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Journal articles on the topic 'Anisotopia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Hallows, K. R., C. H. Packman, and P. A. Knauf. "Acute cell volume changes in anisotonic media affect F-actin content of HL-60 cells." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 261, no. 6 (December 1, 1991): C1154—C1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1991.261.6.c1154.

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To investigate the possible role of the cytoskeleton in volume regulatory responses of human promyelocytic leukemic (HL-60) cells, we monitored and modulated the F-actin content of these cells undergoing volume regulation in anisotonic media. Initial volume changes of HL-60 cells suspended in hypertonic media followed a Van't Hoff relationship, and intracellular F-actin content during volume regulatory responses in anisotonic media changed concomitantly as an inverse function of the volume shifts. These F-actin changes were shown to be an explicit function of cell volume and not tonicity of the medium. The data fit with the idea that changes in affinity of actin-binding proteins (ABPs) for actin and/or changes in the overall effective critical concentration of actin occur during acute cell volume changes, producing shifts in the relative amounts of G- and F-actin. Treatment of HL-60 cells with dihydrocytochalasin B (DHB), which perturbs cellular actin assembly, lowered resting levels of intracellular F-actin but did not prevent volume-associated F-actin changes in anisotonic media. Despite the lowered F-actin levels, HL-60 cells in the presence of DHB still undergo normal volume regulatory responses. Thus the absolute amount of intracellular F-actin does not appear to be critical for volume regulation in HL-60 cells.

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2

Kuang, Kunyan, Maimiti Yiming, Zhaorong Zhu, Pavel Iserovich, Friedrich P. Diecke, and Jorge Fischbarg. "Lack of Threshold for Anisotonic Cell Volume Regulation." Journal of Membrane Biology 211, no. 1 (May 2006): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00232-006-0002-9.

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3

Candia, Oscar A., Lawrence J. Alvarez, and Aldo C. Zamudio. "Regulation of water permeability in rabbit conjunctival epithelium by anisotonic conditions." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 290, no. 4 (April 2006): C1168—C1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00254.2005.

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Effects of unilateral exposure to anisotonic conditions on diffusional water permeability of the isolated rabbit conjunctiva were determined. A segment of the bulbar-palpebral conjunctiva was mounted between Ussing-type hemichambers under short-circuit conditions. Unidirectional water fluxes ( Jdw) were measured in either direction by adding 3H2O to one hemichamber and sampling from the other. Electrical parameters were measured simultaneously. Jdw were determined under control isosmotic conditions and after introduction of either hyper- or hypotonic solutions against the tear or stromal sides of the preparations. In each of these four separate conditions, the anisotonic medium produced an ∼20–30% reduction in Jdw across the tissue, with the exception that to obtain such reduction with increased tonicity from the stromal side (medium osmolality increased by adding sucrose), conditions presumptively inhibiting regulatory volume increase mechanisms (e.g., pretreatment with amiloride and bumetanide) were also required. All reductions in Jdw elicited by the various anisotonic conditions were reversible on restoration of control tonicity. In experiments in which preparations were pretreated with the protein cross-linking agent glutaraldehyde, anisotonicity-elicited reductions in Jdw were not observed. Such reductions were also not observed in the presence of HgCl2, implying the involvement of aquaporins. However, it is possible that the mercurial may be toxic to the epithelium, preventing the tonicity response. Nevertheless, from concomitant changes in transepithelial electrical resistance, as well as [14C]mannitol fluxes, [14C]butanol fluxes, and Arrhenius plots, arguments are presented that the above effects are best explained as a cell-regulated reduction in membrane water permeability that occurs at the level of water-transporting channels. Presumably both apical and basolateral membranes can downregulate their water permeabilities as part of a protective mechanism to help maintain cell volume.

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4

Hallows, K. R., C. H. Packman, and P. A. Knauf. "Acute cell volume changes in anisotonic media affect F-actin content of HL-60 cells." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 268, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1995.268.3.1-a.

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Page C1160: K. R. Hallows, C. H. Packman, and P. A. Knauf.“Acute cell volume changes in anisotonic media affect F-actin content of HL-60 cells.” The acknowledgments should include the following sentence: K. R. Hallows is a student in the Medical Scientist Training Program funded by National Institute of General Medicine Sciences Grant T32 GM-07356.

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5

Grinstein, S., W. Furuya, and L. Bianchini. "Protein Kinases, Phosphatases, and the Control of Cell Volume." Physiology 7, no. 5 (October 1, 1992): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1992.7.5.232.

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Animal cells regulate their size in isotonic and anisotonic conditions by activating volume-sensitive solute transport systems. Recent evidence suggests that protein phosporylation/dephosphorylation is involved in volume control. These observations are integrated into a model consisting of a single volume-sensing device, a transducing element which may be a protein kinase, and two types of volume change effectors.

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6

TANAKA, Masataka, Toshiro MATSUMOTO, and Takahiro NISHIGUCHI. "Accurate Boundary Element Method for the Static Bending of Stiffened-Anisotopic Plates." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2003.1 (2003): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2003.1.0_79.

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7

Lahiri, Sayantani. "Anisotopic inflation with a non-abelian gauge field in Gauss-Bonnet gravity." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2017, no. 01 (January 11, 2017): 022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2017/01/022.

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8

Bilić, Ivan, and Zdenko Kovač. "Macromolecular oxidation in anisotonic suspensions of mouse spleen cells." Cell Biochemistry and Function 24, no. 3 (2006): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbf.1207.

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9

Claudon, Laurent. "Relevance of the EMG/Grip Relationship in Isometric Anisotonic Conditions." International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics 9, no. 2 (January 2003): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2003.11076558.

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10

Lohr, J. W., and J. J. Grantham. "Isovolumetric regulation of isolated S2 proximal tubules in anisotonic media." Journal of Clinical Investigation 78, no. 5 (November 1, 1986): 1165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci112698.

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11

Offensperger, Wolf-Bernhard, Silke Offensperger, Barbara Stoll, Wolfgang Gerok, and Dieter Häussinger. "Effects of anisotonic exposure on duck hepatitis B virus replication." Hepatology 20, no. 1 (July 1994): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.1840200102.

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12

Nowak, C., and S. Kalweit. "Anisotonic culture conditions induce chromosomal aberrations in V79 hamster cells." Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis and Related Subjects 182, no. 5 (October 1987): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1161(87)90039-2.

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13

KIESS, THOMAS E. "A NONSINGULAR PERFECT FLUID CLASSICAL LEPTON MODEL OF ARBITRARILY SMALL RADIUS." International Journal of Modern Physics D 22, no. 14 (December 2013): 1350088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271813500880.

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We exhibit a classical lepton model based on a perfect fluid that reproduces leptonic charges and masses in arbitrarily small volumes without metric singularities or pressure discontinuities. This solution is the first of this kind to our knowledge, because to date the only classical general relativistic models that have reproduced leptonic charges and masses in arbitrarily small volumes are based on imperfect (anisotopic) fluids or perfect fluids with electric field discontinuities. We use a Maxwell–Einstein exact metric for a spherically symmetric static perfect fluid in a region in which the pressure vanishes at a boundary, beyond which the metric is of the Reissner–Nordström form. This construction models lepton mass and charge in the limit as the boundary → 0.

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14

Kim, Suhee, Cansu Agca, and Yuksel Agca. "Effects of various physical stress factors on mitochondrial function and reactive oxygen species in rat spermatozoa." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 25, no. 7 (2013): 1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd12212.

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of various physical interventions on the function of epididymal rat spermatozoa and determine whether there are correlations among these functional parameters. Epididymal rat spermatozoa were subjected to various mechanical (pipetting, centrifugation and Percoll gradient separation) and anisotonic conditions, and sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity (PMI), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated. Repeated pipetting caused a loss in motility, PMI and MMP (P < 0.05). Minimal centrifugation force (200g) had no effect on motility, PMI and MMP, whereas an increase in the centrifugation force to 400g or 600g decreased sperm function (P < 0.005). Percoll gradient separation increased total motility, PMI and MMP (P < 0.05). However, the spermatozoa that were subjected to mechanical interventions showed high susceptibility to a ROS stimulant (P < 0.005). Anisotonic conditions decreased motility, PMI and MMP, and hypotonic conditions in particular increased basal ROS (P < 0.05). In correlation tests, there were strong positive correlations among total motility, PMI and MMP, whereas ROS showed no or negatively weak correlations with the other parameters. In conclusion, the physical interventions may act as important variables, affecting functional parameters of epididymal rat spermatozoa. Therefore, careful consideration and proper protocols for handling of rat spermatozoa and osmotic conditions are required to achieve reliable results and minimise damage.

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15

Natke, E. "Cell volume regulation of rabbit cortical collecting tubule in anisotonic media." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 258, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): F1657—F1665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1990.258.6.f1657.

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Volume regulation of nonperfused rabbit cortical collecting tubules in anisotonic bathing media was examined in vitro. When media osmolality is abruptly increased by 150 mosmol/kgH2O with the addition of NaCl, tubules shrink by 20% but do not volume regulate. However, volume regulatory increase (VRI) is observed when 1 mM butyrate is present in the bathing media or when tubules are pretreated with hypotonic media. When media osmolality is increased, butyrate-treated tubules shrink to 74% of their isotonic control volume. As evidence of volume regulation, butyrate-treated tubules swell while still bathed in hypertonic media, recovering in 30 min 78% of the volume lost due to osmotic shrinkage. The butyrate effect requires external Na+ and is inhibited by amiloride. When media osmolality is lowered to 150 mosmol/kgH2O, nonbutyrate tubules swell before showing typical volume regulatory decrease. When these tubules are returned to isotonic media, they immediately shrink to 78% of control volume before showing evidence of VRI. These results suggest that, under the appropriate conditions, cortical collecting tubules are capable of VRI.

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16

OFFENSPERGER, W. "Effects of anisotonic exposure on duck hepatitis B virus replication*1." Hepatology 20, no. 1 (July 1994): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0270-9139(94)90126-0.

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17

Ebner, Hannes L., Alexandra Cordas, Diego E. Pafundo, Pablo J. Schwarzbaum, Bernd Pelster, and Gerhard Krumschnabel. "Importance of cytoskeletal elements in volume regulatory responses of trout hepatocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 289, no. 3 (September 2005): R877—R890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00170.2005.

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The role of cytoskeletal elements in volume regulation was studied in trout hepatocytes by investigating changes in F-actin distribution during anisotonic exposure and assessing the impact of cytoskeleton disruption on volume regulatory responses. Hypotonic challenge caused a significant decrease in the ratio of cortical to cytoplasmic F-actin, whereas this ratio was unaffected in hypertonic saline. Disruption of microfilaments with cytochalasin B (CB) or cytochalasin D significantly slowed volume recovery following hypo- and hypertonic exposure in both attached and suspended cells. The decrease of net proton release and the intracellular acidification elicited by hypotonicity were unaltered by CB, whereas the increase of proton release in hypertonic saline was dramatically reduced. Because amiloride almost completely blocked the hypertonic increase of proton release and cytoskeleton disruption diminished the associated increase of intracellular pH (pHi), we suggest that F-actin disruption affected Na+/H+exchanger activity. In line with this, pHirecovery after an ammonium prepulse was significantly inhibited in CB-treated cells. The increase of cytosolic Na+under hypertonic conditions was not diminished but, rather, enhanced by F-actin disruption, presumably due to inhibited Na+-K+-ATPase activity and stimulated Na+channel activity. The elevation of cytosolic Ca2+in hypertonic medium was significantly reduced by CB. Altogether, our results indicate that the F-actin network is of crucial importance in the cellular responses to anisotonic conditions, possibly via interaction with the activity of ion transporters and with signalling cascades responsible for their activation. Disruption of microtubules with colchicine had no effect on any of the parameters investigated.

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18

Mazzoni, Michelle C., Evy Lundgren, Karl-E. Arfors, and Marcos Intaglietta. "Volume changes of an endothelial cell monolayer on exposure to anisotonic media." Journal of Cellular Physiology 140, no. 2 (August 1989): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041400212.

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19

Kapitaniak, Bronislaw, and Ryszard Grucza. "Cardiac responses to maximal anisotonic isometric contractions during handgrip and leg extension." European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 71, no. 4 (September 1995): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00240419.

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20

Espelt, M. V. "Volumetric and ionic responses of goldfish hepatocytes to anisotonic exposure and energetic limitation." Journal of Experimental Biology 206, no. 3 (February 1, 2003): 513–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.00117.

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21

Raaphorst, G. P., and E. I. Azzam. "Fixation and Repair by Anisotonic Treatment of Radiation Damage Leading to Oncogenic Transformation." International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics, Chemistry and Medicine 49, no. 3 (January 1985): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09553008514552611.

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22

Raaphorst, G. P., and E. I. Azzam. "Modification of Cell Survival and Transformation by Exposure to Anisotonic Solutions during Irradiation." Radiation Research 104, no. 3 (December 1985): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3576604.

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23

Siebens, A. W., and F. M. Kregenow. "Volume-regulatory responses of Amphiuma red cells in anisotonic media. The effect of amiloride." Journal of General Physiology 86, no. 4 (October 1, 1985): 527–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.86.4.527.

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Amphiuma red cells were incubated for several hours in hypotonic or hypertonic media. They regulate their volume in both media by using ouabain-insensitive salt transport mechanisms. After initially enlarging osmotically, cells in hypotonic media return toward their original size by losing K, Cl, and H2O. During this volume-regulatory decrease (VRD) response, K loss results from a greater than 10-fold increase in K efflux. Cells in hypertonic media initially shrink osmotically, but then return toward their original volume by gaining Na, Cl, and H2O. The volume-regulatory increase (VRI) response involves a large (greater than 100-fold) increase in Na uptake that is entirely blocked by the diuretic amiloride (10(-3) M). Na transport in the VRI response shares many of the characteristics of amiloride-sensitive transport in epithelia: (a) amiloride inhibition is reversible; (b) removal of amiloride from cells pretreated with amiloride enhances Na uptake relative to untreated controls; (c) amiloride appears to act as a competitive inhibitor (Ki = 1-3 microM) of Na uptake; (d) Na uptake is a saturable function of external Na (Km approximately 29 mM); (e) Li can substitute for Na but K cannot. Anomalous Na/K pump behavior is observed in both the VRD and the VRI responses. In the VRD response, pump activity increases 3-fold despite a decrease in intracellular Na concentration, while in the VRI response, a 10-fold increase in pump activity is observed when only a doubling is predicted from increases in intracellular Na.

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24

Kong, Chi-Wing, Rosana Gerometta, Lawrence J. Alvarez, and Oscar A. Candia. "Changes in rabbit and cow lens shape and volume upon imposition of anisotonic conditions." Experimental Eye Research 89, no. 4 (October 2009): 469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2009.04.013.

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25

Kubota, N., and C. K. Hill. "Repair of Potentially Mutagenic Damage, Sensitive to Anisotonic Treatment, in Actively Growing Chinese Hamster Cells." International Journal of Radiation Biology 54, no. 2 (January 1988): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09553008814551661.

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26

McNally, N. J., M. Hinchliffe, and J. Soranson. "The Effect of Post-irradiation Anisotonic Treatment on Cell Survival and Repair of DNA Damage." International Journal of Radiation Biology 57, no. 3 (January 1990): 503–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09553009014552641.

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27

Engström, K. Gunnar, and Herbert J. Meiselman. "Optical and mathematical corrections of micropipette measurements of red blood cell geometry during anisotonic perifusion." Cytometry 17, no. 4 (December 1, 1994): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cyto.990170402.

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28

Callies, C., T. G. Cooper, and C. H. Yeung. "Channels for water efflux and influx involved in volume regulation of murine spermatozoa." REPRODUCTION 136, no. 4 (October 2008): 401–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-08-0149.

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The nature of the membrane channels mediating water transport in murine spermatozoa adjusting to anisotonic conditions was investigated. The volume of spermatozoa subjected to physiologically relevant hypotonic conditions either simultaneously, or after isotonic pre-incubation, with putative water transport inhibitors was monitored. Experiments in which quinine prevented osmolyte efflux, and thus regulatory volume decrease (RVD), revealed whether water influx or efflux was being inhibited. There was no evidence that sodium-dependent solute transporters or facilitative glucose transporters were involved in water transport during RVD of murine spermatozoa since phloretin, cytochalasin B and phloridzin had no effect on volume regulation. However, there was evidence that Hg2+- and Ag+-sensitive channels were involved in water transport and the possibility that they include aquaporin 8 is discussed. Toxic effects of these heavy metals were ruled out by evidence that mitochondrial poisons had no such effect on volume regulation.

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29

Ho, Kwei-Chi, and Peck-Sun Lin. "Response of Erythrocytes to Heat in the Presence of D 2 O, Glycerol, and Anisotonic Saline." Radiation Research 125, no. 1 (January 1991): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3577977.

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30

Karjalainen, Hannu M., Chengjuan Qu, Stina S. Leskelä, Kirsi Rilla, and Mikko J. Lammi. "Chondrocytic cells express the taurine transporter on their plasma membrane and regulate its expression under anisotonic conditions." Amino Acids 47, no. 3 (December 14, 2014): 561–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00726-014-1888-7.

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31

MYLLYS, Leena, Saara VELMALA, Raquel PINO-BODAS, and Trevor GOWARD. "New species in Bryoria (Parmeliaceae, Lecanoromycetes) from north-west North America." Lichenologist 48, no. 5 (September 2016): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282916000268.

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AbstractTwo new species of Bryoria are described based on morphology, chemistry and molecular phylogeny (ITS and Mcm7). Both species belong in section Bryoria, which was resolved as a polyphyletic group in the ITS+Mcm7 phylogeny. Bryoria alaskana belongs to a clade restricted to South-East Asia and north-west North America, and is so far known from south-east Alaska and the Sino-Himalayan Mountains. This highly variable species is most reliably recognized by its pendent, esorediate thallus, its production of fumarprotocetraric acid, and the combination of isotomic branching, abundant, whitish, predominantly fusiform pseudocyphellae, and sparse, short perpendicular side branches. Black emorient patches are lacking. Bryoria irwinii is endemic to north-west North America and is closely related to B. araucana from South America, B. poeltii from South-East Asia, as well as B. nadvornikiana and B. trichodes, both widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. It is a subpendent, esorediate species recognized by its predominantly anisotomic branching, olivaceous hue, black emorient patches, conspicuous pale brownish, fusiform pseudocyphellae, and numerous perpendicular, more or less basally constricted, side branches.

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32

Bowen, J. W. "Regulation of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase expression in cultured renal cells by incubation in hypertonic medium." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 262, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): C845—C853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1992.262.4.c845.

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To determine whether alterations in cell volume affect Na(+)-K(+)-adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) expression, a subclone of the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line was incubated in anisotonic serum-free medium and alpha- and beta-subunit mRNA, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity, and active K+ transport were measured. In medium adjusted to 500 mosmol/kgH2O by adding NaCl, the alpha-subunit mRNA concentration was 2.93 +/- 0.14 (SE) times control and beta-mRNA was 1.93 +/- 0.27 times control. When sucrose was added to increase osmolality, alpha-subunit mRNA increased to 1.85 +/- 0.18 times control. Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity of homogenates from cells incubated in 500 mosmol/kgH2O medium for 24 h increased to 2.62 +/- 0.52 times control when NaCl was added and 2.31 +/- 0.34 times control when sucrose was added. Active K+ transport increased between 60 and 90% after cells were incubated in 450 mosmol/kgH2O medium with either NaCl or sucrose added. Stimulation of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase expression in renal cells facing hypertonic stress may represent a long-term mechanism that allows cells to maintain cation gradients in a hypertonic environment.

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33

Dubinsky, William P., Otilia Mayorga-Wark, and Stanley G. Schultz. "Potassium channels in basolateral membrane vesicles fromNecturus enterocytes: stretch and ATP sensitivity." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 279, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): C634—C638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.2000.279.3.c634.

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We have previously reported that ATP-inhibitable K+channels, in vesicles derived from the basolateral membrane of Necturus maculosus small intestinal cells, exhibit volume regulatory responses that resemble those found in the intact tissue after exposure to anisotonic solutions. We now report that increases in K+ channel activity can also be elicited by exposure of these vesicles to isotonic solutions containing glucose or alanine that equilibrate across these membranes. We also demonstrate that swelling after exposure to a hypotonic solution or an isotonic solution containing alanine or glucose reduces inhibition of channel activity by ATP and that this finding cannot be simply attributed to dilution of intravesicular ATP. We conclude that ATP-sensitive, stretch-activated K+ channels may be responsible for the well-established increase in basolateral membrane K+ conductance of Necturus small intestinal cells after the addition of sugars or amino acids to the solution perfusing the mucosal surface, and we propose that increases in cell volume, resulting in membrane stretch, decreases the sensitivity of these channels to ATP.

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34

KILIAN, Aleksandra. "Studies on the morphology of immature stages of the tribe Agathidiini (Coleoptera: Leiodidae). Part II. Anisotoma blanchardi." European Journal of Entomology 102, no. 1 (March 25, 2005): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/eje.2005.014.

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35

Engelhorn, Tobias, Georg Michelson, Simone Waerntges, Marlen Otto, Ahmed El-Rafei, Tobias Struffert, and Arnd Doerfler. "Changes of Radial Diffusivity and Fractional Anisotopy in the Optic Nerve and Optic Radiation of Glaucoma Patients." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/849632.

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Purpose of this study was to evaluate with diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) changes of radial diffusivity (RD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) in the optic nerve (ON) and optic radiation (OR) in glaucoma and to determine whether changes in RD and FA correlate with disease severity. Therefore, glaucoma patients and controls were examined using 3T. Regions of interest were positioned on RD and FA maps, and mean values were calculated for ON and OR and correlated with optic nerve atrophy and reduced spatial-temporal contrast sensitivity (STCS) of the retina. We found, that RD in glaucoma patients was significantly higher in the ON (0.74 ± 0.21 versus 0.58 ± 0.17⋅10−3 mm2 s−1;P<0.05) and OR (0.79 ± 0.23 versus 0.62 ± 0.14⋅10−3 mm2 s−1;P<0.05) compared to controls. Aside, FA was significantly decreased (0.48 ± 0.15 versus 0.66 ± 0.12 and 0.50 ± 0.20 versus 0.66 ± 0.11;P<0.05). Hereby, correlation between changes in RD/FA and optic nerve atrophy/STCS was observed (r>0.77). In conclusion, DTI at 3 Tesla allows robust RD and FA measurements in the ON and OR. Hereby, the extent of RD increase and FA decrease in glaucoma correlate with established ophthalmological examinations.

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36

Raaphorst, G. P., and E. I. Azzam. "Ataxia-Telangiectasia Homo- and Heterozygous Cells Show a Normal Repair and Fixation Response to Anisotonic NaCl Treatment after Irradiation." Radiation Research 101, no. 3 (March 1985): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3576509.

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37

Nizovtsev, Alexander P., Aliaksandr L. Pushkarchuk, Sergei Ya Kilin, Nikolai I. Kargin, Alexander S. Gusev, Marina O. Smirnova, and Fedor Jelezko. "Hyperfine Interactions in the NV-13C Quantum Registers in Diamond Grown from the Azaadamantane Seed." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11051303.

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Nanostructured diamonds hosting optically active paramagnetic color centers (NV, SiV, GeV, etc.) and hyperfine-coupled with them quantum memory 13C nuclear spins situated in diamond lattice are currently of great interest to implement emerging quantum technologies (quantum information processing, quantum sensing and metrology). Current methods of creation such as electronic-nuclear spin systems are inherently probabilistic with respect to mutual location of color center electronic spin and 13C nuclear spins. A new bottom-up approach to fabricate such systems is to synthesize first chemically appropriate diamond-like organic molecules containing desired isotopic constituents in definite positions and then use them as a seed for diamond growth to produce macroscopic diamonds, subsequently creating vacancy-related color centers in them. In particular, diamonds incorporating coupled NV-13C spin systems (quantum registers) with specific mutual arrangements of NV and 13C can be obtained from anisotopic azaadamantane molecule. Here we predict the characteristics of hyperfine interactions (hfi) for the NV-13C systems in diamonds grown from various isotopically substituted azaadamantane molecules differing in 13C position in the seed, as well as the orientation of the NV center in the post-obtained diamond. We used the spatial and hfi data simulated earlier for the H-terminated cluster C510[NV]-H252. The data obtained can be used to identify (and correlate with the seed used) the specific NV-13C spin system by measuring, e.g., the hfi-induced splitting of the mS = ±1 sublevels of the NV center in optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectra being characteristic for various NV-13C systems.

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38

Kwok, Man-hin, and To Ngai. "A confocal microscopy study of micron-sized poly( N -isopropylacrylamide) microgel particles at the oil–water interface and anisotopic flattening of highly swollen microgel." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 461 (January 2016): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2015.09.049.

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39

Zhong, Juming, Ge-Xin Wang, William J. Hatton, Ilia A. Yamboliev, Michael P. Walsh, and Joseph R. Hume. "Regulation of volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying anion channels in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells by PKC." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 283, no. 6 (December 1, 2002): C1627—C1636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00152.2001.

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We tested the possible role of endogenous protein kinase C (PKC) in the regulation of native volume-sensitive organic osmolyte and anion channels (VSOACs) in acutely dispersed canine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC). Hypotonic cell swelling activated native volume-regulated Cl− currents ( I Cl.vol) which could be reversed by exposure to phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (0.1 μM) or by hypertonic cell shrinkage. Under isotonic conditions, calphostin C (0.1 μM) or Ro-31–8425 (0.1 μM), inhibitors of both conventional and novel PKC isozymes, significantly activated I Cl.vol and prevented further modulation by subsequent hypotonic cell swelling. Bisindolylmaleimide (0.1 μM), a selective conventional PKC inhibitor, was without effect. Dialyzing acutely dispersed and cultured PASMC with εV1–2 (10 μM), a translocation inhibitory peptide derived from the V1 region of εPKC, activated I Cl.vol under isotonic conditions and prevented further modulation by cell volume changes. Dialyzing PASMC with βC2–2 (10 μM), a translocation inhibitory peptide derived from the C2 region of βPKC, had no detectable effect. Immunohistochemistry in cultured canine PASMC verified that hypotonic cell swelling is accompanied by translocation of εPKC from the vicinity of the membrane to cytoplasmic and perinuclear locations. These data suggest that membrane-bound εPKC controls the activation state of native VSOACs in canine PASMC under isotonic and anisotonic conditions.

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40

Ting-Beall, HP, D. Needham, and RM Hochmuth. "Volume and osmotic properties of human neutrophils." Blood 81, no. 10 (May 15, 1993): 2774–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v81.10.2774.2774.

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Abstract Quantitative models describing the dynamics of human neutrophils in the microcirculation require accurate morphometric parameters such as volume and surface membrane area. Using both a micropipette technique and video light microscopy (LM) to measure the diameters of the spherical cells, we have accurately determined the volume of the human neutrophil. Our value, 299 +/- 32 microns 3, is in good agreement with our earlier results, but 55% larger than that reported by Schmid- Schonbein et al (Blood 56:866, 1980). However, the measurements of Schmid-Schonbein et al were based on the actual mass of the cells derived from transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images. The membrane surface area, at lysis, was calculated to be 2.6 times its initial projected area. After lysis, the cells do not reduce their size, indicative of the possibility of a F-actin network formation that would stiffen the structure. Further, we show that neutrophils behave as ideal osmometers when exposed to anisotonic solutions at 21 degrees C, as predicted by the Boyle-Van't Hoff relationship. The calculated Ponder's value, R, is 0.77, which corresponds to 77% of the cell volume being osmotically active under isotonic conditions. However, at 37 degrees C, the cells are able to regulate their volumes toward the original volumes after an osmotic stress.

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41

Ting-Beall, HP, D. Needham, and RM Hochmuth. "Volume and osmotic properties of human neutrophils." Blood 81, no. 10 (May 15, 1993): 2774–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v81.10.2774.bloodjournal81102774.

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Quantitative models describing the dynamics of human neutrophils in the microcirculation require accurate morphometric parameters such as volume and surface membrane area. Using both a micropipette technique and video light microscopy (LM) to measure the diameters of the spherical cells, we have accurately determined the volume of the human neutrophil. Our value, 299 +/- 32 microns 3, is in good agreement with our earlier results, but 55% larger than that reported by Schmid- Schonbein et al (Blood 56:866, 1980). However, the measurements of Schmid-Schonbein et al were based on the actual mass of the cells derived from transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images. The membrane surface area, at lysis, was calculated to be 2.6 times its initial projected area. After lysis, the cells do not reduce their size, indicative of the possibility of a F-actin network formation that would stiffen the structure. Further, we show that neutrophils behave as ideal osmometers when exposed to anisotonic solutions at 21 degrees C, as predicted by the Boyle-Van't Hoff relationship. The calculated Ponder's value, R, is 0.77, which corresponds to 77% of the cell volume being osmotically active under isotonic conditions. However, at 37 degrees C, the cells are able to regulate their volumes toward the original volumes after an osmotic stress.

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42

Roy, G., and R. Sauvé. "Effect of anisotonic media on volume, ion and amino-acid content and membrane potential of kidney cells (MDCK) in culture." Journal of Membrane Biology 100, no. 1 (December 1987): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02209143.

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43

Raaphorst, G. P., and E. I. Azzam. "Fixation of radiation-induced potentially lethal damage by anisotonic treatment and its modification by DMSO or BrdUrd in V79 cells." Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 24, no. 3 (September 1985): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01209521.

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44

Zeran, Rebecca M., Robert S. Anderson, and Terry A. Wheeler. "Effect of small-scale forest management on fungivorous Coleoptera in old-growth forest fragments in southeastern Ontario, Canada." Canadian Entomologist 139, no. 1 (February 2007): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n06-030.

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AbstractFungivorous Coleoptera were sampled from old-growth and managed (selectively logged in 1999) hemlock–hardwood forests in southeastern Ontario to examine the effect of small-scale forest management on fungivore diversity in forest fragments. Sampling using flight-intercept traps and trunk-window traps for 22 weeks in 2003 yielded 11 888 beetles representing 73 species in 11 target families (Anthribidae, Cerylonidae, Endomychidae, Erotylidae, Leiodidae, Mycetophagidae, Scaphidiidae, Sphindidae, Tenebrionidae, Trogossitidae, and Zopheridae). The leiodid subfamily Leiodinae was the dominant taxon (10 386 individuals, 38 species). While old-growth stands had no recent logging and had higher volumes of coarse woody debris, species diversity and composition of fungivorous Coleoptera were similar between forest types, suggesting that the stand differences measured (recent logging history, volume of coarse woody debris) did not have a significant effect on beetle diversity in this study. Indicator species analysis showed that Triplax macra LeConte (Erotylidae) was strongly associated with old-growth stands, while Anisotoma blanchardi (Horn), Anogdus obsoletus (Melsheimer), Agathidium sp. 1 (Leiodidae), and Mycetina perpulchra (Newman) (Endomychidae) were associated with managed stands. The lack of difference observed between stand types may be related to the small size of the forest fragments or the relatively small scale of the disturbance.

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45

Waldegger, S., P. Barth, G. Raber, and F. Lang. "Cloning and characterization of a putative human serine/threonine protein kinase transcriptionally modified during anisotonic and isotonic alterations of cell volume." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94, no. 9 (April 29, 1997): 4440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.9.4440.

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46

Li, Y., H. Zhao, and N. Ladommatos. "Analysis of large-scale flow characteristics in a four-valve spark ignition engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 216, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 923–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095440620221600906.

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A digital particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurement has been carried out to study the large-scale flow characteristics in a single-cylinder engine with a production-type four-valve cylinder head under one intake port deactivation. The measurement plane was located 12 mm below the cylinder head parallel to the flat piston top. Two-dimensional velocity fields from 100 consecutive cycles were acquired at every 30 crank angle interval in the compression stroke to analyse ensemble-averaged mean velocity, cyclic variation of the swirl motion, low-frequency and total velocity fluctuations and their integral length scales. The analysis shows that as one intake port is deactivated, strong swirl forms at the end of the intake stroke and sustains its flow pattern up to the late stage of the compression stroke with the precessing of the swirl centre. Both swirl ratio and swirl centre show significant cyclic variations in the compression process. A low-frequency component with spatial frequency below 0.05 mm-1 (corresponding to a large-scale structure with a spatial scale over 20 mm) is absolutely predominant in the flow field and therefore the low-frequency large-scale flow behaviour determines the basic characteristics of the total in-cylinder flow. The flow field is considerably anisotopic because the integral length scale of any velocity fluctuation components along any direction is different. However, the velocity fluctuation field in the horizontal plane will gradually become homogeneous as the piston moves up in the compression stroke. The integral length scale is in the range of 4-10 mm at an engine speed of 600 r/min. When the engine speed is doubled, flow velocity in the cylinder nearly doubles and velocity fluctuation kinetic energy more than triples though the flow pattern hardly changes.

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47

Hoffmann, Lars, Gernot Brauers, Thor Gehrmann, Dieter Häussinger, Ertan Mayatepek, Freimut Schliess, and Bernd C. Schwahn. "Osmotic regulation of hepatic betaine metabolism." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 304, no. 9 (May 1, 2013): G835—G846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00332.2012.

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Betaine critically contributes to the control of hepatocellular hydration and provides protection of the liver from different kinds of stress. To investigate how the hepatocellular hydration state affects gene expression of enzymes involved in the metabolism of betaine and related organic osmolytes, we used quantitative RT-PCR gene expression studies in rat hepatoma cells as well as metabolic and gene expression profiling in primary hepatocytes of both wild-type and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)-deficient mice. Anisotonic incubation caused coordinated adaptive changes in the expression of various genes involved in betaine metabolism, in particular of betaine homocysteine methyltransferase, dimethylglycine dehydrogenase, and sarcosine dehydrogenase. The expression of betaine-degrading enzymes was downregulated by cell shrinking and strongly induced by an increase in cell volume under hypotonic conditions. Metabolite concentrations in the culture system changed accordingly. Expression changes were mediated through tyrosine kinases, cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases, and JNK-dependent signaling. Assessment of hepatic gene expression using a customized microarray chip showed that hepatic betaine depletion in MTHFR −/− mice was associated with alterations that were comparable to those induced by cell swelling in hepatocytes. In conclusion, the adaptation of hepatocytes to changes in cell volume involves the coordinated regulation of betaine synthesis and degradation and concomitant changes in intracellular osmolyte concentrations. The existence of such a well-orchestrated response underlines the importance of cell volume homeostasis for liver function and of methylamine osmolytes such as betaine as hepatic osmolytes.

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48

Häussinger, D., N. Saha, C. Hallbrucker, F. Lang, and W. Gerok. "Involvement of microtubules in the swelling-induced stimulation of transcellular taurocholate transport in perfused rat liver." Biochemical Journal 291, no. 2 (April 15, 1993): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2910355.

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An increase of the hepatocellular hydratation state, induced by hypotonic exposure, amino acids or tauroursodeoxycholate, was shown to increase within minutes the Vmax of transcellular taurocholate transport and excretion into bile [Häussinger, Hallbrucker, Saha, Lang and Gerok (1992) Biochem. J. 288, 681-689]. This stimulatory effect of cell swelling on taurocholate excretion into bile is abolished in the presence of colchicine (5 microM). On the other hand, colchicine did not affect the stimulatory action of hypotonic cell swelling on 14CO2 production from [1-14C]glycine or [1-14C]glucose. Likewise, volume regulatory K+ fluxes following anisotonic exposure were not influenced in the presence of colchicine. Lumicolchicine (5 microM), a stereoisomer of colchicine without an inhibitory effect on microtubules, did not abolish the stimulation of taurocholate excretion into bile following hypo-osmotic exposure. Hypertonic cell shrinkage decreased taurocholate excretion into bile by about 35%; this effect was fully reversible upon normotonic re-exposure. With colchicine pretreatment, however, the hypertonicity-induced inhibition of taurocholate excretion was blunted and was no longer reversible upon normotonic re-exposure. The results suggest that stimulation of taurocholate excretion into bile in response to cell swelling involves a colchicine-sensitive, probably microtubule-dependent, mechanism, but not the stimulation of other cell-volume-sensitive pathways such as glycine oxidation or the pentose-phosphate shunt. It is hypothesized that the swelling-induced stimulation of taurocholate excretion into bile is due to a microtubule-dependent insertion of bile acid transporter molecules into the canalicular membrane.

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SAHA, Nirmalendu, Barbara STOLL, Florian LANG, and Dieter HAUSSINGER. "Effect of anisotonic cell-volume modulation on glutathione-S-conjugate release, t-butylhydroperoxide metabolism and the pentose-phosphate shunt in perfused rat liver." European Journal of Biochemistry 209, no. 1 (October 1992): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb17307.x.

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50

Nielsen, Doris K., Annelie Kolbjørn Jensen, Henrik Harbak, Søren C. Christensen, and Lars Ole Simonsen. "Cell content of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)bisphosphate in Ehrlich mouse ascites tumour cells in response to cell volume perturbations in anisotonic and in isosmotic media." Journal of Physiology 582, no. 3 (July 21, 2007): 1027–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.132308.

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