is also hemispherical variation in inner core attenuation anisotropy, the western hemisphere displays attenuation anisotropy whilst the eastern hemisphere does not. I examine the possibility of detecting a hemispherical velocity anisotropy structure using free oscillations of the Earth’s normal modes. New theory is derived to allow any existing cylindrical anisotropy model to be confined to only one part of the inner core. When this new theory is used and full coupling between modes is permitted, radial, PKIKP and PKJKP modes all show changes in their frequencies and quality factors. These changes are large enough to be observed in the data, and are dependent on the model of inner core anisotropy which is used. Normal mode data can therefore be used to detect hemispherical structure in inner core anisotropy. I also show that normal mode data can be reconciled with evidence presented by body wave data that the top of the inner core is isotropic.
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Dyer, S. J. R. "Elastic anisotropy in fibre reinforced composites." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373548.
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Chen, Yu. "Towards anisotropy in ordered conducting polymers." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312356.
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A new β and N-substituted pyrrole, N-trimethylsilylethoxymethyl-3-methyl-4-pyrrole carboxylate ethyl ester (MPCE-SEM) is synthesised and copolymerised electrochemically with unsubstituted pyrrole to gives free-standing films for conductivity measurements. The electrochemical polymerisation of MPCE-SEM gives only soluble dimers and oligomers rather than polymers because the steric constraints stabilise the oligomeric cation radical of MPCE-SEM. The thiophene monomers containing mesogenic group at the 3-position via an alkyl chain are synthesised and polymerised chemically to give insoluble, infusible polymers and do not exhibit liquid crystalline behaviour. The conductivities of pressed-pellets of the polymer powders are lower than 10-5S/cm. The electrochemical polymerisation of the thiophene monomers containing mesogenic group of 4-methoxyazbenzen-4'-yloxy or 4-butylazobenzen-4'-yloxy in dichloromethane solution gives a low yield of polymers, which is accompanied by the formation of soluble dimers and oligomers as well as degradation of the resulting polymer and the mesogenic group. Poly{N -11-[(4-cyanobiphenyl-4'-yloxy) undecyl] pyrrole} obtained from chemical polymerisation of the corresponding monomer shows high molecule weight, is soluble in common solvents and fusible showing smectic A liquid crystalline behaviour. This polymer in the melt (175oC) has a conductivity of 6.6 x 10-15 S/cm. X-ray photoelectron spectrometry analysis on the melt processed film gives an estimated doping level of an anion every 6-7 monomer units. Electrochemical oxidation of the N-substituted pyrrole monomers gives the electroactive conjugated free-standing polymer films. The conductivities of the free standing polymer films are lower than 10-4 S/cm. A conducting copolymer containing a side chain liquid crystalline group, poly{N-8-[(4-cyanobiphenyl-4'-yloxy)octyl]-2,5-di(2-thienyl) pyrrole} can be obtained electrochemically from the corresponding monomer. The polymer is slightly soluble in chloroform giving a dark green solution but is not liquid crystalline.
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Seah, Tian Ho. "Anisotropy of resedimented Boston Blue Clay." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14048.
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Segovia-Martinez, Manuel. "Texture anisotropy analysis of brain scans." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2001. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844053/.
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Currently, the world population is aging. People over 75 is one of the fastest growing age groups. This is the group most affected by Alzheimer's disease. Reliable early diagnosis and tracking methods are essential to assist therapy and prevention. This research aims to study anisotropy texture in tomographic brain scans to diagnose and quantify the severity of Alzheimer's disease. A full methodology to study computer tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and multispectral magnetic resonance imaging is presented in this thesis. Before applying any texture method to the tomographic brain images, a segmentation technique has to be used to extract the different regions of interest. We propose the use of connected filters and iterative region merging to perform the segmentation. Gradient vector histogram is applied to study the texture anisotropy of computer tomography scans. Computer tomography scans present evidence of texture changes in demented subjects compare to normal subjects. The overlap between these groups is considerable, so anisotropy texture using computer tomography does not seem to add more useful information to the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease than other clinical criteria. Another method to study texture anisotropy is grey-level dependance histogram, which is based in a 3D generalisation for arbitrary orientation of the 2D co-occurrence matrices. This texture technique is applied to magnetic resonance imaging scans, where features extracted from the grey matter component have a strong correlation with the mini mental state examination1 scores. Finally, Multispectral Grey-Level Dependence Histogram (MGLDH), Absolute Difference Histogram (ADH) and spatial correlations are texture techniques designed to study multispectral images. These techniques are applied to multispectral magnetic resonance images. We evaluate the performance of the different multispectral texture methods, and compare them with single channel texture methods.
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Pandit, Yadav. "AZIMUTHAL ANISOTROPY IN HEAVY ION COLLISIONS." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1353871180.
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Chilton, Nicholas Frederick. "Magnetic anisotropy of transition metal complexes." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/magnetic-anisotropy-of-transition-metal-complexes(64b34057-8a7a-44db-a89a-22a233fdefb5).html.
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The study of magnetic anisotropy in molecular systems permeates the physical sciences and finds application in areas as diverse as biomedical imaging and quantum information processing. The ability to understand and subsequently to design improved agents requires a detailed knowledge of their fundamental operation. This work outlines the background theory of the electronic structure of magnetic molecules and provides examples, for elements across the Periodic Table, of how it may be employed to aid in the understanding of magnetically anisotropic molecules. The magnetic anisotropies of a series of dimetallic NiII2 complexes and a RuIII2MnII triangle are determined through multi-frequency Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. The magnetic anisotropy of the former is found to be on the same order of magnitude as the isotropic exchange interactions, while that of the latter is found to be caused by large antisymmetric exchange interactions involving the RuIII ions. An intuitive electrostatic strategy for the prediction of the magnetic anisotropy of DyIII complexes is presented, allowing facile determination of magnetic anisotropy for low symmetry molecules. Through the presentation of the first near-linear pseudo-two-coordinate 4f-block complex, a new family of DyIII complexes with unprecedented Single Molecule Magnet (SMM) properties is proposed. Design criteria for such species are elucidated and show that in general any two-coordinate complex of DyIII is an attractive synthetic target. The exchange interaction between two DyIII ions is directly measured with multi-frequency EPR spectroscopy, explaining the quenching of the slow magnetic relaxation in the pure species compared to the SMM properties of the diluted form. The interpretation of this complex system was achieved with supporting ab initio calculations.
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Rafique, Sadia. "Magnetic Anisotropy of Fe1-xGax Alloys." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/133.
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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2003.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Materials Science and Nuclear Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Maranville, Brian Benjamin. "Structure and anisotropy in codeposited CoPt₃ /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3112846.
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Maddock, Jamie Stewart. "Seismic anisotropy in siliciclastic reservoir rocks." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2006. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/299/.
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The interpretation of geophysical field measurements of seismic anisotropy is presently limited by our knowledge of the controls of the elastic anisotropy of sedimentary rocks in the subsurface. Traditionally, laboratory ultrasonic velocity measurements have been used to provide important information on bulk aggregate seismic anisotropy, however, they do not allow the discrimination of the contribution from the various microstructural parameters (e. g., crystallographic lattice preferred orientation (LPO), preferentially aligned porosity, aligned fractures and the non-random spatial distribution of mineral phases). In this study the results from scanning electron microscope-electron backscattered diffraction (SENI-EBSD), quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD), image analysis, ultrasonic velocity measurements, palaeomagnetism, anisotropic magnetic susceptibility, and numerical modelling are combined to elucidate the controls of the elastic anisotropy of siliciclastic sedimentary rocks from an oil reservoir. SEM-EBSD was used to measure both the overall and individual constituent mineral phase LPO (Maddock et al. 2004). As phyllosilicates are both very fine-grained, with a high aspect-ratio and low crystallinity, their LPO contribution was established via a combination of image analysis and numerical modelling (Bingham approximation). These analytical and predictive methods for determining phyllosilicate fabric intensity produced consistent results. For the first time, the azimuthally preferred orientation of elongate grains within sedimentary rocks was determined using anisotropic magnetic susceptibility of ferrous minerals and were compared to those predictions obtained using EBSD. The strength of the fabric-texture (J), as determined by EBSD, is proportional to the maximum compressional and shear-wave anisotropy, as calculated from the Christoffel equation, by taking a Hill average of the bulk aggregate elastic constants. The quartz and feldspar velocity maxima aligned in a constructive fashion throughout most of the samples. It is possible that the preferred alignment of crystals detected by EBSD reflects the palaeoflow direction. The predicted symmetries of velocity anisotropy ranged from orthorhombic in the phyllosilicate-free, well-sorted, mature sandstones to strong vertical transverse isotropy in the unfractured phyllosilicate-rich mudstones. Vertical transverse isotropy is predicted to be oriented, such that, the plane of azimuthal isotropy is aligned parallel to bedding i. e., parallel to the horizontally aligned clays and micas. Similarly, orthorhombic symmetry is predicted to be oriented, such that, one plane of symmetry is aligned approximately parallel to bedding whilst the other symmetry plane is aligned parallel to the single most dominant fracture set. The results from this study provide the input needed for a general mathematical model for the reservoir allowing the prediction of seismic anisotropy for any rock in the reservoir given accurate modal proportions. The resulting model is an advance on the empirical correlations that are usually used to determine how seismic velocities are affected by factors such as clay content and porosity. In particular, the bulk aggregate elastic stiffness tensor obtained during this study can be integrated with high-pressure ultrasonic measurements to enable the prediction of the additional contribution from grain-scale effects such as shape-preferred orientations, and grain boundary compliances (Hall et al. 2007). The results from this study have also provided the basic data to allow field seismic data to be inverted to obtain estimates of in situ fracture density and orientation (Kendall et al. 2006). In summary, analysis of a suite of siliciclastic hydrocarbon reservoir rocks has shown that the LPO of constitutive minerals can offer information about the nature of a reservoir. The results suggest that seismic anisotropy is not only indicative of lithology but can also be an indicator of reservoir quality and palaeoflow direction.
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Bicalho, Elton da Silva [UNESP]. "Estrutura de variabilidade espacial e temporal da emissão de CO2 e atributos do solo caracterizada por dimensão fractal em área de cana-de-açúcar." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96815.
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A emissão de CO2 do solo (FCO2) é influenciada por processos físicos, químicos e biológicos que afetam a produção de CO2 no interior do solo e o seu transporte para a atmosfera, variando no tempo e no espaço em função das condições ambientais e do manejo agrícola da área. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a correlação existente entre os padrões de estrutura de variabilidade espacial e temporal de FCO2 e atributos do solo, em área de cana-de-açúcar sob sistema de manejo cana crua, por meio de dimensão fractal (DF), derivada a partir de variogramas isotrópicos e anisotrópicos em diferentes escalas espaciais. A área experimental constituiu-se de uma malha regular de 60 × 60 m contendo 141 pontos espaçados em distâncias mínimas que variaram de 0,5 a 10 m. A emissão de CO2, temperatura e umidade do solo foram avaliadas durante 7 dias, sendo determinados os atributos físico e químicos do solo em amostragem na profundidade de 0,0 a 0,1 m. A média de FCO2 variou de 1,26 a 1,77 μmol m-2 s-1 ao longo dos dias, com dependência temporal na média e longa escalas, em alcances superiores a 20 m. Apesar do comportamento isotrópico observado para FCO2, seus valores de DF, calculados para diferentes direções, evidenciaram maior variabilidade temporal na direção paralela à linha de plantio, indicando influência das práticas de manejo adotadas na área. A variabilidade espacial de FCO2 foi mais bem evidenciada na média (20 a 30 m) e longa (40 a 60 m) escalas, com sua estrutura de variabilidade, caracterizada pelo fractograma, correlacionando-se significativamente com a maioria dos atributos do solo e apresentando comportamento similar à observada para a temperatura do solo e volume total de poros. Além disso, os fractogramas permitiram observar o comportamento da dependência espacial e temporal de FCO2 e...
Soil CO2 emission (FCO2) is influenced by physical, chemical and biological factors that affect the production of CO2 in the soil and its transport to the atmosphere, varying in time and space as a function of environmental conditions and agricultural management. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between spatial and temporal variability patterns of FCO2 and soil properties in sugarcane area under green management by using fractal dimension (DF), derived from isotropic and anisotropic variogram at different spatial scales. The experimental area consisted of a regular grid of 60 × 60 m containing 141 points spaced at minimum distances ranging from 0.5 to 10 m. Soil CO2 emission, soil temperature and soil moisture were evaluated over a period of 7 days, and soil physical and chemical properties were determined by sampling at a depth of 0.0 to 0.1 m. The average of FCO2 ranged from 1.26 to 1.77 mol m-2 s-1 throughout the days, with temporal dependence in the medium and large scales, at ranges of more than 20 m. Despite the isotropic behavior observed for FCO2, their DF values, calculated for different directions, showed greater temporal variability in the direction parallel to the row, indicating the influence of area management. Spatial variability of FCO2 was better evidenced in the medium (20 to 30 m) and long (40 to 60 m) scales, with its variability structure, characterized by fractogram, significantly correlated with most soil properties and similar behaving to that observed for the soil temperature and total pore volume. In addition, fractograms allowed to observe the behavior of the spatial and temporal dependence... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Rubert, José Benaque. "Grandes deformações e anisotropia por tensores de mapeamento aplicados a problemas de materiais compostos e na conformação de metais." Universidade de São Paulo, 1997. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18134/tde-21032018-092739/.
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Este trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar a viabilidade do emprego da teoria de interação de substâncias no contínuo para a análise de compostos multifásicos, sendo possível considerar-se substâncias anisótropas através de sua representação via uma formulação isótropa equivalente. No campo teórico, referente à anisotropia via formulação isótropa equivalente, deduzem-se tensores de mapeamento de tensões e deformações para o espaço fictício na configuração deformada, adequados às análises com grandes deformações. Os modelos de materiais compostos e de anisotropia propostos, foram implementados no âmbito de um código de cálculo para análise dinâmica explícita com grandes deformações. Entre as aplicações do programa destacam-se o estudo de problemas de conformação de lâminas metálicas e de compostos multifásicos e a possibilidade de analisar compostos de matriz frágil reforçada por fibras curtas, considerando-se uma função simples de dano elasto-plástico. Os exemplos executados mostram boa concordância dos resultados obtidos neste trabalho com aqueles obtidos por outros autores e com alguns resultados experimentais existentes.The aim of this work is to valuate the performance of the theory of interacting substances in the continuum (role of mixtures) applied to composites including anisotropic substances which are modeled by an isotropic equivalent formulation. In the theoretical field, with respect to the anisotropy consideration by an equivalent isotropic formulation on the deformed configuration, convenient mapping tensors for stresses and strains in the fictitious space are deduced and applied to large deformation problems. The proposed models of anisotropy and composites were implemented in an explicit code for dynamic analysis with large deformations. The code is applied to the solution of sheet metal forming processes and multiphase composites including an analysis of a brittle matrix composite reinforced by short fibers by a simple elastoplastic damage model. The numerical results of the chosen examples are in good agreement with those suggested in some references or with some reported experiments.
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Alves, Jozismar Rodrigues. "Difusão rotacional em membrana e anisotropia de fluorescência." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-27032013-121603/.
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Propriedades estruturais de membranas modelo, tais como as vesículas lipídicas, podem ser investigadas através da adição de sondas fluorescentes. Após sua incorporação aos sistemas biomoleculares, as moléculas fluorescentes são excitadas por luz linearmente polarizada e a emissão de fluorescência é despolarizada, devido à difusão translacional e também à difusão rotacional do fluoróforo, durante o tempo de vida do estado excitado. O monitoramento da luz emitida é feito através da técnica de fluorescência resolvida no tempo, em que são acompanhadas, por um lado, a intensidade da luz emitida, que fornece o tempo de decaimento da fluorescência, dependente do meio, e, por outro, o decaimento da anisotropia nas componentes da luz emitida, cujos tempos de correlação rotacional informam sobre a fluidez do meio. Uma molécula muito usada como sonda fluorescente é o DPH. Este fluoróforo, bastante hidrofóbico, possui simetria molecular uniaxial, e seus momentos de transição de absorção e emissão são colineares. Um dos usos desta sonda é no acompanhamentos da fluidez da bicamada lipídica ao longo da transição de fase das cadeias. A interpretação de dados experimentais requer modelos para a localização das moléculas fluorescentes, bem como para as possíveis restrições a seu movimento. Neste estudo, apresentamos três modelos para a difusão de moléculas fluorescentes uniaxiais, como o DPH, sugeridos em diversos artigos da literatura. O primeiro modelo consiste de um dipolo com rotação livre aleatória em solução homogênea, e serve como base para os modelos de difusão em meios anisotrópicos. No segundo modelo, consideramos rotações aleatórias dos dipolos reemissores no interior de cones distribuídos com seus eixos perpendiculares à vesícula esférica, geometria que pode refletir o movimento da sonda com eixo em media paralelo às cadeias lipídicas, restrito por elas. No terceiro modelo, o dipolo rotacional no plano da bicamada de geometria esférica, movimento que poderia ocorrer entre as monocamadas que constituem a bicamada. Para cada um dos modelos propostos analisamos a difusão rotacional da sonda através de dois métodos: (i) resolvemos a equação de difusão, para uma única molécula, levando em conta as condições de contorno impostas pelos modelos e determinamos a probabilidade da molécula ser encontrada com uma dada configuração em um tempo t. considerando a distribuição de moléculas na geometria proposta, obtemos a expressão analítica para a anisotropia de fluorescência. No caso da geometria do cone, a solução é obtida numericamente; (ii) realizamos simulações numéricas do passeio aleatório rotacional restrito, nas geometrias correspondentes, método muito útil no caso de geometrias de baixa simetria ou de composição de geometrias. Realizamos um estudo exploratório dos dados experimentais para DPH em membrana modelo, à luz dos resultados para os dois modelos propostos para este meio anisotrópico.Structural properties of model membranes, such as lipid vesicles, may be investigated through the addition of fluorescent probes. After incorporation into the biomolecular system, the fluorescent molecules are excited with linearly polarized light and the fluorescence emission is depolarized due to translational as well as rotational diffusion during the life-time of the excited state. The monitoring of emitted light emitted informs on fluorescence decay times, and the decay of the components of the emitted light yield rotational correlation times which inform on the fluidity of the medium. The fluorescent molecule DPH, of uniaxial symmetry, is rather hydrophobic and has collinear transition and emission moments. It has been used frequently as a probe for the monitoring of the fluidity of the lipid bilayer along the phase transition of the chains. The interpretation of experimental data requires models for localization of fluorescent molecules as well as for possible restrictions on their movement. In this study, we develop calculations for three models for uniaxial diffusion of fluorescent molecules, such as DPH, suggested in several articles in the literature. The first model consists of a free randomly rotating dipole in a homogeneous solution, and serves as the basis for the study of the diffusion of models in anisotropic media. In the second model, we consider random rotations of emitting dipoles distributed within cones with their axes perpendicular to the vesicle spherical geometry: this could mimic the movement of the probe axis parallel to an average lipid chain. In the third model, the dipole rotates in the plane of the bilayer spherical geometry, within a movement that might occur between the monolayers forming the bilayer. For each of the models proposed, two methods are used by us in order to analyse the rotational diffusion: (1) solution of the corresponding rotational diffusion equation for a single molecule, taking into account the boundary conditions imposed by the models, for the probability of the fluorescent molecule to be found with a given configuration at time t. considering the distribution of molecules in the geometry proposed, we obtain the analytical expression for the fluorescence anisotropy, except for the cone geometry, for which the solution is obtained numerically; (11) numerical simulations of a rotational random walk restricted in geometries corresponding method very useful in case of low-symmetry geometries or geometries of composition. In this study, we have reproduced existing calculations, in some cases, extended calculations developed previously by other authors, in others, or, still, developed new calculations. As an application of our methodology for analysis of diffusional rotations, we have conducted an exploratory study of the experimental data for DPH in lipid bilayers, in the light of the results for the two models proposed for anisotropic media.
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Simas, Emanuelle Reis. "Fotoquímica de polímeros conjugados contendo centros de transferência de carga e migração de energia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75131/tde-24032011-093724/.
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Neste trabalho foram estudados os processos de migração e transferência de energia em derivados de polifluoreno, de estrutura totalmente conjugada e de conjugação confinada. A dinâmica de estado excitado dos derivados PF-BNI, PFOPPV e PFPPV foi estudada em solução diluída de diferentes solventes através de espectroscopia eletrônica de alta resolução temporal. O derivado PF-BNI, contendo N-(2-benzotiazol)-1,8-naftalimida (BNI) como terminador da cadeia de poli(9,9\'dioctilfluoreno), foi sintetizado pela rota de Yamamoto. O material apresenta alto rendimento quântico de fluorescência e suas propriedades de emissão são moduladas pela polaridade do solvente. As medidas de fluorescência resolvida no tempo mostraram a migração do exciton singlete ao longo da cadeia polimérica e a formação de um estado excitado de transferência de carga intracadeia (ICCT). Os derivados PFOPPV e PFPPV são copolímeros de fluoreno contendo unidades fluoreno-vinileno-fenileno no segmento cromofórico. No PFOPPV o segmento cromofórico é confinado entre segmentos alifáticos (-(CH2)8-) flexíveis, no PFPPV a cadeia principal é totalmente conjugada. A dinâmica de estado excitado dos derivados, PFOPPV e PFPPV, é caracterizada pela presença de segmentos cromofóricos contendo isômeros cis e trans. No PFOPPV, a sua estrutura segmentada permite a transferência de energia entre os segmentos cromofóricos, via interações dipolo-dipolo. A transferência acarreta a depolarização da emissão de fluorescência. No caso do PFPPV a migração de energia ocorre em menos de 20 ps e o decaimento de fluorescência decorre da emissão de segmentos contendo isômeros cis e trans, já na condição estacionária.This work reports the study of energy transfer and migration processes in fully conjugated and segmented polyfluorene derivatives. The excited-state dynamics of the derivatives, PF-BNI, PFOPPV and PFPPV was studied in diluted solution of different solvents by means of ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy. Poly(9,9\'-dioctylfluorene) end-capped with N-(2-benzothiazole)-1,8-naphthalimide, named PF-BNI, was prepared via Yamamoto-coupling reaction. This derivative is a highly fluorescence material with emission modulated by solvent polarity. Time-resolved fluorescence measurements showed the singlet exciton migration through the polymer backbone and the formation of an intrachain charge transfer excited-state (ICCT). PFOPPV and PFPPV are both fluorene copolymers containing fluorene-vinylene-phenylene moieties in the backbone. Whereas the PFPPV backbone is fully conjugated, the chromophore segment in PFOPPV backbone is confined between aliphatic (-(CH2)8-) flexible segments. The excited-state dynamics of both copolymers is characterized by the presence of conjugated moieties containing cis and trans isomers. The segmented structure of PFOPPV allows the resonant energy transfer between the chromophores, which is provided by dipole-dipole interactions. The energy transfer process leads to the depolarization of PFOPPV fluorescence emission. For PFPPV the energy migration occurs in less than 20 ps and the fluorescence decay is ascribed to the emission of chromophore segments containing cis and trans, already in a photostationary condition.
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Martins, Alessandro. "Desenvolvimento do processo de produção e estudo estrutural e magnético de filmes finos ordenados de FePt." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-24022014-153235/.
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Filmes de ligas FePt com uma estrutura quimicamente ordenada Tetragonal de Face Centrada FCT (tipo L1 IND.0) e textura [001] apresentam anisotropia magnética perpendicular, alta coercividade e grande efeito Kerr polar magnetoóptico. Entretanto, filmes completamente ordenados são normalmente obtidos através de um processo de \"sputtering\" com deposições em altas temperaturas do substrato(T IND. S > OU =600 ºC) ou por pós-tratamento térmico em temperaturas maiores que 500 ºC. As pesquisas atualmente em desenvolvimento visam a obtenção dessa estrutura ordenada a temperaturas mais baixas, o que seria mais adequado para aplicações práticas dos filmes. Neste trabalho, procuramos as melhores condições para a preparação de filmes de FePt com a fase ordenada FCT(001) em reduzidas temperaturas. Investigamos a influência do método de deposição, temperatura do substrato, espessura do filme e tipo de substrato sobre o grau de ordem química e textura dos filmes de FePt e, consequentemente, sobre suas propriedades magnéticas. Os filmes finos de ligas Fe IND.xPt IND. x-1(com x = 50 at%) foram preparados por \"Sputtering Magnetron DC\", através de dois diferentes métodos de deposição: pelo usual de codeposição e pelo método de deposiçãO alternada monocamadas atômicas (DAM). Os filmes foram crescidos sobre substratos de SiO IND.2/ Si(100), Si(100) e MgO(100), com e sem uma camada \"buffer\" de Pt ( com espessuras de 50 1 766 nm), sob T IND. s variando de temperatura ambiente a 600 ºC. O \"buffer\" de Pt foi usado para permitir melhores condições para a indução de um crescimento \"epitaxial\" da ordenada fase FCT(001) nos filmes de FePt. Os resultados da caracterização estrutural e magnética realizados através das técnicas de Difração de RAios-X (XRD) e Magnetometria de Amostra Vibrante (VSM) mostram que os substratos de MgO São adequados para induzir um crescimento \"epitaxial\" de filmes de FePt ) com uma estrutura FCT e textura [001]. Entretanto, com o uso de um \"buffer\" de Pt otimizado (com predominante fase FCC(100)), pré-depositado sobre MgO, foram obtifos melhores resultados em termos de \"epitaxia\" conveniente para o ordenamento da estrutura cristalina, para os filmes de FePt preparados por ambos os métodos de deposição. Os resultados mostram também que o efeito de um crescimento \"epitaxial\" induzido varia com a espessura do filme. Em relação ao método de deposição, os resultados revelam a maior eficiência de método DAM em comparação com o métodos de codeposição para a preparação de filmes de FePt com a fase FCT(001), em temperaturas reduzidas (T IND.s < OU = 400ºC). Com o uso do método DAM, foi possível a obtenção da fase ordenanda FCT(001) em filmes de FePt crescidos diretamente sobre o MgO em T IND. s = 400ºC. Para filmes de FePt crescidos sobre Pt/MgO, a formação da fase FCT(001) foi verificada em T IND.s = 200ºC e um alto grau de ordenamento químico (S = 0,88) em T IND. s = 400ºC. Estudos de Espectroscopia de Absorção de Rios-X (XAS) também foram realizados.FePt alloy films, with a chemically ordered face-centered-tetragonal FCT (type LI IND.0) structure and [001] texture, present perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, high coactivity and large polar magneto-optical Kerr effect. However, completely ordered films are usually obtained either by sputtering process at high substrate temperatures (T IND.s MAIOR IGUAL A 600°C) or by postanneling treatment at temperatures higher than 500°C. For technological purposes the preparation temperatures has to be as low as possible. In this work we have searched the more adequate conditions to preparation of FePt films with ordered FCT(001) phase at reduced temperatures. We have investigated the influence of deposition methods, substrate temperature, thickness of film, and type of substrate on the degree of the chemical ordering and preferred texture of FePt films and, consequently, on their magnetic properties. The Fe IND.xPt IND.1-x alloy thin films (with x SEMELHANTE A 50 at%) were prepared by DC Magnetron Sputtering, via two different deposition methods: a conventional code position method and an alternate monatomic layer (DAM) deposition method. The films were grown on SiO IND.2/Si (100), Si (100) and MgO (100) substrates, with and without a Pt buffer layer (thickness ranging from 50 to 76 nm), at T IND.s varying from room temperature to 600°C. The Pt buffer layer was used for obtaining better conditions to the induction of an epitaxial grown of FePt films with the ordered FCT(001) phase. The results of structural and magnetic characterization performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) show that the MgO substrates are adequate to induce an epitaxial growth of FePt films with a FCT structure and [001] texture. However, with the use of an optimized Pt FCC(100) buffer layer pre-deposited on MgO, the best conditions to an epitaxial induced growth were obtained, by both deposition methods. The results show also that the quality of the epitaxial induced growth depends on the thickness of the film. In relation to the deposition method in comparison to the code position method for preparation of FePt FCT(001) films, at reduced temperatures (T IND.s MENOR IGUAL A 400°C). With the use of the DAM method it was possible to obtain the ordered FCT(001) phase in the FePt film grown directly on MgO, at T IND.s = 400°C. For FePt film grown on Pt/MgO, the formation of the FCT(001) phase was verified at T IND.s = 200°C, and high degree of chemical order (S=0,88) was obtained at T IND.s = 400°C. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) studies also were done.
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Stiller, Markus, Jose Barzola-Quiquia, Pablo Esquinazi, Daniel Spemann, Jan Meijer, Michael Lorenz, and Marius Grundmann. "Strong out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy in ion irradiated anatase TiO2 thin films." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-216180.
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The temperature and field dependence of the magnetization of epitaxial, undoped anatase TiO2 thin films on SrTiO3 substrates was investigated. Low-energy ion irradiation was used to modify the surface of the films within a few nanometers, yet with high enough energy to produce oxygen and titanium vacancies. The as-prepared thin film shows ferromagnetism which increases after irradiation with low-energy
ions. An optimal and clear magnetic anisotropy was observed after the first irradiation, opposite to the expected form anisotropy. Taking into account the experimental parameters, titanium vacancies as di-Frenkel pairs appear to be responsible for the enhanced ferromagnetism and the strong anisotropy observed in our films. The magnetic impurities concentrations was measured by particle-induced X-ray emission with ppm resolution. They are ruled out as a source of the observed ferromagnetism before and after irradiation.
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Merabtine, Skander. "Etude expérimentale de la multifissuration et de la décohésion de films minces et nanostructures magnétiques sur substrats flexibles : effet sur l'anisotropie magnétique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCD058/document.
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Les systèmes magnétiques flexibles et étirables sont d’intérêt croissant pour le développement de dispositifs électromagnétiques conformables aux surfaces non planes. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de cette thèse est d’identifier des relations entre phénomènes mécaniques irréversibles (fissuration et délamination) aux grandes déformations et propriétés magnétiques de films minces d’épaisseurs nanométriques (alliages de CoFeB et NiFe) élaborés sur substrat polymère (Kapton®) par pulvérisation magnétron. Dans un premier temps, des essais de traction couplés in situ à la microscopie à forces atomiques ou des mesures de résistance électrique ont permis d’étudier la multifissuration des films minces et les décollements localisés (cloques) subséquents. Ces mesures ont permis de mettre en évidence des domaines de déformations macroscopiques pour lesquels chaque mécanisme était prépondérant. De plus l’énergie d’adhésion a pu être discutée et estimée à partir du suivi des cloques sous déformation. Dans un second temps, des mesures par résonance ferromagnétique effectuées ex situ ont permis de relier les domaines des déformations identifiés précédemment aux évolutions de l’anisotropie magnétique des films minces. De plus, une corrélation entre hétérogénéités de déformations et coefficient d’amortissement de Gilbert a été trouvée. Enfin, les propriétés magnétomécaniques de réseaux de nanolignes de NiFe ont permis de mettre en évidence l’intérêt de la nanostructuration pour ces systèmes magnétiques déformablesFlexible and stretchable magnetic systems are of increasing interest for the development of electromagnetic devices conformable to non-planar surfaces. In this context, the objective of this thesis is to identify the relationships between irreversible mechanical phenomena (cracking and delamination) at large strains and magnetic properties of thin films of nanometric thicknesses (CoFeB and NiFe alloys) deposited on polymer substrate (Kapton®) by magnetron sputtering. In a first time, tensile tests coupled in situ with atomic force microscopy or electrical resistance measurements were used to study thin film multifissuration and subsequent localized debonding (buckles). These measurements made it possible to highlight areas of macroscopic strains for which each mechanism was predominant. In addition, the adhesion energy could be discussed and estimated from the monitoring of the buckles under applied strain. In a second step, ferromagnetic resonance measurements carried out ex situ made it possible to link the previously identified areas of strains to the evolutions of the magnetic anisotropy of thin films. In addition, a correlation between strain heterogeneities and Gilbert damping coefficient was found. Finally, the magnetomechanical properties of NiFe nanowires arrays have made it possible to highlight the advantage of nanopatterning for these deformable magnetic systems
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Geslain, Alan. "Anisotropie naturelle et induite des matériaux poreux : étude expérimentale et modélisation." Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00718301.
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Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif de caractériser le comportement anisotrope des mousses acoustiques. Ces matériaux, couramment employés pour lutter contre les nuisances sonores et vibratoireset sont modélisés à l'aide du modèle de Biot. Celui-ci est basé sur le formalisme de lamécanique des milieux continus à deux champs couplés, l'un associé au solide et l'autre au fluidesaturant. Nous nous intéresserons plus particulièrement dans ce travail aux paramètres du solideet aux matériaux présentant une anisotropie (c'est-à-dire des propriétés qui varient suivant lesdirections) du squelette solide. Ici, deux types d'anisotropie sont distingués, l'anisotropie naturelledu matériau et celle induite par une action extérieure, cette dernière ayant pour principale cause lacompression statique des échantillons. Par ailleurs, trois types de symétries naturelles sont considérés : isotropie, isotropie transverse avec et sans rotation de direction principale. Celles-ci sont leplus couramment rencontrées.L'analyse expérimentale du type de symétrie des mousses se fait au moyen d'un dispositif, appelé rigidimètre, qui permet de déterminer la raideur mécanique d'échantillons cubiques de moussesous hypothèse quasi-statique. Celui-ci est couplé à une mesure au vibromètre laser à balayage, permettantde mesurer le déplacement normal des faces des cubes. Des lignes de niveaux des champsde déplacements normaux surfaciques sont ainsi obtenues. Il est alors possible de classer les différentstypes d'anisotropie en analysant ces courbes de niveaux. Ainsi, avec ces a-priori, une méthodea été élaborée pour déterminer les coefficients de Poisson à l'aide de techniques de minimisationà partir des autres constantes élastiques préalablement déterminées. Ce problème est construit àpartir d'indicateurs expérimentaux et d'indicateurs provenant d'un modèle éléments finis.L'influence de la compression statique sur les modules élastiques est ensuite étudiée. Toutd'abord, la variation du module d'Young en fonction du taux de compression est caractérisée àpartir de mesures au rigidimètre. Ensuite, la variation du module de cisaillement en fonction de lacompression statique est caractérisée par une méthode d'ondes guidées (en collaboration avec laKULeuven). Il a été montré que les variations de modules élastiques pouvaient être importantespuisqu'elles peuvent atteindre 50 %. A partir de ces déterminations expérimentales, quatre zones decomportement de la mousse ont été mises en évidence. Ces quatre zones correspondent respectivementà des effets de compression, de flambement, de densification et de réarrangement des cellules.Un modèle éléments-finis microstructural, dans lequel la cellule élémentaire est modélisée par untétrakaidécaèdre de Kelvin, est enfin proposé. Celui-ci permet de modéliser les trois premièreszones, qui correspondent aux compressions statiques usuelles dans les applications acoustiques.
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Plunkett, Brian W. "Plastic anisotropy of hexagonal closed packed metals." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0012500.
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Modén, Carl S. "Transverse anisotropy in softwoods : Modelling and experiments." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Aeronautical and Vehicle Engineering, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3988.
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Transverse anisotropy is an important phenomenon of practical and scientific interest. Although the presence of ray tissue explains the high radial modulus in many hardwoods, experimental data in the literature shows that this is not the case for pine. It is possible that anisotropy in softwoods may be explained by the cellular structure and associated deformation mechanisms.
An experimental approach was developed by which local radial modulus in spruce was determined at sub-annual ring scale. Digital speckle photography (DSP) was used, and the density distribution was carefully characterized using x-ray densitometry and the SilviScan apparatus. A unique set of data was generated for radial modulus versus a wide range of densities. This was possible since earlywood density shows large density variations in spruce. Qualitative comparison was made between data and predictions from stretching and bending honeycomb models. The hypothesis for presence of cell wall stretching was supported by data.
A model for wood was therefore developed where both cell wall bending and stretching are included. The purpose was a model for predictions of softwood moduli over a wide range of densities. The relative importance of the deformation mechanisms was investigated in a parametric study. A two-phase model was developed and radial and tangential moduli were predicted. Comparison with experimental data showed good agreement considering the nature of the model (density is the only input parameter). Agreement is much better than for a regular honeycomb model. According to the model, cell wall bending dominates at both low and high densities during tangential loading. In radial loading, cell wall stretching dominates at higher densities.
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Zhang, Hongbin. "Relativistic Density Functional Treatment of Magnetic Anisotropy." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-25132.
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Spin-orbit coupling (SOC) reduces the spatial symmetry of ferromagnetic solids. That is, the physical properties of ferromagnetic materials are anisotropic, depending on the magnetization direction. In this thesis, by means of numerical calculations with full-relativistic density functional theory, we studied two kinds of physical properties: surface magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) and anisotropic thermoelectric power due to Lifshitz transitions. After a short introduction to the full-relativistic density functional theory in Chapter 2, the MAE of ferromagnetic thin films is studied in Chapter 3. For such systems, separation of different contributions, such as bulk magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA) energy, shape anisotropy energy, and surface/interface anisotropy energy, is crucial to gain better understanding of experiments. By fitting our calculating results for thick slabs to a phenomenological model, reliable surface MAE could be obtained. Following this idea, we have studied the MAE of Co slabs with different geometries, focusing on the effects of orbital polarization correction (OPC). We found that the surface anisotropy is mainly determined by the geometry. While OPC gives better results of orbital moments, it overestimates the MAE. In the second part of Chapter3, the effects of electric fields on the MAE of L10 ferromagnetic thin films are studied. Using a simple model to simulate the electric field, our calculations are in good agreement with previous experimental results. We predicted that for CoPt, even larger effects exist. Moreover, we found that it is the amount of screening charge that determines the magnetoelectric coupling effects. This gives us some clue about how to achieve electric field control of magnetization direction. In Chapter 4, Lifshitz transitions in L10 FePt caused by a canted magnetic field are studied. We found several Lifshitz transitions in ordered FePt with tiny features in DOS. Using a two-band model, it is demonstrated that at such transitions, the singular behaviour of kinetic properties is due to the interband scattering, and the singularity itself is proportional to the derivative of the singular DOS. For FePt, such singularity will be smeared into anomaly by chemical disorder. Using CPA, we studied the effects of energy level broadening for the critical bands in FePt. We found that for experimentally available FePt thin films, Lifshitz transitions would induce up to a 3% increase of thermopower as the magnetization is rotated from the easy axis to the hard axisSpin-Bahn-Kopplung reduziert die Symmetrie ferromagnetischer Festkörper. Das bedeutet, dass die physikalischen Eigenschaften ferromagnetischer Stoffe anisotrop bezüglich der Magnetisierungsrichtung sind. In dieser Dissertation werden mittels numerischer voll-relativistischer Dichtefunktional-Rechnungen zwei Arten physikalischer Eigenschaften untersucht: magnetische Oberflächen-Anisotropieenergie (MAE) und anisotrope Thermokraft durch Lifshitz-Übergänge. Nach einer kurzen Einführung in die relativistische Dichtefunktional-Theorie in Kapitel 2 wird in Kapitel 3 die MAE ferromagnetischer dünner Filme untersucht. In diesen Systemen ist es für ein Verständnis experimenteller Ergebnisse wichtig, verschiedene Beiträge zu separieren: Volumenanteil der magnetokristallinen Anisotropie (MCA), Formanistropie und Oberflächen bzw. Grenzflächenanisotropie. Durch Anpassen berechneter Daten für dicke Schichten an ein phänomenologisches Modell konnten verlässliche Oberflächen Anisotropien erhalten werden. In dieser Weise wurde die MAE von Co- Schichten mit unterschiedlichen Geometrien untersucht, wobei der Einfluss von Orbitalpolarisations-Korrekturen (OPC) im Vordergrund stand. Es wurde gefunden, dass die Oberflächenanisotropie hauptsächlich von der Geometrie bestimmt wird. Während OPC bessere Ergebnisse für die Orbitalmomente liefert, wird die MAE überschätzt. Im zweiten Teil von Kapitel 3 wird der Einfluss elektrischer Felder auf die MAE von dünnen ferromagnetischen Filmen mit L10-Struktur untersucht. Unter Verwendung eines einfachen Modells zur Simulation des elektrischen Feldes liefern die Rechnungen gute Übereinstimmung mit vorliegenden experimentellen Ergebnissen. Es wird vorhergesagt, dass für CoPt ein noch größerer Effekt existiert. Weiterhin wurde gefunden, dass die magnetoelektrische Kopplung von der Größe der Abschirmladung bestimmt wird. Dies ist eine wichtige Einsicht, um die Magnetisierungsrichtung durch ein elektrisches Feld kontrollieren zu können. In Kapitel 4 werden Lifshitz-Übergänge untersucht, die ein gekantetes Magnetfeld hervorruft. Es wurden mehrere Lifshitz-Übergänge in geordnetem FePt gefunden, welche kleine Anomalien in der Zustandsdichte hervorrufen. Mit Hilfe eines Zweiband-Modells wird gezeigt, dass an solchen Übergängen das singuläre Verhalten kinetischer Eigenschaften durch Interband- Streuung verursacht wird und dass die Singularität proportional zur Ableitung der singulären Zustandsdichte ist. In FePt wird durch chemische Unordnung diese Singularität zu einer Anomalie verschmiert. Der Einfluss einer Verbreiterung der Energieniveaus der kritischen Bänder in FePt wurde mittels CPA untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, dass in experimentell verfügbaren dünnen FePt-Filmen Lifshitz-Übergänge bis zu 3% Erhöhung der Thermokraft erzeugen, wenn die Magnetisierung von der leichten in die harte Richtung gedreht wird
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Durrell, John H. "Critical current anisotropy in high temperature superconductors." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/34606.
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After nearly 15 years of research effort, High Temperature Superconductors (HTS) are finding a wide range of practical applications. A clear understanding of the factors controlling the current carrying capacity of these materials is a prerequisite to their successful technological development. The critical current density (Jc) in HTS is directly dependent on the structure and pinning of the Flux Line Lattice (FLL) in these materials. This thesis presents an investigation of the Jc anisotropy in HTS. The use of thin films grown on off c-axis (vicinal) substrates allowed the effect of current directions outside the cuprate planes to be studied. With this experimental geometry Berghuis, et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 79,12, pg. 2332) observed a striking flux channelling effect in vicinal YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) films. By confirming, and extending, this observation, it is demonstrated that this is an intrinsic effect. The results obtained, appear to fit well with the predictions of a field angle dependent cross-over from a three dimensional rectilinear FLL to a kinked lattice of strings and pancakes. The pinning force density for movement of strings inside the cuprate planes is considerably less than that on vortex pancake elements. When the FLL is entirely string-like this reduced pinning leads to the observed channelling minima. It is observed that anti-phase boundaries enhance the Jc in vicinal YBCO films by strongly pinning vortex strings. The effect on the FLL structure cross-over of increasing anisotropy has been elucidated using de-oxygenated vicinal YBCO films. Intriguingly, the counter intuitive prediction that the range of applied field angle for which the kinked lattice is fully developed reduces with increasing anisotropy, appears to be confirmed. Although vortex channelling cannot be observed in c-axis YBCO films, the pinning force density for vortex string channelling has been extracted by observing string dragging. By studying the effect of rotating the applied field at a constant angle to the cuprate planes, it is possible to observe the cross-over into the string pancake regime in c-axis films. In the 3D region, the observed behaviour is well explained by the anisotropic Ginzburg-Landau model. Measurements were also made on thin films of the much more anisotropic Bi 2Sr2CaCu2O8+x material, grown on vicinal substrates. The absence of any flux channelling effect and clear adherence to the expected Kes-Law behaviour in the observed Jc characteristics does not provide evidence for the existence of the predicted 'crossing lattice' in Bi 2Sr2CaCu2O8+x.
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Kontogeorgos, Andreas. "Optomechanical anisotropy in nanoengineered polymer photonic crystals." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/245235.
Full textAbstract:
Symmetry in photonic crystals is reflected in the structure of their photonic bands and symmetry breaking can result in the development of complete photonic band gaps, leading to enhanced optical properties. This can be difficult for self-assembled nanostructures, due to their restriction by fundamental principles to preferential geometries, but can be achieved through the application of external stimuli. In order to explore such an approach, elastomeric, nanoengineered, polymer photonic crystal structures have been fabricated on a large scale, through a method of shear induced self-assembly of 200nm monodisperse, polymer spheres with a core-shell structure. Determination of the assembly geometry through light diffraction experiments reveals a highly symmetric structure of close-packed, core-shell particles, with its orientation governed by the directionality imposed by the fabrication procedure. In these tuneable photonic crystals, application of external strain at directions of different crystallographic symmetry, accompanied by synchronised optomechanical measurements, reveals strong anisotropic optomechanical properties. It is shown that mechanical properties are primarily dominated by the viscoelastic nature of the shell material, while the strain-induced symmetry breaking reveals previously forbidden resonant peaks. Experiments involving uniaxial extension at principal and non-principal directions verify the underlying symmetry of the crystal lattice and consistently reproduce the anisotropic optical properties, providing information regarding the dual microstructure that controls the optomechanical response of these systems. Simulations based on a model of close-packed hard spheres predict the appearance of secondary resonances and suggest a structural transition from an fcc to a lower symmetry monoclinic crystal lattice. A more elaborate micromechanical model does not verify this transition but predicts the strain dependence of dominant spectroscopic peaks. Experiments involving different crosslinking densities reveal individual contributions from the elements comprising the material's dual microstructure. The inherently low refractive index contrast featured by these polymeric systems forbids the development of full photonic band gaps but symmetry based principles can be applicable to other structures with similar topological restrictions. Results provide a possible route for fabrication of active deformable nanostructures and aid our understanding of self-assembly in these complex systems, leading to optimised large-scale fabrication.
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Modén, Carl. "Transverse anisotropy in softwoods : modelling and experiments /." Stockholm, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3988.
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Horstemeyer, Mark F. "Physically-motivated modeling of deformation-induced anisotropy." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17262.
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