Journal articles on the topic 'Animals – political aspects'
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1
McAllister Groves, Julian. "Are Smelly Animals Happy Animals? Competing Definitions of Laboratory Animal Cruelty and Public Policy." Society & Animals 2, no. 2 (1994): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853094x00144.
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AbstractRegulations surrounding laboratory animal care have tried to address aspects of an image of laboratory animal cruelty publicized by animal rights activists. This image of cruelty, however, is not consistent with the experiences of those charged with the day-to-day care of laboratory animals. This article examines the incongruities between the public image of cruelty to animals in laboratories as promoted by animal rights activists, and the experiences of laboratory animal care staff who apply and enforce laboratory animal care regulations. In doing so, the article illuminates why regulations surrounding laboratory animal care are difficult to comply with on the part of the policy enforcers, and are continuously contested by both animal rights activists and animal research personnel.
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Dai, Xin. "An Analysis of Identification Theory in Political Fable—A Case Study of Animal Farm." Journal of Innovation and Social Science Research 8, no. 7 (July 30, 2021): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53469/jissr.2021.08(07).22.
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Under the guidance of Burke’s identification theory, this paper analyzes the speech of the old Major in the first chapter of Animal Farm from a rhetorical perspective and finds that the old Major persuades his audience, i.e., the other animals, to gain the identification from two aspects: identification by content and identification by form, thus causing the successful uprising of the animals that follows in the storyline. This study explores the embodiment of rhetoric in political fables and analyzes the rationale embedded in the fable from a new perspective, that of rhetoric.
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Taylor, Nik, and Zoei Sutton. "For an Emancipatory Animal Sociology." Journal of Sociology 54, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 467–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783318815335.
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Sociologists have contributed to the development of the animal studies field in recent decades. However, many of these ventures have been anthropocentric, stopping short of sociological calls for animal liberation despite the fact that critical sociological concepts are often the (unspoken) antecedents of such work. Here, we present a systematic review of peer-reviewed sociological articles on human–animal relationships since 1979. Our analysis identified key themes supporting charges of anthropocentrism, but also aspects of politicised animal sociology. Based on this we call for sociological animal studies to incorporate a specifically Emancipatory Animal Sociology: an approach grounded in a social justice and emancipatory praxis that explicitly and critically engages with the material conditions of animals’ lives, taking into account the experiences and knowledge of activists and others working directly with animals and, where possible, centres the animals themselves.
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Taylor, Nicola. "In It for the Nonhuman Animals: Animal Welfare, Moral Certainty, and Disagreements." Society & Animals 12, no. 4 (2004): 317–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568530043068047.
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AbstractBased on three years' ethnographic research with animal sanctuary workers, this paper argues that a level of moral certainty drives and justifies many of the workers' actions and beliefs. Similar to the "missionary zeal" of nonhuman animal rights activists, this moral certainty divides the world into two neat categories: good for the animals and bad for the animals. This overriding certainty takes precedence over other concerns and pervades all aspects of sanctuary life, resulting in the breakdown of different facets of that life into good and bad homes, good and bad animals, and good and bad workers. The paper, therefore, argues that animal welfare workers may be as "radical" as animal rights activists in one respect—their adherence to the overriding principle of being "in it for the animals."
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Flynnl, Clifton P. "Battered Women and Their Animal Companions: Symbolic Interaction Between Human and Nonhuman Animals." Society & Animals 8, no. 1 (2000): 99–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853000x00084.
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AbstractOnly recently have sociologists considered the role of nonhuman animals in human society.The few studies undertaken of battered women and their animal companions have revealed high rates of animal abuse co-existing with domestic violence.This study examines several aspects of the relationship between humans and animals in violent homes.The study explored the role of companion animals in the abusive relationship through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with clients at a battered women's shelter. In particular, the study focused on the use of companion animals by women's violent partners to control, hurt, and intimidate the women; the responses of the animals to the women's victimization; and the role of pets as human surrogates and the resulting symbolic interaction between human and nonhuman family members. The significance of the findings for family violence research and application are discussed, as well as the broader implications for sociological investigation of human-animal interaction.
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Flynn, Clifton. "Battered Women and Their Animal Companions: Symbolic Interaction Between Human and Nonhuman Animals." Society & Animals 8, no. 2 (2000): 99–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853000511032.
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AbstractOnly recently have sociologists considered the role of nonhuman animals in human society. The few studies undertaken of battered women and their animal companions have revealed high rates of animal abuse co-existing with domestic violence. This study examines several aspects of the relationship between humans and animals in violent homes. The study explored the role of companion animals in the abusive relationship through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with clients at a battered women's shelter. In particular, the study focused on the use of companion animals by women's violent partners to control, hurt, and intimidate the women; the responses of the animals to the women's victimization; and the role of pets as human surrogates and the resulting symbolic interaction between human and nonhuman family members. The significance of the findings for family violence research and application are discussed, as well as the broader implications for sociological investigation of human-animal interaction.
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Birke, Lynda, and Jane Smith. "Animals in Experimental Reports: The Rhetoric of Science." Society & Animals 3, no. 1 (1995): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853095x00035.
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AbstractIn this paper, we analyze the ways in which the use of animals is described in the "Methods" sections of scientific papers. We focus particularly on aspects of the language of scientific narrative and what it conveys to the reader about the animals. Scientific writing, for example, tends to omit details of how the animals are cared for. Perhaps more importantly, it is constructed in ways that tend to minimize what is happening to the animal; thus, animal death is obscured by euphemisms, omission, or circumlocutions. What is done to animals is, moreover, often subordinate in the text to the details of experimental procedures and apparatus. We consider how such writing supports a particular kind of image of the "animal" in science, and also creates an impression that what happens to animals is somehow devoid of human agency. This impression, we argue, contributes to the way science is perceived by a wider public.
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HÄYRY, MATTI. "Causation, Responsibility, and Harm: How the Discursive Shift from Law and Ethics to Social Justice Sealed the Plight of Nonhuman Animals." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 29, no. 2 (March 11, 2020): 246–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096318011900104x.
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AbstractMoral and political philosophers no longer condemn harm inflicted on nonhuman animals as self-evidently as they did when animal welfare and animal rights advocacy was at the forefront in the 1980s, and sentience, suffering, species-typical behavior, and personhood were the basic concepts of the discussion. The article shows this by comparing the determination with which societies seek responsibility for human harm to the relative indifference with which law and morality react to nonhuman harm. When harm is inflicted on humans, policies concerning negligence and duty of care and principles such as the ‘but for’ rule and the doctrine of double effect are easily introduced. When harm is inflicted on nonhumans, this does not happen, at least not any more. As an explanation for the changed situation, the article offers a shift in discussion and its basic terminology. Simple ethical considerations supported the case for nonhuman animals, but many philosophers moved on to debate different views on political justice instead. This allowed the creation of many conflicting views that are justifiable on their own presuppositions. In the absence of a shared foundation, this fragments the discussion, focuses it on humans, and ignores or marginalizes nonhuman animals.
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Hockenhull, Joanna, Lynda Birke, and Emma Creighton. "The Horse’s Tale: Narratives of Caring for/about Horses." Society & Animals 18, no. 4 (2010): 331–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853010x524307.
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AbstractIn this paper, we report on a study of people who keep horses for leisure riding; the study was based on a qualitative (discourse) analysis of written comments made by people keeping horses, focusing on how they care for them and how they describe horse behavior. These commentaries followed participation in an online survey investigating management practices. The responses clustered around two significant themes: the first centered around people’s methods of caring for their animal and the dependence of such care upon external influences like human social contexts. The second theme centers on the “life stories” people constructed for their horse, usually to explain aspects of the animal’s behavior; in particular, many spoke in terms of a rescue narrative and saw their horses’ lives as being much better now than in the animal’s (imagined) previous life situation. We argue that decisions about equine well-being are made within specific social communities, which create consensus around particular ideas of what is good for horses (or other animals). To ensure the well-being of animals means taking these communities and their knowledges into account.
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Reese, Laura A., and Minting Ye. "Minding the Gap: Networks of Animal Welfare Service Provision." American Review of Public Administration 47, no. 5 (January 3, 2016): 503–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0275074015623377.
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This research focuses on public service provision in the context of an important emerging urban policy issue: increasing numbers of roaming animals in distressed cities in the United States. The case of urban animal welfare policy illustrates a policy domain that relies heavily on informal networks of nonprofit organizations for service provision. How these networks function and the interaction between nonprofit and public entities says much about how cities will be able to respond to increasingly changing policy environments. Based on survey and network analysis of organizations involved in animal welfare service provision in Detroit, the following conclusions are drawn: Urban animal welfare services are much broader than simple animal “control” and encompass the physical, behavioral, and emotional well-being of animals; less common aspects of animal welfare services evidence the highest levels of cooperation; a fragmented network of nonprofit rescues and public entities is providing animal welfare services in the City of Detroit although nonprofit providers dominate; and collaborative service networks vary greatly in size, density, and composition depending on different aspects of services provided.
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Jepson, Jill. "A Linguistic Analysis of Discourse on the Killing of Nonhuman Animals." Society & Animals 16, no. 2 (2008): 127–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853008x291426.
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AbstractHuman attitudes about killing nonhuman animals are complex, ambivalent, and contradictory. This study attempts to elucidate those attitudes through a linguistic analysis of the terms used to refer to the killing of animals. Whereas terms used for killing human beings are highly specific and differentiated on the basis of the motivation for the killing, the nature of the participants, and evaluative and emotional content, terms used for killing animals are vague and interchangeable. Terms for animal-killing often background aspects of the act, making it more palatable to humans. When a term is extended from use with humans to use with animals, it lends a connotation of compassion and mercy to the killing. When a term is extended from use with animals to use with humans, it gives the killing a connotation of brutality. These findings reflect assumptions about the human "right" to take animals' lives while serving to ameliorate the negative feelings such killings evoke.
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Coss, Richard G., and Steven R. Towers. "Provocative Aspects of Pictures of Animals in Confined Settings." Anthrozoös 3, no. 3 (September 1990): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/089279390787057586.
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Holmberg, Tora. "A Feeling for the Animal: On Becoming an Experimentalist." Society & Animals 16, no. 4 (2008): 316–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853008x357658.
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AbstractThis article deals with questions that arose during a 2-week university course in nonhuman animal laboratory science. Doctoral students and researchers take the course to acquire the knowledge necessary for future independent work with nonhuman animal experimentation. During the course, participants learn to handle animals in the laboratory, both in theory and in practice, and to do so in a humane way with a feeling for the animals. The paper analyzes how this knowledge, in other tacit contexts, is constructed and learned and focuses on two main aspects of handling rodents in the laboratory: habituation and killing. The course's focus on good handling works as a means of doing good research, as a strategy of including animal welfare as a legitimate agenda, while keeping intact traditional scientific norms—such as standardization. In this case, standardization has a wider scope than commonly assumed: Not only are the animals standardized but also the experimentalists who become standardized through courses and curricula. However, this process of standardization is not complete; thus, a feeling for the animal implies, as the case study shows, individual animal and human-animal interaction.
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Sanders, Clinton R., Jeffrey Lee Rasmussen, Susan J. Modlin, Angela M. Holder, and D. W. Rajecki. "Good Dog: Aspects of Humans' Causal Attributions for a Companion Animal's Social Behavior." Society & Animals 7, no. 1 (1999): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853099x00130.
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AbstractLay theories or assumptions about nonhuman animal mentality undoubtedly influence relations between people and companion animals. In two experiments respondents gave their impressions of the mental and motivational bases of companion animal social behavior through measures of causal attribution. When gauged against the matched actions of a boy, as in the first experiment, respondents attributed a dog's playing (good behavior) to internal, dispositional factors buta dog's biting (bad behavior) to external, situational factors. A second experiment that focused on a dog's bite revealed clear attributional process on the part of observers. Higher ratings of a dog as the cause of a victim's distress predicted higher ratings of a dog's guilt. Higher ratings that a dog had an excuse predicted stronger recommendations for forgiveness. Individual differences in seeing the actor as a "good dog" systematically predicted judgments of severity of the outcome and recommendations for punishment. Discussion of these attributional findings referred to tolerance for companion animal misbehavior and relinquishment decisions. This article illustrates the utility of causal attribution as a tool for the study of popular conceptions of nonhuman animal mind and behavior.
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White, Mandala, and Annie Potts. "New Zealand Vegetarians: At Odds with Their Nation." Society & Animals 16, no. 4 (2008): 336–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853008x357667.
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AbstractThis qualitative study, conducted between August and December 2006, explored the opinions and experiences of New Zealanders who challenge orthodox attitudes to the use and consumption of nonhuman animals. To date, New Zealand (NZ) has under-investigated the perspectives of those who oppose animal farming, the eating of nonhuman animals, and the exploitation of nonhuman animals. Agriculture substantially influences the economy and cultural heritage of the nation. Given that national identity in New Zealand strongly associates with farming and meat production, this paper investigates how vegetarians living in this country experience and challenge prevalent imagery and ideas about New Zealand. In particular, the paper examines the ways in which “kiwi” vegetarians are disputing the dominant image of New Zealand as “clean and green” and a land of "animal lovers" and how they are experiencing mainstream (meat-loving) kiwi culture in their everyday lives. The paper also examines some of the more positive aspects for vegetarians of living in New Zealand.
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deKoninck, Vanessa. "Encounters on the Frontier: Banteng in Australia’s Northern Territory." Society & Animals 22, no. 1 (2014): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341317.
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Abstract This paper considers the case of an introduced species that resides in what is now a jointly managed national park in the north of tropical Australia. Banteng (Bos javanicus) are a peculiar feral nonhuman animal in that they constitute a potential environmental threat within the domestic conservation goals of the park, but they also hold the prospect of being a major genetic resource in the international conservation of the species. Thus, perspectives on the use and management of these animals are varied between different actors in the park landscape, and are subject to fluctuations over time, especially in response to wider social and political circumstances. This paper argues that seemingly objective views of these animals are actually a series of subjectivities, which have less to do with any concrete aspects of the animals themselves and more to do with the way that particular people orient themselves toward, and within, the landscape.
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Simonato, Martina, Marta De Santis, Laura Contalbrigo, Barbara De Mori, Licia Ravarotto, and Luca Farina. "The Three R’s as a Framework for Considering the Ethics of Animal Assisted Interventions." Society & Animals 28, no. 4 (June 30, 2020): 395–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-00001767.
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Abstract Animal assisted interventions (AAI) have seen a significant development in the last fifty years. They are based on human-animal interactions, and some scientific research is beginning to provide evidence for the benefits of these interventions. However, ethical issues, particularly from the animals’ point of view, are yet to be considered properly. This article contextualizes AAI and the ethical issues concerning the animals involved. Then it outlines the potential adaptation of the Three Rs principle (replacement, reduction, refinement) to this field, considering all aspects related to animal behavior, health, and wellbeing. The analysis of the conditions for the application is accompanied by suggestions to guide research and general practice in AAI in favor of animal welfare, including assessment of the environmental conditions and competence of the professionals involved. Finally, a fourth R, Relationship, is proposed as the distinctive R for ethical AAI practice, possibly interpreted as cooperation.
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Borodulina, Natalia Yu, and Marina N. Makeeva. "Animal world vs human world: through cultural codes to archetypical characteristic of animalistic metaphor." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 64 (2022): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2022-64-239-254.
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The study provides archetypal characteristics analysis of animalistic metaphors in synchronic and diachronic aspects. The analysis involves the works of I. A. Krylov and modern examples from the National Corpus of the Russian Language, which enables to identify the archetypal characteristics of the animal world when representing various aspects of the life of a modern person. The latter are understood as stable in historical changes and determining the structure of the worldview of both an individual and a nation. The paper displays a classification of the characteristics of animals presented in animalistic metaphors, received through the fable, which are recognizable in modern socio-political and economic contexts. Analysis of the target area, namely the “human world”, demonstrated the presence in the content of metaphorical concepts of both personal characteristics (strength, cunning, stupidity, ignorance, arrogance) and social characteristics (hard work, unprofessionalism and incompetence, fidelity to friendship, hypocrisy, respect for experience and the collision of the new and old). At the same time, the repertoire of animalistic metaphors that verbalize the world around a person includes individual animals, groups of animals, as well as artifacts associated with animals. The conducted research testifies to the undeniable archetypal status of the metaphorical model “the world of animals → the world of man”, which made a centuries-long way to get into the Russian language and culture starting with the fables of the Russian writer I. A. Krylov.
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Peters, Anne. "Global Animal Law: What It Is and Why We Need It." Transnational Environmental Law 5, no. 1 (March 10, 2016): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102516000066.
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AbstractThe symposium collection in this issue ofTEL, consisting of four articles including this framing article, seeks to conceptualize and flesh out a new branch of law and legal research: global animal law. The starting hypothesis is that contemporary animal law must be global or transnational (that is, both transboundary and multilevel) in order to be effective. In times of globalization, all aspects of (commodified) human−animal interactions (from food production and distribution, working animals and uses in research, to breeding and keeping of pets) possess a transboundary dimension. Animal welfare has become a global concern, which requires global regulation. This foreword introduces the three symposium articles, sketches out the research programme of global animal law and links its emergence to the ongoing ‘animal turn’ in the social sciences, including political philosophy.
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Ebeling, K. Smilla. "Sexing the Rotifer: Reading Nonhuman Animals’ Sex and Reproduction in 19th-Century Biology." Society & Animals 19, no. 3 (2011): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853011x578974.
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AbstractThis paper looks at the role nonhuman animals play in how we think about sex, gender, and sexuality in zoology and in society. In examining the history of ideas regarding a microscopic invertebrate species—rotifers—the paper explores how humans have projected aspects of their lives onto nonhuman animals and how they have extrapolated from nonhuman animals to human society. The paper emphasizes the intersections between knowledge about nonhuman animals and gender and sexuality politics.
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Beirnes, Piers. "The Law is an Ass: Reading E.P. Evans' The Medieval Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals." Society & Animals 2, no. 1 (1994): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853094x00063.
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AbstractIn this essay I address a little-known chapter in the lengthy history of crimes against (nonhuman) animals. My focus is not crimes committed by humans against animals, as such, but a practical outcome of the seemingly bizarre belief that animals are capable of committing crimes against humans.2 I refer here to the medieval practice whereby animals were prosecuted and punished for their misdeeds, aspects of which readers are likely to have encountered in the work of the historian Robert Darnton (1985).
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Ladefoged, Jane Kannegård. "What Is It Like to Be a Bête." Leviathan: Interdisciplinary Journal in English, no. 6 (March 13, 2020): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/lev.v0i6.118860.
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In Adam Roberts’ futuristic novel Bête (2014), animals have been given the ability to speak through an implanted small and seemingly insignificant brain chip. This article examines Roberts’ novel through the scope of anthropomorphism and readers’ empathy, as this particular combination is significant for understanding the novel. The analysis starts by characterizing Graham with emphasis on character development. Hereafter, I examine the complicated way in which Bête deals with anthropomorphism. In the discussion, I bring into question the topic of readers’ empathy and examine how this relates to anthropomorphism. Through aspects of hierarchy, oppression, unappealing characters, consciousness, tragicomedy and contemporary political topics, the subjects of anthropomorphism and empathy become highly obscured in Bête. These aspects come to illustrate that man and animal are not that different and that readers’ empathy does not depend on any particular species or character trait.
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Grugan, Shannon T. "Capturing Cruelty." Society & Animals 27, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 92–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341530.
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AbstractThe news media has long been identified as one of the primary sources for factual crime information for the general public, but not much is known about media coverage of cruelty against nonhuman animals, specifically. This study is a content analysis of media-presented themes in 240 print news articles that reported incidents of cruelty against companion animals in the United States in 2013. Seven thematic presentations of cruelty are identified and include: neutrality, condemnation, sympathy for the animal, drama, advocacy, humor, and sympathy for the offender. These themes are not mutually exclusive, with many articles including aspects of more than one theme. Themes are discussed in detail in regard to expanding the understanding of how specific forms of crime are presented by the news media based in news-making criminology.
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Christiaens, Tim. "Aristotle’s Anthropological Machine and Slavery." Epoché: A Journal for the History of Philosophy 23, no. 1 (2018): 239–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/epoche201881127.
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Among the most controversial aspects of Aristotle’s philosophy is his endorsement of slavery. Natural slaves are excluded from political citizenship on ontological grounds and are thus constitutively unable to achieve the good life, identified with the collective cultivation of logos in the polis. Aristotle explicitly acknowledges their humanity, yet frequently emphasizes their proximity to animals. It is the latter that makes them purportedly unfit for the polis. I propose to use Agamben’s theory of the anthropological machine to make sense of this enigmatic exclusion and suggest a new conception of the good life and community detached from political rule. Aristotle’s distinction between humans and animals condemns slaves to bare life, but also reveals an opportunity for an inoperative form-of-life.
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Segarra, Marta. "Performing Centaurs and the Debasement of Masculinity." Men and Masculinities 23, no. 5 (November 17, 2020): 872–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x20965456.
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This article examines, in its first part, the symbolic aspects of the relation between horses and men, and the mythical figure of the centaur, most often assimilated to virility and male sexual drive, but also to women and their sexuality. In its second and central part, it focuses on Bartabas and Ko Murobushi’s performance, The Centaur and the Animal (2012) while raising ethical issues relating to performing animals. The essay analyzes how this play deconstructs the opposition between masculinity and femininity, as well as between animal and human, among other oppositional pairs such as reason vs. instinct, activity vs. passivity, verticality vs. horizontality or “inclination,” immunity vs. vulnerability, life vs. death, animate vs. inanimate, among others. It posits that Bartabas’s performance opens the possibility of a posthuman and postanimal perspective on the relation between human and nonhuman animals.
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Hiz, Meliha Merve, and Cüneyt Aki. "The Nightmare: Genetically Modified Organisms as Alien Species." Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 16, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/trser-2015-0008.
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AbstractBiotechnological applications in medicine, industry and agriculture allow the economic production of important products, thus influencing national economy and revenue. Genetic modifications on microorganisms, plants and animals are major techniques to produce a desirable trait or product in biotechnological applications. However, GMOs also give rise to severe debate on aspects such as safety and environmental impact of transgenic products. In general these controversies arise as a result of misinformation. Ethical, legal and socially acceptable aspects of GMOs are strongly influenced by social, economic and political conditions, owing to the strong economic impact of high incomes for biotechnology companies
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Franklin, Adrian, Bruce Tranter, and Robert White. "Explaining Support for Animal Rights: A Comparison of Two Recent Approaches to Humans, Nonhuman Animals, and Postmodernity." Society & Animals 9, no. 2 (2001): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853001753639242.
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AbstractQuestions on "animal rights" in a cross-national survey conducted in 1993 provide an opportunity to compare the applicability to this issue of two theories of the socio-political changes summed up in "postmodernity": Inglehart's (1997) thesis of "postmaterialist values" and Franklin's (1999) synthesis of theories of late modernity. Although Inglehart seems not to have addressed human-nonhuman animal relations, it is reasonable to apply his theory of changing values under conditions of "existential security" to "animal rights." Inglehart's postmaterialism thesis argues that new values emerged within specific groups because of the achievement of material security. Although emphasizing human needs, they shift the agenda toward a series of lifestyle choices that favor extending lifestyle choices, rights, and environmental considerations. Franklin's account of nonhuman animals and modern cultures stresses a generalized "ontological insecurity." Under postmodern conditions, changes to core aspects of social and cultural life are both fragile and fugitive. As neighborhood, community,family,and friendship relations lose their normative and enduring qualities, companion animals increasingly are drawn in to those formerly exclusive human emotional spaces.With a method used by Inglehart and a focus in countries where his postmaterialist effects should be most evident, this study derives and tests different expectations from the theories, then tests them against data from a survey supporting Inglehart's theory. His theory is not well supported. We conclude that its own anthropocentrism limits it and that the allowance for hybrids of nature-culture in Franklin's account offers more promise for a social theory of animal rights in changing times.
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Bertuzzi, Niccolò. "Contemporary animal advocacy in Italy." Modern Italy 24, no. 1 (July 25, 2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mit.2018.21.
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In spite of the great tradition in social movement studies, Italy completely lacks any contribution regarding animal advocacy from the point of view of political sociology. This is despite the fact that, as in the rest of Western societies, interest in the wellbeing, rights and status of non-human animals is growing. This can be seen both among the general population and in the very varied organised forms of welfare and activism. In this article, we will investigate this internal differentiation, starting from an initial stratification in welfare, protectionism and anti-speciesism, and focusing in particular on the following two aspects: ethical values; and political ‘careers’ and multi-membership affiliations. The investigation was accomplished by means of 20 semi-structured interviews and an online questionnaire answered by 704 volunteers and activists. The tripartition hypothesised was confirmed, although with a few exceptions: more progressive values emerged among anti-speciesists, and conservative positions among protectionists and welfarists, but the overall spectrum is characterised by utilitarian perspectives. Similarly, previous experience in the specific field of animal advocacy is typical of the protectionist area, while anti-speciesists also come from other opposition movements.
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Świercz, Piotr. "The Shepherd-King Metaphor in the Light of Interdisciplinary Research." Horyzonty Polityki 15, no. 51 (June 30, 2024): 183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/hp.2646.
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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the article is to analyze the sources of the shepherd-king metaphor, mainly from the perspective of social-political ideas, within a broad cultural and intellectual context. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The article focuses on identifying the intellectual sources of the shepherd-king metaphor in antiquity, their anthropological and cosmological context, and the metaphor’s fundamental message. Particular emphasis is placed on the socio-political aspect; thus, analyses of strictly theological significance are left aside. To achieve the research objective, the author makes use of interdisciplinary instruments, referring to archaeological, biological, and historical knowledge and especially to analyses from the field of the history of ideas. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The article’s line of argument reflects the fundamental problems that need to be solved in order to determine the essence and shape of the shepherd-king metaphor. Therefore, the issues analyzed include animal domestication; ancient anthropology understood as the divine domestication of humans; and the distinctions drawn in ancient thought between the essence of the nature of animals, humans, rulers, and gods. RESEARCH RESULTS: As a result of the analyses indicated above, it was possible to capture the main components of the shepherd-king metaphor, their structure and essence, as well as their direct reference to, and significance for both anthropology and socio-political thought. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The article highlights the importance of the shepherd-king metaphor to the history of political ideas, outlining the impact of both its explicit theses and its more implicit, but no less important, elements. Attention was also drawn to the need for further research, which would enable the metaphor’s socio-political aspects analyzed in this article to be combined into one coherent interpretation with the religious and theological aspects.
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Ezzat, Azza. "Animals in Human Situations in Ancient Egyptian Ostraca and Papyri." Arts 10, no. 3 (June 22, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts10030040.
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It has been said that the ancient Egyptians were raised to tolerate all kinds of toil and hardship; they nevertheless also liked to amuse themselves with comic relief in their everyday life. For example, ancient Egyptian drawing can be quite accurate and at times even spirited. What scholars have described as caricatures are as informative and artistic as supposed serious works of art. Ancient Egyptians have left countless images representing religious, political, economic, and/or social aspects of their life. Scenes in Egyptian tombs could be imitated on ostraca (potsherds) that portray animals as characters performing what would normally be human roles, behaviors, or occupations. These scenes reveal the artists’ sense of comedy and humor and demonstrate their freedom of thought and expression to reproduce such lighthearted imitations of religious or funeral scenes. This paper will focus on a selection of drawings on ostraca as well as three papyri that show animals—often dressed in human garb and posing with human gestures—performing parodies of human pursuits (such as scribes, servants, musicians, dancers, leaders, and herdsmen).
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Anderton, Joseph. "“living flesh”." Samuel Beckett Today / Aujourd’hui 32, no. 2 (July 30, 2020): 192–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757405-03202004.
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Abstract This essay examines the human-nonhuman proximity emerging from Beckett’s representation of a deconstructed human being and his encounters with nonhuman animals in the “The Expelled,” “The Calmative,” “The End” and “First Love.” With reference to Simone Weil’s categories from The Need for Roots, I show how Beckett’s narrator is lacking physical, psychological, socio-political and philosophical aspects associated with normative human being, which result in a precarious, imprecise identity. In light of this dehumanisation, I close read passages featuring nonhuman animals to argue that while they emphasise the narrator’s marginalisation from human community, they also reveal profound alienation from other animals too. The destabilisation of specific identity, I argue, initiates a reevaluation of the narrator’s place among living beings in general and prefigures the multispecies connectedness advocated in twenty-first century ecocritical reviews of the human-nonhuman divide, such as Donna Haraway’s ‘chthulucene.’
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Filipović, Andrija. "Musica inhumana: Towards the posthumanistic ethical and aesthetical paradigm in music." New Sound, no. 42 (2013): 86–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/newso1342086f.
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This paper deals with the analysis of noise music by the Japanese artist Merz-bow, especially emphasizing the posthumanistic ethical and aesthetical paradigm as his artistic and political project. This project, or assemblage, has several aspects, three being particularly important: "musical" system (acoustic material, creator, listener), visual and textual material (album covers, articles and interviews), and the attitude towards the non-human (machines, animals, nature in general). These three aspects are a particular assemblage that enables the critique of the "everyday body" and the contemporary society, by creating special aesthetics of existence and lines of flight, an aesthetics which, ultimately, removes the human subject and replaces it with an (in)organic multiplicity.
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Fukuda, Kaoru. "The Morality of Livestock Farming." Society & Animals 24, no. 1 (February 5, 2016): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341385.
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This article describes how livestock farmers respond to moral enquiries about their means of livelihood, by referring to ethnographic data collected in the Scottish Borders. The focus is on three controversial aspects of livestock farming: welfare issues of intensive farming methods, guilt about depriving nonhuman animals of their lives for food, and the moral dilemma of breeding and rearing animals merely to be killed. There was a feeling of uneasiness among farmers about sending the animals they looked after to the slaughterhouse. This, however, was rationalized with the recognition that livestock were bred and reared to be eaten in the first place. By examining farmers’ utterances, it is suggested that livestock farmers are conditioned to consider their vocation as a part of the social system, over which they have little control.
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Muhammad, Mukhtar, Jessica E. Stokes, Lisa Morgans, and Louise Manning. "The Social Construction of Narratives and Arguments in Animal Welfare Discourse and Debate." Animals 12, no. 19 (September 27, 2022): 2582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192582.
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Stakeholders can hold conflicting values and viewpoints, on what animal welfare is and how a good life is achieved and can signal different problems, or problematize specific aspects of farm animal welfare, and propose different actions or interventions within food supply chains. The aim of the study is to explore the contribution of narrative and argumentative discourse to the social construction and framing of animal welfare and its implications. The methodological approach in this research is composed of two phases with phase 1 being the foundational structured literature search in both academic and grey literature. Phase 2 was the analysis of the secondary data from the literature review to develop a synthesized iterative paper and in doing so develop a typology of five narratives: the ‘farming as a business’ narrative, the ‘religion-based’ narrative, the ‘research, legislative and political based narrative’, the ‘higher welfare’ narrative, and the “animal rights/power-based” narrative. Our findings demonstrate the contestation within the stakeholder discourse of the articulation of why farm animals should have a good life. Performance-related perspectives are rooted in the value-laden language and narratives that shape the arguments regarding notions of good and bad welfare; the emergent positioning of positive welfare for farm animals as well as how to achieve a good life in practice. The novel contribution of this review is the application of an explanatory word-language-discourse-person-situation-environment framework in this specific context to inform future research on animal welfare discourse analysis.
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Prunet, Camille. "The Living in Art since the 1960s: A Deep Link to Politics." AM Journal of Art and Media Studies, no. 7 (April 15, 2015): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25038/am.v0i7.89.
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The use of the living as a medium in art increased after the Second World War. During the 1960s, some artworks were related to an ecological consciousness, or to the beginnings of computer science, which was associated with biology at this early stage. Both of these two modes of using the living are now finally together, in what is called biotechnological art. Defining the living is a deeply political issue, as we may see, for instance, in the problematic of animal rights, defended by the environmentalist movement. When does life begin? What is specific to human life? What is the value of life? As Hans Cova has written, “instead of changing the world at all costs, it would be better to ensure that it doesn’t disappear right before our (in)credulous eyes”.1 The huge changes effected by the evolution of knowledge in biotechnology and science confirm the human temptation to control life. This type of questions haunt works using living elements. In such works, artists use a problematic type of material and have to deal with its political aspects. Through works by Fujiko Nakaya, Piotr Kowalski, Tissue Culture and Art, and Art Orienté objet, I examine the work of artists engaged in this political discussion on our future life (of plants, animals, and humans).
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Bersenev, V. L. "Economic and Legal Aspects of the Import Substitution Policy in Agriculture in Russia." Zhurnal Economicheskoj Teorii 17, no. 4 (2020): 922–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31063/2073-6517/2020.17-4.14.
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Import substitution has become a key factor in the transition of the Russian economy to innovation-driven development. Apart from everything else, the results of testing of the Prebisch — Singer hypothesis point to the need for this transition. The article considers theoretical and legal aspects of Russia’s import substitution policy in agriculture. This sector depends on natural and climatic conditions, it is also characterized by seasonality of production processes and it uses animals and plants as resources for production. Therefore, extraordinary measures are required to organize import substitution in this sphere. Moreover, in accordance with Engel’s law, it is necessary to ensure not only the country’s food independence but also the high quality of agricultural production. To this end, the main principles of import substitution should be enshrined in federal legislation. In this case, the interests of national agricultural producers will be better protected from changes in the political environment.
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Haris, Susan. "Subalterns in the House: Sites for a Postcolonial Multispecies Ethnography." Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment 13, no. 2 (October 29, 2022): 6–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/ecozona.2022.13.2.4736.
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Multispecies ethnography attempts to bring to the forefront those animal lives previously overlooked by charting our shared social worlds and showing how humans and nonhumans are mutually affected by social, cultural and political processes. The resistance in postcolonial critique to focus on nonhuman animal subjects stems from making the colonised and the animal comparable and the fear that such an association may dehumanise the human subject. This paper suggests that multispecies ethnography influenced by Latour, Haraway, Tsing and others is a useful tool for analysing postcolonial contexts because of its emphasis on relation, mutuality and alliances. However, I suggest that this inheritance is rebuilt as a postcolonial multispecies ethnography because of its attention to five aspects that is common to both fields: subaltern, local, collective, representation and decolonisation. By a careful reading of these key concepts with examples from contemporary literature, I show how postcolonial multispecies ethnographies engage with hybrid identities that are culturally produced and historically situated and how they register the nonhuman animals as narrativisable subjects who are nevertheless “irretrievably heterogeneous” (284). In this ethnographic emergence, postcolonial multispecies ethnography re-dignifies the nonhuman animal subject which opens up the radical possibility of realizing their embodied perspectives.
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Kirova, Mariia Mikhailovna. "Genre-Thematic Originality of F. A. Iskander's Animalistic Works." Litera, no. 8 (August 2023): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2023.8.38756.
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The subject of the study is the genre-semantic specificity of F. A. Iskander's animalistic prose. The object of research is four of his works: "Rooster", "Uncle Kazim's Horse", "The Story of the mule of the old Habug" and "Broad–brow". The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the peculiarities of the functioning of animal images, as well as fable and novelistic features in the poetics of Iskander's animalistic works. The influence of the novel genre determines the interest in the unique and the presence of affective contradiction. Hidden didacticism, expressed in the recurring motif of separation of man and animal, and poorly structured detailing refer to the genre of fable. Special attention is paid to the genesis of the above-mentioned phenomena. The author made the following conclusions. Firstly, the animalistic images of Iskander do not have obvious folklore roots: animals do not perform the function of a magical assistant, their intelligence is not connected with the cult of ancestors or werewolves. Secondly, the allegorical nature of the narrative is destroyed due to psychologism in the description of animals. A special contribution of the author to the study is the comparison of Iskander 's animalism with the works of Ch. Darwin. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that several well-established positions among Iskander scholars have been reinterpreted. Firstly, the analyzed works of Iskander are not just short stories, but are a synthesis of a short story and a fable. Secondly, the analogism of animals and humans, the ability of animals to metaphysical reflection are not an individual feature of Iskander's poetics, but are due to the influence of the works of Ch. Darwin. Thirdly, an attempt has been made to challenge the well-established opinion that animals in Iskander's works are more moral than people. In fact, they are true to the natural laws that people have stopped following. Iskander portrays the political regime as an aggressive biological environment, to which it is more difficult for animals to adapt than for humans. The analysis of Iskander's work clearly shows that Darwinism gives scope for new interpretations of literary animalism.
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Duke, George. "THE ARISTOTELIAN LEGISLATOR AND POLITICAL NATURALISM." Classical Quarterly 70, no. 2 (December 2020): 620–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838820000920.
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Aristotle's assertion in Politics 1.2 that there is a natural impulse to form political communities is immediately contraposed with the claim that the person responsible for their foundation is the cause (αἴτιος) of the greatest of goods (Pol. 1253a33). The attribution of an essential role to the legislator as an efficient cause appears to clash, however, with Aristotle's political naturalism. If the polis exists by nature and humans are by nature political animals (1253a1–2), then the question arises as to why active intervention by the legislator is necessary for a polis. Conversely, if the polis is an artefact of practical reason, then Aristotle's distinction between products of the intellect and natural entities seems to preclude the status of the polis as natural. In light of this apparent tension between different aspects of Aristotle's account of the origins of political communities, the current paper seeks to demonstrate their reconcilability. Section 1 considers the role of the Aristotelian legislator in light of broader Greek assumptions regarding law-making. Section 2 then considers the status of law-making expertise (νομοθετική) as part of political science (πολιτική) and examines the mode of practical reason that is exercised by the legislative founder. Finally, in section 3, and building on recent interpretations which have emphasized that Aristotle operates with an extended teleological conception of nature, I argue that acts of legislative founding and nature can consistently serve as joint causes of the polis, because the ‘products’ of the practical rationality of the architectonic legislator are themselves an expression of distinctly human nature.
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Azevedo, Denis S., José Lucas C. Duarte, Carlos Felipe G. Freitas, Karoline L. Soares, Mônica S. Sousa, Eduardo Sérgio S. Sousa, and Ricardo B. Lucena. "One Health Perspectives on New Emerging Viral Diseases in African Wild Great Apes." Pathogens 10, no. 10 (October 6, 2021): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101283.
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The most recent emerging infectious diseases originated in animals, mainly in wildlife reservoirs. Mutations and recombination events mediate pathogen jumps between host species. The close phylogenetic relationship between humans and non-human primates allows the transmission of pathogens between these species. These pathogens cause severe impacts on public health and impair the conservation of habituated or non-habituated wild-living apes. Constant exposure of great apes to human actions such as hunting, deforestation, the opening of roads, and tourism, for example, contributes to increased interaction between humans and great apes. In spite of several studies emphasizing the risks of pathogen transmission between animals and humans, outbreaks of the reverse transmission of infectious agents threatening wildlife still occur on the African continent. In this context, measures to prevent the emergence of new diseases and conservation of primate species must be based on the One Health concept; that is, they must also ensure the monitoring of the environment and involve political and social aspects. In this article, we review and discuss the anthropological aspects of the transmission of diseases between people and wild primates and discuss new anthropozoonotic diseases in great apes in Africa from studies published between 2016 and 2020. We conclude that the health of great apes also depends on monitoring the health of human populations that interact with these individuals.
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Bergeaud-Blackler, Florence, Ari Z. Zivotofsky, and Mara Miele. "Knowledge and Attitudes of European Kosher Consumers as Revealed through Focus Groups." Society & Animals 21, no. 5 (2013): 425–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341309.
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Abstract There is a very small, yet important minority within the community of European Union kosher consumers. There is a great deal of research regarding objective aspects of the kosher religious as well as civil laws and their implementation, but comparatively little research about the subjective attitudes, opinions, and concerns of those who actually purchase and consume kosher food. Such information can be important for a variety of interested parties including suppliers, distributors, regulatory agencies, legislators, and certifying agencies as well as religious authorities. We collected relevant data by organizing hour-long Focus Groups (FG) in five European cities and a suburb of Tel Aviv. The FG addressed consumer attitudes related to shopping practices, commitment, trust, and certification as well as their knowledge and opinions regarding nonhuman animal welfare as it relates to shechita (kosher slaughter) and knowledge of the issue of stunning animals at the time of killing. One of the significant findings was a high level of secularization among Jews that translates to a low level of commitment to eating kosher. But this was accompanied by assertions that eating kosher was an important religious obligation and complaints of low availability and high cost. There was a strong feeling, even among those less committed to eating kosher, that shechita was the preferred method of slaughtering an animal (more animal friendly) and a strong suspicion of anti-Semitism as a motivation for any attempt to impose a stunning obligation.
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de Ávila, Renato Ivan, and Marize Campos Valadares. "Brazil Moves Toward the Replacement of Animal Experimentation." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 47, no. 2 (May 2019): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261192919856806.
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In Brazil, efforts towards the regulatory acceptance and implementation of innovative methods to replace experimental animal use in various fields began to gather force in 2008, with the approval of Law No. 11,794/2008 (the Arouca Law). This law represented a milestone, as it created the National Council for the Control of Animal Experimentation (CONCEA) to deal with the ethical and legal issues related to the use of laboratory animals. In 2014, CONCEA put together a framework for expanding the implementation of non-animal methodologies for use in research and education. It also promoted the regulatory acceptance in Brazil of 24 test guidelines, including 15 in vitro approaches. It should be emphasised that, in Brazilian legislation, replacement is generally based on the toxicological endpoint and not on the category of product, as tends to be the case in other countries (e.g. cosmetics in the European Union). The resolution-dependent deadlines for the obligatory replacement of in vivo methods with the CONCEA-approved tests are 2019 and 2021. Brazil has advanced considerably towards the replacement of animal experimentation, and in certain aspects, this has been in a highly progressive manner. However, there is still a lot of work to be done, especially considering the current political scenario with reduced investment in research, development and innovation. The chronology of significant events following the approval of the Arouca Law, which have contributed to the promotion of the Three Rs alternatives in Brazil, will be examined.
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Madani, Shpëtim, and Zylfi Shehu. "THE DYSTOPIAN VISION IN BERNARD MALAMUD’S NOVEL GOD’S GRACE." Folia linguistica et litteraria XIII, no. 40 (July 2022): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.40.2022.4.
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This article seeks to analyze the dystopian vision in Bernard Malamud’s final novel God’s Grace (1982). An animal fable and fantasy in itself, the book centers on the last human survivor who interacts with primates, in order to create civilization anew by teaching them language, ethics, science and religion, with a major emphasis on the dualities of good and evil; reason and instinct, and their interconnectedness with free will, choice, and responsibility. The study begins with a short introduction into the history of dystopian literature, whose function is to serve, from a future perspective, as a social and political commentary about existing dark aspects, which can easily take over if not held in check. Then, the analysis probes into the dystopian features of the (covert and overt) totalitarian climate that reigns in the book, due to the human’s control of the animals through the mechanisms of language, culture, science, religion, and sexuality. The utopian society established is short-lived, as the denial of individualism inevitably brings about the primates’ rebellion and the demise of human civilization. Despite being the most pessimistic work of fiction by Malamud, the novel ends with hope, which is the case in many dystopian books.
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Singh, Shweta Rajkumar, Alvin Qijia Chua, Sok Teng Tan, Clarence C. Tam, Li Yang Hsu, and Helena Legido-Quigley. "Combating Antimicrobial Resistance in Singapore: A Qualitative Study Exploring the Policy Context, Challenges, Facilitators, and Proposed Strategies." Antibiotics 8, no. 4 (October 29, 2019): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8040201.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat that warrants urgent attention. However, the multifaceted nature of AMR often complicates the development and implementation of comprehensive policies. In this study, we describe the policy context and explore experts’ perspectives on the challenges, facilitators, and strategies for combating AMR in Singapore. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 21 participants. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and were analyzed thematically, adopting an interpretative approach. Participants reported that the Ministry of Health (MOH) has effectively funded AMR control programs and research in all public hospitals. In addition, a preexisting One Health platform, among MOH, Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority (restructured to form the Singapore Food Agency and the Animal & Veterinary Service under NParks in April 2019), National Environment Agency, and Singapore’s National Water Agency, was perceived to have facilitated the coordination and formulation of Singapore’s AMR strategies. Nonetheless, participants highlighted that the success of AMR strategies is compounded by various challenges such as surveillance in private clinics, resource constraints at community-level health facilities, sub-optimal public awareness, patchy regulation on antimicrobial use in animals, and environmental contamination. This study shows that the process of planning and executing AMR policies is complicated even in a well-resourced country such as Singapore. It has also highlighted the increasing need to address the social, political, cultural, and behavioral aspects influencing AMR. Ultimately, it will be difficult to design policy interventions that cater for the needs of individuals, families, and the community, unless we understand how all these aspects interact and shape the AMR response.
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Segaf Baharun. "Islamic Educational Thoughts of Tuan Guru Haji (TGH) Muhammad Sholeh Chambali (Tuan Guru Bengkel)." Al-Jadwa: Jurnal Studi Islam 1, no. 2 (March 28, 2022): 156–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.38073/aljadwa.v1i2.920.
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In every era, there are phenomenal events that impress people, full of astonishment and awe. In this context, admiration can be for objects, animals, or people so that it is referred to as "the center of attention/figure". What meant by a character by the author here is a person who has received general and broad recognition because of the depth of knowledge, piety, and noble character from the surrounding community or commonly called Ulama. In addition, there is still a lack of research participation by Indonesian Islamic education scholars on local Islamic education thinkers. Also, the possibility of conducting historical studies on local themes outside of economic and political aspects that have relevance to the life of the Indonesian nation, such as the thought of Islamic education, is expanding.
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Rodríguez, Pedro Rolando López, and Alberto Benitez Herrera. "Ethical and Bioethical Aspects in the Use of Stem Cells in Chronic Spinal Cord Injuries." International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews 10, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/179.
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One of the fundamental dogmas maintained in neuroscience until the last century held that regeneration of the nervous system cannot occur in stages of adult life. However, it has been shown in several species during the postnatal stage and throughout life, that new neurons continue to be generated in some places in the human body. Objectives: The research was: to evaluate ethical and bioethical aspects in patients who were treated with an autologous stem cell implant in chronic spinal cord injuries. Method. An analysis is made of the ethical aspects that accompany the implantation of autologous stem cells in chronic spinal cord injuries. The results are evaluated at the "Enrique Cabrera" Surgical Clinical Teaching Hospital. Results: Ethical dilemmas are expressed and that have, among their relevant principles, the inviolability of human life. In higher animals, stem cells according to their evolutionary state can be embryonic and somatic or adult. Currently there is an extraordinary controversy about which stem cells to use from embryonic or adult ones, a debate in which both scientific, ethical, religious, social and political aspects have been included. One aspect of the scientific debate is related to the generative capacity of tumors by embryonic cells. From the ethical point of view, it has been argued that the use of human embryonic stem cells implies the destruction of embryos and it has been considered that life begins at the same moment of the union of the sperm with the ovum and that this would be equivalent to the destruction of a human life which would not be justifiable. Others do not agree with these criteria and argue that their use to save lives through research or therapy would be justified. Conclusions The physical disability produced by a chronic spinal cord injury raises an ethical dilemma about the use of stem cells, anticipating that the main controversy about this action has to do fundamentally with the way in which they are obtained.
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Givens, D. I. "The role of animal nutrition in improving the nutritive value of animal-derived foods in relation to chronic disease." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 64, no. 3 (August 2005): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2005448.
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Foods derived from animals are an important source of nutrients in the diet; for example, milk and meat together provide about 60 and 55% of the dietary intake of Ca and protein respectively in the UK. However, certain aspects of some animal-derived foods, particularly their fat and saturated fatty acid (SFA) contents, have led to concerns that these foods substantially contribute to the risk of CVD, the metabolic syndrome and other chronic diseases. In most parts of Europe dairy products are the greatest single dietary source of SFA. The fatty acid composition of various animal-derived foods is, however, not constant and can, in many cases, be enhanced by animal nutrition. In particular, milk fat with reduced concentrations of the C12–16SFA and an increased concentration of 18:1 MUFA is achievable, although enrichment with very-long-chainn-3 PUFA is much less efficient. However, there is now evidence that some animal-derived foods (notably milk products) contain compounds that may actively promote long-term health, and research is urgently required to fully characterise the benefits associated with the consumption of these compounds and to understand how the levels in natural foods can be enhanced. It is also vital that the beneficial effects are not inadvertently destroyed in the process of reducing the concentrations of SFA. In the future the role of animal nutrition in creating foods closer to the optimum composition for long-term human health is likely to become increasingly important, but production of such foods on a scale that will substantially affect national diets will require political and financial incentives and great changes in the animal production industry.
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Suh, Nam Pyo. "Axiomatic Design and Design Thinking in Humanities and Social Sciences in the 21st Century." MATEC Web of Conferences 223 (2018): 01025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822301025.
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Since the Industrial Revolution (IR), science and technology have advanced at an ever-accelerating rate. In a mere 250 years since IR, advances in science and technology have changed nearly all aspects of humanity. Before IR, people and animals were used as the primary source of power and energy. After IR, steam engines and other power sources replaced human and animal power, which ultimately changed the economic and political structure of many nations and the world. Now, the world is undergoing socio-economic transformation due to information technology and will soon enter the age of biological revolution. These and other advances in science and technology are likely to accelerate, creating both opportunities and some unanticipated risks to humanity. To ascertain that the technological changes result in positive outcomes for humanity and society, more research in humanities and social sciences is needed so as to complement the advances being made in natural sciences and technology. The question raised in this paper is: “Can Axiomatic Design and design thinking be applied in the fields of humanities and social sciences so as to create imaginative societal solutions in the technology era?” Design examples are given that show how AD can be applied in non-technical fields.
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Crittenden, P. D. "Aspects of the ecology of mat-forming lichens." Rangifer 20, no. 2-3 (March 1, 2000): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.20.2-3.1508.
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Lichen species in the genera Cladonia (subgenus Cladina), Cetraria, Stereocaulon and Alectoria are important vegetation components on well-drained terrain and on elevated micro-sites in peatlands in boreal-Arctic regions. These lichens often form closed mats, the component thalli in which grow vertically upwards at the apices and die off in the older basal regions; they are therefore only loosely attached to the underlying soil. This growth habit is relatively unusual in lichens being found in <0.5% of known species. It might facilitate internal nutrienr recycling and higher growth rates and, together with the production of allelochemicals, it might underlie the considerable ecological success of mat-forming lichens; experiments to critically assess the importance of these processes are required. Mat-forming lichens can constitute in excess of 60% of the winter food intake of caribou and reindeer. Accordingly there is a pressing need for data on lichen growth rates, measured as mass increment, in order to help determine the carrying capacity of winter ranges for rhese herbivores and to better predict recovery rates following grazing. Trampling during the snow-free season fragments lichen thalli; mat-forming lichens regenerate very successfully from thallus fragments provided trampling does nor re-occur. Frequent recurrence of trampling creates disturbed habitats from which lichens will rapidly become eliminated consistent with J.P. Grime's CSR strategy theory. Such damage to lichen ground cover has occurred where reindeer or caribou are unable to migrate away from their winter range such as on small islands or where political boundaries have been fenced; it can also occur on summer range that contains a significant lichen component and on winter range where numbers of migrarory animals become excessive. Species of Stereocaulon, and other genera that contain cyanobacteria (most notably Peltigera and Nephroma), are among the principal agents of nitrogen fixation in boreal-arctic regions. Stereocaulon-dominated subarctic woodlands provide excellent model systems in which to investigate the role of lichens in nitrogen cycling. Mat-forming lichens are sensitive indicators of atmospheric deposition partly because they occur in open situations in which they intercept precipitation and particulates directly with minimal modification by vascular plant overstoreys. Data from both the UK and northern Russia are presented to illustrate geographical relationships between lichen chemistry and atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and acidity. The ecology of mat-fotming lichens remains under-researched and good opportunities exist for making significant contributions to this field including areas that relate directly to the management of arctic ungulates.
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Santamaría, Marco Antonio. "Our Co(s)mic Origins: Theogonies in Greek Comedy." Archiv für Religionsgeschichte 21-22, no. 1 (December 2, 2020): 369–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arege-2020-0019.
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AbstractThis article focuses on the four theogonies which are documented in some texts and testimonies of Old and Middle Greek Comedy, namely in Cratinus’ Cheirons (frs. 258 – 259 PCG), in which Pericles and Aspasia are disguised as Zeus and Hera; Aristophanes’ Birds (693 – 703), a celebrated narration of the origins of these animals, presented as older than the gods; Antiphanes’ Anthropogony, on the births of several gods and humankind; and the disagreement between Cronus and Rhea in the fragment of an anonymous play of Middle Comedy (adespota fr. 1062 PCG). In these theogonies several aspects will be analyzed: the gods or characters whose genealogy or birth is mentioned, the means of parody of the traditional literary form of theogony, and the political and social implications present in the first two fragments, in order to offer a complete picture of the theogonies in Greek comedy and their functions according to their context.