Relevant bibliographies by topics / Anion membrane

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Academic literature on the topic 'Anion membrane'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Anion membrane"

1

Grover, A. K., A. P. Singh, P. K. Rangachari, and P. Nicholls. "Ion movements in membrane vesicles: a new fluorescence method and application to smooth muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 248, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): C372—C378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1985.248.3.c372.

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A method is described for studying ion permeabilities of membrane vesicles based on the principle that when membrane permeability to H+ is very high, the H+ movement is determined by the membrane potential generated by the H+ movement. The rate of H+ movement under these conditions thus gives a measure of the rate of dissipation of this membrane potential by comovement of anions or countermovement of cations present. Thus, by studying the H+ efflux using an impermeant cation and different anions, the membrane permeability to the anions can be assessed. Similarly, the use of an impermeant anion allows the study of the permeation of various cations. H+ movement was followed across the membranes by monitoring a change in the fluorescence intensity of the pH-sensitive dye pyranine trapped inside the membranes. This method when tested using phosphatidylcholine liposomes yielded the expected results, i.e., permeability of the liposomal membrane was: Cl- greater than SO2-4 and K+ greater than Na+. A plasma membrane-enriched fraction loaded with pyranine was isolated from estrogen-dominant rat myometrium. The anion permeability characteristics of this membrane were studied using tetramethylammonium (TMA+) as the poorly permeant cation, and the cation permeability was studied using L-glutamate- as the poorly permeant anion. The anion permeabilities were D-glutamate- less than L-glutamate- less than glutarate2- less than Cl- less than or equal to SO2-4, and the cation permeabilities were TMA+ less than K+ less than Na+. It is hypothesized that the observed anomalously higher Na+ and SO2-4 movements may involve special mechanisms.
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Kotyńska, Joanna, and Monika Naumowicz. "Theoretical Considerations and the Microelectrophoresis Experiment on the Influence of Selected Chaotropic Anions on Phosphatidylcholine Membrane Surface Charge Density." Molecules 25, no. 1 (December 29, 2019): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010132.

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Influence of sodium salts of selected chaotropic anions from the Hofmeister series (NaCl, NaBr, NaNO3, NaI) on the surface charge density of phosphatidylcholine membranes was studied. Small unilamellar lipid vesicles were used as a model system in the investigations. The theoretical and experimental approach to the interactions between inorganic anions and phosphatidylcholine membranes is presented. Experimental membrane surface charge densities data were determined as a function of pH of the aqueous electrolytes using microelectrophoresis method. The quantitative description of the interactions between zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine membrane and monovalent anions is presented. The equilibria constants of the binding of solution ions onto phospholipid surface were calculated. Knowledge of these parameters was essential to determine the theoretical membrane surface charge density values. The theoretical data were compared to the experimental ones in order to verify the mathematical model. Both approaches indicate that the anion-phosphatidylcholine membrane interaction increases with the size of the anion. The adsorption of chaotropic anions to membranes was found to follow the Hofmeister series I− > NO3− > Br− > Cl−.
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Oliveira, Alexandra M., Brian P. Setzler, and Yushan Yan. "Anode-Fed Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers for Hydrogen Generation Tolerant to Anion Contaminants." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 44 (October 9, 2022): 1679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02441679mtgabs.

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Anion exchange membrane water electrolysis has the ability to produce green hydrogen with high voltage efficiencies at low capital cost with zero CO2 emissions. The alkaline environment of these devices allows for the use of economical metal catalysts and anion exchange membranes (AEMs) that conduct hydroxide ions and are less expensive than their proton exchange membrane counterparts. However, research has shown that anion contamination of hydroxide exchange membranes can lead to significant performance losses in anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs), particularly when air fed to the oxygen-reducing cathode contains CO2.1 A similar contamination effect occurs in anion exchange membrane electrolyzers (AEMELs), when dissolved CO2 in the electrolyte reacts to form carbonate (CO3 2-) and bicarbonate (HCO3 2-) anions which compete with the hydroxide (OH-) ions that must be conducted through the AEM and ionomer. The presence of these and other anion contaminants can lower the ionic conductivity of the cell. Under high current density operation, an AEMEL undergoes a self-purging process that uses an ionic potential gradient to push hydroxide and anion contaminants through the membrane to the anode. This creates a significant pH gradient between cathode and anode that can lead to concentration polarization which further lowers performance.2 In this work, we use 1-D CO2 transport modeling and experiments to show how altering the electrolyte feed method allows for CO2-tolerant AEMEL operation in several different electrolytes. The unique advantages of AEMELs over AEMFCs and proton exchange membrane electrolyzers (PEMELs) are that (1) this self-purge occurs during normal operation, and (2) they allow for flexibility in the location of the potentially contaminated water feed. In PEMELs, water is intuitively fed to the anode, and cation contaminants are purged through the entire MEA to the cathode. Although water in AEMELs is intuitively fed to the cathode, where it is consumed in the hydrogen evolution reaction, water can diffuse easily through the membrane, allowing for it to be fed as an anolyte to the oxygen-evolving side of the cell. This allows for better contaminant rejection because anions can be concentrated mostly on the anode side of the electrolyzer. The model described in this paper predicts that an anode-fed AEMEL can more easily purge CO2 without contaminating as much of the AEM or inducing as high of a pH gradient due to more rapid self-purging of anions. We find experimentally that AEMELs with DI water anolyte are more tolerant of forced CO2 contamination than those with DI water catholytes, which is likely one of the major reasons for superior anode-feed performance. Furthermore, electrolyzer operation at high current densities can lead to voltage recoveries greater than 200 mV due to self-purging of anions. Although supporting electrolytes such as potassium hydroxide can mitigate catholyte contamination, the anion self-purging shows that electrolyzer operation in DI water and even tap water (containing fluoride, chloride, and nitrates) can improve when employing an anode feed. 1. Y. Zheng et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 12, 2806–2819 (2019). 2. B. P. Setzler, L. Shi, T. Wang, and Y. Yan, in ECS Meeting Abstracts, vol. MA2019-01, p. 1824–1824, IOP Publishing (2019) https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/MA2019-01/34/1824.
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Lejarazu-Larrañaga, Amaia, Juan Manuel Ortiz, Serena Molina, Yan Zhao, and Eloy García-Calvo. "Nitrate-Selective Anion Exchange Membranes Prepared using Discarded Reverse Osmosis Membranes as Support." Membranes 10, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10120377.

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The present work shows a methodology for the preparation of membranes with a high affinity for nitrates. For this purpose, a polymeric mixture containing an anion exchange resin was extended on a recycled pressure filtration membrane used as mechanical support. Different ion exchange resins were tested. The influence in ion fractionation of (i) the type of ion exchange resin, (ii) the use of a recycled membrane as support and (iii) the operating current density during the separation process were studied. Results revealed that the employed anion exchange resin could tune up the transport numbers of the anions in the membrane and enhance the transport of nitrates over sulfates. The use of the recycled filtration membrane as support further increased the transport of nitrates in detriment of sulfates in nitrate-selective membranes. Moreover, it considerably improved the mechanical stability of the membranes. Lowering the operational current density also boosted ion fractionation. In addition, the use of recycled membranes as support in membrane preparation is presented as an alternative management route of discarded reverse osmosis membranes, coupling with the challenging management of waste generated by the desalination industry. These membranes could be used for nitrate recovery from wastewater or for nitrate separation from groundwater.
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Willdorf-Cohen, Sapir, Songlin Li, Simcha Srebnik, Charles E. Diesendruck, and Dario R. Dekel. "Effect of Carbonate Anions on the Stability of Quaternary Ammonium Groups for Aemfcs." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 43 (October 9, 2022): 1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02431609mtgabs.

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Anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) have been attracting significant attention as a promising green and effective technology for energy conversion, suitable for both automotive and stationary applications. AEMFCs operate in an alkaline environment and thus allow the use of non-precious metal electrocatalysts from a wide selection of materials, as well as lower cost anion-exchange membranes (AEMs). In spite of the significant progress recently achieved, the commercial development of AEMFCs is hampered by both AEM degradation and the carbonation processes. The chemical decomposition of the AEMs during fuel cell operation is still considered as the main challenge that needs to be addressed. The combination of high pH environment and high current densities in the AEMFCs results in hydroxide anions with limited solvation, becoming extremely reactive towards positively charged quaternary ammonium (QA) salts. This decomposition leads to detrimental reduction in anion conductivity and therefore in fuel cell performance. Understanding the carbonation process is also critical to allow AEMFCs to operate with ambient air. Hydroxide anions created in the oxygen reduction reaction react with CO2 even at low concentrations, to form bi/carbonates ions. The lower diffusion coefficients and ionic mobility of CO3 -2 and HCO3 - increases resistivity and reduces power output. In this study we experimentally show for the first time the effect of carbonation on the degradation processes of the AEM. The experimental results are compared to modeling by MD. This study provides insights into the carbonation effect on cation stability in alkaline systems, which has significant implications for the final stability of AEMs resulting in long term operation of AEMFCs under real ambient air conditions. References: (1) Ziv, N.; Mustain, W. E.; Dekel, D. R. The Effect of Ambient Carbon Dioxide on Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. ChemSusChem 2018, 11 (7), 1136–1150. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201702330. (2) Yassin, K.; Rasin, I. G.; Willdorf-Cohen, S.; Diesendruck, C. E.; Brandon, S.; Dekel, D. R. A Surprising Relation between Operating Temperature and Stability of Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. J. Power Sources Adv. 2021, 11, 100066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powera.2021.100066. (3) Dekel, D. R.; Amar, M.; Willdorf, S.; Kosa, M.; Dhara, S.; Diesendruck, C. E. Effect of Water on the Stability of Quaternary Ammonium Groups for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Applications. Chem. Mater. 2017, 29 (10), 4425–4431. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b00958. (4) Ziv, N.; Mondal, A. N.; Weissbach, T.; Holdcroft, S.; Dekel, D. R. Effect of CO2 on the Properties of Anion Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications. J. Memb. Sci. 2019, 586 (March), 140–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2019.05.053. (5) Srebnik, S.; Pusara, S.; Dekel, D. R. Effect of Carbonate Anions on Quaternary Ammonium-Hydroxide Interaction. J. Phys. Chem. C 2019, 123 (26), 15956–15962. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b03131. (6) Vega, J. A.; Mustain, W. E. Effect of CO2, HCO3- and CO3-2 on Oxygen Reduction in Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Electrochim. Acta 2010, 55 (5), 1638–1644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2009.10.041. (7) Zelovich, T.; Simari, C.; Nicotera, I.; Dekel, D. R.; Tuckerman, M. E. The Impact of Carbonation on Hydroxide Diffusion in Nano-Confined Anion Exchange Membranes. submitted to J. Materials Chem. A, Jan 29, 2022.
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Schefe, C. R., M. Watt, W. J. Slattery, and P. M. Mele. "Organic anions in the rhizosphere of Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive wheat lines grown in an acid soil in controlled and field environments." Soil Research 46, no. 3 (2008): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07139.

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Several sampling methods were investigated for the quantification of organic anions in the rhizosphere of Al-tolerant (ET8) and Al-sensitive (ES8) wheat plants in soil systems. Controlled environment studies used anion exchange membranes to collect rhizosphere organic anions (from root tips and mature regions of nodal roots) from ET8 and ES8 plants at the 6-leaf stage in a glasshouse environment. Using the anion exchange membranes, a selection of organic anions were detected on the tips and mature regions of roots, with ET8 and ES8 having similar rhizosphere organic anion profiles. The field experiment used 2 established methods of organic anion collection: rhizosphere soil and root washings. The ET8 and ES8 wheat lines had similar levels of organic anions, including malate, in the rhizosphere (using soil shaken from roots and root washings) at 3 sampling times (4 and 6 leaves, and flowering). The rhizosphere organic anions differed significantly from the bulk soil, with the concentration and range of organic anions in the rhizosphere decreasing towards flowering, presumably due to physiological changes in plant and root growth. This study used several techniques to investigate organic anion exudation by roots, with organic anions detected using all techniques. However, technical limitations of these techniques were recognised: (i) the lack of simultaneous exposure of root tips to both the anion exchange membrane and the chemical stimulant, e.g. Al3+; and (ii) the inability to derive the origin of organic anions measured in rhizosphere soil and root washings. The challenge for future soil-based organic anion research is to identify the dominant stress that has triggered an exudation response (i.e. Al toxicity, P deficiency), and to clearly differentiate between plant- and microbial-derived contributions to exudation.
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Miller, D. S., P. M. Smith, and J. B. Pritchard. "Organic anion and cation transport in crab urinary bladder." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 257, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): R501—R505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.257.3.r501.

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Crab urinary bladder, a simple, flat-sheet epithelium, is structurally and functionally analogous to vertebrate renal proximal tubule. Like proximal tubule, crab bladder plays an important role in the excretion of potentially toxic, charged metabolites and xenobiotics. Bladders from Cancer borealis secrete monovalent, organic anions and cations in vivo and in vitro. For organic cations, secretion is a two-step process, with mediated and energetically downhill uptake into cells at the serosal membrane and uphill exit at the luminal membrane. The uptake step may be driven by the electrical potential difference across the serosal membrane, the luminal step by organic cation-proton exchange. Monovalent organic anions are also secreted by a separate two-step process. Recent experiments with intact bladder tissue and isolated membrane vesicles show that (as in mammalian proximal tubule) uphill serosal uptake can be coupled indirectly to the Na+ gradient. Organic anion (p-aminohippurate; PAH) uptake is driven by exchange for certain divalent organic anions, e.g., glutarate and alpha-ketoglutarate. The divalent anion gradient (in greater than out) is in turn maintained by Na+-coupled divalent uptake. The PAH exist step at the luminal membrane is mediated and downhill; it may involve anion exchange.
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Wei, Fei, Aslan Kosakian, Jiafei Liu, and Marc Secanell. "Water Transport Characterization of Anion and Proton Exchange Membranes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 50 (October 9, 2022): 2620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02502620mtgabs.

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Proton exchange membrane (PEM) and anion exchange membrane (AEM) fuel cells (FCs) are the two types of fuel cell devices that electrochemically convert the chemical energy of hydrogen into electricity and heat with water as the only by-product. Due to no requirement of precious and non-renewable platinum as the catalyst material, AEMFCs have attracted great attention in recent years [1,2]. However, water balance between anode and cathode in AEMFCs is more crucial than in PEMFCs, as water not only is produced in the anode, hindering hydrogen transport to the anode catalyst layer, but also functions as reactant in the cathode. Water transport properties of AEMs is one of the key factors affecting water balance between anode and cathode [1]. Accurate measurement of AEM water transport properties is paramount for AEM design and manufacturing to improve AEMFC water management and, in turn, performance and durability. AEMFCs with recently developed PiperION AEMs have been shown to achieve good AEMFC performance [3,4]; however, there is no available study in the literature measuring its water transport properties. To the best of the authors' knowledge, there are only a few studies reporting the measurement of AEMs water diffusivity, such as Fumapem FAA-3 [5,6], Aemion [5], Tokuyama A201 [7,8] and SnowPure Excellion I-200 [9]. Even in those limited studies, interfacial transport rates were either not considered in the data analysis [6,8,9] or not given as a function of water activity [5,7,8]. In this work, the interfacial desorption rate of AEMs is determined from a liquid-vapor permeation setup by measuring the water flux through the membrane at different relative humidity (RH). To quantify the interfacial exchange rate and determine which mode of transport is dominant (bulk or interfacial), a novel approach involving three different mathematical models was used: a diffusion-dominant model, a desorption-dominant model, and a combined diffusion-desorption model. By analyzing the sensitivity of the modeling results to the individual transport process, the dominant mode was identified. The model correctly identified the limiting transport mode in Nafion membranes, and suggested that interfacial transport was also limiting in AEMs of Aemion AH1-HNN8-50-X, Fumapem FAA-3-30/50 and PiperION-A40. With the developed model, semi-empirical relationships for the water desorption rate from AEMs and Nafion membranes as functions of the water content and temperature were obtained. These relationships can be readily used in AEMFCs and PEMFCs models. References [1] K. Yassin, et al., Quantifying the critical effect of water diffusivity in anion exchange membranes for fuel cell applications, Journal of Membrane Science 608 (2020) 118206. [2] X. Luo, et al., Structure-transport relationships of poly (aryl piperidinium) anion-exchange membranes: Eeffect of anions and hydration, Journal of Membrane Science 598 (2020) 117680. [3] J. Wang, et al., Poly (aryl piperidinium) membranes and ionomers for hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells, Nature Energy 4(5) (2019) 392-398. [4] T. Wang, et al., High-performance hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells through optimization of relative humidity, backpressure and catalyst selection, Journal of The Electrochemical Society 166(7) (2019) F3305. [5] X. Luo, et al., Water permeation through anion exchange membranes, Journal of Power Sources 375 (2018) 442-451. [6] M. Marino, et al., Hydroxide, halide and water transport in a model anion exchange membrane, Journal of Membrane Science 464 (2014) 61-71. [7] Y. Li, et al., Measurements of water uptake and transport properties in anion-exchange membranes, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 35 (11) (2010) 5656-5665. [8] B. Eriksson, et al., Quantifying water transport in anion exchange membrane fuel cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 44 (10) (2019) 4930–4939. [9] T.D. Myles, et al., Calculation of water diffusion coefficients in an anion exchange membrane using a water permeation technique, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 158(7) (2011) B790.
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Dong, X. W., J. B. Zhuang, N. B. Huang, C. H. Liang, L. S. Xu, W. Li, S. C. Zhang, and M. Sun. "Development of anion-exchange membrane for anion-exchange membrane fuel cells." Materials Research Innovations 19, sup6 (June 2015): S6–38—S6–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1432891715z.0000000001442.

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Zuo, Xingtao, Wenxin Shi, Shuili Yu, and Jiajie He. "Fundamental characteristics study of anion-exchange PVDF–SiO2 membranes." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 11 (December 1, 2012): 2343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.464.

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A new type of poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF)–SiO2 hybrid anion-exchange membrane was prepared by blending method. The anion-exchange groups were introduced by the reaction of epoxy groups with trimethylamine (TMA). Contact angle between water and the membrane surface was measured to characterize the hydrophilicity change of the membrane surface. The effects of nano-sized SiO2 particles in the membrane-forming materials on the membrane mechanical properties and conductivity were also investigated. The experimental results indicated that PVDF–SiO2 anion-exchange membranes exhibited better water content, ion-exchange capacity, conductivity and mechanic properties, and so may find potential applications in alkaline membrane fuel cells and water treatment processes.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Anion membrane"

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Boulter, Jonathan Michael. "Structural and functional studies of the erythrocyte anion exchanger, band 3." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297079.

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Parker, Mark D. "Expression and anion transport studies on the human erythrocyte anion exchange protein (AE1, band 3) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310589.

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Dayama, Parth Omprakash. "A Comparative Study of Electrodes and Membranes for Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis Systems." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad elektrokemi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300182.

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Vätgas kan framställas från förnybara energikällor genom vattenelektrolys med anjonbytande membran (AEMWE). AEMWE har vissa fördelar jämfört med traditionell alkalisk vattenelektrolys och elektrolysmed protonledande membran. Till exempel finns det möjlighet att använda alkalisk elektrolyt (även rent vatten) och billiga platinagruppsmetallfria katalysatorer tillsammans med ett anjonbytesmembran. Den största utmaningen med tekniken är att uppnå utmärkt och stabil prestanda för membran och elektroder. AemionTM anjonbytande membran (AEMs) av olika tjocklek, vattenupptag och kapacitet undersöktes i ett AEMWE system med 5 cm2 elektrodarea. Elektrokemisk prestanda hos dessa kommersiella AEM studerades med hjälp av porösa nickel elektroder. Bland de undersökta membranen visade AF2-HWP8-75-X stabil prestanda med en högfrekvent resistans (HFR) på 90 mΩ•cm2 och kunde nå en strömtäthet på 0,8 A/cm2 vid 2,38 V med 1 M KOH vid 60 ˚C.  AEMWE med AF2-HWP8-75-X och olika elektrodkombinationer undersöktes under samma driftsförhållanden. En elektrodkombination med Raney-Ni och NiFeO som katod respektive anod visade bäst prestanda under utvärderingen och gav en strömtäthet på 1,06 och 3,08 A/cm2 vid 2,00 respektive 2,32 V. KOH-lösningens temperatur och koncentration sänktes till 45 ˚C respektive 0,1 M för att undersöka effekten av driftsparametrar på flödescellens prestanda. Flödescellen uppvisade god stabilitet under de nya driftsförhållandena, men dess prestanda minskade avsevärt. Den nådde en strömtäthet på 0,8 A/cm2 vid 2,25 V.
Hydrogen can be produced from renewable energy sources using a novel anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) system. AEMWE has some benefits over the currently used state-of-the-art alkaline and proton exchange membrane water electrolysis systems. For instance, there is a possibility of using alkaline electrolytes (even pure water) and low-cost platinum-group-metal free catalysts together with an ion exchange membrane. However, the main challenge is that the AEMWE system should show excellent and stable performance, depending on the stability of the membrane and the electrodes. AemionTM anion exchange membranes (AEMs) of different thickness and water uptake capacity were investigated using a 5 cm2 AEMWE system. The electrochemical behaviour of these commercial AEMs was studied using nickel (Ni) felt electrodes. Among the investigated AEMs, the AF2-HWP8-75-X showed stable performance with a high frequency resistance (HFR) of 90 mΩ•cm2 and was able to reach a current density of 0.8 A/cm2 at 2.38 V using 1 M KOH at 60 ˚C.  AEMWE systems based on AF2-HWP8-75-X and different electrode combinations were examined under the same operating conditions. An electrode combination with Raney-Ni and NiFeO as cathode and anode, respectively, showed the best performance during the degradation test and provided a current density of 1.06 and 3.08 A/cm2 at 2.00 and 2.32 V, respectively. The operating temperature and concentration of the KOH solution were reduced to 45 ˚C and 0.1 M, respectively, to study the effect of operating parameters on the flow cell performance. The flow cell showed good stability under the new operating conditions, but its performance was reduced significantly. It reached a current density of 0.8 A/cm2 at 2.25 V.
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Crofts, Alan. "Anion efflux across the plasma membrane of Chara corallina." Thesis, University of York, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358101.

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Santori, Pietro Giovanni. "Investigation of electrocatalysts for anion-exchange membrane fuel cells." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS129.

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Cette thèse de doctorat étudie la synthèse, caractérisation structurale et activité pour la réaction de réduction de O2 (ORR) de catalyseurs Fe-N-C et de composites d’oxydes de manganèse supporté sur Fe-N-C, ainsi que leur utilisation en pile à combustible à membrane échangeuse d’anions (AEMFC). Tandis que les piles à membrane échangeuse de protons (PEMFC) requièrent aujourd’hui du platine dans ses catalyseurs pour atteindre des hautes performances, les piles AEMFC peuvent ouvrir la voie vers des piles sans métaux précieux. Si les catalyseurs Fe-N-C sont actuellement étudiés comme alternative au platine à la cathode des PEMFC, ils souffrent d’une faible activité et d’une durabilité limitée dans ce milieu. En revanche, on peut espérer que l’activité et la durabilité des catalyseurs Fe-N-C soient améliorées dans les AEMFC.Ce travail démontre la haute activité, stabilité et durabilité en milieu alcalin de catalyseurs Fe-N-C comprenant des sites FeNx à un atome de fer. Ils ont été préparés à partir de ZIF-8 et de sel de fer, pyrolysé sous Ar (Fe0.5-Ar) puis sous NH3 (Fe0.5-NH3). Leur activité a été mesurée en électrode à disque tournant (RDE) et en AEMFC, tandis que la stabilité a été mesurée en RDE et operando avec un spectromètre de masse (ICP-MS) en aval d’une cellule à flux (SFC), en électrolyte acide et alcalin. Le dispositif ICP-MS/SFC a été utilisé pour mesurer in operando la dissolution du fer. En électrolyte acide oxygéné, la vitesse de dissolution du fer du catalyseur le plus actif (Fe0.5-NH3) est 10 fois plus rapide que celle du catalyseur moins actif, Fe0.5-Ar. Ceci explique la faible stabilité des catalyseurs Fe-N-C pyrolysés sous NH3 en PEMFC. En revanche, en électrolyte alcalin, les vitesses de dissolution du fer sont faibles, même pour Fe0.5-NH3. Ces résultats vont de pair avec l’absence de changement d’activité en RDE après un test de dégradation accélérée. La nature des sites actifs a de plus été étudiée par spectroscopie d’absorption de rayons X en mode operando.Afin de réduire la quantité de peroxyde d’hydrogène sur Fe-N-C pendant l’ORR, plusieurs oxydes de manganèse ont été synthétisés et leur activité pour l’ORR et la réaction de réduction du peroxyde d’hydrogène (HPRR) évaluée. Il a été démontré par ICP-MS/SFC que même l’oxyde de manganèse le plus stable, Mn2O3, peut dissoudre une quantité importante de Mn pendant l’ORR en milieu alcalin. De plus, cette dissolution est due au peroxyde d’hydrogène produit pendant l’ORR. Des composites MnOx/Fe0.5-NH3 ont été étudiés pour les réactions ORR et HPRR. Tous ont montré une meilleure sélectivité pendant l’ORR que Fe0.5-NH3 seul, et l’effet le plus important fut avec Mn2O3.Avant d’étudier ces catalyseurs en AEMFC, une étude a été faite sur la compatibilité entre différents catalyseurs de l’ORR et/ou de l’oxydation de H2 (Pt/C, Fe0.5-NH3, PtRu/C, Pd-CeO2/C) et des ionomères échangeurs d’anion, en RDE dans 0.1 M KOH. Ceci a permis d’identifier certains problèmes entre les ionomères étudiés et les catalyseurs comprenant une faible quantité de métal (Fe0.5-NH3, Pd-CeO2/C).Les catalyseurs Fe0.5-NH3 et Mn2O3/Fe0.5-NH3 ont alors été étudiés en AEMFC avec un ionomère à base d’éthylène-tetrafluoroéthylène. Les deux catalyseurs atteignent une densité de courant de 80 mA cm-2 à 0.9 V, avec un chargement de 1.0-1.5 mg cm-2. Le pic de puissance sous H2/O2 est de 1 W cm-2 à 60°C, avec une AEM à base de polyéthylène basse densité, et de 1.4 W cm-2 à 65°C avec une AEM en polyéthylène haute densité. En comparaison, une densité de courant de 70 mA cm-2 à 0.9 V et un pic de puissance de 1.5 W cm-2 ont été obtenus avec 0.45 mgPt cm-2 à la cathode (40 wt% Pt/C) à 60°C, avec l’AEM en polyéthylène basse densité. Un test de durabilité de 100 h à 0.6 A cm-2 sous air a montré une bonne stabilité de Fe0.5-NH3.En conclusion, ce travail met en exergue l’application prometteuse des catalyseurs Fe-N-C à la cathode de piles AEMFC, afin de s’affranchir des catalyseurs à base de métaux précieux
This PhD thesis investigates the synthesis, structural characterization and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity of Fe-N-C catalysts and composites of Fe-N-C and manganese oxides, and their application at the cathode of anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). Compared to proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), where platinum is today needed to reach high performance, AEMFCs hold the promise to reach high performance without precious metals in their catalysts. While Fe-N-C catalysts are currently investigated as an alternative to Pt/C for PEMFC cathodes, they suffer from lower activity and lower durability in the acidic medium of PEMFCs. In contrast, both the ORR activity and stability of Fe-N-C catalysts can be expected to be significantly improved in AEMFC.This PhD work demonstrates the high activity, stability and durability in alkaline medium of Fe-N-C catalysts with atomically-dispersed FeNx sites. They were prepared from a mix of ZIF-8 and iron salt, pyrolyzed in argon (Fe0.5-Ar) and then ammonia (Fe0.5-NH3). The activity was measured in a rotating disk electrode (RDE) and in AEMFC, while the stability was measured in RDE and in operando with mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) coupled with a scanning flow cell, in both acid and alkaline media. The latter setup was used to measure Fe dissolution in operando. It was evidenced that, in oxygenated acid electrolyte, the iron leaching rate of the most active Fe-N-C catalyst (Fe0.5-NH3) is 10 times faster compared to the less active Fe0.5-Ar. This explains the reduced stability of ammonia-treated Fe-N-C catalysts in operating PEMFC. In contrast, in alkaline medium, very little demetallation was observed even for Fe0.5-NH3. This was correlated with almost unchanged activity after load cycling in RDE. The nature of the active sites was investigated with X-ray absorption spectroscopy, including in operando measurements.Then, to minimize the amount of peroxide species during ORR on Fe-N-C, different manganese oxides were synthesized and their activity for ORR and hydrogen peroxide reduction reaction (HPRR) were evaluated, while operando manganese dissolution was investigated with ICP-MS. It was found that even the most stable Mn-oxide, Mn2O3, leached a significant amount of Mn during ORR in alkaline medium. It was further demonstrated that the Mn leaching is associated with hydrogen peroxide produced during ORR. Composites of Fe0.5-NH3 and Mn-oxides were then investigated for ORR and HPRR. Improved selectivity during ORR was observed for all composites relative to Fe0.5-NH3 alone, but the effect was strongest for Mn2O3.Before investigating such catalysts in AEMFC, a study on the compatibility between different ORR and/or hydrogen oxidation reaction catalysts (Pt/C, Fe0.5-NH3, PtRu/C, Pd-CeO2/C) and anion exchange ionomers was performed in RDE in 0.1 M KOH. The study identified issues between the investigated ionomers and catalysts having low metal contents on the carbon support (Fe0.5-NH3, Pd-CeO2/C).The catalyst Fe0.5-NH3 and its composite with Mn2O3 were then investigated in AEMFC with an ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene ionomer. Both cathode catalysts reached a current density of ca 80 mA cm-2 at 0.9 V, with relatively low loading of 1.0-1.5 mg catalyst·cm-2. The peak power density with H2/O2 reached 1 W cm-2 at 60°C with a low density polyethylene AEM and 1.4 W cm-2 with high density polyethylene AEM at 65°C. By comparison, a current density of ca 70 mA cm-2 at 0.9 V and peak power density of 1.5 W cm-2 was reached with 0.45 mgPt cm-2 at the cathode (40 wt% Pt/C) with low density polyethylene AEM at 60°C. A durability test of 100 h at 0.6 A cm-2 in air showed good stability of the Fe0.5-NH3 catalyst.In conclusion, this work highlights the promising application of Fe-N-C catalysts at the cathode of AEMFCs for replacing precious metal catalysts
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Matsuoka, Koji. "Studies on direct alcohol fuel cells using anion-exchange membrane." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/144928.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(工学)
甲第11583号
工博第2529号
新制||工||1344(附属図書館)
23226
UT51-2005-D332
京都大学大学院工学研究科物質ｴﾈﾙｷﾞｰ化学専攻
(主査)教授 小久見 善八, 教授 垣内 隆, 教授 田中 功
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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BONIZZONI, SIMONE. "Anion Conducting Polymers for Fuel Cell and Electrolyzer." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/382284.

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The hydrogen, as energy vector, is considering one promising green, sustainable, low-cost alternative to hydrocarbon fuels. In the circular hydrogen economy, the fuel cell technologies play a crucial role of the energy conversion and, in particular, Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell are retained to be very promising for the high-power delivery, the short waiting time before providing energy, the low working temperature. My PhD is focus on synthesis and characterization of anionic conducting polymer for fuel cell and electrolyzer applications. The first part of activities is focused on the study of new chemical modifications of polyfluorinated (Aquivion®), aliphatic polyketones, polystyrene polymer matrix to address the main drawbacks of the chemical and electrochemical stability and also the high cost. The synthesis methods involve the organic chemistry procedure for examples Pall-Knorr reaction, Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, methylation process. The physical-chemical characterization part is aimed to the better understand the properties of the functionalized polymer matrix. The polymer structure is investigated by spectroscopes technique for example FTIR and solid-state NMR while, the thermal properties and their stability are determined by TGA and DSC measurements. For the promising work of Aquivion® modification, I also performed accelerated ageing treatment for testing the chemical and electrochemical stability and I used them in for water Electrolyzer application. The functionalized polymers show interesting and promising properties for fuel cell and electrolyzer applications and, in particular, modified Aquivion® membranes show excellent stability in alkaline environmental and archive 130 mA cm-2 at 80°C. The results of Aquivion® modification are published on two international journals and the polyketones functionalization work is undergoing publication.
The hydrogen, as energy vector, is considering one promising green, sustainable, low-cost alternative to hydrocarbon fuels. In the circular hydrogen economy, the fuel cell technologies play a crucial role of the energy conversion and, in particular, Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell are retained to be very promising for the high-power delivery, the short waiting time before providing energy, the low working temperature. My PhD is focus on synthesis and characterization of anionic conducting polymer for fuel cell and electrolyzer applications. The first part of activities is focused on the study of new chemical modifications of polyfluorinated (Aquivion®), aliphatic polyketones, polystyrene polymer matrix to address the main drawbacks of the chemical and electrochemical stability and also the high cost. The synthesis methods involve the organic chemistry procedure for examples Pall-Knorr reaction, Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, methylation process. The physical-chemical characterization part is aimed to the better understand the properties of the functionalized polymer matrix. The polymer structure is investigated by spectroscopes technique for example FTIR and solid-state NMR while, the thermal properties and their stability are determined by TGA and DSC measurements. For the promising work of Aquivion® modification, I also performed accelerated ageing treatment for testing the chemical and electrochemical stability and I used them in for water Electrolyzer application. The functionalized polymers show interesting and promising properties for fuel cell and electrolyzer applications and, in particular, modified Aquivion® membranes show excellent stability in alkaline environmental and archive 130 mA cm-2 at 80°C. The results of Aquivion® modification are published on two international journals and the polyketones functionalization work is undergoing publication.
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8

Akanda, Nesar. "Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDAC) in the plasma membrane induces apoptosis /." Linköping : Univ, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-8240.

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Akanda, Nesar. "Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDAC) in the plasma membrane induce apoptosis." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Cellbiologi, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-8240.

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Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is essential for proper development and functioning of the body systems. During development, apoptosis plays a central role to sculpt the embryo, and in adults, to maintain tissue homeostasis by eliminating redundant, damaged or effete cells. Therefore, a tight regulation of this process is essential. Cell shrinkage associated efflux of K+ and Cl– through plasma membrane ion channels is an early event of apoptosis. However, little is known about these fluxes. The aim of this thesis was to investigate ion channels in the plasma membrane of neurons undergoing apoptosis. We studied differentiated (the mouse hippocampal cell line HT22, the human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-MC, and rat primary hippocampal neurons) and undifferentiated (rat primary cortical neural stem cells cNSCs) cells with the patch-clamp technique. All cell types displayed a low electrical activity under control conditions. However, during apoptosis in differentiated neurons, we found an activation of a voltage-dependent anion channel. The conductance of the channel is 400 pS, the voltage dependence of the opening is bell shaped with respect to membrane voltage with a maximum open probability at 0 mV, and the Cl− to cation selectivity is >5:1. These biophysical properties remind about the voltage-dependent anion channel normally found in the outer mitochondrial membrane (VDACmt). Hence, we call our apoptosis-inducing plasma membrane channel VDACpl. The molecular identity of the channel was corroborated with the specific labelling of different anti-VDAC antibodies. Block of this channel either with antibodies or with sucrose prevented apoptosis, suggesting a critical role for VDACpl in the apoptotic process. VDACpl is a NADH (-ferricyanide) reductase in control cells. We found that the enzymatic activity is altered while the VDACpl channel is activated during apoptosis. Surprisingly, in cNSCs we did not find any activation of VDACpl, no VDACpl-specific labelling, no enzymatic activity, and no prevention of apoptosis with VDACpl-blocking strategies. Instead, we found an activation of a voltage-independent 37 pS ion channel, and that the Cl– channel blocker DIDS prevented apoptosis in cNSCs. Our finding that activation of VDACpl is critical for apoptosis in differentiated neurons hopefully can lead to new strategies in the treatment of several diseases related to apoptosis.
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Betaneli, Viktoria. "Voltage dependent anion channel: Interaction with lipid membranes." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-85742.

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Evidence has accumulated that the voltage dependent anion channel (VDAC), located on the outer membrane of mitochondria, plays a central role in apoptosis. The involvement of VDAC oligomerization in apoptosis has been suggested in various studies. However, it still remains unknown how exactly VDAC supra-molecular assembly can be regulated in the membrane. Previous studies suggested the possible influence of various proteins on the formation of VDAC oligomers, but the important issue of the VDAC oligomeric state regulation by lipids has not been studied so far. Nevertheless, the effect of lipids on the oligomerization of several membrane proteins has been mentioned in the literature and in general, protein-lipid interactions are under extensive investigation. In the present work, I addressed the influence of lipids on VDAC oligomerization experimentally by reconstituting the fluorescently labelled VDAC in giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs)—a chemically well defined, cell-free minimal model system. Fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy was performed to determine the oligomeric state of VDAC. I investigated the effect of important for apoptosis anionic lipids, phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin, on VDAC oligomerization. I demonstrated that phosphatidylglycerol significantly enhances VDAC oligomerization in the membrane, whereas cardiolipin disrupts VDAC oligomers. These results suggest that up- or down- regulation of these lipids in mitochondria during apoptosis can tune VDAC oligomerization in the membrane. Thus, this study sheds light on the role played by the above-mentioned lipids in the regulation of VDAC oligomerization during apoptosis and provides additional information on the molecular mechanisms of the programmed cell death. Another objective of this work was to investigate the partitioning of VDAC into liquid disordered or liquid ordered lipid phases. The existence of lipid domains or the lipid rafts in mitochondria and VDAC enrichment in these rafts is still under debate. Additionally, mitochondrial VDAC was recently found in the plasma membrane. The role of this VDAC is not known, however, it was shown to be located in caveolae (specialized lipid rafts) and play an important role in neuronal apotosis and Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, VDAC partitioning to the lipid rafts is an interesting question for investigation. The possibility to reconstitute VDAC into minimal model systems–GUVs with phase separation, allowed to reveal the preferential partitioning of VDAC into liquid disordered lipid domain, which suggests either non-raft localization of VDAC or the requirement of the other factors for the recruitment of VDAC into lipid rafts.
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Books on the topic "Anion membrane"

1

An, Liang, and T. S. Zhao, eds. Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71371-7.

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Halle-Smith, Simon C. A study of the inner membrane anion channel of rat liver mitochondria. Norwich: University of East Anglia, 1990.

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International, Meeting on Anion Transport Protein of the Red Blood Cell Membrane as well as Kidney and Diverse Cells (1989 Fukuoka-shi Japan). Anion transport protein of the red blood cell membrane: Proceedings of the International Meeting on Anion Transport Protein of the Red Blood Cell Membrane as well as Kidney and Diverse Cells, Fukuoka, 1-3 May 1989. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1989.

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Pak, Chin-su. Kochʻe alkʻalli yŏllyo chŏnji rŭl wihan ŭmion kyohwanmak mit chŏnʼgŭk-chonhaejil chŏphapchʻe kaebal =: Development of anion-exchange membranes and membrane-electrode assemblies for solid alkaline fuel cells. [Seoul]: Chisik Kyŏngjebu, 2008.

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Pak, Chin-su. Kochʻe alkʻalli yŏllyo chŏnji rŭl wihan ŭmion kyohwanmak mit chŏnʼgŭk-chonhaejil chŏphapchʻe kaebal =: Development of anion-exchange membranes and membrane-electrode assemblies for solid alkaline fuel cells. [Seoul]: Chisik Kyŏngjebu, 2008.

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6

Azzi, Angelo, Katarzyna A. Nałęz, Maciej J. Nałęcz, and Lech Wojtczak, eds. Anion Carriers of Mitochondrial Membranes. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74539-3.

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A, Azzi, Instytut Biologii Doświadczalnej im. M. Nenckiego., and International Conference on Anion Carriers of Mitochondrial Membranes (1988 : Zakopane, Poland), eds. Anion carriers of mitochondrial membranes. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989.

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V, Sonawane J., and Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, eds. Liquid anion exchanges (LAE) as novel receptors for plutonium pertraction across polymer immobilized liquid membranes. Mumbai: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 1999.

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An, Liang, and T. S. Zhao. Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Principles, Materials and Systems. Springer, 2018.

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An, Liang, and T. S. Zhao. Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Principles, Materials and Systems. Springer, 2018.

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Book chapters on the topic "Anion membrane"

1

Knauf, Philip A. "Anion Transport in Erythrocytes." In Membrane Physiology, 191–220. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1943-6_12.

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Rothstein, Aser. "Anion Exchanges and Band 3 Protein." In Membrane Transport, 203–35. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7516-3_7.

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Higa, Mitsuru. "Anion-Exchange Membrane (AEM)." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 78–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44324-8_23.

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Higa, Mitsuru. "Anion-Exchange Membrane (AEM)." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 1–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40872-4_23-1.

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Jennings, Michael L. "The Anion Transport Protein." In The Red Cell Membrane, 143–70. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4500-1_8.

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Knauf, Philip A. "Kinetics of Anion Transport." In The Red Cell Membrane, 171–200. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4500-1_9.

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Knauf, Philip A. "Anion Transport in Erythrocytes." In Physiology of Membrane Disorders, 191–220. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2097-5_12.

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Wada, Morimasa, Takeshi Uchiumi, and Michihiko Kuwano. "Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter ABCC2." In Membrane Transporter Diseases, 263–89. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9023-5_18.

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Bjerrum, P. J. "Irreversible Modification of the Anion Transporter." In The Red Cell Membrane, 329–67. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4500-1_15.

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Omasta, Travis J., and William E. Mustain. "Water and Ion Transport in Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells." In Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, 1–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71371-7_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Anion membrane"

1

Aeshala, L. M., S. U. Rahman, and A. Verma. "Development of a Reactor for Continuous Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 Using Solid Electrolyte." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54755.

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This paper reports the development of an electrochemical reactor for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide using anionic and cationic solid electrolyte. Cast nafion membrane was used as cation exchange membrane and alkali doped polyvinyl alcohol cross-linked with glutaraldehyde was used as anion exchange membrane. The anion exchange membranes (solid electrolytes) were characterized using TGA, XRD, FTIR, anionic conductivity, and mechanical strength. The anode electrode was prepared using Pt/C spraying over porous carbon paper. The cathode electrode was prepared using copper electroplating technique over porous carbon paper. The prepared electrodes were characterized using scanning electron microscope. The reactor was assembled with the electrolyte, electrodes, machined graphite plates, and end plates with the required accessories. The preliminary study of the reactor was evaluated for carbon dioxide electrochemical reduction under anionic and cationic electrolytes. The products of the electrochemical reduction of CO2 were analyzed using GC and HPLC.
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Pandala, Ronit Kumar, Guillaume Serrela, Frederic Fouda Onanala, Yann Bultel, and Pascal Schott. "Performance evaluation of the Anion exchange membrane based Water electrolysis." In 2022 10th International Conference on Systems and Control (ICSC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsc57768.2022.9993826.

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Ao, Bei, Yanan Wei, Xiaofan Hou, Keryn Lian, and Jinli Qiao. "Anion conducting chitosan/poly[(3-methyl-1-vinylimidazolium methyl sulfate)-co-(1-vinylcaprolactam)-co-(1-vinylpyrrolidone)] membrane for alkaline anion-exchange membrane fuel cells." In 2017 6th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (ICEESD 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceesd-17.2017.170.

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Meguro, Yoshihiro, Atsushi Kato, Yoko Watanabe, and Kuniaki Takahashi. "Separation and Recovery of Sodium Nitrate From Low-Level Radioactive Liquid Waste by Electrodialysis." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40082.

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An advanced method, in which electrodialysis separation of sodium nitrate and decomposition of nitrate ion are combined, has been developed to remove nitrate ion from low-level radioactive liquid wastes including nitrate salts of high concentration. In the electrodialysis separation, the sodium nitrate was recovered as nitric acid and sodium hydroxide. When they are reused, it is necessary to reduce the quantity of impurities getting mixed with them from the waste fluid as much as possible. In this study, therefore, a cation exchange membrane with permselectivity for sodium ion and an anion exchange membrane with permselectivity for monovalent anion were employed. Using these membranes sodium and nitrate ions were effectively removed form a sodium nitrate solution of high concentration. And also it was confirmed that sodium ion was successfully separated from cesium and strontium ions and that nitrate ion was separated from sulfate and phosphate ions.
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Hossain, Md Awlad, Hohyoun Jang, Youngdon Lim, Soonho Lee, Hyunho Joo, Taehoon Hong, Fei Tan, and Whan Gi Kim. "Anion conductive imidazolium-based Parmax alkaline membrane for fuel cell applications." In 2014 5th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irec.2014.6827011.

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Sood, Sumit, Belkacem Ould Bouamama, Jean-Yves Dieulot, Mathieu Bressel, Xiaohong Li, Habib Ullah, and Adeline Loh. "Bond Graph based Multiphysic Modelling of Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis Cell." In 2020 28th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/med48518.2020.9183344.

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Saufi, Syed M., and Conan J. Fee. "Batch adsorption of whey protein onto anion exchange mixed matrix membrane chromatography." In 2010 2nd International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering (ICBEE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbee.2010.5650595.

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Truong, Van Men, and Hsiharng Yang. "Cell Temperature and Reactant Humidification Effects on Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Taiwan (ICCE-TW). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-tw46550.2019.8991712.

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Zhang, Zhenyu, Han Qi, Shu Zhou, Mu Chen, Zhongwu Li, and Yunfei Chen. "Computational design of a hydrogenated porous graphene membrane for anion selective transport." In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Manipulation, Manufacturing and Measurement on the Nanoscale (3M-NANO). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3m-nano49087.2021.9599778.

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Huang, Jing, and Amir Faghri. "Comparison of Alkaline Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells With and Without Anion Exchange Membrane." In ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2014-6361.

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The performance of three alkaline direct ethanol fuel cells (ADEFCs) is investigated. All three use identical anode and cathode electrodes, but one uses an anion exchange membrane (AEM) and the other two use non-permselective porous separators. Ethanol was chosen as the fuel because of its low toxicity, low carbon footage and market readiness. A direct comparison between ADEFCs with and without AEM is reported. The performance of each cell is studied under different operation conditions of temperature, reactants flow rate, ethanol and KOH concentrations. The results show that with low cost porous separator, the ADEFC can reach similar power output as those using expensive AEMs. With 1 M ethanol and 1 M KOH aqueous solution, the maximum power densities of 26.04 mW/cm2 and 24.0 mW/cm2 are achieved for the ADEFC employing AEM and non-woven fabric separator, respectively. This proves the feasibility of replacing AEM with non-permselective separators. The results suggest that improving the cathode structure in order to provide a better oxygen supply is a key factor to enhance the performance of an anion exchange membrane free ADEFC.
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Reports on the topic "Anion membrane"

1

Pivovar, Bryan, and Yu Kim. 2019 Anion Exchange Membrane Workshop Summary Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1660106.

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2

Delnick, Frank M. Membrane Separator for Redox Flow Batteries that Utilize Anion Radical Mediators. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1160295.

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3

Kim, Yu, and Ivana Gonzales. Computationally Assisted Design of Ion-conducting Polymers for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1893651.

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4

Kim, Yu, and Ivana Gonzales. Report for computational project w19_ionpolymers (2nd year) Computationally Assisted Design of Ion-conducting Polymers for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1781361.

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5

Yan, Yushan. Highly Stable Anion Exchange Membranes for High-Voltage Redox-Flow Batteries. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1422516.

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6

Eshelman, H. Dual-Phase Porous Zirconia Supports for Fuel Cell Anion Exchange Membranes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1569672.

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7

Upadhyaya, Shrini K., Abraham Shaviv, Abraham Katzir, Itzhak Shmulevich, and David S. Slaughter. Development of A Real-Time, In-Situ Nitrate Sensor. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7586537.bard.

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Although nitrate fertilizers are critical for enhancing crop production, excess application of nitrate fertilizer can result in ground water contamination leading to the so called "nitrate problem". Health and environmental problems related to this "nitrate problem" have led to serious concerns in many parts of the world including the United States and Israel. These concerns have resulted in legislation limiting the amount of nitrate N in drinking water to 10mg/g. Development of a fast, reliable, nitrate sensor for in-situ application can be extremely useful in dynamic monitoring of environmentally sensitive locations and applying site-specific amounts of nitrate fertilizer in a precision farming system. The long range objective of this study is to develop a fast, reliable, real-time nitrate sensor. The specific objective of this one year feasibility study was to explore the possible use of nitrate sensor based on mid-IR spectroscopy developed at UCD along with the silver halide fiber ATR (i.e. attenuated total internal reflection) sensor developed at TAU to detect nitrate content in solution and soil paste in the presence of interfering compounds. Experiments conducted at Technion and UCD clearly demonstrate the feasibility of detecting nitrate content in solutions as well as soil pastes using mid-IR spectroscopy and an ATR technique. When interfering compounds such as carbonates, bicarbonates, organic matter etc. are present special data analysis technique such as singular value decomposition (SYD) or cross correlation was necessary to detect nitrate concentrations successfully. Experiments conducted in Israel show that silver halide ATR fiber based FEWS, particularly flat FEWS, resulted in low standard error and high coefficient of determination (i.e. R² values) indicating the potential of the flat Fiberoptic Evanescent Wave Spectroscopy (FEWS) for direct determinations of nitrate. Moreover, they found that it was possible to detect nitrate and other anion concentrations using anion exchange membranes and M1R spectroscopy. The combination of the ion-exchange membranes with fiberoptices offers one more option to direct determination of nitrate in environmental systems.
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8

Yermiyahu, Uri, Thomas Kinraide, and Uri Mingelgrin. Role of Binding to the Root Surface and Electrostatic Attraction in the Uptake of Heavy Metal by Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7586482.bard.

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The principal accomplishment of the research supported by BARD was progress toward a comprehensive view of cell-surface electrical effects (both in cell walls [CWs] and at plasma membrane [PM] surfaces) upon ion uptake, intoxication, and amelioration. The research confirmed that electrostatic models (e.g., Gouy-Chapman-Stern [G-C-S]), with parameter values contributed by us, successfully predict ion behavior at cell surfaces. Specific research objectives 1. To characterize the sorption of selected heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd) to the root PM in the presence of other cations and organic ligands (citric and humic acids). 2. To compute the parameters of a G-C-S model for heavy-metal sorption to the root PM. 3. To characterize the accumulation of selected heavy metals in various plant parts. 4. To determine whether model-computed ion binding or ion activities at root PM surfaces predict heavy-metal accumulation in whole roots, root tips, or plant shoots. 5. To determine whether measured ion binding by protoplast-free roots (i.e., root CWs) predicts heavy-metal accumulation in whole roots, root tips, or plant shoots. 6. To correlate growth inhibition, and other toxic responses, with the measured and computed factors mentioned above. 7. To determine whether genotypic differences in heavy-metal accumulation and toxic responses correlate with genotypic differences in parameters of the G-C-S model. Of the original objectives, all except for objective 7 were met. Work performed to meet the other objectives, and necessitated on the basis of experimental findings, took the time that would have been required to meet objective 7. In addition, work with Pb was unsuccessful due to experimental complications and work on Cd is still in progress. On the other hand, the uptake and toxicity of the anion, selenate was characterized with respect to electrostatic effects and the influences of metal cations. In addition, the project included more theoretical work, supported by experimentation, than was originally planned. This included transmembrane ion fluxes considered in terms of PM-surface electrical potentials and the influence of CWs upon ion concentrations at PM surfaces. A important feature of the biogeochemistry of trace elements in the rhizosphere is the interaction between plant-root surfaces and the ions present in the soil solution. The ions, especially the cations, of the soil solution may be accumulated in the aqueous phases of cell surfaces external to the PMs, sometimes referred to as the "water free space" and the "Donnan free space". In addition, ions may bind to the CW components or to the PM surface with variable binding strength. Accumulation at the cell surface often leads to accumulation in other plant parts with implications for the safety and quality of foods. A G-C-S model for PMs and a Donnan-plus-binding model for CWs were used successfully to compute electrical potentials, ion binding, and ion concentration at root-cell surfaces. With these electrical potentials, corresponding values for ion activities may be computed that are at least proportional to actual values also. The computed cell-surface ion activities predict and explain ion uptake, intoxication, and amelioration of intoxication much more accurately than ion activities in the bulk-phase rooting medium.
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Blumwald, Eduardo, and Avi Sadka. Citric acid metabolism and mobilization in citrus fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7587732.bard.

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Accumulation of citric acid is a major determinant of maturity and fruit quality in citrus. Many citrus varieties accumulate citric acid in concentrations that exceed market desires, reducing grower income and consumer satisfaction. Citrate is accumulated in the vacuole of the juice sac cell, a process that requires both metabolic changes and transport across cellular membranes, in particular, the mitochondrial and the vacuolar (tonoplast) membranes. Although the accumulation of citrate in the vacuoles of juice cells has been clearly demonstrated, the mechanisms for vacuolar citrate homeostasis and the components controlling citrate metabolism and transport are still unknown. Previous results in the PIs’ laboratories have indicated that the expression of a large number of a large number of proteins is enhanced during fruit development, and that the regulation of sugar and acid content in fruits is correlated with the differential expression of a large number of proteins that could play significant roles in fruit acid accumulation and/or regulation of acid content. The objectives of this proposal are: i) the characterization of transporters that mediate the transport of citrate and determine their role in uptake/retrieval in juice sac cells; ii) the study of citric acid metabolism, in particular the effect of arsenical compounds affecting citric acid levels and mobilization; and iii) the development of a citrus fruit proteomics platform to identify and characterize key processes associated with fruit development in general and sugar and acid accumulation in particular. The understanding of the cellular processes that determine the citrate content in citrus fruits will contribute to the development of tools aimed at the enhancement of citrus fruit quality. Our efforts resulted in the identification, cloning and characterization of CsCit1 (Citrus sinensis citrate transporter 1) from Navel oranges (Citrus sinesins cv Washington). Higher levels of CsCit1 transcripts were detected at later stages of fruit development that coincided with the decrease in the juice cell citrate concentrations (Shimada et al., 2006). Our functional analysis revealed that CsCit1 mediates the vacuolar efflux of citrate and that the CsCit1 operates as an electroneutral 1CitrateH2-/2H+ symporter. Our results supported the notion that it is the low permeable citrateH2 - the anion that establishes the buffer capacity of the fruit and determines its overall acidity. On the other hand, it is the more permeable form, CitrateH2-, which is being exported into the cytosol during maturation and controls the citrate catabolism in the juice cells. Our Mass-Spectrometry-based proteomics efforts (using MALDI-TOF-TOF and LC2- MS-MS) identified a large number of fruit juice sac cell proteins and established comparisons of protein synthesis patterns during fruit development. So far, we have identified over 1,500 fruit specific proteins that play roles in sugar metabolism, citric acid cycle, signaling, transport, processing, etc., and organized these proteins into 84 known biosynthetic pathways (Katz et al. 2007). This data is now being integrated in a public database and will serve as a valuable tool for the scientific community in general and fruit scientists in particular. Using molecular, biochemical and physiological approaches we have identified factors affecting the activity of aconitase, which catalyze the first step of citrate catabolism (Shlizerman et al., 2007). Iron limitation specifically reduced the activity of the cytosolic, but not the mitochondrial, aconitase, increasing the acid level in the fruit. Citramalate (a natural compound in the juice) also inhibits the activity of aconitase, and it plays a major role in acid accumulation during the first half of fruit development. On the other hand, arsenite induced increased levels of aconitase, decreasing fruit acidity. We have initiated studies aimed at the identification of the citramalate biosynthetic pathway and the role(s) of isopropylmalate synthase in this pathway. These studies, especially those involved aconitase inhibition by citramalate, are aimed at the development of tools to control fruit acidity, particularly in those cases where acid level declines below the desired threshold. Our work has significant implications both scientifically and practically and is directly aimed at the improvement of fruit quality through the improvement of existing pre- and post-harvest fruit treatments.
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