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Journal articles on the topic 'Anisotropic liquids'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Hashimoto, Akihiro, Yuta Murakami, and Akihisa Koga. "Majorana excitations in the anisotropic Kitaev model with an ordered-flux structure." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2164, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2164/1/012028.

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Abstract We investigate the anisotropic S = 1/2 Kitaev model on the honeycomb lattice with the ordered-flux structure. By diagonalizing the Majorana Hamiltonian for the flux configuration, we find two distinct gapped quantum spin liquids. One of them is the gapped state realized in the large anisotropic case, where low energy properties are described by the toric code. On the other hand, when the system has small anisotropy, the other gapped quantum spin liquid is stabilized by the ordered-flux configuration. Since these two gapped quantum spin liquids are separated by the gapless region, these are not adiabatically connected to each other.

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2

Liszka, Karol, Andrzej Grzybowski, Kajetan Koperwas, and Marian Paluch. "Density Scaling of Translational and Rotational Molecular Dynamics in a Simple Ellipsoidal Model near the Glass Transition." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 9 (April 20, 2022): 4546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094546.

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In this paper, we show that a simple anisotropic model of supercooled liquid properly reflects some density scaling properties observed for experimental data, contrary to many previous results obtained from isotropic models. We employ a well-known Gay–Berne model earlier parametrized to achieve a supercooling and glass transition at zero pressure to find the point of glass transition and explore volumetric and dynamic properties in the supercooled liquid state at elevated pressure. We focus on dynamic scaling properties of the anisotropic model of supercooled liquid to gain a better insight into the grounds for the density scaling idea that bears hallmarks of universality, as follows from plenty of experimental data collected near the glass transition for different dynamic quantities. As a result, the most appropriate values of the scaling exponent γ are established as invariants for a given anisotropy aspect ratio to successfully scale both the translational and rotational relaxation times considered as single variable functions of densityγ/temperature. These scaling exponent values are determined based on the density scaling criterion and differ from those obtained in other ways, such as the virial–potential energy correlation and the equation of state derived from the effective short-range intermolecular potential, which is qualitatively in accordance with the results yielded from experimental data analyses. Our findings strongly suggest that there is a deep need to employ anisotropic models in the study of glass transition and supercooled liquids instead of the isotropic ones very commonly exploited in molecular dynamics simulations of supercooled liquids over the last decades.

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3

Jiang, Hong, Leo Svenningsson, and Daniel Topgaard. "Multidimensional encoding of restricted and anisotropic diffusion by double rotation of the q vector." Magnetic Resonance 4, no. 1 (March 15, 2023): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/mr-4-73-2023.

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Abstract. Diffusion NMR and MRI methods building on the classic pulsed gradient spin-echo sequence are sensitive to many aspects of translational motion, including time and frequency dependence (“restriction”), anisotropy, and flow, leading to ambiguities when interpreting experimental data from complex heterogeneous materials such as living biological tissues. While the oscillating gradient technique specifically targets frequency dependence and permits control of the sensitivity to flow, tensor-valued encoding enables investigations of anisotropy in orientationally disordered materials. Here, we propose a simple scheme derived from the “double-rotation” technique in solid-state NMR to generate a family of modulated gradient waveforms allowing for comprehensive exploration of the 2D frequency–anisotropy space and convenient investigation of both restricted and anisotropic diffusion with a single multidimensional acquisition protocol, thereby combining the desirable characteristics of the oscillating gradient and tensor-valued encoding techniques. The method is demonstrated by measuring multicomponent isotropic Gaussian diffusion in simple liquids, anisotropic Gaussian diffusion in a polydomain lyotropic liquid crystal, and restricted diffusion in a yeast cell sediment.

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4

Yu, Miao, Wenjie Wu, Yayun Ding, Qian Liu, Feng Ren, Zhenyu Zhang, and Xiang Zhou. "A Monte Carlo method for Rayleigh scattering in liquid detectors." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 113102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0119224.

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A new Monte Carlo method has been implemented to describe the angular and polarization distributions of anisotropic liquids, such as water and linear alkylbenzene (LAB), by considering orientational fluctuations of polarizability tensors. The scattered light of anisotropic liquids is depolarized with an angular distribution of 1 + (1 − ρ v)/(1 + 3 ρ v) cos2 θ, which is modified by the depolarization ratio ρ v. A standalone experiment has validated the simulation results of LAB. The new method can provide more accurate knowledge on light propagation in large liquid detectors, which is beneficial to the development of reconstruction for detectors.

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5

Sakai, Tôru, Hiroki Nakano, Rito Furuchi, and Kiyomi Okamoto. "Spin nematic liquid of the S = 1/2 distorted diamond spin chain in magnetic field." AIP Advances 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 015313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/9.0000401.

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The magnetization process of the S = 1/2 distorted diamond spin chain with anisotropic ferromagnetic interaction is investigated using numerical diagonalization of finite-size clusters. It is found that the spin nematic and SDW Tomonaga-Luttinger liquids can appear for sufficiently large easy axis anisotropy.

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6

Shtifanyuk, P. P., A. N. Shramkov, S. Ye Yakovenko, and A. Geiger. "Additive anisotropic interactions in molecular liquids and liquid crystals." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 195, no. 3-4 (May 1993): 398–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4371(93)90166-2.

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7

Khudozhitkov, Alexander E., Peter Stange, Anne-Marie Bonsa, Viviane Overbeck, Andreas Appelhagen, Alexander G. Stepanov, Daniil I. Kolokolov, Dietmar Paschek, and Ralf Ludwig. "Dynamical heterogeneities in ionic liquids as revealed from deuteron NMR." Chemical Communications 54, no. 25 (2018): 3098–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc09440j.

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Deuteron NMR spectroscopy is a suitable method to study dynamical heterogeneities in protic ionic liquids. In the ²H spectra of the protic ionic liquid [TEA][OTf] we observe anisotropic and isotropic signals at the same time.

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8

Kröger, Martin. "Models for Polymeric and Anisotropic Liquids." Applied Rheology 16, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arh-2006-0025.

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9

Volkov, V. S., and V. G. Kulichikhin. "Macromolecular dynamics in anisotropic viscoelastic liquids." Macromolecular Symposia 81, no. 1 (April 1994): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19940810106.

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10

Aoki, Keiko M., Makoto Yoneya, and Hiroshi Yokoyama. "Molecular dynamic simulation methods for anisotropic liquids." Journal of Chemical Physics 120, no. 12 (March 22, 2004): 5576–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1648633.

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11

Volkov, Valery S., and Valery G. Kulichikhin. "Non-symmetric viscoelasticity of anisotropic polymer liquids." Rheologica Acta 39, no. 4 (August 4, 2000): 360–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003970000070.

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12

Zhou, Chunfeng, Pengtao Yue, James J. Feng, Chun Liu, and Jie Shen. "Heart-shaped bubbles rising in anisotropic liquids." Physics of Fluids 19, no. 4 (April 2007): 041703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2722421.

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13

Vishwanath, Ashvin, and David Carpentier. "Two-Dimensional Anisotropic Non-Fermi-Liquid Phase of Coupled Luttinger Liquids." Physical Review Letters 86, no. 4 (January 22, 2001): 676–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.86.676.

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14

Innocenti, D., A. Ricci, N. Poccia, G. Campi, M. Fratini, and Antonio Bianconi. "A Model for Liquid-Striped Liquid Phase Separation in Liquids of Anisotropic Polarons." Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism 22, no. 6 (April 9, 2009): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10948-009-0474-9.

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15

Bratos, S., and G. Tarjus. "Raman investigations of collective vibrational motions in van der Waals liquids." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 7 (July 1, 1985): 2047–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v85-338.

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Recent investigations of collective vibrational motions in pure van der Waals liquids and in their isotopic mixtures are reviewed. Experimental data are enumerated first. The theory is presented later, separately, for non-composite and composite bands of both isotropic and anisotropic Raman spectra. It is shown that isotropic Raman processes are partially coherent and contain information about collective vibrational motions in liquids. In turn, anisotropic Raman processes are incoherent in the zero-order description and their study is less important in the present context.

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16

Yoshio, Masafumi, Tomohiro Mukai, Kiyoshi Kanie, Masahiro Yoshizawa, Hiroyuki Ohno, and Takashi Kato. "Liquid-Crystalline Assemblies Containing Ionic Liquids: An Approach to Anisotropic Ionic Materials." Chemistry Letters 31, no. 3 (March 2002): 320–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.2002.320.

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17

Sokolovska and Holovko. "EXACT RELATIONS IN THE THEORY OF ANISOTROPIC LIQUIDS." Condensed Matter Physics, no. 11 (1997): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5488/cmp.11.109.

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18

Israelachvili, Jacob N., Stephen J. Kott, Michelle L. Gee, and Thomas A. Witten. "Entropic orientational forces between surfaces in anisotropic liquids." Langmuir 5, no. 4 (July 1989): 1111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la00088a040.

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19

Dyre, Jeppe. "Solidity of viscous liquids. II. Anisotropic flow events." Physical Review E 59, no. 6 (June 1999): 7243–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.59.7243.

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20

Yang, F., S. F. Liu, W. Kong, and Yunlong Li. "Anisotropic diffusion of 2D superparamagnetic dusty plasma liquids." Physics of Plasmas 26, no. 11 (November 2019): 113701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5124992.

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21

Holz, A. "Topological properties of linked disclinations in anisotropic liquids." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 24, no. 21 (November 7, 1991): L1259—L1267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/24/21/003.

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22

Schonhorn, H. "Anisotropic Wetting of Liquids on Finely Grooved Surfaces." Journal of Adhesion 23, no. 3 (November 1987): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00218468708075403.

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23

Mountain, Raymond D., and D. Thirumalai. "Dynamical aspects of anisotropic correlations in supercooled liquids." Journal of Chemical Physics 92, no. 10 (May 15, 1990): 6116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.458334.

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24

Ciftja, Orion, Chidera Ozurumba, and Francis Ujeyah. "Anisotropic Quantum Hall Liquids at Intermediate Magnetic Fields." Journal of Low Temperature Physics 170, no. 3-4 (September 15, 2012): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10909-012-0721-5.

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25

Kimura, Yasuyuki, Takahiro Kishita, Kosuke Kita, and Noboru Kondo. "Nematic Colloids – Interaction between Particles in Anisotropic Liquids." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 81, Suppl.A (January 2, 2012): SA007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsjs.81sa.sa007.

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26

de Souza, J. Pedro, Alexei A. Kornyshev, and Martin Z. Bazant. "Polar liquids at charged interfaces: A dipolar shell theory." Journal of Chemical Physics 156, no. 24 (June 28, 2022): 244705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0096439.

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The structure of polar liquids and electrolytic solutions, such as water and aqueous electrolytes, at interfaces underlies numerous phenomena in physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. In this work, we develop a continuum theory that captures the essential features of dielectric screening by polar liquids at charged interfaces, including decaying spatial oscillations in charge and mass, starting from the molecular properties of the solvent. The theory predicts an anisotropic dielectric tensor of interfacial polar liquids previously studied in molecular dynamics simulations. We explore the effect of the interfacial polar liquid properties on the capacitance of the electrode/electrolyte interface and on hydration forces between two plane-parallel polarized surfaces. In the linear response approximation, we obtain simple formulas for the characteristic decay lengths of molecular and ionic profiles at the interface.

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27

Bogdanov, Alexey V., and Andrey Kh Vorobiev. "Orientation order and rotation mobility of nitroxide biradicals determined by quantitative simulation of EPR spectra." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 45 (2016): 31144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp05815a.

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28

O'Rourke, Mary Jane E., and Edwin L. Thomas. "Morphology and Dynamic Interaction of Defects in Polymer Liquid Crystals." MRS Bulletin 20, no. 9 (September 1995): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400034904.

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The liquid crystal phase is an anisotropic mesophase, intermediate in order between the liquid and crystal phases. Liquid crystals have less translational order than crystals and more rotational order than isotropic liquids. The liquid crystal phase does not support finite shear stresses and thus behaves like a fluid. Molecules that display a liquid crystal phase are referred to as mesogenic. Mesogenic molecules exhibit shape anisotropy: either large length to diameter ratio (needlelike) or large diameter to thickness ratio (disklike). Because of their shape anisotropy, all liquid crystals display orientational order of their molecular axes.Until 1956, all known examples of liquid crystals were low molecular weight compounds. Robinson was the first to identify liquid crystallinity in a liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) as the explanation for “a birefringent solution” of a polymeric material, poly-y-benzyl-L-glutamate, in chloroform, previously observed by Elliott and Ambrose. Chemists soon discovered that LCPs may be readily synthesized by covalently stitching small mesogenic units (e.g., rigid monomers) together into a chain using short flexible spacers. Mainchain or sidechain liquid crystal polymers may be formed (Figure 1). An example of a polymer molecule possessing a liquid crystal phase is shown in Figure 2. Liquid crystals may be thermotropic, where liquid crystallinity is exhibited over a range of temperatures, or lyotropic, where nonmesogenic solvent molecules are present in addition to the mesogens, and liquid crystallinity is observed over a range of concentrations as well.

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29

Yoshio, M., T. Mukai, K. Kanie, M. Yoshizawa, H. Ohno, and T. Kato. "Layered Ionic Liquids: Anisotropic Ion Conduction in New Self-Organized Liquid-Crystalline Materials." Advanced Materials 14, no. 5 (March 4, 2002): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(20020304)14:5<351::aid-adma351>3.0.co;2-d.

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30

Rodríguez-Ponte, P., D. Cabra, and N. Grandi. "Generalized susceptibilities and Landau parameters for anisotropic Fermi liquids." International Journal of Modern Physics B 29, no. 16 (June 23, 2015): 1550102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979215501027.

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We study Fermi liquids (FLs) with a Fermi surface that lacks continuous rotational invariance and in the presence of an arbitrary quartic interaction. We obtain the expressions of the generalized static susceptibilities that measure the linear response of a generic order parameter to a perturbation of the Hamiltonian. We apply our formulae to the spin and charge susceptibilities. Based on the resulting expressions, we make a proposal for the definition of the Landau parameters in nonisotropic FL.

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31

Froltsov, Vladimir A., and Sabine H. L. Klapp. "Anisotropic dynamics of dipolar liquids in narrow slit pores." Journal of Chemical Physics 124, no. 13 (April 7, 2006): 134701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2185101.

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32

Stenhammar, Joakim, Per Linse, and Gunnar Karlström. "Anisotropic electric fluctuations in polar liquids under spherical confinement." Molecular Physics 109, no. 1 (January 10, 2011): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268976.2010.506693.

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33

Thirumalai, D., and R. D. Mountain. "Relaxation of anisotropic correlations in (two-component) supercooled liquids." Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics 20, no. 19 (July 10, 1987): L399—L405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3719/20/19/005.

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34

Wahid, Hossam. "Measurements of anisotropic Rayleigh scattering of some pure liquids." Journal of Molecular Liquids 51, no. 3-4 (March 1992): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7322(92)80085-v.

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35

DeGroot, Jon V., Christopher W. Macosko, Takuji Kume, and Takeji Hashimoto. "Flow-Induced Anisotropic SALS in Silica-Filled PDMS Liquids." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 166, no. 2 (September 1994): 404–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1994.1311.

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36

Le Roux, C. "Flows of incompressible viscous liquids with anisotropic wall slip." Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 465, no. 2 (September 2018): 723–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmaa.2018.05.020.

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37

Misawa, Toshiyuki, Jun Kobayashi, Yoshiki Kiyota, Masayuki Watanabe, Seiji Ono, Yosuke Okamura, Shinichi Koguchi, Masashi Higuchi, Yu Nagase, and Takeru Ito. "Dimensional Control in Polyoxometalate Crystals Hybridized with Amphiphilic Polymerizable Ionic Liquids." Materials 12, no. 14 (July 16, 2019): 2283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12142283.

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Ionic liquids are an important component for constructing functional materials, and polyxometalate cluster anion is a promising partner for building inorganic–organic hybrid materials comprising ionic liquids. In such hybrid materials, the precise control of the molecular arrangement in the bulk structures is crucial for the emergence of characteristic functions, which can be realized by introducing an amphiphilic moiety into the ionic liquids. Here, an amphiphilic polymerizable imidazolium ionic liquid with a methacryloyl group was firstly hybridized with polyoxometalate anions of octamolybdate ([Mo8O26]4−, Mo8) and silicotungstate ([SiW12O40]4−, SiW12) to obtain inorganic–organic hybrid crystals. The polymerizable ionic liquid with a octyl chain (denoted as MAImC8) resulted in the formation of anisotropic molecular arrangements in the bulk crystal structure, which was compared with the hybrid crystals composed from the polymerizable ionic liquid without a long alkyl chain (denoted as MAIm). Rather densely packed isotropic molecular arrangements were observed in the hybrid crystals of MAIm–Mo8 and MAIm–SiW12 due to the lack of the amphiphilic moiety. On the other hand, using the amphiphilic MAImC8 cation gave rise to a honeycomb-like structure with the Mo8 anion and a layered structure with the SiW12 anion, respectively.

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38

Szornel, K., P. A. Egelstaff, E. Whalley, and G. McLaurin. "The pressure dependence of the structure of liquid bromine." Canadian Journal of Physics 71, no. 11-12 (November 1, 1993): 507–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p93-079.

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The anisotropic intermolecular interaction has been known for many years to cause an anomalous feature at about 20 nm−1 in the static structure factor of liquid halogens. This feature increases sequentially for liquids fluorine to chlorine to bromine to iodine near their triple points, and we determined its shape as a function of pressure in liquid bromine at room temperature. While it apparently broadens with increasing pressure, after the underlying structure is removed a slight sharpening is found and discussed. Also at high pressure, we observe that the orientationally averaged structure of liquid bromine tends toward that of liquid chlorine at the same density.

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39

Bonnet, Julien, Gad Suissa, Matthieu Raynal, and Laurent Bouteiller. "Organogel formation rationalized by Hansen solubility parameters: influence of gelator structure." Soft Matter 11, no. 11 (2015): 2308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm00017c.

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Organogelators gelate liquids by forming a network of anisotropic fibres. Hansen solubility parameters can be used to rationalize the effect of the gelator structure: the gelation and solubility domains evolve in opposite directions.

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40

Gao, Hongyu. "History-Dependent Stress Relaxation of Liquids under High-Confinement: A Molecular Dynamics Study." Lubricants 10, no. 2 (January 19, 2022): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10020015.

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When liquids are confined into a nanometer-scale slit, the induced layering-like film structure allows the liquid to sustain non-isotropic stresses and thus be load-bearing. Such anisotropic characteristics of liquid under confinement arise naturally from the liquids’ wavenumber dependent compressibility, which does not need solidification to take place as a prerequisite. In other words, liquids under confinement can still retain fluidity with molecules being (sub-)diffusive. However, the extensively prolonged structural relaxation times can cause hysteresis of stress relaxation of confined molecules in response to the motions of confining walls and thereby rendering the quasi-static stress tensors history-dependent. In this work, by means of molecular dynamics, stress tensors of a highly confined key base-oil component, i.e., 1-decene trimer, are calculated after its relaxation from being compressed and decompressed. A maximum of 77.1 MPa normal stress discrepancy has been detected within a triple-layer boundary film. Analyses with respect to molecular morphology indicate that among the effects (e.g., confinement, molecular structure, and film density) that can potentially affect confined stresses, the ordering status of the confined molecules plays a predominant role.

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41

Nardelli, Francesca, Silvia Borsacchi, Lucia Calucci, Elisa Carignani, Francesca Martini, and Marco Geppi. "Anisotropy and NMR spectroscopy." Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 31, no. 4 (August 16, 2020): 999–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12210-020-00945-3.

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Abstract In this paper, different aspects concerning anisotropy in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have been reviewed. In particular, the relevant theory has been presented, showing how anisotropy stems from the dependence of internal nuclear spin interactions on the molecular orientation with respect to the external magnetic field direction. The consequences of anisotropy in the use of NMR spectroscopy have been critically discussed: on one side, the availability of very detailed structural and dynamic information, and on the other side, the loss of spectral resolution. The experiments used to measure the anisotropic properties in solid and soft materials, where, in contrast to liquids, such properties are not averaged out by the molecular tumbling, have been described. Such experiments can be based either on static low-resolution techniques or on one- and two-dimensional pulse sequences exploiting Magic Angle Spinning (MAS). Examples of applications of NMR spectroscopy have been shown, which exploit anisotropy to obtain important physico-chemical information on several categories of systems, including pharmaceuticals, inorganic materials, polymers, liquid crystals, and self-assembling amphiphiles in water. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy can be considered, nowadays, one of the most powerful characterization techniques for all kinds of solid, either amorphous or crystalline, and semi-solid systems for the obtainment of both structural and dynamic properties on a molecular and supra-molecular scale. Graphic abstract

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42

Mirebeau, Isabelle, Sylvain Petit, Julien Robert, Solene Guitteny, Arsen Gukasov, Pierre Bonville, Andrew Sazonov, and Claudia Decorse. "Magnetic structures and anisotropic excitations in Tb2Ti2O7spin liquid." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C1543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314084563.

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Geometrical frustration in the pyrochlore lattice of corner sharing tetrahedra yields exotic short range ordered ground states known as spin liquids or spin ices. Among them, Tb2Ti2O7 spin liquid (also called quantum spin ice) remains the most mysterious, in spite of 15 years of intense investigation. Our recent single crystal experiments using neutron diffraction and inelastic scattering down to 50 mK yield new insight on this question. By applying a high magnetic field along a [111] anisotropy axis [1], the Tb moments reorient gradually without showing the magnetization plateau observed in classical spin ices. Quantitative comparison with mean field calculation supports a dynamical symmetry breaking akin to a dynamic Jahn-Teller distortion, preserving the overall cubic symmetry. In the non-Kramers Tb ion this induce a quantum mixing of the wave-functions of the ground state crystal field doublet enabling the formation of a spin liquid, viewed as a non-magnetic two-singlet ground state in this mean-field picture [2]. The spin lattice coupling also shows up in the spin fluctuations in zero field [3]. Dispersive excitations emerge from pinch-points in the reciprocal space, with anisotropic spectral weight. This is the first evidence of them in a disordered ground state. They reveal the breaking of some conservation law ruling the relative orientations of the fluctuating magnetic moments in a given tetrahedron, as for the monopole excitations in classical spin ices. The algebraic character of the correlations shows that Tb2Ti2O7 ground state is akin to a Coulomb phase. Finally, the first excited crystal field level and an acoustic phonon mode interact, repelling each other. The whole results show that the magnetoelastic coupling is a key feature to understand the surprising spin liquid ground state. They call for an interaction between quadrupolar moments, whose Jahn-Teller distortion is the first (single site) approximation.

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43

Hakobyan, M. R., R. B. Alaverdyan, R. S. Hakobyan, and Yu S. Chilingaryan. "Laser-driven surface thermocapillary waves in isotropic and anisotropic liquids." Journal of Contemporary Physics (Armenian Academy of Sciences) 49, no. 4 (June 25, 2014): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068337214040021.

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44

Pang, H. H., Q. L. Bi, H. S. Huang, and Y. J. Lü. "Anisotropic stress inhibits crystallization in Cu–Zr glass-forming liquids." Journal of Chemical Physics 147, no. 23 (December 21, 2017): 234503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5001677.

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45

Heisler, Ismael A., and Stephen R. Meech. "Low-frequency isotropic and anisotropic Raman spectra of aromatic liquids." Journal of Chemical Physics 132, no. 17 (May 7, 2010): 174503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3408288.

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46

Botan, Alexandru, Virginie Marry, and Benjamin Rotenberg. "Diffusion in bulk liquids: finite-size effects in anisotropic systems." Molecular Physics 113, no. 17-18 (March 20, 2015): 2674–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268976.2015.1021730.

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47

Jokisaari, Jukka. "NMR of noble gases dissolved in isotropic and anisotropic liquids." Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 26 (1994): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0079-6565(94)80002-2.

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48

Czaplicki, J., and N. Piślewski. "NMR studies of molecular dynamics of isotropic and anisotropic liquids." Journal of Magnetic Resonance (1969) 63, no. 1 (June 1985): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2364(85)90150-7.

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Bródka, A., and B. Stryczek. "Isotropic and anisotropic Raman spectra of interacting modes in liquids." Chemical Physics 105, no. 1-2 (June 1986): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-0104(86)80057-x.

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Oldano, C. "A scaling law in the hydrodynamics of anisotropic viscous liquids." Il Nuovo Cimento D 11, no. 8 (August 1989): 1101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02459018.

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