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Journal articles on the topic 'Anion carrier'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 1 April 2023

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1

Tosolini, Massimo, Paolo Pengo, and Paolo Tecilla. "Biological Activity of Trans-Membrane Anion Carriers." Current Medicinal Chemistry 25, no. 30 (2018): 3560–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180309113222.

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Natural and synthetic anionophores promote the trans-membrane transport of anions such as chloride and bicarbonate. This process may alter cellular homeostasis with possible effects on internal ions concentration and pH levels triggering several and diverse biological effects. In this article, an overview of the recent results on the study of aniontransporters, mainly acting with a carrier-type mechanism, is given with emphasis on the structure/activity relationship and on their biological activity as antibiotic and anticancer agents and in the development of new drugs for treating conditions derived from dysregulation of natural anion channels.

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2

Simchowitz, L., R. Ratzlaff, and P. De Weer. "Anion/anion exchange in human neutrophils." Journal of General Physiology 88, no. 2 (1986): 195–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.88.2.195.

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Of the total one-way chloride fluxes (approximately 1.4 meq/liter cell water X min) in steady state human polymorphonuclear leukocytes bathed in 148 mM Cl media, approximately 70% behaves as self-exchange mediated by a nonselective anion carrier that is not inhibited by stilbene disulfonates. Five properties of this carrier-mediated exchange were investigated: substrate saturation is seen with respect to 36Cl influx as a function of the external Cl concentration [for normal-Cl cells, the apparent Km(Cl) is approximately 22 mM when Cl replaces para-amino-hippurate (PAH) and approximately 5 mM when Cl replaces glucuronate], and with respect to 36Cl efflux as a function of the concentration of internal Cl replacing PAH [apparent Km(Cl) congruent to 35 mM for cells bathed in 148 mM Cl]; there is trans stimulation of 36Cl influx by internal Cl (replacing PAH) with an apparent Km(Cl) congruent to 35 mM, and of 36Cl efflux by external Cl with an apparent Km(Cl) congruent to 22 mM (Cl replacing PAH) or approximately 5 mM (Cl replacing glucuronate); there is substrate competition between Cl and PAH, but the carrier appears devoid of affinity for glucuronate; influxes and effluxes mediated by the carrier are subject to competitive inhibition by extracellular alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (CHC), with an apparent Ki congruent to 9 mM in Cl medium or approximately 1 mM in PAH medium (transport of the inhibitor itself is very slow); and internal Cl and external Cl or PAH undergo 1:1 countertransport, which is CHC sensitive. A simple equilibrium-competition model is proposed that accounts for all the extracellular ligand interactions presented for normal-Cl cells. Least-squares values of the carrier's true Michaelis constants for extracellular Cl, PAH, and CHC are 5.03 +/- 0.83, 50.3 +/- 14.9, and 0.29 +/- 0.09 mM, respectively.

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3

Keihankhadiv, Shadi, and Dorota Neugebauer. "Synthesis and Characterization of Linear Copolymers Based on Pharmaceutically Functionalized Monomeric Choline Ionic Liquid for Delivery of p-Aminosalicylate." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 3 (2023): 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15030860.

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Bioactive linear poly(ionic liquid)s (PIL) were designed as carriers in drug delivery systems (DDS). Their synthesis was based on a monomeric ionic liquid (MIL) with a relevant pharmaceutical anion to create therapeutically functionalized monomers, which further can be used in the controlled atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The presence of chloride counterions in the quaternary ammonium groups of choline MIL, e.g., [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethyl-ammonium chloride (ChMACl), was stimulated to undergo the anion exchange with p-aminosalicylate sodium salt (NaPAS) as the source of the pharmaceutical anion with antibacterial activity. The resultant [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium p-aminosalicylate (ChMAPAS) was copolymerized to attain the well-defined linear choline-based copolymers with various contents of PAS anions (24–42%), which were regulated by the initial ratio of ChMAPAS to MMA and conversion degree. The length of polymeric chains was evaluated by the total monomer conversion (31–66%) yielding degree of polymerization (DPn = 133–272). Depending on the polymer carrier composition, PAS anions were exchanged by 60–100% within 1 h, 80–100% within 4 h, and completely after 24 h by phosphate anions in PBS imitating a physiological fluid.

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4

Fortenberry, R. C. "Theoretical Electronic and Rovibrational Studies for Anions of Interest to the DIBs." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 9, S297 (2013): 344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921313016098.

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AbstractThe dipole-bound excited state of the methylene nitrile anion (CH2CN−) has been suggested as a candidate carrier for a diffuse interstellar band (DIB) at 803.8 nm. Its corresponding radical has been detected in the interstellar medium (ISM), making the existence for the anion possible. This work applies state-of-the-art ab initio methods such as coupled cluster theory to reproduce accurately the electronic excitations for CH2CN− and the similar methylene enolate anion, CH2CHO−. This same approach has been employed to indicate that 19 other anions may possess electronically excited states, five of which are valence in nature. Concurrently, in order to assist in the detection of these anions in the ISM, work has also been directed towards predicting vibrational frequencies and spectroscopic constants for these anions through the use of quartic force fields (QFFs). Theoretical rovibrational work on anions has thus far included studies of CH2CN−, C3H−, and is currently ongoing for similar systems.

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5

Buttner, B., and D. Beyersmann. "Modification of the erythrocyte anion carrier by chromate." Xenobiotica 15, no. 8-9 (1985): 735–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00498258509047435.

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6

Pedersen, Peter L. "An introduction to the mitochondrial anion carrier family." Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes 25, no. 5 (1993): 431–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01108400.

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7

Pritchard, J. B., and D. S. Miller. "Comparative insights into the mechanisms of renal organic anion and cation secretion." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 261, no. 6 (1991): R1329—R1340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1991.261.6.r1329.

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Comparative models have played a major role in defining the mechanisms that enable vertebrate proximal tubules to transport organic anions and cations from the peritubular interstitium to the urine. The unique advantages of these models and their contributions to our understanding of organic anion and cation transport mechanisms are summarized here. Recent studies of the organic anion transport system suggest that transport is coupled to metabolic energy via indirect coupling to the sodium gradient. Organic anions enter the cell across the basolateral membrane in exchange for alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), and the alpha-KG is returned to the interior via Na-alpha-KG cotransport. Indirect coupling to Na has been demonstrated in both isolated membranes and intact renal epithelial cells of species ranging from marine crustaceans to mammals. This mechanism was shown to drive not only cellular accumulation but also secretory transepithelial fluxes of organic anions. Luminal exit of secreted organic anions appears to be carrier mediated but is, at present, poorly understood, with mediated potential-driven efflux and anion exchange-driven efflux implicated in some species. As for organic anions, the renal clearance of some organic cations approaches the renal plasma flow. Although there is considerable variation in the handling of specific substrates between species, the basic properties of organic cation transport include carrier-mediated potential-driven uptake at the basolateral membrane, intracellular sequestration that reduces the free concentration of the cation, and luminal exit by organic cation-proton exchange. Reabsorptive transport is also observed for some organic cations, but its mechanisms and driving forces are not well understood.

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8

Restrepo, D., B. L. Cronise, R. B. Snyder, L. J. Spinelli, and P. A. Knauf. "Kinetics of DIDS inhibition of HL-60 cell anion exchange rules out ping-pong model with slippage." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 260, no. 3 (1991): C535—C544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1991.260.3.c535.

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According to the ping-pong model of band 3-mediated anion exchange, the transport protein has a single transport site, which can exist in either an inward-facing or an outward-facing conformation. Anions bind to these unloaded forms of the carrier, and translocation takes place only when a suitable anion is bound to the transport site. In a previous paper [Am. J. Physiol. 257 (Cell Physiol. 26): C520-C527, 1989], we had shown that the substrate kinetics of Cl-Cl exchange in the promyelocytic HL-60 cell cannot be explained by this simple ping-pong model of anion exchange but is consistent with a simultaneous model according to which both extracellular and intracellular anions must bind before simultaneous translocation can take place. In the present paper we show that external 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) inhibits anion exchange in HL-60 cells by competing with Cl- for binding to the outward-facing transport site. Furthermore, there is a linear dependence of the slope of the Dixon plot for inhibition by DIDS on the reciprocal of the intracellular Cl- concentration. This result clearly rules out a simple ping-pong scheme. In addition, the data also rule out a ping-pong model in which some translocation of the unloaded carrier is allowed (ping-pong model with slippage). The observed inhibition kinetics can be modeled by a simultaneous model of Cl-Cl exchange with competitive inhibition by DIDS.

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9

Elgavish, A., J. J. Wille, F. Rahemtulla, and L. Debro. "Carrier-mediated sulfate transport in human ureteral epithelial cells cultured in serum-free medium." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 261, no. 5 (1991): C916—C926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1991.261.5.c916.

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Sulfate transport studies were carried out in secondary cultures of epithelial cells isolated from the human ureter. Results demonstrate the presence of carrier-mediated SO4(2-) transport as supported by three lines of evidence: 1) saturation kinetics, 2) substrate specificity, and 3) inhibition by the anion transport inhibitor 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS). The DIDS-insensitive component of SO4(2-) transport was markedly lower than the DIDS-sensitive component and was not affected by changes in extracellular pH (pHo) or Cl- concentration. The mechanism of this DIDS-insensitive component is not clear. The DIDS-sensitive component of SO4(2-) uptake was a saturable function of the extracellular sulfate concentration ([SO4(2-)]o). Increasing the extracellular chloride concentration ([Cl-]o) inhibited DIDS-sensitive SO4(2-) uptake competitively. Taken together with the fact that increasing [Cl-]o stimulated SO4(2-) efflux, these results suggest that SO4(2-) uptake in uroepithelial cells occurs via SO4(2-)-Cl- anion exchange. Cis-inhibition studies with a variety of anions indicate that this anion-exchange system may be shared by S2O3(2-) and MoO4(2-) but not by NO3- and H2PO4-. SO4(2-) uptake was stimulated at decreasing pHo with a pK approximately 7.4. Decreasing pHo from 7 to 6 lowered the apparent Michaelis constant significantly but had no significant effect on kcat, suggesting that protons may increase the affinity of the SO4(2-) transporter for SO4(2-). SO4(2-) efflux was inhibited at low pHo and was stimulated by increasing [Cl-]o. This study is the first to demonstrate an ion transport process in epithelial cell cultures isolated from the human ureter. In contrast to epithelial cells from the upper urinary tract, no Na(+)-dependent SO4(2-) transport could be demonstrated in these lower urinary tract epithelial cells. In conclusion, the major mechanism for SO4(2-) transport in ureteral epithelial cells is a carrier-mediated, DIDS-sensitive, pHo-sensitive SO4(2-)/Cl- anion-exchange mechanism. These studies suggest that varying [SO4(2-)]o and [Cl-]o or pHo in the ureteral lumen will affect SO4(2-) influx and efflux and may influence the size of the intracellular pool of SO4(2-) available for macromolecular sulfation in these cells.

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10

Chesher, D. A., P. A. Christensen, and A. Hamnett. "Anion movement and carrier type in polypyrrole/dodecyl sulfate." Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 89, no. 2 (1993): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/ft9938900303.

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11

Shen, Hong, Yurong Lai, and A. David Rodrigues. "Organic Anion Transporter 2: An Enigmatic Human Solute Carrier." Drug Metabolism and Disposition 45, no. 2 (2016): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.116.072264.

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12

Arnal-Hérault, Carole, Mathieu Michau, and Mihail Barboiu. "Mixed supramolecular cation-carrier and anion-carrier facilitated transport for the selective alkali cations transport." Journal of Membrane Science 321, no. 1 (2008): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.03.004.

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13

Wang, Jian Min, Yan Li, Hong Xia Wang, et al. "Antioxidative Activity Evaluation of CoQ10-Nanostructured Lipid Carrier." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 989–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.989.

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The CoQ10-NLC aqueous dispersion has been produced and its antioxidative properties have been explored. Several employed methods such as scavenging effect on DPPH radical and inhibition of hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion generation exhibited CoQ10-NLC aqueous dispersion potent antioxidative property. Antioxidative activity analysis demonstrated that CoQ10- NLC aqueous dispersion formulation expressed antioxidative property.

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14

Gerencser, G. A., M. A. Cattey, and G. A. Ahearn. "Sulfate/oxalate exchange by lobster hepatopancreatic basolateral membrane vesicles." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 269, no. 3 (1995): R572—R577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1995.269.3.r572.

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Purified basolateral membrane vesicles (BLMV) were prepared from lobster hepatopancreas by osmotic disruption and discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation. Radiolabeled sulfate uptake was stimulated by 10 mM intravesicular oxalate compared with gluconate-loaded vesicles. Sulfate/oxalate exchange was not affected by transmembrane valinomycin-induced potassium diffusion potentials (inside negative or inside positive), suggesting electroneutral anion transport. Sulfate uptake was not stimulated by the similar carboxylic anions formate, succinate, oxaloacetate, or ketoglutarate. Sulfate influx occurred by at least one saturable Michaelis-Menten carrier system [apparent Km = 6.0 +/- 1.7 mM; maximum flux (Jmax) = 382.3 +/- 37.0 pmol.mg protein-1 x 7 s-1]. Sulfate/oxalate exchange was significantly reduced by the anion antiport inhibitors 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid and 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid but was not affected by bumetanide or furosemide. The possible physiological role of this exchange mechanism in anion/sulfate transport across the crustacean hepatopancreas is discussed.

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15

Cuppoletti, J., J. Goldinger, B. Kang, I. Jo, C. Berenski, and C. Y. Jung. "Anion carrier in the human erythrocyte exists as a dimer." Journal of Biological Chemistry 260, no. 29 (1985): 15714–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36317-2.

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16

Gao, De, Gu Jun, Ru-Qin Yu, and Guo-Dong Zheng. "Substituted metalloporphyrin derivatives as anion carrier for PVC membrane electrodes." Analytica Chimica Acta 302, no. 2-3 (1995): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(94)00447-t.

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17

Elgavish, A., D. R. DiBona, P. Norton, and E. Meezan. "Sulfate transport in apical membrane vesicles isolated from tracheal epithelium." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 253, no. 3 (1987): C416—C425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1987.253.3.c416.

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Sulfate uptake in apical membrane vesicles isolated from bovine tracheal epithelium is shown to occur into an osmotically sensitive intravesicular space, via a carrier-mediated system. This conclusion is based on three lines of evidence: 1) saturation kinetics; 2) substrate specificity; and 3) inhibition by the anion transport inhibitors SITS and DIDS. The affinity of the transport system is highest in low ionic strength media (apparent Km = 0.13 mM) and decreases in the presence of gluconate (apparent Km = 0.68 mM). Chloride appears to cis-inhibit sulfate uptake and to trans-stimulate sulfate efflux. Cis-inhibition and trans-stimulation studies with a variety of anions indicate that this exchange system may be shared by HCO3-, S2O3(2-), SeO4(2-), and MoO4(2-) but not by H2PO4- or HAsO4(2-). Studies indicate that protons may play two distinct roles in sulfate transport in this system. 1) Their possible modifier role is suggested by the fact that protons affect SO2-4 transport in an uncompetitive manner. 2) The possibility that the proton gradient may act as an energy source for a secondary active transport is indicated by the fact that the imposition of a proton gradient stimulates a transient movement of sulfate in to the tracheal apical membrane vesicle, against its concentration gradient, causing an "overshoot" phenomenon. Our studies show that the carrier-mediated system can function in the absence of chloride. The overshoot observed in the presence of a proton gradient (OH- gradient) indicates that under those conditions the mechanism of transport may be a SO4(2-)-OH- exchange. The fact that chloride cis-inhibits and trans-stimulates SO4(2-) transport indicates that SO2-4 uptake may also occur via a SO4(2-)-Cl- exchange. Studies carried out so far do not enable us to conclude unequivocally whether the tracheal apical membrane system displays two distinct carrier activities (SO4(2-)-Cl-; SO4(2-)-OH-) or one anion exchanger, which like the erythrocyte anion exchanger, may interact with SO4(2-), Cl-, and H+. The fact that the anion transport inhibitors DIDS and SITS inhibit SO4(2-) transport in the presence or absence of chloride suggests that the latter possibility may be the case.

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18

Wong, Chi Chun, Yasutoshi Akiyama, Takaaki Abe, Jonathan D. Lippiat, Caroline Orfila, and Gary Williamson. "Carrier-mediated transport of quercetin conjugates: Involvement of organic anion transporters and organic anion transporting polypeptides." Biochemical Pharmacology 84, no. 4 (2012): 564–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2012.05.011.

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19

El-Etri, M., and J. Cuppoletti. "Metalloporphyrin chloride ionophores: induction of increased anion permeability in lung epithelial cells." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 270, no. 3 (1996): L386—L392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1996.270.3.l386.

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5,10,15,20-Tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphine manganese (III) chloride [TPPMn(III)] is a positively charged lipophilic anion carrier that is widely used as a Cl- sensor. TPPMn(III) increased anion permeability of cultured mouse lung epithelial (MLE) cells as measured by short-circuit current (ISC) to a level similar to that induced by forskolin analogues. Anion permeability was also studied in cultured human lung epithelial (A549) cells by measurement of the rates of change of fluorescence of the anion sensitive fluorescent dye, 6-methoxy-N-(3-sulfopropyl)quinolinium (SPQ). In these studies, cells were incubated with SPQ in SO2-4- medium, washed free of extracellular SPQ, and then perfused with medium containing anions that are known to quench SPQ fluorescence. The effect of TPPMn(III) on anion transport was then determined either microscopically in single cell studies or using cell monolayers mounted in a front face fluorimeter. TPPMn(III) in the range from 1 to 100 micrograms/ml induced a dose-dependent increase in Br- transport. The half-maximal quenching effect was estimated to be approximate 5 micrograms/ml. TPPMn(III) increased the rates of fluorescence quench of anions by up to fourfold. TPPMn(III) was without effect on -Ca2+-i level in A549 cells as measured with fura 2-AM. This indicates that TPPMn(III) effects were not mediated through effects on Ca+2 -activated Cl- channels, or by compromise of energy metabolism or membrane integrity of the cells. This study suggests that TPPMn(III) and, by extension, other lipophilic Mn(III) or Co(III) derivatives wherein the selectivity of lipophilicity is altered, could increase the anion permeability of biological membranes, and suggests a new approach for treatment of diseases such as cystic fibrosis, where transport of Cl- is defective.

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20

Cardwell, TJ, RW Cattrall, LW Deady, and KA Murphy. "Investigation of the Range of a Plastic pH Sensor Based on a Dibasic Ionophore." Australian Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 2 (1992): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9920435.

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A study is reported of the use of a neutral carrier reagent containing two nitrogen atoms with very different basicities in a pH-sensitive membrane electrode with a view to obtaining a broad response range. This electrode responds well in the pH region of 6-12 but suffers anion interference in the region of pH 2-6. A study is included of the effect of adding various amounts of potassium tetrakis(4-chloropheny1)borate as an anion suppressing reagent to the membrane in order to reduce the anion interference at low pH values. The conclusion is drawn that an extension to the working pH range is not possible with this approach unless controlled amounts of anion suppressing reagent can be provided to approximately balance the positive charge of the carrier in each region of the pH scale.

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21

Elhussein, S. A., J. A. Miernyk, and J. B. Ohlrogge. "Plant holo-(acyl carrier protein) synthase." Biochemical Journal 252, no. 1 (1988): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2520039.

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1. An improved method was developed for the assay of plant holo-(acyl carrier protein) synthase activity, using Escherichia coli acyl-(acyl carrier protein) synthetase as a coupling enzyme. 2. Holo-(acyl carrier protein) synthase was partially purified from spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves by a combination of (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and anion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography. 3. The partially purified enzyme had a pH optimum of 8.2 and Km values of 2 microM, 72 microM and 3 mM for apo-(acyl carrier protein), CoA and Mg2+ respectively. Synthase activity was inhibited in vitro by the reaction product 3′,5′-ADP. 4. Results from the fractionation of spinach leaf and developing castor-oil-seed (Ricinus communis) endosperm cells were consistent with a cytosolic localization of holo-(acyl carrier protein) synthase activity in plant cells.

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22

Sweet, Douglas H., Lauretta M. S. Chan, Ramsey Walden, Xiao-Ping Yang, David S. Miller, and John B. Pritchard. "Organic anion transporter 3 (Slc22a8) is a dicarboxylate exchanger indirectly coupled to the Na+gradient." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 284, no. 4 (2003): F763—F769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00405.2002.

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Basolateral uptake of organic anions in renal proximal tubule cells is indirectly coupled to the Na+ gradient through Na+-dicarboxylate cotransport and organic anion/dicarboxylate exchange. One member of the organic anion transporter (OAT) family, Oat1, is expressed in the proximal tubule and is an organic anion/dicarboxylate exchanger. However, a second organic anion carrier, Oat3, is also highly expressed in the renal proximal tubule, but its mechanism is unclear. Thus we have assessed Oat3 function in Xenopus laevis oocytes and rat renal cortical slices. Probenecid-sensitive uptake of p-aminohippurate (PAH, an Oat1 and Oat3 substrate) and estrone sulfate (ES, an Oat3 substrate) in rat Oat3-expressing oocytes was significantly trans-stimulated by preloading the oocytes with the dicarboxylate glutarate (GA). GA stimulation of ES transport by oocytes coexpressing rabbit Na+-dicarboxylate cotransporter 1 and rat Oat3 was significantly inhibited when the preloading medium contained Li+ or methylsuccinate (MS) or when Na+ was absent. All these treatments inhibit the Na+-dicarboxylate cotransporter, but not rat Oat3. Li+, MS, and Na+ removal had no effect when applied during the ES uptake step, rather than during the GA preloading step. Concentrative ES uptake in rat renal cortical slices was also demonstrated to be probenecid and Na+ sensitive. Accumulation of ES was stimulated by GA, and this stimulation was completely blocked by probenecid, Li+, MS, taurocholate, and removal of Na+. Thus Oat3 functions as an organic anion/dicarboxylate exchanger that couples organic anion uptake indirectly to the Na+ gradient.

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23

Borecký, Jirí, Ivan G. Maia, and Paulo Arruda. "Mitochondrial Uncoupling Proteins in Mammals and Plants." Bioscience Reports 21, no. 2 (2001): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1013604526175.

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Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) belong to a distinct cluster of the mitochondrial anion carrier family. Up to five different uncoupling protein types were found in mitochondria of mammals and plants, and recently in fishes, fungi and protozoa. They exhibit a significantly conserved structure with several motifs specific to either the whole cluster or protein type. Uncoupling proteins, as well as the whole mitochondrial anion carrier gene family, probably emerged in evolution before the separation of animal, fungi, and plant kingdoms and originate from an anion/nucleotide or anion/anion transporter ancestor. Mammalian UCP1, UCP2, UCP3, and plant uncoupling proteins pUCP1 and pUCP2 are similar and seem to form one subgroup, whereas UCP4 and BMCP1 belong to a different group. Molecular, biochemical, and phylogenic data suggest that UCP2 could be considered as an UCP-prototype. UCP1 plays its biological role mainly in the non-shivering thermogenesis while the role of the other types is unknown. However, hypotheses have suggested that they are involved in the general balance of basic energy expenditure, protection from reactive oxygen species, and, in plants, in fruit ripening and seed ontogeny.

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24

Galanter, W. L., M. Hakimian, and R. J. Labotka. "Structural determinants of substrate specificity of the erythrocyte anion transporter." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 265, no. 4 (1993): C918—C926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1993.265.4.c918.

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The human erythrocyte anion transport protein (AE1) mediates the rapid, tightly coupled, electroneutral transmembrane exchange of bicarbonate for chloride. AE1 transports a wide range of oxyanions, such as phosphate, sulfate and the physiological substrate bicarbonate. In this study, the transport characteristics of the selenium based oxyanions selenite (SeO3(2-)) and selenate (SeO4(2-)) were determined. The pH dependence of selenate influx was consistent with a titratable carrier having a extracellular pK value of 5.67 +2- 0.09. In contrast, the pH dependence of selenite influx had a maximum near pH 7.0, consistent with a hypothesis proposed by Labotka and Omachi (J. Biol. Chem. 263: 1166-1173, 1988) that the pH maximum of the transport of titratable anions is located at the midpoint between the pK of the carrier (5.7) and the pK of the titratable anion (8.3). Analysis of the transport rates and structures of these as well as a variety of other oxyanions reported in the literature suggested that oxyanions bind in a three-oxygen atom binding site, and that the formation of the transition state necessary for transport is sterically restrained by oxyanions that protrude in a direction perpendicular to the three-oxygen binding plane. This hypothesis can be used to predict the relationship between the transport rates of many oxyanions reported in the literature and should prove useful in helping to understand the molecular mechanism of AE1 mediated transport.

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25

Navrátil, Oldřich, Zdeněk Skaličan, Zbyněk Kobliha, and Emil Halámek. "Competitive Extraction of Some Bases by Carbollylcobaltate Anion from Water Into Chloroform." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 64, no. 7 (1999): 1111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19991111.

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The bis[undecahydro-7,8-dicarbaundecaborato(2-)]cobaltate(1-) (X-) has been used for complementary study of its ionic associates with some cations of organic bases and quaternary salts. For the optimization of present analytical methods, quinuclidin-3-yl hydroxy(diphenyl)acetate, 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine, dibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxazepine and cocaine, were studied by competitive extraction method. X- labelled with 60Co was used as carrier anion, triphenylmethane and azo dyes as competitive anions. The aqueous phase was 0.1 and 0.01 M HCl, the organic phase was chloroform. A comparison was made with earlier results obtained by extraction spectrophotometry.

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26

Das, Sribash, Oindrila Biswas, Nasim Akhtar, Anjali Patel, and Debasis Manna. "Multi-stimuli controlled release of a transmembrane chloride ion carrier from a sulfonium-linked procarrier." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 18, no. 45 (2020): 9246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ob00938e.

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27

Wang, Jinlin, Panwei Weng, Jing Zhou, Xu Zhang, and Shufen Cui. "Carrier-mediated solvent bar microextraction coupled with HPLC-DAD for the quantitative analysis of the hydrophilic antihypertensive peptide VLPVPR in human plasma." Analytical Methods 10, no. 1 (2018): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ay01927k.

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28

Gheorghe, Emil, Luminita Barbu, and Constantin Luca. "Pb Separation from Aqueous Media through a Liquid Membrane Process." Revista de Chimie 59, no. 3 (2008): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.08.3.1748.

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This work presents two versions of the Pb2+ separation method from aqueous phases through a membrane separation process with a liquid membrane of chloroform. The selectivity for Pb2+, in both ways, results from the presence in the membrane of macrocycle carrier benzo 18-crown-6. In the first one, yields higher than 90% are assured through coupling with the co-transported picrate anion involved in proton transfer process which provides the necessary energy for a pH gradient active transport mechanism. This mechanism requires a high acidity level of the aqueous receiving phase (pH =2). In the second version, which is based on the same membrane system, we use P2O74- anion as a complexing agent in the receiving phase, but the anion doesn�t disturb the transport mechanism and the yield at pH = 2 in receiving phase; at pH =11 the mechanism is completely changed and the yield tends to 90% again. The pyrophosphate anion has a high complexing effect for Pb2+ and the complex formed at the membrane-receiving phase interface diffuses in the receiving phase. In both versions, the transport of Pb2+ is an active process and it takes place in a reversed way versus the concentration gradient. It is important to note that Cd2+ is characterized by a very small transport yield, in comparison with Pb2+ which is weakly complexed by both carriers benzo 18-crown-6 and pyrophosphate anion. Both versions of this lead separation method are carried out in a double jet liquid membrane set-up which permits to operate in continuous working conditions.

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29

Bisaccia, F., C. Indiveri, and F. Palmieri. "Purification and reconstitution of two anion carriers from rat liver mitochondria: The dicarboxylate and the 2-oxoglutarate carrier." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 933, no. 2 (1988): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2728(88)90030-8.

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30

Maloney, P. C., R. T. Yan, and K. Abe. "Bacterial anion exchange: reductionist and integrative approaches to membrane biology." Journal of Experimental Biology 196, no. 1 (1994): 471–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.196.1.471.

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Studies of two different bacterial anion exchange proteins (antiporters) led us to conclude that both reductionist and integrative approaches contribute to progress in understanding membrane biology. We have used a reductionist perspective in applying cysteine scanning mutagenesis to probe individual amino acid positions of UhpT (uptake of hexose phosphate transporter), the carrier responsible for transport of glucose 6-phosphate by Escherichia coli. This work has established experimental criteria that should allow one to identify and localize the translocation pathway in such membrane proteins. An integrative view is exemplified by work with OxlT (oxalate transporter), the carrier used by an anaerobe Oxalobacter formigenes to catalyze the antiport of divalent oxalate and monovalent formate. The activity of OxlT is functionally coordinated with that of a cytosolic oxalyl decarboxylase; together, these vectorial and scalar activities constitute a metabolic proton pump, allowing O. formigenes to display decarboxylative phosphorylation. The role played by OxlT argues that membrane carriers can assume unanticipated emergent properties when their biochemical functions are properly articulated in relation to other aspects of cell function.

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31

Xu, Hongwu. "Trisulfur radical anion S3•−—A major carrier for platinum in hydrothermal fluids." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 36 (2021): e2112956118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2112956118.

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32

Seganish, Jennifer L., and Jeffery T. Davis. "Prodigiosin is a chloride carrier that can function as an anion exchanger." Chemical Communications, no. 46 (2005): 5781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b511847f.

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33

Ohana, Ehud, Dongki Yang, Nikolay Shcheynikov, and Shmuel Muallem. "Diverse transport modes by the solute carrier 26 family of anion transporters." Journal of Physiology 587, no. 10 (2009): 2179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2008.164863.

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34

Guo, Rong, and Shudong Wang. "Anion-dependent Hot Carrier Dynamics in Chalcogenide Perovskites SrSnX3 (X = S, Se)." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 123, no. 1 (2018): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b08041.

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35

Zahran, Elsayed M., Elisabeth M. Fatila, Chun-Hsing Chen, Amar H. Flood, and Leonidas G. Bachas. "Cyanostar: C–H Hydrogen Bonding Neutral Carrier Scaffold for Anion-Selective Sensors." Analytical Chemistry 90, no. 3 (2018): 1925–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04008.

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36

Furuta, Hiroyuki, Michael J. Cyr, and Jonathan L. Sessler. "Phosphate anion binding: enhanced transport of nucleotide monophosphates using a sapphyrin carrier." Journal of the American Chemical Society 113, no. 17 (1991): 6677–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00017a051.

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37

Visser, Herman C., Dmitry M. Rudkevich, Willem Verboom, Feike de Jong, and David N. Reinhoudt. "Anion Carrier Mediated Membrane Transport of Phosphate: Selectivity of H2PO4- over Cl-." Journal of the American Chemical Society 116, no. 25 (1994): 11554–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00104a040.

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38

Passarella, Salvatore, Anna Atlante, Maria Barile, and Ernesto Quagliariello. "Anion transport in rat brain mitochondria: Fumarate uptake via the dicarboxylate carrier." Neurochemical Research 12, no. 3 (1987): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00972135.

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39

Sessler, Jonathan L., Debra A. Ford, Michael J. Cyr, and Hiroyuki Furuta. "Enhanced transport of fluoride anion effected using protonated sapphyrin as a carrier." Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, no. 24 (1991): 1733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c39910001733.

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40

Jeẑek, Petr, and Jiří Borecký. "Inner membrane anion channel and dicarboxylate carrier in brown adipose tissue mitochondria." International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 28, no. 6 (1996): 659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1357-2725(96)00008-8.

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41

Marques, Igor, Pedro M. R. Costa, Margarida Q. Miranda, et al. "Full elucidation of the transmembrane anion transport mechanism of squaramides using in silico investigations." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 32 (2018): 20796–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp02576b.

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42

Steffens, T. G., P. D. Holohan, and C. R. Ross. "Operational modes of the organic anion exchanger in canine renal brush-border membrane vesicles." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 256, no. 4 (1989): F596—F609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1989.256.4.f596.

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This study delineates the various operational modes catalyzed by the organic anion exchanger present in the canine renal brush-border membrane. The experiments examined the carrier-mediated effects of various organic and inorganic anions on the transport of either p-[3H]aminohippuric acid ([3H]PAH) or 36Cl-. [3H]PAH countertransport was significantly stimulated by PAH, urate, Cl-, Br-, HCO3-, and by a pH gradient. This pH stimulation remained in the absence of HCO3- (i.e., under N2), implying PAH-OH- exchange. Furosemide, bumetanide, penicillin, and probenecid inhibited countertransport of [3H]PAH. Likewise, the above anions produced cis inhibition of [3H]PAH transport. The cis and trans effects of SO4(-2) and formate were minimal. 36Cl- countertransport was stimulated by PAH, Cl-, Br-, HCO3-, formate, and by a pH gradient that was effective even in the absence of HCO3- (i.e., under N2), implying Cl- -OH- exchange. Cl- -OH- and Cl- -Cl- exchange was inhibited by PAH. In each instance, the trans-stimulation of 36Cl- efflux was insensitive to maneuvers that created an inside-positive membrane potential, demonstrating electroneutral mediated exchange. We conclude that the organic anion transporter can operate in three distinct exchange modes: organic-organic, organic-inorganic, and inorganic-inorganic.

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43

Joyner, S. E., and K. Kirk. "Two pathways for choline transport in eel erythrocytes: a saturable carrier and a volume-activated channel." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 267, no. 3 (1994): R773—R779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1994.267.3.r773.

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Choline transport in eel (Anguilla anguilla) erythrocytes was investigated in cells suspended in isotonic and hypotonic media. In cells in isosmotic solution choline transport was mediated by a saturable system with a Michaelis constant (Km; 62 +/- 6 microM) similar to that of the choline carrier of human erythrocytes but a maximal transport rate (Vmax; 4.5 +/- 0.4 mmol.1 red blood cells-1.h-1) almost two orders of magnitude higher than that in human red blood cells. This pathway was inhibited by hemicholinium-3 and dodecyltrimethylammonium, but not by any of a range of anion transport inhibitors tested. Swelling the cells by suspending them in hyposmotic media activated a second choline transport component that was kinetically and pharmacologically distinct from the saturable system. The volume-activated component was nonsaturable (up to 50 mM choline). It was not inhibited by hemicholinium-3 or dodecyltrimethylammonium but was inhibited by anion transport inhibitors, the most potent of which was 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB; half-maximal inhibitory concentration = 14 microM). Dose-response curves for the effect of NPPB on swelling-activated choline transport and the swelling-activated transport of taurine, a sulfonic amino acid, were superimposable. It is postulated that the transport of choline and taurine (as well as that of other small organic solutes) in osmotically swollen fish erythrocytes is mediated by a volume-activated, anion-selective channel.

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44

Sakamoto, Masanori, Koki Inoue, Masaki Saruyama, et al. "Investigation on photo-induced charge separation in CdS/CdTe nanopencils." Chem. Sci. 5, no. 10 (2014): 3831–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4sc00635f.

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45

Simchowitz, L. "Interactions of bromide, iodide, and fluoride with the pathways of chloride transport and diffusion in human neutrophils." Journal of General Physiology 91, no. 6 (1988): 835–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.91.6.835.

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Isolated human neutrophils possess three distinct pathways by which Cl- crosses the plasma membrane of steady state cells: anion exchange, active transport, and electrodiffusion. The purpose of the present work was to investigate the selectivity of each of these separate processes with respect to other external halide ions. (a) The bulk of total anion movements represents transport through an electrically silent anion-exchange mechanism that is insensitive to disulfonic stilbenes, but which can be competitively inhibited by alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (CHC; Ki approximately 0.3 mM). The affinity of the external translocation site of the carrier for each of the different anions was determined (i) from substrate competition between Cl- and either Br-, F-, or I-, (ii) from trans stimulation of 36Cl- efflux as a function of the external concentrations of these anions, (iii) from changes in the apparent Ki for CHC depending on the nature of the replacement anion in the bathing medium, and (iv) from activation of 82Br- and 125I- influxes by their respective ions. Each was bound and transported at roughly similar rates (Vmax values all 1.0-1.4 meq/liter cell water.min); the order of decreasing affinities is Cl- greater than Br- greater than F- greater than I- (true Km values of 5, 9, 23, and 44 mM, respectively). These anions undergo 1:1 countertransport for internal Cl-. (b) There is a minor component of total Cl- influx that constitutes an active inward transport system for the intracellular accumulation of Cl- [( Cl-]i approximately 80 meq/liter cell water), fourfold higher than expected for passive distribution. This uptake is sensitive to intracellular ATP depletion by 2-deoxy-D-glucose and can be inhibited by furosemide, ethacrynic acid, and CHC, which also blocks anion exchange. This active Cl- uptake process binds and transports other members of the halide series in the sequence Cl- greater than Br- greater than I- greater than F- (Km values of 5, 8, 15, and 41 mM, respectively). (c) Electrodiffusive fluxes are small. CHC-resistant 82Br- and 125I- influxes behave as passive leak fluxes through low-conductance ion channels: they are nonsaturable and strongly voltage dependent. These anions permeate the putative Cl- channel in the sequence I- greater than Br- greater than Cl- with relative permeability ratios of 2.2:1.4:1, respectively, where PCl approximately 5 X 10(-9) cm/s.

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46

Wang, Jian Min, Yan Li, Hong Xia Wang, et al. "Evaluation of Antioxidative Activity between CoQ10-Nanostructured Lipid Carrier and CoQ10 Cosmetic." Applied Mechanics and Materials 117-119 (October 2011): 799–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.117-119.799.

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Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a poorly water-soluble active ingredient with intrinsic chemical instability, but holds strongly antioxidative capacity. The CoQ10-NLC aqueous dispersion has been prepared, the antioxidative activity between CoQ10-NLC and CoQ10 cosmetic have been investigated, and several employed methods such as scavenging efficiency on DPPH radical and inhibition of superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical generation illustrated its potentially antioxidative activity. The test results displayed that CoQ10-NLC aqueous dispersion indicated higher antioxidative activity than commercially available CoQ10 cosmetic.

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47

Liang, Yuhang, Xiangyuan Cui, Feng Li, et al. "Hydrogen-Anion-Induced Carrier Recombination in MAPbI₃ Perovskite Solar Cells." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 12, no. 43 (2021): 10677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03061.

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48

Shatursky, Oleg Ya, Ludmila A. Kasatkina, Roman V. Rodik, et al. "Anion carrier formation by calix[4]arene-bis-hydroxymethylphosphonic acid in bilayer membranes." Org. Biomol. Chem. 12, no. 48 (2014): 9811–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ob01886a.

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49

Saremi, M., H. J. Barnaby, A. Edwards, and M. N. Kozicki. "Analytical Relationship between Anion Formation and Carrier-Trap Statistics in Chalcogenide Glass Films." ECS Electrochemistry Letters 4, no. 7 (2015): H29—H31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0061507eel.

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50

Billups, Brian, David Rossi, and David Attwell. "Anion Conductance Behavior of the Glutamate Uptake Carrier in Salamander Retinal Glial Cells." Journal of Neuroscience 16, no. 21 (1996): 6722–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.16-21-06722.1996.

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