Journal articles: 'Anisotropic steels'

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Niazi, M. S., V. Timo Meinders, H. H. Wisselink, C. H. L. J. ten Horn, Gerrit Klaseboer, and A. H. van den Boogaard. "A Plasticity Induced Anisotropic Damage Model for Sheet Forming Processes." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 1245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.1245.

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The global fuel crisis and increasing public safety concerns are driving the automotive industry to design high strength and low weight vehicles. The development of Dual Phase (DP) steels has been a big step forward in achieving this goal. DP steels are used in many automotive body-in-white structural components such as A and B pillar reinforcements, longitudinal members and crash structure parts. DP steels are also used in other industrial sectors such as precision tubes, train seats and Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) cylinders. Although the ductility of DP steel is higher than classical high strength steels, it is lower than that of classical deep drawing steels it has to replace. The low ductility of DP steels is attributed to damage development. Damage not only weakens the material but also reduces the ductility by formation of meso-cracks due to interacting micro defects. Damage in a material usually refers to presence of micro defects in the material. It is a known fact that plastic deformation induces damage in DP steels. Therefore damage development in these steels have to be included in the simulation of the forming process. In ductile metals, damage leads to crack initiation. A crack is anisotropic which makes damage anisotropic in nature. However, most researchers assume damage to be an isotropic phenomenon. For correct and accurate simulation results, damage shall be considered as anisotropic, especially if the results are used to determine the crack propagation direction. This paper presents an efficient plasticity induced anisotropic damage model to simulate complex failure mechanisms and accurately predict failure in macro-scale sheet forming processes. Anisotropy in damage can be categorized based on the cause which induces the anisotropy, i.e. the loading state and the material microstructure. According to the Load Induced Anisotropic Damage (LIAD) model, if the material is deformed in one direction then damage will be higher in this direction compared to the other two orthogonal directions, irrespective of the microstructure of the material. According to Material Induced Anisotropic Damage (MIAD) model, if there is an anisotropy in shape or distribution of the particles responsible for damage (hard second phase particles, inclusions or impurities) then the material will have different damage characteristics for different orientations in the sheet material. The LIAD part of the damage model is a modification of Lemaitre’s (ML) anisotropic damage model. Modifications are made for damage development under compression state and influence of strain rate on damage, and are presented in this paper. Viscoplastic regularization is used to avoid pathological mesh dependency. The MIAD part of the model is an extension of the LIAD model. Experimental evidence is given of the MIAD phenomenon in DP600 steel. The experimental analysis is carried out using tensile tests, optical strain measurement system (ARAMIS) and scanning electron microscopy. The extension to incorporate MIAD in the ML anisotropic damage model is presented in this paper as well. The paper concludes with a validation of the anisotropic damage model for different applications. The MIAD part of the model is validated by experimental cylindrical cup drawing wheras the LIAD part of the model is validated by the cross die drawing process.

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Szumiata, Tadeusz, Paweł Rekas, Małgorzata Gzik-Szumiata, Michał Nowicki, and Roman Szewczyk. "The Two-Domain Model Utilizing the Effective Pinning Energy for Modeling the Strain-Dependent Magnetic Permeability in Anisotropic Grain-Oriented Electrical Steels." Materials 17, no. 2 (January 11, 2024): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17020369.

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This paper presents a newly proposed domain wall energy-based model of the 2D strain dependence of relative magnetic permeability in highly grain-oriented anisotropic electrical steels. The model was verified utilizing grain-oriented M120-27s electrical steel sheet samples with magnetic characteristics measured by an automated experimental setup with a magnetic yoke. The model’s parameters, identified in the differential evolution-based optimization process, enable a better understanding of the interaction between stress-induced anisotropy and magnetocrystalline anisotropy in electrical steels. Moreover, the consequences of the simplified description of grain-oriented magnetocrystalline anisotropy are clearly visible, which opens up the possibility for further research to improve this description.

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Niazi, M. S., H. H. Wisselink, and T. Meinders. "Validation of Modified Lemaitre’s Anisotropic Damage Model with the Cross Die Drawing Test." Key Engineering Materials 488-489 (September 2011): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.488-489.49.

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Dual Phase (DP) steels are widely replacing the traditional forming steels in automotive industry. Advanced damage models are required to accurately predict the formability of DP steels. In this work, Lemaitre’s anisotropic damage model has been slightly modified for sheet metal forming applications and for strain rate dependent materials. The damage evolution law is adapted to take into account the strain rate dependency and negative triaxialities. The damage parameters for pre-production DP600 steel were determined. The modified damage models (isotropic and anisotropic) were validated using the cross die drawing test. The anisotropic damage model predicts the crack direction more accurately.

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van den Berg, F. D., and H. T. Ploegaert. "Strain Dependence of Magnetic Anisotropy in Low-Carbon Production Steels." Materials Science Forum 495-497 (September 2005): 1475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.495-497.1475.

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The magnetic parameters of steel depend on the mutual orientation of the applied magnetic field, the (applied) stress and the crystalline structure. The magnetic anisotropy can be modeled in terms of the magneto-elastic and magneto-crystalline energy distributions. By investigation of the magnetic anisotropic behaviour of steels with respect to stress, a rapid, nondestructive and possibly non-contact measurement of the residual stress can be devised that can find application in manufacturing, machining, forming and life-time assessment of steel and steel components. Reliability, robustness and versatility will constitute the main challenges to further develop these techniques for common industrial applications.

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Toribio, Jesús, Beatriz González, Juan Carlos Matos, and F. J. Ayaso. "Anisotropic Fracture Behaviour of Progressively Drawn Pearlitic Steel." Key Engineering Materials 452-453 (November 2010): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.452-453.1.

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This paper analyses the differences in fracture behaviour of two cold drawn pearlitic steels with different degree of strain hardening: a slightly drawn bar and a heavily drawn wire. The load-displacement curve F-u was analysed in the two cases, with special emphasis in the characteristic points of the plot: the load defining the end of linear behaviour (Fe), the final fracture load (Fmax) and, in the heavily drawn steel, the pop-in load (FY). Results demonstrate that slightly drawn steels exhibit isotropic fracture behaviour with crack propagation along its own plane (mode I propagation). On the other hand, heavily drawn steels exhibit a markedly anisotropic fracture behaviour with crack deflection (mixed mode propagation), and vertical fracture embryos suddenly appear associated with the pop-in instant. This special fracture mode is a consequence of the markedly oriented microstructure of the heavily drawn steel.

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Panich, Sansot. "Constitutive Modeling of Advanced High Strength Steels Characterized by Uniaxial and Biaxial Experiments." Advanced Materials Research 849 (November 2013): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.849.207.

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Anisotropic plastic behavior of advanced high strength steel sheets of grade DP780 and DP980 were investigated using three different yield functions, namely, the von Mises, Hills 48 and Barlat2000 (Yld2000-2d) criteria. Uniaxial tensile and balanced biaxial (hydraulic bulge) tests were conducted for the examined steels in order to characterize flow behavior and plastic anisotropy for different stress states. Additionally, disk compression and In-plane biaxial tension tests were performed for obtaining balanced r-value of DP780 and DP980, respectively. All these data were used to determine the anisotropic coefficients. According to the different yield criteria, yield stresses and r-values for different directions were calculated corresponding to these yield criteria. The results were compared with experimental data. It was found that the Yld2000-2d model precisely predict well with experimental data than the other models.

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Steuwer, Axel, Javier Roberto Santisteban, Philip J. Withers, Lyndon Edwards, and Mike E. Fitzpatrick. "In situdetermination of stresses from time-of-flight neutron transmission spectra." Journal of Applied Crystallography 36, no. 5 (September 8, 2003): 1159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889803013748.

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The pulsed neutron transmission diffraction technique exploits the sharp steps in intensity (Bragg edges) appearing in the transmitted spectra of thermal neutrons through polycrystalline materials. In this paper the positions of these edges acquired by the time-of-flight (TOF) technique are used to measure accurately the interplanar lattice distances to a resolution of Δd/d≃ 10−4of specimens subjected toin situuniaxial tensile loading. The sensitivity of the method is assessed for elastically isotropic (b.c.c. ferritic) and anisotropic (f.c.c. austenitic) polycrystalline specimens of negligible and moderately textured steels. For the more anisotropic austenitic steel, the elastic anisotropy is studied with regard to a Pawley refinement, and compared with previous results from conventional neutron diffraction experiments on the same material. It is shown that the method can be used to determine anisotropic strains, diffraction elastic constants, the residual and applied stress state as well as the unstrained lattice parameter by recording transmission spectra at different specimen inclinations, by complete analogy with the sin2ψ technique frequently used in X-ray diffraction. The technique is shown to deliver reliable measures of strain even in the case of moderate texture and elastic anisotropy.

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YONEDA, KEISHI, AKIO YONEZU, HIROYUKI HIRAKATA, and KOHJI MINOSHIMA. "ESTIMATION OF ANISOTROPIC PLASTIC PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING STEELS FROM SPHERICAL IMPRESSIONS." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 02, no. 02 (June 2010): 355–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825110000536.

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This study proposes a method of reverse analysis to estimate the anisotropic plastic properties of engineering steels by spherical indentation. The method takes into consideration materials that obey the work-hardening law and show in-plane anisotropic yield stress. Finite element analysis was first carried out to compute the indentation behavior of such materials, showing that a permanent impression exhibited an anisotropic shape which was strongly dependent on the orthotropic axis. Based on the anisotropy of the impression geometry, we developed a simple approach to determine the yield stress, work-hardening exponent and yield stress ratio. The approach consists of several functions related to the parameters of two impression geometries, produced by dual spherical indentations with different indentation forces. Since the present method uses only two impression geometries and does not necessitate indentation force — displacement curves (indentation curves), it is a particularly useful technique to evaluate "indistinguishable materials" which are special sets of materials with distinct plastic properties, yet yield almost identical indentation curves.

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Toribio, Jesús, and Francisco-Javier Ayaso. "Cleavage Stress Producing Notch-Induced Anisotropic Fracture and Crack Path Deflection in Cold Drawn Pearlitic Steel." Metals 11, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11030451.

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The fracture performance of axisymmetric notched samples taken from pearlitic steels with different levels of cold-drawing is studied. To this end, a real manufacture chain was stopped in the course of the process (on-site in the factory), and samples of all intermediate stages were extracted from the initial hot-rolled bar (not cold-drawn at all) to the final commercial product (prestressing steel wire). Thus, the drawing intensity or straining level (represented by the yield strength) is treated as the key variable to elucidate the consequences of manufacturing on the posterior fracture issues. On the basis of a materials science approach, the clearly anisotropic fracture behavior of heavily drawn steels (exhibiting deflection in the fracture surface) is rationalized on the basis of the markedly oriented pearlitic microstructure of the cold-drawn steel that influences the operative micromechanism of fracture. In addition, a finite element analysis of the stress distribution at the fracture instant allows the computation of the cleavage annular stress required to produce anisotropic fracture behavior and thus crack path deflection associated with mixed-mode cracking. Results show that such a stress is the variable governing initiation and propagation of anisotropic fracture by cleavage (a specially oriented and enlarged cleavage fracture) appearing along the wire axis direction in the case of sharply-notched samples of heavily drawn pearlitic steels.

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Toribio, Jesús, Beatriz González, and Juan Carlos Matos. "Anisotropic Fatigue & Fracture Behaviour in Hot-Rolled and Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires." Key Engineering Materials 713 (September 2016): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.713.103.

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This paper analyses the role of cold drawing in the fatigue and fracture behaviour of pearlitic steels with distinct drawing degree (a hot rolled bar and a commercial prestressing steel wire). Fatigue crack growth develops globally in mode I and locally in mixed mode in both steels, the micro-crack deflection angle depending on the drawing degree. With regard to fracture behaviour, it takes place in mode I in the hot-rolled bar and in mixed mode (with a strong component of mode II) in the case of the cold-drawn wire, so that strength anisotropy appears in the drawn steel and a sort of directional toughness can be defined.

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Toribio, Jesús, Francisco-Javier Ayaso, and Beatriz González. "Role of Non-Metallic Inclusions in the Fracture Behavior of Cold Drawn Pearlitic Steel." Metals 11, no. 6 (June 15, 2021): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11060962.

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In this paper an exhaustive scientific work is performed, by means of metallographic and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques, of the microstructural defects exhibited by pearlitic steels and their evolution with the manufacturing process by cold drawing, analyzing the consequences of such defects on the isotropic/anisotropic fracture behavior of the different steels. Thus, the objective is the establishment of a relation between the microstructural damage and the fracture behavior of the different steels. To this end, samples were taken from all the intermediate stages of the real cold drawing process, from the initial hot rolled bar (not cold drawn at all) to the heavily drawn final commercial product (prestressing steel wire). Results show the very relevant role of non-metallic inclusions in the fracture behavior of cold drawn pearlitic steels.

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Knieps, Fabian, Manuel Köhl, and Marion Merklein. "Local Strain Measurement in Tensile Test for an Optimized Characterization of Packaging Steel for Finite Element Analysis." Key Engineering Materials 883 (April 2021): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.883.309.

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The continuous development of packaging steels for thickness reduction processes requires an advanced process design. This process is increasingly supported by finite element analysis to simplify tool construction and material selection purposes. Therefore, the fundamental basis is always the precise material characterization of packaging steel commonly based on tensile tests to determine flow curve and Lankford coefficients. However, due to strong temper rolling and the occurrence of slip bands, most packaging steels just show little elongation in tensile test. Therefore, a method of Paul et al. to determine the flow curve with digital image correlation (DIC) methods in the necking zone was applied in this work to meet the requirements of packaging steel. For the use of anisotropic yield functions, it is necessary to determine Lankford coefficients. Thus, a new method is proposed to measure Lankford coefficients locally with a DIC system in tensile test, also in case that no homogenous forming condition is reached. With the presented approaches the packaging steel TH415 was characterized. In order to validate the developed methods, a demonstrator was simulated with anisotropic yield function Yld2000-2d . The comparison between simulation and experiment showed clear improvements in simulation accuracy when using the newly presented methods for packaging steel.

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Kolpak, Felix, Oliver Hering, and A. Erman Tekkaya. "Consequences of large strain anisotropic work-hardening in cold forging." International Journal of Material Forming 14, no. 6 (October 21, 2021): 1463–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12289-021-01641-9.

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AbstractThe influence of anisotropic work-hardening on the component properties and process forces in cold forging is investigated. The focus is on the material behaviour exhibited after strain path reversals. The work-hardening of three steels is characterized for large monotonic strains (equivalent strains up to 1.7) and subsequent strain path reversals (accumulated strains up to 2.5). Tensile tests on specimens extracted from rods forward extruded at room temperature reveal an almost linear work-hardening for all investigated steels. The application of compressive tests on extruded material gives insights into the non-monotonic work-hardening behaviour. All previously reported anisotropic work-hardening phenomena such as the Bauschinger effect, work-hardening stagnation and permanent softening are present for all investigated steels and intensify with the pre-strain. Experimental results of 16MnCrS5 were utilized to select constitutive models of increasing complexity regarding their capability to capture anisotropic work-hardening. The best fit between experimental and numerical data was obtained by implementation of a modified Yoshida-Uemori model, which is able to capture all observed anisotropic work-hardening phenomena. The constitutive models were applied in simulations of single- and multi-stage cold forming processes, revealing the significant effect of anisotropic hardening on the predicted component properties and process forces, originating in the process-intrinsic strain path reversals as well as in strain path reversals between subsequent forming stages. Selected results were validated experimentally.

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Toribio, Jesús. "Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steels as Hierarchically Structured Materials: An Approach to Johann Sebastian Bach." Key Engineering Materials 774 (August 2018): 492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.774.492.

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This paper analyzes the hierarchical microstructure of cold-drawn pearlitic steels. To this end, environmentally assisted fracture behavior and microstructural integrity in aggressive environments is analyzed in progressively cold-drawn pearlitic steels based on their microstructural evolution during the multi-step cold drawing manufacture process producing a slenderizing and orientation of the pearlitic colonies (first microstructural level), and orientation and densification of the ferrite/cementite lamellae (second microstructural level). Thus the microstructure of the cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires becomes progressively oriented as the cold-drawing degree increases and this microstructural fact affects their macroscopic behavior, inducing anisotropic fracture behavior and crack path deflection in aggressive environments. In addition, the hierarchical microstructure of cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires in two microstructural levels (colonies and lamellae) suggests a consideration of them as hierarchically structured materials (HSM). Furthermore, an analogy is established in the paper between the microstructural arrangement in cold-drawn pearlitic steels and the multi-level structure of Johann Sebastian Bach’s music.

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Lian, Jun He, Deok Chan Ahn, Dong Chul Chae, Sebastian Münstermann, and Wolfgang Bleck. "Cold Formability of Automotive Sheet Metals: Anisotropy, Localization, Damage and Ductile Fracture." Key Engineering Materials 639 (March 2015): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.639.353.

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Experimental and numerical investigations on the characterization and prediction of cold formability of two different types of automotive steel sheets, a ferritic stainless steel sheet (AISI 439) and a dual-phase steel sheet (DP600) are performed in this study. Due to the different microstructure configurations, these two steels show significant differences in plasticity behavior as well as failure mechanisms. The ferritic stainless steel shows strong anisotropic plastic deformation in terms of both yielding and hardening, whereas the dual-phase steel behaves quite isotropic resulting from the mixture of two phases. However, unlike the localization dominant failure mechanism of the ferritic stainless steel, the incompatible deformation due to the distinctions of the mechanical properties of two phases naturally results in early damage and extensive damage development prior to localization, or ductile fracture without localization. In this study, all these features are taken into account for an accurate prediction of formability. A general modelling framework with specifications for these separate features is formulated and applied to the two steels.

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Gomes, Carlos, Oladipo Onipede, and Michael Lovell. "Investigation of springback in high strength anisotropic steels." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 159, no. 1 (January 2005): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.04.423.

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Onuki, Yusuke, and Shigeo Sato. "In Situ Observation for Deformation-Induced Martensite Transformation (DIMT) during Tensile Deformation of 304 Stainless Steel Using Neutron Diffraction. PART I: Mechanical Response." Quantum Beam Science 4, no. 3 (September 11, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/qubs4030031.

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304 stainless steel is one of the most common stainless steels due to its excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. Typically, a good balance between ductility and strength derives from deformation-induced martensite transformation (DIMT), but this mechanism has not been fully explained. In this study, we conducted in situ neutron diffraction measurements during the tensile deformation of commercial 304 stainless steel (at room temperature) by means of a Time-Of-Flight type neutron diffractometer, iMATERIA (BL20), at J-PARC MLF (Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex, Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility), Japan. The fractions of α′-(BCC) and ε-(HCP) martensite were quantitatively determined by Rietveld-texture analysis, as well as the anisotropic microstrains. The strain hardening behavior corresponded well to the microstrain development in the austenite phase. Hence, the authors concluded that the existence of martensite was not a direct cause of hardening, because the dominant austenite phase strengthened to equivalent values as in the martensite phase. Moreover, the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) mechanism in austenitic steels is different from that of low-alloy bainitic TRIP steels.

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Knieps, Fabian, Benjamin Liebscher, Ioana Moldovan, Manuel Köhl, and Johannes Lohmar. "Characterization of High-Strength Packaging Steels: Obtaining Material Data for Precise Finite Element Process Modelling." Metals 10, no. 12 (December 16, 2020): 1683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10121683.

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The steadily increasing demand for downgauging to reduce costs in packaging steel applications requires the development of high-strength packaging steel grades to meet strength requirements. At the same time, the demand for a simulative, computer-aided layout of industrial forming processes is growing to reduce costs in tool constructions for downgauging manners. As part of this work, different high-strength packaging steels were characterized for use in a finite element based process layout and validated using application-oriented experiments. Due to a low hardening rate and the occurrence of Lüders bands, high-strength packaging steels show a low amount of elongation in tensile tests, while for other stress states higher degrees of deformation are possible. Thus, common extrapolation methods fail to reproduce the flow curve of high-strength packaging steels. Therefore, a new approach to extrapolate the flow curve of high-strength packaging steels is presented using the tensile test and bulge test data together with a combined Swift–Voce hardening law. Furthermore, it is shown that the use of complex anisotropic yield locus models such as Yld2000-2d is necessary for high-strength packaging steels in order to be able to precisely simulate application-oriented loads in between plane strain and biaxial tension in validation experiments. Finally, the benefit of a material selection process for packaging steel applications guided by finite element simulations based on precisely characterized material behaviour is demonstrated.

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Yeddu, Hemantha Kumar, John Ågren, and Annika Borgenstam. "3D Phase Field Modeling of Martensitic Microstructure Evolution in Steels." Solid State Phenomena 172-174 (June 2011): 1066–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.172-174.1066.

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Complex martensitic microstructure evolution in steels generates enormous curiosity among the materials scientists and especially among the Phase Field (PF) modeling enthusiasts. In the present work PF Microelasticity theory proposed by A.G. Khachaturyan coupled with plasticity is applied for modeling the Martensitic Transformation (MT) by using Finite Element Method (FEM). PF simulations in 3D are performed by considering different cases of MT occurring in a clamped system, i.e. simulation domain with fixed boundaries, of (a) pure elastic material with dilatation (b) pure elastic material without dilatation (c) elastic perfectly plastic material with dilatation having (i) isotropic as well as (ii) anisotropic elastic properties. As input data for the simulations the thermodynamic parameters corresponding to Fe - 0.3% C alloy as well as the physical parameters corresponding to steels acquired from experimental results are considered. The results indicate that elastic strain energy, dilatation and plasticity affect MT whereas anisotropy affects the microstructure.

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Tang, Bingtao, Zhongmei Wang, Ning Guo, Qiaoling Wang, and Peixing Liu. "An Extended Drucker Yield Criterion to Consider Tension–Compression Asymmetry and Anisotropy on Metallic Materials: Modeling and Verification." Metals 10, no. 1 (December 22, 2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10010020.

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Pressure sensitive asymmetric Drucker yield criterion is developed to deal with pressure dependent sheet metals for instance steels and aluminum alloys. The sensitivity to pressure is conserved by introducing three-dimensional anisotropic parameters in the first stress invariant; while the third deviatoric stress invariant is remained in odd function form to consider the strength differential effect (SDE). To describe the flow stress directionalities of metallic materials, the Drucker yield function is extended using two transformation matrix consisting of anisotropic parameters. The proposed Drucker yield criterion is utilized to predict the anisotropic yield and plastic deformation of aluminum alloys with weak SDE: AA 2090-T3 with face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal systems and AA 2008-T4 with body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal systems as well as metals with strong SDE: Zirconium clock-rolled plate with hexagonal close packing (HCP) crystal systems. The comparison between the predicted anisotropic behavior and experimental results reveals that the extended anisotropic Drucker yield criterion can precisely model the anisotropy for FCC, BCC and HCP metals. The proposed function is implemented into ABAQUS VUMAT subroutines to describe the four-point bending test which is used to consider the effect of various yield functions and material orientations on deformation behavior. The obtained contours of the cross-section, strain components distribution and also the shift of neutral layer indicate that the extended Drucker yield function can well predict the final geometric configuration of the deformed Zirconium beam.

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Watanabe, Yoshimi, Naoya Iwata, and Hisashi Sato. "Thermo-Mechanical Training of Stainless Steels to Improve Damping Capacity." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.101.

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The effects of thermo-mechanical training on damping capacity of two types of stainless steels, Fe-18Cr-8Ni (SUS 304) and Fe-25Cr-20Ni (SUS 310S) stainless steels, are studied. The thermo-mechanical training with bending deformation is adopted, since vibration manner in internal friction measurement is bending mode. An anisotropic damping capacity as well as hardness of samples is studied. It is found that deformation induced ε-martensite is observed for trained SUS 304 sample, while deformation twins are formed in the trained SUS 310S sample. It is also found that internal friction of SUS 304 sample is larger than that of SUS 310S sample. Increase in number of training results in an increase in the internal friction and hardness. In addition, anisotropic damping capacity is observed in the samples subjected the thermo-mechanical training. To be concluded, the thermo-mechanical training is useful for enhancement of both damping capacity and strength of SUS 304 and SUS 310S stainless steels.

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Altendorf, Hellen, Felix Latourte, Dominique Jeulin, Matthieu Faessel, and Lucie Saintoyant. "3D RECONSTRUCTION OF A MULTISCALE MICROSTRUCTURE BY ANISOTROPIC TESSELLATION MODELS." Image Analysis & Stereology 33, no. 2 (May 23, 2014): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.5566/ias.v33.p121-130.

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In the area of tessellation models, there is an intense activity to fully understand the classical models of Voronoi, Laguerre and Johnson-Mehl. Still, these models are all simulations of isotropic growth and are therefore limited to very simple and partly convex cell shapes. The here considered microstructure of martensitic steel has a much more complex and highly non convex cell shape, requiring new tessellation models. This paper presents a new approach for anisotropic tessellation models that resolve to the well-studied cases of Laguerre and Johnson-Mehl for spherical germs. Much better reconstructions can be achieved with these models and thus more realistic microstructure simulations can be produced for materials widely used in industry like martensitic and bainitic steels.

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Lobanov, M. L., G. M. Rusakov, and A. A. Redikul’tsev. "Electrotechnical anisotropic steels. Part II. State-of-the-art." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 53, no. 7-8 (October 2011): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11041-011-9397-8.

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Grilo, Tiago Jordão, Nelson Souto, Robertt Angelo Fontes Valente, António Andrade-Campos, Sandrine Thuillier, and R. J. Alves de Sousa. "On the Development and Computational Implementation of Complex Constitutive Models and Parameters’ Identification Procedures." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 936–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.936.

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Nowadays, the automotive industry has focused its attention to weight reduction of the vehicles to overcome environmental restrictions. For this purpose, new materials, namely, advanced high strength steels and aluminum alloys have emerged. These materials combine good formability and ductility, with a high tensile strength due to a multi-phase structure (for the steel alloys) and reduced weight (for the aluminum alloys). As a consequence of their advanced performances, complex constitutive models are required in order to describe the various mechanical features involved. In this work, the anisotropic plastic behavior of dual-phase steels and high strength aluminum alloys is described by the non-quadratic Yld2004-18p yield criterion, combined with a mixed isotropic-nonlinear kinematic hardening law. This phenomenological model allows for an accurate description of complex anisotropy and Bauschinger effects of the materials, which are essential for a reliable prediction of deep drawing and springback results using numerical simulations. To this end, an efficient computational implementation is needed, altogether with an inverse methodology to properly identify the constitutive parameters to be used as numerical simulation input. The constitutive model is implemented in the commercial finite element code ABAQUS as a user-defined material subroutine (UMAT). A multi-stage return mapping procedure, which utilizes the control of the potential residual, is implemented to integrate the constitutive equations at any instant of time (pseudo-time), during a deformation process. Additionally, an inverse methodology is developed to identify the constitutive model parameters of the studied alloys. The identification framework is based on an interface program that links an optimization software and the commercial finite element code. This methodology compares experimental data with the respective results numerically obtained. The implemented optimization process aims to minimize an objective function, which defines the difference between experimental and numerical results using the Levenberg-Marquardt gradient-based optimization method. The proposed integrated approach is validated in a number of benchmarks in sheet metal forming, including monotonic and cyclic loading, with the goal to infer about the modelling of anisotropic effects.

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Park, Minha, Moon Seok Kang, Geon-Woo Park, Eun Young Choi, Hyoung-Chan Kim, Hyoung-Seok Moon, Jong Bae Jeon, Hyunmyung Kim, Se-Hun Kwon, and Byung Jun Kim. "The Effects of Recrystallization on Strength and Impact Toughness of Cold-Worked High-Mn Austenitic Steels." Metals 9, no. 9 (August 29, 2019): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9090948.

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High-Mn austenitic steels have been recently developed for a storage or transportation application of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in cryogenic fields. Since the structural materials are subjected to extremely low temperature, it requires excellent mechanical properties such as high toughness strength. In case of high-Mn steels, twinning deformation during the cold-working process is known to increase strength yet may cause embrittlement of heavy deformed twin and anisotropic properties. In this study, a recrystallization process through appropriate annealing heat treatments after cold-working was applied to improve the impact toughness for high-Mn austenitic steels. Microstructure and mechanical properties were performed to evaluate the influence of cold-worked and annealed high-Mn austenitic steels. Mechanical properties, such as strength and impact toughness, were investigated by tensile and Charpy impact tests. The relationship between strength and impact toughness was determined by microstructure analysis such as the degree of recrystallization and grain refinement. Consequently, both elongation and toughness were significantly increased after cold-working and subsequent annealing at 1000 °C as compared to the as-received (hot-rolled) specimen. The cold-worked high-Mn steel was completely recrystallized at 1000 °C and showed a homogeneous micro-structure with high-angle grain boundaries.

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Chmielewski, Marek, and Leszek Piotrowski. "Application of the Barkhausen effect probe with adjustable magnetic field direction for stress state determination in the P91 steel pipe." Journal of Electrical Engineering 69, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2018-0085.

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Abstract The paper presents the results of application of a novel Barkhausen effect (BE) probe with adjustable magnetizing field direction for the stress level evaluation in ferromagnetic materials. The investigated sample was in a form of a pipe, made of P91 steel that was anisotropic due to the production process. The measurements were performed before and after welding, revealing the influence of welding process on the residual stress distribution. As was observed, the process introduced high tensile stresses in the normal to the weld direction (which can be interpreted as a decrease of strongly compressive residual stresses present in martensitic steels). In addition to that, the paper presents investigations of the measurement set performance corroborating its applicability for Barkhausen effect signal measurements in the magnetically anisotropic materials. The signals obtained during manual rotation of the probe (typical method of BE measurements) are very similar to those recorded during automatic field axis rotation.

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Choi, Shi Hoon, B. J. Kim, S. I. Kim, Jin Won Choi, and Kwang Geun Chin. "Simulation of Primary Recrystallization in Automotive Steels by Consideration of Particle Pinning." Materials Science Forum 558-559 (October 2007): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.558-559.171.

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A modified two dimensional (2-D) Monte Carlo (MC) technique was used to simulate primary recrystallization in automotive steels containing fine particles. In order to consider anisotropic properties of grain boundary energy and grain boundary mobility, functions of boundary misorientation were introduced. Orientation-dependent stored energy developed in 80% cold-rolled interstitial free (IF) sheet steel was evaluated by reconstructing of data measured using electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis. A subgrain method based on subgrain structure is used for quantitative analysis of the stored energy. The simulation reveals that particles affect evolution of microstructure during recrystallization. The simulation provided a theoretical foundation for understanding effect of particles on the final microstructures and crystallographic textures.

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Могильнер, Леонид Юрьевич, and Николай Николаевич Скуридин. "Laboratory researches of the magnetic-anisotropic method for monitoring the stress-strain state of pipelines." SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGIES OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.28999/2541-9595-2021-11-2-145-151.

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Оценка напряженно-деформированного состояния - один из важнейших этапов при определении работоспособности металлоконструкций, условий их безопасной эксплуатации и остаточного ресурса. Однако до настоящего времени отсутствуют хорошо апробированные технологии, которые позволяли бы определять данную характеристику стальных трубопроводов и корпусов оборудования при диагностировании в условиях эксплуатации. Цель статьи - анализ возможности применения для этого магнитно-анизотропного метода. Метод основан на фиксации магнитных полей рассеяния, возникающих над поверхностью ферромагнитного металла, который под влиянием внешней нагрузки становится анизотропным либо меняет параметры своей анизотропии. Проведена оценка погрешности измерений при использовании магнитно-анизотропного метода. Описаны результаты лабораторных наблюдений за изменением магнитных свойств образцов из трубной стали в упругой и упругопластической областях. Показано, что измерения свойств материала с применением магнитно-анизотропного метода можно трактовать в рамках общепринятых моделей поведения металла под нагрузкой. Указано на необходимость калибровки оборудования на трубных сталях с учетом марки и, возможно, химического состава стали, способа производства трубы, исходной анизотропии металла перед нагружением. Для фиксации перехода металла в упругопластическое состояние следует измерять параметры магнитной анизотропии металла до и после нагрузки либо при возрастании нагрузки фиксировать момент перехода каким-либо альтернативным методом. Assessment of the stress-strain state is the most important stages in determining the serviceability of steel structures, conditions for their safe operation and calculation of residual life. However, until now there are no well-tested technologies that would allow determining this characteristic of steel pipelines and equipment bodies during diagnostics under operating. The purpose of this article is to analyze the possibility of applying the magnetic-anisotropic method for this purpose. The method is based on the record of stray magnetic fields arising over the surface of the ferromagnetic metal, which becomes anisotropic or changes its anisotropy parameters under the external load influence. The error of measurements using this method was evaluated. The results of laboratory observations of changes in the magnetic properties of pipe steel samples in the elastic and elastoplastic domains are described. It is shown that measurements of material properties using the magneticanisotropic method can be interpreted within the framework of generally accepted models of metal behavior under the load influence. The need for the calibration of the equipment on pipe steels taking into account the grade and possibly the chemical composition of the steel is indicated, as well as the method of pipe production, and the initial anisotropy of the metal before loading. To record the transition of metal to the elastoplastic state, the magnetic anisotropy parameters of the metal should be measured before and after the load or the moment of transition should be recorded by alternative method when the load increases.

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Benzerga, A. A., J. Besson, and A. Pineau. "Coalescence-Controlled Anisotropic Ductile Fracture." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 121, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2812369.

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The anisotropic ductile fracture of rolled plates containing elongated inclusions is promoted by both the dilational growth of voids and the coalescence process. In the present article, the emphasis is laid on the latter process. The effects of void shape and mainly of inter-particle spacings are investigated. Two types of coalescence models are compared: a localization-based model and plastic limit-load models. The capabilities of both approaches to incorporate shape change and spacing effects are discussed. These models are used to predict the fracture properties of two low alloy steels containing mainly manganese sulfide inclusions. Both materials are characterized in different loading directions. Microstructural data inferred from quantitative metallography are used to derive theoretical values of critical void volume fractions at incipient coalescence. These values are used in FE-calculations of axisymmetrically notched specimens with different notch radii and loading directions.

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Mirone, Giuseppe, Raffaele Barbagallo, Giuseppe Bua, Pietro Licignano, and Michele Maria Tedesco. "An Enhanced Approach for High-Strain Plasticity in Flat Anisotropic Specimens with Progressively Distorting Neck Sections." Metals 14, no. 5 (May 14, 2024): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14050578.

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Characterizing the behavior of ductile metals at high strains is essential in various fields. In the case of thin sheets, rectangular cross-section specimens are used to characterize these materials, typically by tensile tests. Unlike cylindrical specimens, flat ones pose additional challenges for the hardening characterization at high strains, especially in the post-necking phase, which, for many high-strength steels, may cover most of the plastic strain range. After the onset of global necking, the rectangular cross-sections tend to distort with respect to their original shape, as their edges progressively curve and bulge inward. The localized necking occurring after the global one in thinner specimens, further distorts the necked zone. Additionally, sheet metals usually exhibit anisotropic characteristics that affect the derivation of the stress–strain curve and need to be dealt with. No exact method exists for the stress–strain characterization of ductile thin sheets at high strains from tensile tests. Although several approximate methods are available in the literature, they either discard the post-necking range or require highly advanced and complex experimental setups not suitable for industrial applications (e.g., 3D DIC). Then, this work proposes a relatively simple methodology for the experimental characterization of anisotropic thin sheet metals through tensile tests on rectangular cross-section specimens that delivers the true stress–strain curve of the material, extended over the necking range and up to fracture, accurately assessing the anisotropy and the distortion of the neck section. The proposed methodology, employing a standard single-camera experimental setup, is illustrated here, referring to four different steels for automotive applications with reference to a single material orientation; it is intended as representative of the repeated procedure involving tensile tests along 3 or more material directions in order to describe the whole anisotropic plastic response. A detailed comparison between the novel methodology and four other common approaches is carried out, highlighting the differences and the enhanced capabilities of the novel one proposed.

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Jung, Jaebong, Sungwook Jun, Hyun-Seok Lee, Byung-Min Kim, Myoung-Gyu Lee, and Ji Kim. "Anisotropic Hardening Behaviour and Springback of Advanced High-Strength Steels." Metals 7, no. 11 (November 6, 2017): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met7110480.

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32

Handgruber, Paul, Andrej Stermecki, Oszkar Biro, Viktor Gorican, Emad Dlala, and Georg Ofner. "Anisotropic Generalization of Vector Preisach Hysteresis Models for Nonoriented Steels." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 51, no. 3 (March 2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2014.2353691.

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33

Vanegas, E., K. Mocellin, and R. Logé. "Identification of cyclic and anisotropic behaviour of ODS steels tubes." Procedia Engineering 10 (2011): 1208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.201.

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34

Coppola, T., F. Iob, L. Cortese, and F. Campanelli. "Prediction of ductile fracture in anisotropic steels for pipeline applications." Procedia Structural Integrity 2 (2016): 2936–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2016.06.367.

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Tankoua, F., J. Crepin, P. Thibaux, M. Arafin, S. Cooreman, and A. F. Gourgues. "Delamination of pipeline steels: determination of an anisotropic cleavage criterion." Mechanics & Industry 15, no. 1 (2014): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/meca/2014001.

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Radchenko, A. V., and N. K. Gal'chenko. "Fracture of isotropic and anisotropic structural steels under dynamic loading." Soviet Materials Science 28, no. 3 (1992): 281–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00726197.

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Galdikas, Arvaidas, and Teresa Moskalioviene. "The Anisotropic Stress-Induced Diffusion and Trapping of Nitrogen in Austenitic Stainless Steel during Nitriding." Metals 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 1319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10101319.

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Plasma nitriding of austenitic stainless steels at moderate temperatures is considered in the presented work. The anisotropic aspects of stress-induced diffusion and influence of nitrogen traps are investigated by kinetic modeling based on rate equations. The model involves diffusion of nitrogen in the presence of internal stress gradients induced by penetrating nitrogen as the next driving force of diffusion after the concentration gradient. The diffusion equation takes into account the fact that nitrogen atoms reside in interstitial sites and in trapping sites. Stress-induced diffusion has an anisotropic nature and depends on the crystalline orientation while trapping–detrapping is isotropic. The simulations are done considering the synergetic effects of both mechanisms and analyzing the properties of both processes separately. Theoretical curves are compared with experimental results taken from the literature. Good agreement between simulated and experimental results is observed, and gives the possibility to find real values of parameters needed for calculations. The nitrogen depth profile shapes, the dependences of nitrogen penetration on nitriding time and on diffusivity, are analyzed considering crystalline orientation of steel single crystal.

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da Silveira, Lílian Barros, Luciano Pessanha Moreira, Ladario da Silva, Rafael Oliveira Santos, Fabiane Roberta Freitas da Silva, Marcelo Costa Cardoso, and Maria Carolina dos Santos Freitas. "Limit Strains Analysis of Advanced High Strength Steels Sheets Based on Surface Roughness Measurements." Materials Science Forum 930 (September 2018): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.930.349.

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The limit strains of dual-phase steels DP600 and 800 were evaluated in this work with a localization model formulated in plane-stress conditions using elasto-plastic constitutive equations. In this model, a geometrical imperfection parameter is defined from the sheet nominal thickness, initial ferrite grain size and average surface roughness. The proposed identification procedure provided a more physically meaning for this parameter and at best more conservative predictions in the drawing Forming Limit Curve (FLC) range of both investigated dual-phase steels. Nevertheless, the corresponding limit strains in the biaxial stretching region are underestimated with the present theoretical model. Thus, more detailed anisotropic yield function and hardening descriptions must be implemented to improve the accuracy of the FLC prediction of advanced high strength steels.

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Liu, Gang, Kai-Shu Guan, and Ji-Ru Zhong. "Application of Pre-Strained Steels in Empirical Correlation Between Small Punch Test and Uniaxial Tensile Test." Science of Advanced Materials 12, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 892–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2020.3746.

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In order to research the method of strength empirical correlation between conventional small punch test (SPT) and uniaxial tensile test, a series of austenitic stainless steel including pre-strained SUS304 have been tested in this study. The conventional SPT is conducted on a small disc-shaped specimen whose edge is firmly gripped by a die, and the specimen is deformed by a punch. The method of empirical correlation between SPT and uniaxial tensile test is a direct way to obtain the mechanical properties of materials. Through establishing the strength empirical correlation, it can achieve to calculate the strength of material by SPT which is nondestructive to equipments. However, the per-strained steels have never been tested in this method. This study is to fill that gap and to obtain the empirical correlation between SPT and uniaxial tensile test with pre-strained steel. In this study, a series of austenitic stainless steel including SUS304 after different levels of pre-strain were tested successively by uniaxial tensile test and SPT. It is found that the tensile strength obtained from uniaxial tensile test increases with the increasing levels of pre-strain. However, the maximum load obtained from prestrained SPT specimen does not increase with the increasing levels of pre-strain. It is contradictory to the linear relation between maximum load and tensile strength. According to the analysis of conventional discshaped SPT specimen, the directions of maximum load obtained from SPT and tensile strength from tensile test are not uniform. It results in the non-linearity between the maximum load and the tensile strength with pre-strained steel, and it indicates the pre-strained steel cannot be applied to the conventional disc-shaped SPT specimen. Furthermore, the prestrained steel is a typical kind of anisotropic material. Therefore, extending to anisotropic material, the conventional disc-shaped SPT specimen is not suitable for the method of strength empirical correlation.

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Zhao, Yonggang, Yuanbiao Tan, Xuanming Ji, and Song Xiang. "Microstructural dependence of anisotropic fracture mechanisms in cold-drawn pearlitic steels." Materials Science and Engineering: A 735 (September 2018): 250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.08.044.

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Shirkoohi, G. H., and J. Liu. "A finite element method for modelling of anisotropic grain-oriented steels." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 30, no. 2 (March 1994): 1078–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.312500.

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Herold-Schmidt, U., and R. Hinsberger. "Abrasive wear resistance of anisotropic two phase Fe-Ni-C steels." Wear 120, no. 2 (December 1987): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(87)90064-0.

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Shirkoohi, G. H. "Anisotropic dependence of magnetostriction in electrical steels under applied linear stress." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 157-158 (May 1996): 516–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-8853(95)01185-4.

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Shore, Diarmuid, Jerzy Gawad, Steven Cooreman, Pascal Lava, Dimitri Debruyne, Dirk Roose, Joachim Antonissen, Albert van Bael, and Paul van Houtte. "Simulation of a Thick Plate Forming Benchmark Using a Multi Scale Texture Evolution and Anisotropic Plasticity Model." Key Engineering Materials 549 (April 2013): 436–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.549.436.

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Thick plate and sheet materials are often characterised by an inhomogeneous distribution of properties such as yield strength and anisotropy throughout their thickness. Forming of these materials involves further heterogeneous evolution of these properties. A recently developed computational framework [1, now allows these heterogeneities to be modelled via a hierarchical multi-scale material modelling scheme: the evolution of texture and plastic anisotropy can be tracked and individually updated at every integration point in a finite element model, in a computationally efficient manner. In this paper we present the application of this multi-scale model to a benchmark forming simulation, the three point bending test of thick plate steels. A number of hot rolled high strength low alloy steels were considered, two of which are presented here. The results of the simulations are validated against experimental results. Comparison is made between computed and experimental deformed shapes and strain fields, using data acquired by digital image correlation. Predictions of heterogeneously evolved textures are compared with experimental macro-textures, acquired by XRD, at key locations in the final deformed samples. Such models for plate steel forming simulations that are able to provide accurate predictions of deformation textures and derived quantities in the entire volume of the material can be crucial to study further processing steps and properties of the final product.

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Zurek, Stan, Piotr Borowik, and Krzysztof Chwastek. "Prediction of anisotropic properties of grain-oriented steels based on magnetic measurements." Journal of Electrical Engineering 69, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): 470–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2018-0078.

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Abstract Magnetic properties of grain-oriented steels are inseparably linked to their anisotropy. A proper characterization of anisotropy is thus crucial for practical applications. In the paper a description based on magnetic measurements carried out for three well-defined cutting angles is presented. It is shown that it is possible to predict magnetic properties of interest (coercive field strength, remanence flux density) for an arbitrary angle using a limited number of measurements.

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GOU, Rui-bin, Wen-jiao DAN, Wei-gang ZHANG, and Min YU. "Prediction on the Mechanical and Forming Behaviors of Ferrite-Martensite Dual Phase Steels Based on a Flow Model." Materials Science 26, no. 4 (August 17, 2020): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.26.4.22104.

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An innovative flow model incorporating the mixture hardening law, anisotropic yield function, and incremental strain formulations was elaborated and applied to DP590 ferrite-martensite dual phase steel. To verify the flow model, both the macro/micro stress-strain responses and the forming patterns of DP590 steel with different martentite contents were simulated during the processes of the cup deep-drawing and the unconstrained cylindrical bending to evaluate the influence of martensite content on the mechanical and forming behavior of the steel. It was found that maternsite content has a significant impact on the macro/micromechanical and forming behavior of the steel, i.e., the ferrite and steel effective stresses and the effective macro/micro-strain distribution in the cup. Under the unconstrained cylindrical bending, the simulated effective maximum macro/micro-strains were in good agreement with the calculated results from the mixture law-based model. It was concluded that the Buaschinger effect is the main reason for an 8 % error between the simulated and experimental results. The flow model was proved to predict the macro/micro flow and forming behavior of the dual phase steels with a good accuracy.

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Stavynskyi, A. A., O. A. Avdeeva, D. L. Koshkin, R. A. Stavynskyi, and O. M. Tsyganov. "Technical solutions to reduce losses in magnetic cores and material consumption of three-phase transformer and reactor equipment." Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, no. 2 (February 24, 2024): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2074-272x.2024.2.01.

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Purpose. The increase in energy costs and the need for further energy saving lead to an increase in requirements for reducing losses in the magnetic cores of transformers and reactors. Problem. The improvement of transformer and reactor equipment is traditionally carried out by applying the achievements of electrical materials science and new technologies to traditional designs and structures of electromagnetic systems. The basis of modern transformers is made up of laminated and twisted magnetic cores. The disadvantage of laminated magnetic cores is large additional losses in corner zones due to the texture of anisotropic steel. Disadvantage of twisted three-phase three-contour magnetic cores is large additional losses caused by the lack of magnetic coupling of three separate magnetic flux contours. The disadvantages of combined joint tape-plate magnetic cores are the unsatisfactory use of the active volume and increased losses, which are determined by the uneven distribution of the magnetic field and the negative impact of steel texture in the corner zones of the twisted parts. Aim. To determine the possibility of improving three-phase transformers and reactors. Methodology. The improvement is achieved by geometrical and structural transformations of the outer contours and elements of the varieties of magnetic cores. Results. The possibility of eliminating additional losses of a planar laminated magnetic core by a combination of anisotropic and isotropic steels at the appropriate location in the yoke-rod and corner sections is determined. With an octagonal outer contour of the combined magnetic core, a reduction in mass is achieved without an increase in losses. The mutually orthogonal position of the steel layers or the elements of the joint twisted and combined three-phase planar and spatial magnetic cores achieves magnetic coupling and elimination of additional losses of individual twisted contour sections. The hexagonal configurations of the inner contours of the twisted yoke-corner parts and the cross-sections of the laminated rods of the variants of the axial spatial joint magnetic core improve the magnetic flux density distribution and reduce the main losses of the yokes, as well as reduce the complexity of manufacturing rods from identical rectangular steel layers. Originality. The paper presents constructive and technological proposals and features of varieties of non-traditional planar and spatial, laminated, twisted and combined tape-plate joint magnetic cores, which differ in the combination of anisotropic, isotropic and amorphous steels, as well as the multifaceted geometric shape of contours and the spatial arrangement of elements. Based on the identity of the optimal geometric ratios of the variants of electromagnetic systems of transformers and reactors, with joint planar and spatial twisted and combined and tape-plate magnetic cores, the unification of the structure of transformer and reactor equipment with a capacity of I-III dimensions.

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Zeinali, Reza, Dave Krop, and Elena Lomonova. "Anisotropic Congruency-Based Vector Hysteresis Model Applied to Non-Oriented Laminated Steels." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 57, no. 6 (June 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2021.3059903.

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Moverare, J. J., and Magnus Odén. "Anisotropic High Cycle Fatigue Behaviour of Duplex Stainless Steels: Influence of Microstresses." Zeitschrift für Metallkunde 93, no. 1 (January 2002): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/146.020007.

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Kop, T. A., J. Sietsma, and S. van der Zwaag. "Anisotropic dilatation behaviour during transformation of hot rolled steels showing banded structure." Materials Science and Technology 17, no. 12 (December 2001): 1569–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708301101509629.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Anisotropic steels'

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