Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Animals'

This thesis examines the way the absence of moral consideration of the animal in Christian doctrine is evident in Middle English literature. A fundamental difference between the theology and literature of the medieval period is literature's capacity to present and theorise positions that cannot, for various reasons, be theorised in the official discourses provided by commentators and theologians. Patterns of excluding the animal from moral consideration by Christianity are instigated with the rejection of the ethics of late Neoplatonism. Highlighted by Neoplatonists, and evident in the stylistic differences in reading scripture and philosophy, is an early Christian ideological predisposition toward purely humanocentric concerns. The disparity between a definite Hellenic ethic of the animal and its absence in Christian thought is most evident in the contrast between an outward looking Neoplatonic understanding of creation, and the closed matrix of scholastic interpretative thought. Influential textual representations of the universe require that creation is interpreted through a fideistically enclosed system of signs. The individual must have faith before approaching knowledge. The animal is placed into a system dominated by the primacy of faith in God, which paradoxically produces the predetermined answers supplied by Christian doctrine and selective scriptural and doctrinal suppositions. In literary texts, the animal provides an obvious method of Christian debate. Contemporary theological values, such as the doctrinal commonplace of comparing man with animal in the corporeal context highlights the uncomfortable similarity to, yet prescribes that man aspire to distance himself from, the animal. The primacy of man and the importance of his salvation, is a doctrine which countermands the theocentric basis of Christian theology, in which God is understood as a presence in all his creation. Such conflicting perspectives result in animals in medieval literature being used to test theological and philosophical parameters, illustrating the inadequacy of sharp theological boundaries, and demonstrating the ability of literary expression to escape that which has already been enclosed.

Cette thèse traite des statues d’animaux dédiées dans les sanctuaires de Grèce continentale, des îles égéennes et de la côte d’Asie Mineure des périodes archaïque à hellénistique. Les statues, les bases de statues et les éventuelles informations épigraphiques découvertes dans des sanctuaires grecs sont rassemblées dans un catalogue archéologique. Les statues d’animaux mentionnées par les auteurs anciens dans leurs descriptions de sanctuaires font l’objet d’un second catalogue littéraire. Une première partie introductive définit le vocabulaire de l’offrande et présente le thème de l’animal dans l’Antiquité. La deuxième partie consiste en une étude contextuelle divisée en plusieurs chapitres, chacun dédié à une catégorie animale figurant au nombre des anathemata statuaires du catalogue archéologique ou littéraire. Chaque catégorie d’animaux a été analysée de manière systématique : l’étude s’intéresse d’abord aux caractéristiques des animaux vivants, leur existence à l’état sauvage ou domestique, leurs utilisations et fonctions au sein de la société et les interactions entre les humains et les animaux. La place des animaux de chaque catégorie dans la littérature ancienne et la mythologie est aussi étudiée, et les diverses représentations d’animaux dans les sanctuaires et dans d’autres contextes sont prises en compte. Les entrées des catalogues archéologique et littéraire ainsi que matériel épigraphique sont présentés de manière typologique à la fin de chaque chapitre de l’analyse contextuelle. Une introduction aux sanctuaires où ont été offertes des statues animales accompagne la présentation des anathemata, et les offrandes sont classées par sanctuaire et par ordre chronologique. Chaque chapitre se clôt sur des interprétations sur le sens des offrandes de statues d’animaux de la catégorie traitée. Le dernier chapitre de l’analyse contextuelle présente brièvement les animaux qui sont souvent représentés dans les sanctuaires mais pas sous forme de statues individuelles – leur absence peut en effet aider à comprendre la présence des animaux représentés. Une partie sur la sculpture suit l’analyse contextuelle et s’intéresse à l’esthétique des statues animales, aux matériaux utilisés, aux prix des anathemata statuaires, aux conditions pratiques de réalisation et d’acheminement, au coût du transport, ainsi qu’à l’identité et la spécialité des artistes qui les exécutaient. Enfin, dans une quatrième et dernière partie, les données observées dans les deux catalogues sont présentées et analysées de manière systématique afin d’en extraire des informations sur le sens des offrandes de statues animalières. Les liens entre les sanctuaires abritant des statues animales, les liens entre les offrandes animalières et les divinités honorées, les implications géographiques et les évolutions diachroniques sont analysés dans cette partie. La place physique des statues animales dans les sanctuaires et le choix des animaux représentés sont aussi étudiés. Les auteurs d’offrandes publiques et privées connus grâce aux inscriptions et sources écrites sont également présentés et comparés ; grâce à ces informations, les offrandes sont étudiées au-delà de leur portée religieuse. Les motivations politiques des offrandes publiques et les implications sociales des offrandes privées, qui varient selon la fortune, le genre et le statut des offrants, permettent de mieux comprendre les raisons implicites qui se cachent derrière les offrandes de statues animalières dans les sanctuaires grecs
This dissertation focuses on the freestanding statues of animals set as offerings, or anathemata, in Greek sanctuaries of the mainland, the Aegean islands and the coast of Asia Minor from the Archaic to the Hellenistic periods. The surviving statues found in sanctuaries corresponding to the geographical and chronological frames are gathered in a catalogue, and so were the statue bases on which animal statues stood and the epigraphic material linked with freestanding animal dedications. A second catalogue lists the animal statues recorded by ancient travelers in their visits of Greek sanctuaries. A contextual study on each of the animal categories recorded as freestanding anathemata in archaeological or written sources is a necessary step to understanding why these animals were chosen to be represented in statues offered to the gods. Each animal category was systematically analyzed.Their characteristics as live animals, their existence in the wild or in a domestic context, their use and function in society, the existing interactions between humans and animals are addressed. The place of animals in ancient Greek literature and mythology is also studied, and so are their artistic representations, within sanctuaries and in other contexts. The catalogue entries and typology corresponding to the surviving and literarily recorded freestanding anathemata of each animal category are presented at the end of each chapter of the contextual analysis, and so are their inscriptions and dedications, when known. A presentation of the receiving sanctuaries accompanies the presentation of the anathemata, which are classified by chronology and sanctuaries. Interpretations on the meaning of the offerings of animals per category comes at the end of each of the chapters of the contextual analysis. The last chapter of the contextual study gives an overview of the animals which are often represented in sanctuaries but absent from the present catalogues – as their absence might help understand the significance of the animals that are represented. Observations on ancient sculpture follow the treatment of each animal per category and focus on the aesthetics of animal statues, the materials used, the price of the anathemata, the practicalities and cost of their transport, and the identity and specialties of the artists who made them. Lastly, data drawn from the catalogues are presented and analyzed in a systematic manner in order to extract information about the significance of the offering of freestanding animal statues at sanctuaries. The links between the sanctuaries where animals were offered, the links between the dedication of animals and the receiving deities, the geographical implication and the diachronic evolution of the anathemata are analyzed. The physical place of the animal statues within the sanctuaries and the choice of animals are also studied. The public and private dedicators known through inscriptions and written sources are also presented and compared. Beyond the religious gesture, the political motives of public dedications are discussed. The wealth, gender and status of private dedicators enables the understanding of social implications connected to the dedication of animal statues
Αυτή η διατριβή εστιάζει στα ανεξάρτητα αγάλματα ζώων που παρουσιάζονται ως προσφορές ή αναθήματα σε ελληνικά ιερά της ηπειρωτικής Ελλάδας, των νησιών του Αιγαίου και των παραλίων της Μικράς Ασίας από την Αρχαϊκή μέχρι την Ελληνιστική περίοδο. Τα εναπομείναντα αγάλματα που εντοπίστηκαν στα ιερά που βρίσκονται στο γεωγραφικό και χρονολογικό πλαίσιο που αναφέρθηκε, οι βάσεις πάνω στις οποίες στηρίζονταν αγάλματα ζώων καθώς επίσης και το επιγραφικό υλικό που σχετίζεται με αφιερώσεις ζωικών αγαλμάτων, συγκεντρώθηκαν σε έναν κατάλογο. Ένας δεύτερος κατάλογος απαριθμεί τα ζωικά αγάλματα που καταγράφονται από τους αρχαίους περιηγητές στις επισκέψεις τους στα ελληνικά ιερά. Για να γίνει κατανοητός ο λόγος για τον οποίο τα ζώα αυτά επιλέχθηκαν να αναπαρασταθούν σε αγάλματα και να αφιερωθούν στους θεούς, θα πρέπει να πραγματοποιηθεί μια έρευνα για το πλαίσιο μέσα στο οποίο εντάσσεται κάθε κατηγορία ζώου που αποτελεί ανεξάρτητο ανάθημα, είτε σε αρχαιολογικές, είτε σε γραπτές πηγές. Έτσι, κάθε κατηγορία ζώων έχει συστηματικά ερευνηθεί και αναλυθεί: τα χαρακτηριστικά τους ως έμψυχα όντα, η ύπαρξή τους στην άγρια φύση ή ως κατοικίδια, η θέση και η αξία τους στην κοινωνία, η αλληλεπίδρασή τους με τον άνθρωπο. Η θέση των ζώων όπως εμφανίζεται στην αρχαία ελληνική γραμματεία και μυθολογία, καθώς και οι καλλιτεχνικές τους αναπαραστάσεις στα ιερά και σε αλλού, τίθενται επίσης υπό ανάλυση. Οι καταχωρίσεις στον κατάλογο και η τυπολογία που αντιστοιχεί στα διασωθέντα και καταγεγραμμένα στις πηγές ελεύθερα αναθήματα κάθε κατηγορίας ζώων, παρουσιάζονται στο τέλος κάθε κεφαλαίου της ανάλυσης, όπως επίσης και οι επιγραφές ή αφιερώσεις, όταν αυτές είναι γνωστές. Μια παρουσίαση των ιερών συνοδεύει την παρουσίαση των αναθημάτων, τα οποία έχουν κατηγοριοποιηθεί ανά χρονολογία και ιερό. Οι ερμηνείες για τη σημασία των προσφορών ζώων ανά κατηγορία εκτίθενται στο τέλος κάθε κεφαλιού της ανάλυσης. Το τελευταίο κεφάλαιο της αναλυτικής μελέτης παρέχει μια επισκόπηση των ζώων που συνήθως εκπροσωπούνται σε ιερά, αλλά εκλείπουν από τους καταλόγους -κι αυτό διότι η μνεία τους θα μπορούσε να βοηθήσει στην κατανόηση της σημασίας των ζώων που εκπροσωπούνται. Ακολουθούν παρατηρήσεις σχετικά με την αρχαία γλυπτική, που επικεντρώνονται στην αισθητική των ζωικών αγαλμάτων, τα υλικά που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν, την τιμή των αναθημάτων, τα πρακτικά ζητήματα και το κόστος της μεταφοράς τους, καθώς και στην ταυτότητα και τις ιδιαιτερότητες των καλλιτεχνών που τα δημιούργησαν. Τέλος, παρουσιάζονται δεδομένα από καταλόγους, τα οποία αναλύονται συστηματικά με σκοπό να προκύψουν πληροφορίες σχετικά με τη σημασία των προσφορών των ανεξάρτητων ζωικών αγαλμάτων σε ιερά. Ακόμα, αναλύονται οι δεσμοί μεταξύ των ιερών όπου τα ζώα προσφέρονταν, οι δεσμοί μεταξύ προσφερόμενων ζώων και θεοτήτων που τα δέχονταν, η γεωγραφική εφαρμογή τους και η διαχρονική εξέλιξη των αναθημάτων. Μελετώνται επίσης φυσικός χώρος των ζωικών αγαλμάτων μέσα στα ιερά και η επιλογή είδους ζώου. Οι δημόσιοι και ιδιώτες αφιέρωτες γνωστοί από επιγραφές ή γραπτές πηγές επίσης παρουσιάζονται και συγκρίνονται. Συ ζητώνται -πέραν της αφιέρωσης ως λατρευτικής πράξης- τα πολιτικά κίνητρα των αφιερώσεων. Ο πλούτος, το γένος, το φύλο και η κοινωνική θέση των ιδιωτών αφιερωτών συσχετίζεται με την κατανόηση των κοινωνικών εφαρμογών που συνδέονται με τις αφιερώσεις ζωικών αγαλμάτων

This thesis is an historical analysis of the culture of science and its use of animals in experiments by the British military and in medical scientific research, and its regulation by law, during the period 1947 to 1965. The overall aim of this thesis is to demonstrate the gendered nature of scientific experimentation on animals in mid-twentieth century Britain. To do this, it addresses two aspects of animal experimentation; firstly, exploring how scientific research forms power-knowledge relations through the use of nonhuman animals. Secondly, this thesis analyses the intersection of animal use in science with that of the broader socio-cultural context, asking was science in mid-twentieth century Britain gendered? As a consequence, it explores the effects of this knowledge production upon animals and women. My findings are twofold: that the construction of scientific knowledge through the use of nonhuman animals was one that created subject-object binaries, and this had powerful and detrimental consequences for nonhuman animals. Secondly, this objectification of the nonhuman had resultant power-knowledge effects that reinforced the continuation of specific kinds of scientific knowledge and its associated masculinist ontology of positivism. Consequently, the effects of these power-knowledge relations were gendered and had implications for (and intersections with) normative representations of women at the time.

Many personal identity theorists claim that persons are distinct from the animals that constitute them, but when combined with the plausible assumption that animals share the thoughts of the persons they constitute, this denial results in an excess of thinkers and a host of related problems. I consider a number of non-animalist solutions to these problems and argue that they fail. I argue further that satisfactory non-animalist solutions are not forthcoming and that in order to avoid these problems we ought to affirm our identity with animals. I then discuss arguments to the effect that i) animalism faces its own problems of too many thinkers, arising from the non- identity of animals with thinking bodies and thinking body parts, and ii) that in order to avoid these problems we must deny not just that there are persons distinct from animals, but that there are bodies and body parts distinct from animals Once the second of these claims is granted, there is a short further step to the conclusion that there are no such things as body parts, and from there there is a direct route to eliminative animalism. Eliminative animalism denies not only that there are persons distinct from animals, but that there are any composite objects distinct from animals. This position has been gaining popularity recently, but I argue that we need not, and indeed should not, accept it. Although the problems of the thinking animal do commit us to animalism, the problems of thinking bodies and thinking body parts do not commit us to eliminate animalism.

This dissertation identifies and criticises a fundamental characteristic of the philosophical discourse surrounding the animal issue: the underlying anthropocentric reasoning that informs the accounts of both philosophy of mind and moral philosophy. Such reasoning works from human paradigms as the only possible starting point of the analysis. Accordingly, the aim of my dissertation is to show how anthropocentric reasoning and its implications distort the inquiry of the animal debate. In extracting the erroneous biases from the debate, my project enables an important shift in the starting line of the philosophical inquiry of the animal issue. In chapters one and two, I focus on philosophy of mind. I show how philosophical accounts that are based on anthropocentric a priori reasoning are inattentive to the relevant empirical findings regarding animals' mental capacities. Employing a conceptual line of argument, I demonstrate that starting the analysis from a human paradigm creates a rigid conceptual framework that unjustifiably excludes the possibility of associating the relevant empirical findings in the research. Furthermore, I show how the common approaches to the issue of animals' belief and intentions deny that animals can have these capacities, and I demonstrate how such denials can be avoided. The philosophical discourse that I examine denies intentional mental capacities to animals. Such denials take place, I maintain, because the analysis is anthropocentric: it uses humans' most sophisticated capacities as the only possible benchmark for evaluating animals' mental abilities. A central example of such anthropocentric reasoning is the oft-mentioned view that there is a necessary link between language and intentionality. Such a link indeed characterises humans. Yet the claim that there is no intentionality without language is a problematic framework for analysing the supposed intentionality of non-linguistic and prelinguistic creatures. Employing a standard that applies to normal, adult humans excludes the possibility of animals' intentionality from the outset. It seems, however, that intentionality is a capacity that evolves in stages, and that simple intentional mental states do not require language. At the same time, such an analysis ignores, to a large extent, cases of attributing intentionality to pre-linguistic humans and even normal, adult humans. Thus, I show how the denial that animals may have intentional mental capacities results in a double standard. In chapters three to six, I critically examine the anthropocentric nature of the debate concerning animals' moral status. The anthropocentric reasoning relates to the conditions of moral status in an oversimplified manner. I show that human prototypes, e.g., rational agency and autonomy, have mistakenly served as conditions for either moral status in general or of a particular type. Seemingly, using such conditions excludes from the proffered moral domain not only animals, but also human moral patients. Yet eventually only animals are excluded from the proffered moral domain. I identify and criticise the manoeuvre that enables this outcome. That is, although the proffered conditions are based on individual characteristics of moral agents, they are applied in a collective manner in order to include human moral patients in the moral domain under examination. I also show that when animals are granted moral status, this status appears to be subjugated by human needs and interests, and therefore the very potential to substantiate animal moral status becomes problematic. Significantly, I also criticise arguments in favour of animals' moral status, claiming that they sustain the oversimplified nature of the inquiry, hence reproducing the major problems of the arguments they were originally designed to refute. As part of my critique towards both such arguments and anthropocentric reasoning, I suggest a non-anthropocentric framework that avoids oversimplification with regard to the conditions of moral status. The aspiration of anthropocentric reasoning as well as of pro-animals philosophers is to find a common denominator that is allegedly shared by all members of the moral community as the single foundation of moral status, which consists of individual characteristics. My framework challenges this aspiration by showing that this common denominator cannot account for all cases. The framework that I suggest enables establishing moral statuses upon distinctive foundations, and at the same time, my proposal avoids falling into the trap of speciesism.

This thesis examines questions concerning the place of animals within our moral thought. In particular it is an investigation of the rationale behind extending our ethical systems to encompass the inclusion of animals. The thesis begins with a presentation of a general framework defining rights and their relationship to obligations. It then includes an assessment of whether or not animals, according to the general framework, can properly be called rights bearers. In order to do this, the questions of whether or not animals have value independent of their value to human beings and whether or not animals have interests are examined.
Though the thesis concerns itself with animals it is not merely an examination of animal rights. In order to investigate fully the place of animals within our moral thought, many concepts which are central to ethics such as "rights", "equality", "value", and "affinity" are examined. The thesis concludes with the implications its findings have on human actions.

Book Summary: In this versatile new book, practicing school counselors share their favorite group activities 67 of them in all for working with children and adolescents in the schools. For ease of use, activities are arranged by age as well as by stage. Introductory chapters highlight selection, use, and processing of activities, as well as ethical issues inherent in working with students in the schools. Each activity contains specific directions, goals, materials, and suggestions for adaptation. Suggestions for creating a supportive environment for groups are also included.

Quiet Little Animals is a novel set in early-1940s Spain. The story begins with a young couple, Carmen and Ernesto, who are expecting their first child. Carmen gives birth to their daughter Isadora in a Catholic hospital, but when she wakes up after the birth, she's told that the baby has died. However, the truth is that the baby was kidnapped by the nun Sor Eugenia, who decided that she would provide the baby with a better life by sending her away to be adopted by a more "proper" family - and a young religious woman named Ava finally gets the baby she's been trying for years to have, her little Maria. The story follows the four main point-of-view characters - Carmen, Ernesto, Sor Eugenia and Ava - as their lives move past that moment when Isadora/Maria was taken from one family and given to another. In addition to the four main points of view, there are also a number of chapters that are told in the form of fairy tales. The use of multiple points of view to tell one story allows each of the characters to have a known stake in the outcome of the narrative, and is a major stylistic interest of the piece. The central themes of the book are motherhood, grief, birth and death. It also asks questions about the creation of family, fate, and the aftermath of civil war.

Although Foucault did not address the question of the animal, he asserted the assessment of whether a new politics of truth can be constituted as "the essential political problem" (1980, p. 134). Though the "essential political problem" may be considered as it relates to the politics of truth about animals, a Foucaultian perspective does not allow a prediction in response, other than the recognition that change may occur. What is understood to be "true" about animals may change if the relationships between events that exist at a given time ("conditions") require the emergence of a different way of knowing. This Foucaultian critique of thought about animals examines "truth" about animals as an historical contingency, variable according to the conditions that have allowed its production. This project contributes to the development of a theoretical context of the politics of truth about animals. The politics of truth about animals is understood to be the push and pull of knowledge generated and perpetuated about them, together with concurrent power apparatuses in support of that knowledge as well as the ever present resistance to that power. By applying and extending Foucault's theory of power -that is, that knowledge is a carrier of power, power is a perpetuator of knowledge, and all power relations have resistances - this work employs Foucault's archaeological method to uncover dominant and subjugated discourses about animals and to describe power-knowledge associated with statements about animals that are understood to convey true things. This project describes the changeable nature of "truth" about animals and, necessarily, the politics of it, since the politics of truth is understood to be propelled by whichever knowledge and associated power are then dominant. Statements in "error" are also examined as resistance to power-knowledge about animals. The project describes subjugated discourses about animals that have been understood in various times and places to have truth-telling powers or, at least, to have been understood as "error," which provided points of resistance to the dominant discourse. It describes the partial derivation of discourse about animals by examining dominant discourses (e.g., the discourse of law and the discourse of lines) and subjugated discourses (e.g., animals are not personal property, karmic discourse, transmigration of souls discourse, rational animal discourse). Additionally, it describes like disperse statements among different referents (i.e., slave, animal, woman) that comprise various discursive formations that have been understood at various times to have truth-telling power about different referents. Subjugated discourse sometimes emerges as new "truth," though no such prediction can be made. To illustrate the point, the project describes the emergence of the new academic field related to the question of the animal, which resurrects or draws from some subjugated discourse (e.g., animals are not personal property).

We find ourselves at a unique place in American history: language is losing its value; decency--or "political correctness"--is becoming taboo; and our future is legislated by those who feel they have been left behind. The stories in Animals Coupling don't attempt to explain contemporary America, but they do attempt to demonstrate (through language, character, style, and circumstance) an expressive rendering of what it looks and feels like to live in the here and now. There is a sense of detachment threading through these works, along with absurdity, loneliness, humor and anomie. But though a minor key may ring loudest, Animals Coupling ultimately, is an exploration of humanity, and hope.

Drawing from interdisciplinary sources my work is focused on site-specificity, process, and how we orient ourselves within our landscape. Often searching to locate myself, I look to the potential of environments as conduits for performance and sculptural interventions. The outcome of my research varies from performance and installation, to sound, video, and drawing. Enticed by the relationship between the body and its surroundings, I utilize marks, light, movement, and ritual. Absurdity and fantasy often enter the work, through my unseen labor and created personas, creating a dialog between our symbolic and animal selves.

The Western conception of the proper human proposes that there is a potent divide between humans and all other animate creatures. Even though the terms of such a divide have been shown to be indecisive, relationships between humans and animals continue to take place across it, and are conditioned by the ways it is imagined. My thesis asks how twenty-first century fiction engages with and practises the textual politics of animal representation, and the forms these representations take when their positions relative to the many and complex compositions of the human-animal divide are taken into account. My analysis is located in contemporary critical debate about human-animal relationships. Taking the animal work of such thinkers as Jacques Derrida and Cary Wolfe as a conceptual starting point, I make a detailed and precise engagement with the conditions and terms of literary animal representation in order to give forceful shape to awkward and uncomfortable ideas about animals. Derrida contends that there is a “plural and repeatedly folded frontier” between human and nonhuman animals, and my study scrutinises the multiple conditions at play in the conceptual and material composition of this frontier as it is invoked in fictional animal representations. I argue that human relationships with animals are conditioned by our imaginative shapings of them, and that the animals we imagine are, therefore, of enormous significance for real animals. Working in the newly established field of Literary Animal Studies, I read representations of ordinary animals in a selection of twenty-first century novels, including Indra Sinha’s Animal’s People, E. O. Wilson’s Anthill, Carol Hart’s A History of the Novel in Ants, Aryn Kyle’s The God of Animals, Yann Martel’s Beatrice and Virgil, Mark McNay’s Fresh, James Lever’s Me Cheeta, and Karen Joy Fowler’s We Are All Completely Beside Ourselves. I interrogate how fictional animal forms and tropes are responding to, participating in or challenging the ways animals’ lives are lived out in consequence of human imaginings of them. There are many folds in the frontier between human and nonhuman animals, and my thesis is structured to address how particular forms of discursive boundary-building are invoked in, shape, or are shaped by, the fictional representations of animals. Each of the four chapters in this study takes spectively, political, metaphorical, material and cognitive – between humans and other animals. Analysis is directed at developing concepts and critical practices which articulate the singular literariness of the human, ant, horse, donkey, chicken and ape representations encountered throughout my study. Understanding the ways we make animals through our imaginative eyes is essential to understanding how we make our ethical relationships with them. A key task for Literary Animal Studies is to make visible how literary animal representations may either reinforce homogeneous and reductive conceptions of animals, or may participate in a re-making of our imaginings of them. My study contributes to clarifications of the terms of this task by evolving ways to read unusual or unacknowledged manifestations of the human-animal divide, by giving form to previously unarticulated questions and conditions about how animals are imagined, and by evaluating literary re-imaginings of them.

Non-human animals suffer greatly and are exploited in numerous ways by humans. This is a grave injustice that points to an urgent need for an adequate framework from which to protect animals from mistreatment by humans. Although classical theories in the animal rights literature have existed for some time now, in recent years few theorists have engaged in the effort to find more persuasive theories under which the mistreatment of animals by humans should be considered. Two influential attempts to develop such a theory were undertaken by Martha Nussbaum in her article and book chapter "Beyond Compassion and Humanity: Justice for Nonhuman Animals" (2004, 2006), and by Robert Garner in his books Animal Ethics (2005) and A Theory of Justice for Animals: Animal Rights in a Nonideal World (2013). In this paper, I argue that both these approaches have fundamental flaws that prevent them from being adequate theoretical frameworks under which to protect animals. Through careful examination of the theories, I show why they can't fulfill what they claim to, and should be rejected. The only real way to protect animals, I argue, is to assign them universal rights under the theoretical concept of justice. Taking animal rights seriously means that they have these rights by virtue of their selfhood and sentience. An application of this view means an extension of the rights view, widely acknowledged since the human rights revolution, to animals. Such an extension would mean that virtually all human exploitive treatment of animals ought to be abolished. It calls for a new paradigm shift in human-animal relationships. It is now the appropriate historical and political moment for such an extension.
Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate

What does it mean to be cruel to an animal? What does it mean for an animal to suffer? These are the questions embedded in the term "cruelty to animals," which has seemed, at first glance, a well defined term in modern America, in so far as it has been codified in anti-cruelty statutes. Cruelty to animals has been a disputed notion, though. What some groups call cruel, others call business, science, culture, worship, and art. Contests over the humane treatment of animals have therefore been contests over history, ideology, culture, and knowledge in which a variety of social actors-- animal scientists, cockfighters, filmmakers, FBI agents, members of Congress, members of PETA, and many, many others--try to decide which harms against animals and which forms of animal suffering are justifiable. Behaving Like Animals examines these contests in the United States from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present, focusing on four practices that modern American animal advocates have labeled cruel: malicious animal abuse, cockfighting, intensive animal agriculture, and the harming of animals on film. These case studies broadly trace the contours of American attitudes toward human cruelty and animal suffering over the last century. They also trace the historical evolution of the ideas embedded in the term “cruelty to animals.” Cruelty to animals has been the structuring logic of animal advocacy for two centuries, and historians have followed its development through the nineteenth century as a constellation of ideas about human and animal natures, about cruelty and kindness, and about suffering and sentience—very old ideas rooted in western intellectual thought and given shape by nineteenth-century sentimental culture. Behaving Like Animals follows this historical and intellectual thread into the twenty-first century, and reveals how these old ideas adapted to modern and evolving regimes of knowledge, science, and law, as they became thickly knotted in America’s varied and transforming social, cultural, intellectual, political, and legal contexts. That process has had varied and far-reaching implications in modern American culture, structuring social relations among Americans while shaping understandings of the place of animals in American society. Behaving Like Animals tells this history.

Despite growing academic interest in the human–animal relationship, little research has been directed toward the political regulation of animal treatment. Even less attention has been accorded to the emergence of the long dominant paradigm in this policy area, namely, the ideology of animal welfare. This book attempts to address this gap by chronicling the early history of animal politics in Sweden with the aim of producing a critical, deconstructive genealogy of animal cruelty and animal welfare. The study ranges from the first political debates about animal cruelty in 1844 to the institution of Sweden’s first comprehensive animal protection act in 1944. Taking a post-Marxist and psychoanalytically informed approach to discourse analysis, the study focuses on how the “problem” of animal cruelty was articulated in the parliamentary debates and government documents throughout the period: What was the problem of animal (mis)treatment represented to be? What kinds of animal (ab)use were rendered uncontroversial? What kind of affective investments and ideological fantasies underpinned these discursive constructions, and how did the problematizations change over time? The book contains six empirical chapters that deal with the most important legal revisions in the period as well as the parallel debates about animal experimentation and slaughter. Two major discursive regimes—an early “anti-cruelty regime” and a later “animal welfare regime”—are identified in the material, and the transition between them is theorized in terms of discursive antagonism and dislocation. Focusing on the conflict between competing discursive logics, the study charts a century of ideological struggles through which our modern attitudes toward animals were born. The book also offers a critical reinterpretation of the success story of animal welfare. Against the assumption that modern animal welfarism progressively grew out of the preceding anti-cruelty regime, the central claim of this book is that the “welfarist turn” that took place in the 1930s and 1940s also functioned to re-entrench society’s speciesist values and de-problematize the exploitation of animals for human purposes.

Using Kenneth Burke's dramatistic understanding of language as action, and drawing from literature in rhetoric of science and medicine, this thesis argues that the rhetoric of biomedical researchers, advocates, and popularizers perpetuates a progress narrative when using and advocating for the use of experimental animals that disregards animal interests and ethics. First, this thesis examines how transgenic experimental animals are rhetorically constructed as the place, and researchers as the means, of biomedical data, which provides discursive distance from the acts of experimentation. Likewise, the terms affixed to research animals, such as “Oncomouse,” “model,” and even “rodent” function to reflect realities of these research animals that creates discursive distance as they are used to produce knowledge. Second, this thesis examines how biomedical researchers and advocates who disagree about the efficacy of the animal model are united in their rejection of serious animal ethics in biomedical research. Critics of animal experimentation are made into monsters, while serious animal ethics itself is considered either monstrous or irrelevant to biomedical inquiry by groups of researchers who otherwise disagree about animal experimentation's usefulness in biomedical research. Third, it examines how the genre of popular biomedical entertainment seeks to persuade non-expert audiences to be entertained by biomedical research using animals. In addition, biomedical research and animal entertainment industries such as zoos and pet production have a complex, mutually beneficial relationship that makes use of animals to produce knowledge and entertainment at the expense of animal interests. This thesis concludes that the narrative of biomedical progress is underpinned by powerful rhetorical forces applied to animals that reject the serious consideration of their interests that could otherwise complicate such a narrative. A suggested way forward could be a more complex biomedical narrative that includes serious animal ethics as part of biomedicine's “moral progress”.
Arts, Faculty of
Graduate

This thesis attempts to identify barriers to improved (regulatory) outcomes in Australian farm animal welfare regulatory frameworks, particularly the Queensland saleyard framework. In the context of this work, I interpret ‘improved outcomes’ to include improved animal wellbeing, for the benefit of the animals themselves. Drawing on literature from the regulatory, animal law and animal protection sectors, and finally the fieldwork findings, the thesis looks at ways to address, help prevent and/ or remove the barriers. In summary, the thesis proposes small changes to the overarching Australian farm animal welfare framework design, legal structures, regulatory approaches, regulatory culture and regulation to improve outcomes for animals. More specifically, changes to the Queensland saleyard framework could include for instance, initiatives to boost enforcement of animal users’ duty of care obligations (under ACPA 2001 (Qld)) and welfare compliance, particularly that concerning the framework’s most vulnerable (e.g., injured) and lowest dollar value animals (e.g., unwanted bobby calves). Vulnerable and low dollar value animals in the saleyard system may also include: very young animals (e.g., born during transport to saleyard or at yard); culled production animals (e.g., animals past ‘prime’ production); captured unwanted animals (e.g., wild cattle or goats) and physically or psychologically compromised animals (e.g., injured, crippled, distressed, sick or weak animals).
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Law School
Arts, Education and Law
Full Text

This paper is an investigation of the ideas and philosophies that have played a role in the creation of my thesis exhibition entitled If Animals Could Talk. While my research into the subject of animals and more specifically human/animal interaction has covered a wide spectrum, this paper focuses on several texts including, “Why Look at Animals,” by John Berger and “Simulation and Simulacra” by Jean Baudrillard as being influential in the development of my artwork. This paper also analyzes the work of several artists dealing with human/animal relations. Those artists include Sanna Kannisto, Neeta Madahar and Douglas Gordon.

Campylobaeter jejuni and C. coli are common causes of acute gastroenteritis in humans that are also associated with Guillain Barre and Miller Fisher syndrome. Poultry and other farm animals are the major sources of these pathogens. In this thesis it was demonstrated that hydrogen has the potential to act as an antioxidant to reduce oxidative stress caused during the growth of C. jejuni HPC5 when grown in a gas replacement jar. Growth in the absence of hydrogen in a modular atmosphere controlled system (MACS) was characterised by an intiallag that could be overcome by adding an antioxidant reagent FBP (10% ferrous sulphate, sodium pyruvate and sodium metabisulphite). Transcriptomic studies revealed that growth in the absence of hydrogen resulted in significant increases in the expression of superoxide dismutase, thiol peroxidase and ribosomal proteins. Transcriptomic studies were performed on the variants of C. jejuni HPC5 where bacteriophage predation had provoked intragenornic recombination to create second generation resistant types that are inefficient colonisers of chickens but revert to efficient colonisers and bacteriophage sensitivity when reintroduced into chickens to create third generation variants. The second generation variants were temperature sensitive, exhibited increased expression ofprophage Mu genes and low expression of motility associated genes. In contrast third generation variants showed an increase in the expression of the motility genes, an increase in the genes associated with the putative bacteriophage immunity factor CRISPR and reduced expression of Mu genes. Studies conducted on pigs demonstrated that a single pig can be colonised by campylobacters belonging to multiple genotypes and species. Comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) of C. coli and C. jejuni isolated from the intestines of a single pig demonstrated these isolates shared plasmid and chromosomal encoded genes, and therefore may have undergone inter-species gene transfer due to cohabitation of a common intestinal niche. The aim of this thesis is to genotypically characterise Campylobaeter strains from chicken and pig in ideal atmospheric conditions. Our hypothesis is that Campylobacter can be grown in vitro both in gas replacement jar (ORJ) and in MACS and the molecular characterisation by transcriptomic analysis and CGH of the strains will be ideal in an atmospheric condition which is stress free.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
FUNDAÇÃO DE APOIO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO
BOLSA NOTA 10
Esta tese tem por objetivo investigar, desde um ponto de vista filosófico, a vida política dos animais outros que humanos no contexto do Antropoceno. Entre diversas configurações, a errância, o confinamento, a experimentação e a extinção são privilegiadas como verdadeiras situações conceituais, cuja análise e problematização requerem a abordagem conjunta da filosofia com diferentes discursos, como a etologia, a biologia, a antropologia, a história e a literatura. O primeiro passo consiste em uma exploração do lugar nos animais na pólis a partir da confrontação de ideias clássicas e contemporâneas sobre política; em seguida passa-se a uma análise do zoológico tomado como modelo da política humana, oferecendo-se, como alternativa, feições possíveis de uma política animal a partir dos diversos sentidos do conceito de brincadeira; o terceiro momento examina experimentações multiespecíficas no âmbito das artes, com foco na literatura, e no de práticas científicas, observando seus diferentes modos de mundificação; finalmente, procede-se à elaboração de uma noção de extinção não tanto como um fato, mas como acontecimento, diante do qual o cultivo imaginativo de narrativas de luto e as experiências de continuidade são necessários. Por este percurso, conclui-se que, ainda que acossados por todos os lados, os animais outros que humanos vivem e oferecem possibilidades cosmopolíticas diante das quais a humanidade compreendida como exceção ontológica se evidencia como potência apolítica.
The present thesis aims to investigate, from a philosophical standpoint, the political life of other-than-human animals in the context of the Anthropocene. Amid several configurations, errancy, confinement, experimentation and extinction are privileged as actual conceptual situations, the analysis and problematization of which require a combined approach between philosophy and other discourses, such as ethology, biology, anthropology, history and literature. The first step consists of an exploration of the animal’s place in the polis taking as a starting point a confrontation between classic and contemporary ideas regarding politics; following that, an analysis of the zoo viewed as a model of human politics, to which are offered, as alternatives, possible features of an animal politics taking as a starting point the several meanings of the concept of play; the third section examines multispecies experiments in the realm of the arts, especially literature, and in the realm of scientific practices, noting different modes of worlding respective to each; lastly, we proceed to the elaboration of a notion of extinction, not so much as a fact but as a event in the face of which the imaginative cultivation of grief narratives and experiences of continuity is necessary. So reasoning, we conclude that, although accosted on all sides, other-than-human animals live and offer cosmopolitical possibilities in the face of which humanity, understood as ontological exception, proves itself to be an apolitical power.

In an increasingly hygiene concerned society, a major barrier to pet ownership is the perceived role of companion animals in contributing to the risk of exposure to zoonotic bacterial pathogens, such as Salmonella. Manifestations of Salmonella can range from acute gastroenteritis to perfuse enteric fever, in both humans and dogs. Dogs are heavily associated with asymptomatic carriage of Salmonella as the microorganism can persist in the lower intestines of this host which can be then excreted into the environment. Studies in to the asymptomatic carriage of Salmonella in dogs are somewhat dated and there is limited UK data. The current UK carriage rate in dogs was investigated in a randomised dog population and it was revealed that the carriage rate in this population was very low with only one household dog positive for the carriage of Salmonella enterica arizonae (0.2%), out of 490 dogs sampled. Salmonella serotypes share phenotypic and genotypic similarities which are captured in epidemiological typing methods. Therefore, in parallel to the epidemiological investigations, a panel of clinical canine (VLA, UK) and human (Aston University, UK) Salmonella isolates were profiled based on their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics; using API 20E, Biolog Microbial ID System, antibiotic sensitivity testing and PFGE, respectively. Antibiotic sensitivity testing revealed a significant difference between the canine and human isolates with the canine group demonstrating a higher resistance to the panel of antibiotics tested. Further metabolic capabilities of the strains were tested using the Biolog Microbial ID System, which reveal no clear association between the two host groups. However, coupled with Principle Component Analysis two canine isolates were discriminated from the entire population on the basis of a high up-regulation of two carbohydrates. API 20E testing revealed no association between the two host groups. A PFGE harmonised protocol was used to genotypically profile the strains. A dendrogram depicting PFGE profiles of the panel of Salmonella isolates was performed where similarities were calculated by Dice coefficient and represented by UPGMA clustering. Clustering of the profiles from canine isolates and human isolates (HPA, UK) was diverse representing a natural heterogeneity of the genus, additionally, no clear clustering of the isolates was observed between host groups. Clustering was observed with isolates from the same serotype, independent of host origin. Host adaption is a common phenomenon in certain Salmonella serotypes, for example S. Typhi in humans and S. Dublin in cattle. It was of interest to investigate potential host adaptive or restricted strains for canine host by performing adhesion and invasion assays on Dog Intestinal Epithelial Cells (DIECs) (WALTHAM®, UK) and human CaCo-2 (HPA, UK) cell lines. Salmonella arizonae and Enteritidis from an asymptomatic dog and clinical isolate, respectively, demonstrated a significantly high proportion of invasion in DIEC in comparison to human CaCo-2 cells and other tested Salmonella serotypes. This may be suggestive of a potential host restrictive strain as their ability to invade the CaCo-2 cell line was significantly lower than the other serotypes. In conclusion to this thesis the investigations carried out suggest that asymptomatic carriage of Salmonella in UK dogs is low however the microorganism remains as a zoonotic and anthroponotic pathogen based on phenotypic and genotypic characterisation however there may be potential for particular serotype to become host restricted as observed in invasion assays

The 3Rs of reduction, refinement and replacement are the guiding principles of animal research and embedded in national and international legislation regulating the use of animals in scientific procedures. Awake imaging by MRI of rodents can offer a reduction by increasing the quality of scientific data through longitudinal imaging using less animals by avoiding a serial sacrifice design and refinement through reducing the stressful effects animals are exposed to, in comparison to existing models. Before awake imaging can become an established biomarker it must be demonstrated that pathology is traceable with comparable or an improvement on results using existing biomarkers. To validate awake imaging of rodents three study types were conducted in two different rodent species: imaging of the progression of Aspergillus fumigatus infection in the mouse lung using anaesthetized animals; analysis of stress in rats during imaging and imaging restraint; imaging of the abdomen in awake rats and a prospective study into the utility of this method for imaging the progression of Candida albicans renal infection. The first study type used an established model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in mice to test the utility of MRI for tracking infection in the lung parenchyma. Images of collapsed parenchyma were obtained and shown to increase as the infection progressed. Further work is required to establish this as a clinically relevant biomarker. The study type used restraint, blood collection and imaging as stressors using corticosterone levels as a surrogate of stress. Analysis of levels in blood and faeces by RIA and ELISA allowed comparison of stress during anaethetised and awake imaging for the first time. There were no differences in rat corticosterone levels during anaethetised and awake imaging indicating that awake imaging was no more stressful than currently used procedures. The third study type employed restrainers and acclimatisation to MRI scanner noise to acclimatize rats for awake abdomen imaging. Both anaethetised and awake rats were imaged with FLASH and IntraGate™ sequences. These methods were utilized in an established model of disseminated candidiasis by imaging the kidney. Comparable image quality was obtained in awake animals, with the utility of the method validated by imaging differences in renal pathology between vehicle and low and high dose treated animals. In conclusion, the first steps have been taken towards establishing awake animal imaging by MRI. The imaging is no more stressful than using an anaesthetic and was a useful biomarker in the rat abdomen and capable of tracking disease development. Further work is required to make the technique fully quantitative and automated and hence become a useful tool for monitoring progression of fungal infection and other pathology.

Haploid selection in animal sperm is a somewhat controversial topic, but recentevidence might shed experimental light on the matter. This thesis investigates thepossibility to detect any genetic selection in an artificial setting for zebrafish spermfrom a single individual. I analyse pooled data acquired from whole-genomesequencing for two distinct groups of short- and long-lived sperm, trying to identifyshifts in allele frequencies. I augment this by designing an accurate computersimulation of selection, that manipulates selection strength and takes biologicalaspects like linkage and sequence coverage into account. This allows large scaletesting and the generation of null distributions for any test metric. The mainconclusion is that selection has to be extremely strong to be detectable unless onewould explicitly account for genetic linkage, as opposed to the straightforwardper-marker approaches that formed the initial basis for our analyses.

The aim of this study is to investigate the actual conditions of companion animals in Japan to understand how the conception of animal welfare has changed between the end of the 20th century until nowadays. Animal welfare has been evolving steadily in time and it is still in evolution given the growing importance that pets have gained as daily life companions. In Japan, like in the rest of the world, the pet population has been increasing exponentially in the past few decades helping create new conceptions of companion animals, which in the past had only practical purposes. However, at the same time, new business opportunities stemmed in Japan such as pet cafes, places where humans can freely interact with animals of different species, and pet stores, where anyone can enter and buy a cute puppy or kitten. However, as humans certainly benefit from these businesses the same cannot be said for the animals involved, the Japanese pet industry produces a large number of puppies and kittens by exploiting breeding dogs to the extreme. Those same puppies are then sold at exorbitant prices to end up in pet cafes or in private homes, where they are either treated as members of the family or as mere fashion accessories. When they are not needed anymore they are discarded ending up in governmental shelters where the chances of being culled are high. Because of the current system of the pet industry, and the way that animals are managed in governmental shelters, the majority of animal welfare advocates agree Japanese animal welfare to be at least 20 years behind western countries. The lack of clear regulations and guidelines to be applied to breeders and pet stores together with the low attention of the public towards animal welfare issues, are believed to be the most challenging topic for Japanese NPOs. Nonetheless, many pro animal associations in Japan have strong ties with European countries and are trying to implement changes in line with international standards.

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The Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources) recognize as legal activities the following purposes: Commercial, Scientific, Conservationist and Amateur. From those activities, only the amateur one will not be discussed in this study. In chapter one a geographic survey of the activity on national territory is made. The data used were supplied by the IBAMA, from the records performed between the years of 1976 and 2001. As a parameter, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was used to characterize the socioeconomic profile of the distribution of breeding sites. For this analysis, data supplied by Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE - Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistical) was used. Most wild fauna breeding sites, recorded at the IBAMA until 2001, showed significant percentage of the distribution associated with municipalities in which the service sector was predominant in the composition of GDP. It was also observed a higher concentration, of wild fauna breeding sites, on big and developed geographic regions of the country South and Southeast. The second chapter brings a revision of the Brazilians lawful diplomas related to the wild fauna. We looked forward, whenever was possible, to the official texts in chronologic sequence, for offer a vision of the evolution of these lawful devices. A relation of cause and consequence, between public politics intended to regulation of different categories of breeding sites and proliferation of these. In these considerations, not only the public politics were studied, the political framework as well as peculiarities of the different creations were sought to explain the founded behavior. However, according to the Brazilian social setting, there are questions about the execution capability of these.
O Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA) reconhece como legal as seguintes finalidades de criação: comercial, científica, conservacionista e amadorista esta última para passeriformes. Das categorias citadas, as três primeiras serão abordadas neste estudo, com o intuito de caracterizar o perfil socioeconômico da distribuição dos criadouros. Abordou-se a distribuição geográfica da atividade em associação com o PIB no território nacional. Para isto utilizou-se dados disponibilizados pelo IBAMA, referentes aos registros de criadouros efetuados entre os anos de 1976 e 2001, e a composição do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) municipal a partir de dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). A maioria dos criadouros de fauna silvestre, registrados junto ao IBAMA até o ano de 2001, estavam em municípios nos quais o setor de serviços foi predominante na composição do PIB. Observou-se também uma maior concentração dos criadouros nas grandes regiões geográficas mais desenvolvidas do país Sul e Sudeste. O segundo capítulo traz uma revisão dos diplomas legais brasileiros relativos à fauna silvestre. Buscou-se dispor, sempre que possível, os textos oficiais em seqüência cronológica, para assim oferecer uma visão da evolução destes dispositivos legais. Estabeleceu-se uma relação entre as políticas públicas destinadas à regulamentação das diferentes categorias dos criadouros e a proliferação destes. O cenário político, bem como peculiaridades das diferentes criações foram buscadas para explicar o comportamento encontrado. De modo geral, foram encontradas respostas positivas para estas políticas, porém questionando-se a exeqüibilidade destas.

Orientador: Ronaldo Rômulo Machado de Almeida
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: A partir de estudo etnográfico em congressos, manifestações públicas e encontros organizados ao redor do tema do vegetarianismo e da luta pelos direitos animais, a dissertação descreve a formação e a dinâmica de um movimento político em território brasileiro, expondo as principais discussões que mobilizam os ativistas na busca da emancipação dos animais na sociedade. Orientada pelo debate antropológico contemporâneo, voltado para observação das relações entre humanos e não-humanos, pode-se analisar uma discussão atual, na qual os atores não-humanos adquirem status de sujeito, o que mobiliza humanos na formação de um novo modo de fazer política e de se relacionar, em variadas esferas da vida social: a mudança de hábitos alimentares (disseminação da dieta vegetariana), o entretenimento (fim do uso de animais em circos, rodeios, touradas), bem como a revisão e a reflexão profundas sobre o modo de produção científica (fim dos testes em animais em pesquisas biomédicas e início de uma visão, dentro das ciências humanas, que encare seres não-humanos como atores sociais)
Abstract: Starting from an ethnographic study at conferences, public events and meetings organized around the theme of the vegetarianism and the struggle for animal rights, the manuscript describes the formation and dynamics of a political movement in Brazilian territory, exposing the main discussions that mobilize activists in pursuit of the emancipation of the animals in society. Guided by contemporary anthropological debate, aimed at observing the relationship between humans and nonhumans, can analyze a current discussion, in which nonhumans acquire status of subject, which mobilizes humans to the formation of a new way of doing politics and the relationship in various spheres of social life: changing eating habits (spread of vegetarian diet), entertainment (ending the use of animals in circuses, rodeos, bullfights), as well as review and reflection about scientific production (end of animal testing in biomedical researches and the beginning of a vision within the Human sciences, which sees non-human beings as social actors)
Mestrado
Antropologia Social
Mestre em Antropologia Social

A Constituição Federal de 1988 foi de fundamental importância para consagrar ao Poder Público a incubência de evitar que animais sejam submetidos aos maus-tratos ou atos decrueldade, devendo sempre agir para evitar e proibir essa exposição do animal.Trata-se de uma determinação incubida ao Estado, de forma que o mesmo não deve ser omisso, ou seja, deixar de cumprir essa regra constitucional. Todavia, a realidade mostra-se contrária ao preceito legal, principalmente quando se vislumbra a situação vivida pelos animais (equídeos) utilizados nos veículos de tração nas cidades brasileiras. São animais que vivem sendo maltratados e expostos a atos cruéis por parte de seus proprietários, como por exemplo o uso incondicional do chicote, que causa sérias feridas no animal, assim como a falta de cuidados básicos, como a oferta de água e alimentos necessários para manter a nutrição do animal, e, em nenhum momento, há uma atuação do Poder Público para proibir essa situação. Poucas são as cidades brasileiras que buscaram proibir o uso dessa atividade ou regrar de forma a garantir o bem-estar do animal, atendendo assim ao que determina a Constituição vigente, já que a grande maioria dos municípios não buscam nenhuma melhora para essa causa animal. Instala-se a dúvida se não seria a mudança do status jurídico do animal, para a condição de sujeito de direitos, a possível solução no fim da exploração dos animais. Na presente pesquisa será abordado a evolução histórica do pensamento humano sobre o animal, e em especial o animal de tração, os tipos de maus-tratos que essa espécie enfrenta no dia a dia, o tipo de responsabilidade civil que assume o Estado que age de forma omissa com essa situação e a importância do Poder Judiciário, Ministério Público e das Organizações Não-Governamentais na luta contra a exploração do animal de tração além da discussão da possibilidade de mudança da condição jurídica dos animais. Para o trabalho foi utilizado o método hermenêutico e a pesquisa bibliogáfica.
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES
The Federal Constitution of 1988 was of fundamental importance to consecrate to the Public Power the incubation of preventing animals from being subjected to ill-treatment or acts of cruelty, and must always act to avoid and prohibit such exposure of the animal. This is a incubated determination to the State, so that it should not be omitted, that is, fail to comply with this constitutional rule. However, the reality is contrary to the legal precept, especially when we see the situation experienced by the animals (equidae) used in traction vehicles in Brazilian cities. They are animals that live being mistreated and exposed to cruel acts by their owners, such as the unconditional use of the whip, which causes serious injuries to the animal, as well as the lack of basic care, such as the supply of water and food necessary for maintain the animal's nutrition, and, at no time, there is an action of the Public Power to prohibit this situation. There are few Brazilian cities that have sought to prohibit the use of this activity or to regulate in a way that guarantees the welfare of the animal, thus fulfilling the requirements of the current Constitution, since the great majority of municipalities do not seek any improvement for this animal cause. The question arises whether it would not be the change of the legal status of the animal, for the condition of subject of rights, the possible solution at the end of the exploitation of the animals. In the present research the historical evolution of human thought about the animal, and especially the animal of traction, the types of mistreatment that this species faces in the day to day, the type of civil responsibility that assumes the state that acts of and the importance of the Judiciary, Public Ministry and Non- Governmental Organizations in the fight against the exploitation of traction animals, as well as discussing the possibility of changing the legal status of animals. For the work the hermeneutical method and the bibliographic search were used.

This thesis explores the attempt to construct a national supply of standard laboratory- animals in Britain between 1919 and 1976. The demand for a national supply of standard laboratory-animals is located in the formation during the interwar period of the discipline of biological standardization. In contrast to other disciplines within the sciences biological standardization placed great emphasis upon the routine replication of experimental results. In consequence the field of biological standardization problematized the laboratory-animal and sought its standardization in order to construct it as a reliable diagnostic tool. In 1947 the Medical Research Council responded to pressure from an unprecedented coalition of scientific societies and established the Laboratory Animals Bureau tasked with regulating the British laboratory-animal production toward producing standard laboratory-animals. The work of the Laboratory Animal Bureau is analysed but the main focus of the thesis is upon the relationship between the practices of standardization and the promotion of the welfare of laboratory-animals. Particularly after the close of the Second World War the project to standardize laboratory-animals became increasingly associated with the promotion of their welfare. The relationship between the two was made explicit through the work of the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare in collaboration with the Laboratory Animals Bureau. In order to understand the relationship between standardization and welfare Michel Foucault's concept of biopower is employed. It is subsequently argued that the analytics of biopower need not be restricted to human life but equally encompasses non-human life. Through the Foucaultian perspective of biopower it is argued that standardization and welfare are two poles of the same biopolitical process.

The animal bones from the Roman-period small town at Ashton represent an excellent opportunity to examine animal husbandry, consumption, and relationships in the province of Britain. Analysis of this large dataset provides data for a key gap in our understanding of how small towns functioned in the Nene Valley region, which has been increasingly well-studied in recent years. The data showed that although Ashton possessed a strong iron-working industry, the site was more geared towards the production of animals in a manner similar to local rural sites than it was to the pattern of requisitioning seen in larger towns. Significant changes throughout the site’s occupation show that although an increasingly urban pattern builds up through the third century, a sudden shift occurs in the mid-fourth to early fifth century that results in a return to a more self-sufficient style of animal husbandry due to the decreased pressures of taxation and the decline of imperial control. In addition to this important economic data, patterns of ritual behaviour can be tracked both in the earlier exclusively pagan periods as well as into the Later Roman phases when a substantial Christian population is in evidence. The presence of animals in economy, industry, ritual, and personal expression create a picture of a rapidly evolving site, as it moved from one extreme of involvement in imperial exchange to the other, and then back again.