Journal articles on the topic 'Animals and civilization Rome'
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1
Kruk, Emil. "Industrial Breeding of Animals: Legal and Ethical Issues." Białostockie Studia Prawnicze 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 185–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/bsp.2021.26.03.10.
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Abstract The main purpose of this article is to discuss the basic legal and axiological problems that are associated with technological advances in animal rearing and breeding. The implementation of this research task required, first and foremost, the definition of the concept of ‘welfare’ and the identification of basic legal provisions determining the welfare of livestock in Poland. Moreover, the article addresses the ethical aspect of the problems associated with the implementation of modern animal welfare technologies, including the role of Christianity in shaping moral attitudes in this area. The paper is also an attempt to define the level of public awareness about the need to protect animals and the perception of problems related to the intensification of livestock production. The need to address the issue stems, above all, from the fact that human life and our attitudes towards animals are changing with the development of civilization. In any event, the changes that have taken place in this area over the past decades make the problem topical and lead to a reflection on the welfare of animals kept in industrial farming conditions. It is assumed that the research carried out will contribute to the development of an optimal legal model for the protection of livestock. Even the mere dissemination of the results will raise public awareness of the humanitarian protection of animals, which is one of the preconditions for further progress in civilization.
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STEPANOV, V. N. "NEW ECONOMIC, ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL ORDER - THE WAY TO A NEW CIVILIZATION." Economic innovations 24, no. 3(84) (September 20, 2022): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2022.24.3(84).103-110.
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Topicality. The steady increase of tension in the world, defined by sociologists and politicians as a "global risk society", is one of the main features of the development of modern civilization.The problematization of modern society is moving in the direction of exacerbating the global problems of human life (demography, food, drinking water, ecology, climate change, pandemics, etc.); an increase in the potential for conflict and crisis (military-political, interethnic and religious conflicts, an increase in the gap between rich and poor, an increase in nationalism, radical fundamentalism, etc.).
Aim and tasks. The aim of the work is to discuss: topical issues of modern transformations, which are acquiring a stable character of the systemic crisis of society, defined by politicians as a civilizational crisis; to consider the priority directions of the strategy for overcoming the crisis. The anti-crisis strategy is based on the ideologemes of development of a new international economic, ecological and social order, focused on the formation of a new civilization.
Research results. The paper assesses the trends of modern negative transformations, which take the form of various challenges and provoke countless threats and dangers for human life and the sustainable development of the world community as a whole. Increasing the intensity of use of the natural habitat of humans and animals is considered one of the main threats to the environment. The paradigm of the development of the "new world", "new international order" (NIO) as an imperative strategy for overcoming the civilizational crisis is considered. Attention is drawn to the features of such basic components of the NIO as the "new international economic order", the new "environmental (economic-environmental) order", "the new social order". In the context of the NIO, issues of enhancing the role of the UN, other international organizations and the international community as a whole in solving the problems of survival and sustainable development are being discussed.
Conclusion. The paper argues that the development of an integrated "new international order" will serve as the basis for the formation of a new civilization of the approaching era of artificial intelligence. The analytical generalizations of the problems of modern globalization and the aggravation of crisis phenomena carried out in this paper provide grounds for the assertion that effective solutions to the tasks of ensuring security and sustainable development of human survival are connected with the formation of international order (NIO) - economic, environmental and social. The implementation of the NIO on the principles of noospherization and artificial intelligence will be the basis for the formation of a new prosperous civilization.
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Zaťko, Roman. "Symbolism of the Eagle and Jaguar in the Novel City of the Beasts by Isabel Allende." Ethnologia Actualis 20, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 70–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eas-2021-0004.
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Abstract The following article is concerned with the analysis of the symbols of eagle and jaguar in the native cultures from the Amazon area, which, have inspired, among others, Chilean author Isabel Allende in her novel City of the Beasts. The animal motives become an integral part of the cultural tradition of the South American indigenous tribes that the author mentions. Legends and myths that the inhabitants of the rainforest keep to this day often describe the relation between person's life and the surrounding nature. In this respect, eagle and jaguar play an important role. From an anthropological point of view, the native peoples of the Amazon are closely tied with these animals. Their culture contains customs and rituals in which they imitate these worshipped animals. The aim of these rituals is to acquire animal hunting skills and strength. In literature, this connection can be even stronger. There are occasionally marriages between an eagle or jaguar and human characters, who live side by side. Such connection is not possible with other animals like sloths or monkeys. The reason for this is primarily the fact that only jaguars and eagles make living in a similar fashion to human characters of native myths. They hunt like people, eat what humans do and they share the same hunting grounds and habitat. In the novel, Isabel Allende refers to the jaguar and eagle as totem animals. They are symbols of profound connection between humans and nature. In the course of the story, the eagle and jaguar accompany the young heroes Alexander Cold and his friend Nadia on their initiation journey through the forest. At the end of the story, the young couple comes back to the civilization to convey the message of the indigenous people of Amazon, seeking an end of the bloodshed these tribes face.
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meena, D. C. "Role of Livestock Sector in Sustainable Livelihood Security in Yamuna Ravine Area of Uttar Pradesh." Indian Research Journal of Extension Education 22, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54986/irjee/2022/jul_sep/10-17.
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Livestock has been an integral part of human life since civilization started. It provides enormous opportunities to bring required growth in agriculture and households income, especially in remote and poor endowed regions. Ravines are the worst forms of land degradation caused by water erosion. The households those residents within ravine areas have low socio-economical status compared to residents of outside ravine areas. The present study explored the role of livestock in agriculture and households income in Yamuna ravine areas using both primary and secondary data. Further, this study also attempted for economic analysis of livestock and to identify signifi cant factors that infl uence the households' decision to rear livestock. The livestock (particularly buff alo) contributed substantially to the household's income. Hence crop-livestock mixed farming could produce worthy results for farmers and the growth of the agriculture sector. The small ruminants per household were found less in the study areas. However, these ruminants have tremendous potential to enhance farmers' income, particularly landless, marginal, and women farmers in ravine areas. Hence rearing of small ruminants should encourage. The milk productivity of animals was low in study areas compared to country levels. The results of the logit econometric model show that household age, family size, land holdings, irrigated area, and own ravine land were signifi cant factors for the household's decision to rear livestock. Therefore, supportive technical, institutional, and policy initiatives for improvement in breeds, animal health care, quality feed & fodder availability, and veterinary extension services are required for improving the productivity of the animal.
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Paul, P. K., R. R. Sinha, A. Bhuimali, P. S. Aithal, and Ricardo Saavedra. "A Study on Emerging Methods and Ways in Agricultural Sciences: With Reference to Organic Farming." Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology 9, no. 1 (May 5, 2020): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajeat-2020.9.1.1081.
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Agricultural Sciences is an Applied Science but has its touch with social science due to its nature. It uses various kinds of tools, techniques, procedure, methods, principles of science; that is responsible for the cultivation of plants, crops, vegetables, livestock as well as animals. Agriculture is dedicated to the sedentary human civilization and by this people can meet their food demand. As far as the history of agriculture it is noted that agriculture as a concept emerged thousands of years before about 105,000 years ago and regarding the nascent farmers, it was about 11,500 years ago. Initially, animals were not considered within this but gradually various animals such as pigs, sheep and cattle became part of agricultural sciences since 10, 000 years ago. Farming normally considered as the cultivation in a small area whereas Agriculture is treated for a large area with huge place and expenditure. In today’s context, about 11 regions of the world are cultivating commercially. Agriculture as an interdisciplinary field is concerned with various disciplines and subjects; and this trend is growing rapidly. There are diverse areas and emerging nomenclatures emerged in Agriculture viz. Chemical Agriculture, Green revolution & Agriculture, Genetic engineering-based Agriculture, Organic Agriculture /Farming, Corporate Agriculture /Farming, Vertical Farming /Agriculture, etc. This paper is theoretical and empirical in nature. It analyzed various aspects of agriculture with special reference to the aspects, features, role, and emergence of three emerging types of agriculture viz. Organic Agriculture.
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You, Xinzhe. "Animal Vision and Life Consciousness—‘Horse’ in D. H. Lawrence’s 1920s Short Stories." English Language and Literature Studies 11, no. 2 (May 30, 2021): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v11n2p78.
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D. H. Lawrence is seeking for the consciousness of life throughout his lifelong creation; he resorts to animals that bear closer connections with nature mainly in the 1920s. Based on three short stories which mention ‘horse’ in the title, “The Horse-dealer’s daughter” (1922), “The Woman Who Rode Away” (1925) and “The Rocking-horse Winner” (1926), this essay illustrates how horses function as Lawrence’s pastoral ideal, pursuit for the primitive and shape of humanity. From the background that represents the past agricultural lifestyle to a life vehicle that carries the woman to freedom, and finally to a symbol with fantasy that mirrors crises in human relations, Lawrence’s deepening attention towards the ‘horse’ belabors his life pursuit of the primitive and balances between the binary oppositions of animality and humanity, finding for modern people a way out of distortions under industrialization and civilization.
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Babayan, I. V. "At the Fork in the Path of Conceptual Understanding of the Role of Siberia in the Formation of a New World Order. Book review: Civilization mission of Siberia: from technogenic-consumer to spiritual-ecological strategy of global and regional development: monograph (group of authors; edited by A.V. Ivanov) – Barnaul: New format, 2022." Siberian Journal of Philosophy 20, no. 2 (November 17, 2022): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2541-7517-2022-20-2-193-200.
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In a review of the collective monograph «Civilization mission of Siberia: from technogenic-consumer to spiritual-ecological strategy of global and regional development», edited by Professor A. V. Ivanov, the author argues with the researchers on a number of key issues, including the system-forming role of the Russian state in the development of Eurasian civilization, nationalitis policy of the former Soviet republics, national and cultural identity. The authors of the monograph focus on the problems of defining the concept of «Greater Eurasia», the civilizational tasks of Russia in the integration of Greater Eurasia. The methodological basis of the fundamental and applied research of the mission of Siberia is the synthesis of the diachronic and synchronic aspects of the civilizational approach.
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Jones, Tom B., and H. W. F. Saggs. "Civilization before Greece and Rome." Journal of the American Oriental Society 111, no. 4 (October 1991): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/603436.
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Ramage, Andrew, and H. W. F. Saggs. "Civilization before Greece and Rome." Classical World 84, no. 5 (1991): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4350874.
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Powell, Marvin A., and H. W. F. Saggs. "Civilization before Greece and Rome." American Historical Review 95, no. 4 (October 1990): 1171. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2163525.
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Chavalas, Mark W. "Civilization before Greece and Rome." History: Reviews of New Books 20, no. 1 (July 1991): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1991.9949486.
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Mlambo, Victor, and Caven M. Mnisi. "Optimizing ruminant production systems for sustainable intensification, human health, food security and environmental stewardship." Outlook on Agriculture 48, no. 2 (March 31, 2019): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727019840758.
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Whereas the contribution of ruminants to human civilization remains unequivocal, there are concerns regarding the unintended negative consequences of rearing these animals for food. These concerns range from the ruminant’s contribution to greenhouse gas emissions to negative impacts of its products on the health of consumers. Rearing ruminants for food is thus seen as the root cause of ills such as climate change, species extinction, deforestation, food insecurity, cardiovascular disease, obesity, cancer and diabetes. Indeed, critics of ruminant production envision a future where humanity does not have to rely on animal products for food. They are convinced that this would be the panacea to food and nutrition insecurity, environmental pollution and meat-induced nutritional disorders and diseases in humans. The critics seem to be unaware of the wide diversity of ruminant production systems in use as well as the array of benefits that can be derived from these enterprises. For instance, there are large human communities that inhabit climatically hostile areas, which have no food crop production potential. Food and nutrition needs of these communities are largely dependent on nourishment provided by products and income derived from ruminants and other herbivores. The aim of this review article is to interrogate the validity of the concerns around the use of ruminants for food and highlight appropriate strategies and technologies that may be applied to mitigate some of these challenges. We conclude that solutions already exist that have the potential to deliver efficient, environmentally friendly and consumer-conscious ruminant production systems based on high standards of animal welfare. Such sustainable production systems will ensure that ruminants continue to play a crucial role in food and nutrition security of humans as they have done for millennia.
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Liyaqat, Affiefa. "Ecological Management and Indian Ethos - A Review." International Journal of Health and Medicine 2, no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24178/ijhm.2017.2.3.12.
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Environment plays a very significant role in human civilization. Human beings have close relations with the biosphere in which they live. The whole environment and ecology consisting of earth, air, water, plants and animals provide the necessary and sufficient conditions for sustaining human life. The last few centuries have been dominated by human beings, and are referred to by some scholars as ‘anthropocene’, or a period of human domination over the planet. This domination has impacted the planet, leading to the rapid depletion of wildlife and their habitat. In the last few decades, growing human populations and their consumption levels, accompanied by greater need for water, electricity, metal, food, housing and other luxury items has led to the quick erosion of other species. This loss of species has been guesstimated by various scholars at anywhere between one per hour to one per day. Although human beings are considered the most intelligent life form on earth, they are responsible for most of the damage done to planet earth. Developing countries as well as developed countries alike are all suffering from environmental pollution. Therefore, today environmental problems have been the object of discussion everywhere from village to parliament.
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Jacobus, Mary. "Freud's Roman Holiday: Dismembering Civilization and its Discontents." Psychoanalysis and History 20, no. 2 (August 2018): 137–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/pah.2018.0256.
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Freud's Civilization and its Discontents (1930) reveals the dynamics of dismemberment or death drive within Freud's text and literary interpretation. Freud's main source for his archeological analogy derives from Lanciani, exponent of the destruction of ancient Rome. Lanciani argued that man was responsible for the destruction of Rome: Freud argues that civilization is responsible for man's unhappiness. Freud's archeological sources cannot help but be read by today's readers in the light of the later destruction of European civilization, especially Jewish civilization, during World War II. Freud's pre-World War II text thus manifests a form of Nachträglichkeit or traumatic return of the past in the future.
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de Araujo Goes, Vanessa, Yusuf Amuda Tajudeen, and Mona Said El-Sherbini. "The Correlations among Dietary Lifestyle, Microecology, and Mind-Altering Toxoplasmosis on the Health of People, Place, and the Planet." Challenges 13, no. 2 (December 5, 2022): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/challe13020063.
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Being one of the most common foodborne protozoa worldwide, chronic toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) could contribute significantly to the etiology of several mental disorders. The neurotropic parasite can directly influence the gut microbiota, causing inflammation with subsequent degradation of tryptophan required for parasite growth. Research in humans and animals shows that the gut microbiome is involved in the regulation of brain serotonergic pathways through the microbiota–gut–brain axis. Since the serotonin system is extensively interconnected with the body’s master clock through neuronal networks, the microbiota has been suggested as a potential mediator, fine-tuning circadian misalignment, following a reciprocal relationship with human eating patterns. Furthermore, adherence to an intermittent fasting diet can improve the serotonin biosynthesis pathway in the intestines and improve cognitive function. This review aims to explain the role of fasting in parasite-driven gut microbiome perturbation and the mechanisms by which Toxoplasma infection alters brain function. Due to its significant impact on social–economic status, diet patterns, microbiota disruption, circadian rhythm, chronic inflammation, and mental disorders, toxoplasmosis is an underestimated threat that could be prevented by simple lifestyle changes through educational actions. Furthermore, there are few research studies that address toxoplasmosis-induced mental disorders from a holistic perspective. Thus, a planetary health lens is needed to understand these correlations that directly relate to the promotion of a resilient and empathic civilization, crucial to enabling a flourishing healthy society on all scales.
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Alford, Garth. "Civilization before Greece and Rome. H. W. Saggs." Biblical Archaeologist 55, no. 4 (December 1992): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3210322.
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Natunewicz, Chester F., Michael Grant, and Rachel Kitzinger. "Civilization of the Ancient Mediterranean: Greece and Rome." Classical World 83, no. 1 (1989): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4350526.
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Donlan, Walter, Michael Grant, and Rachel Kitzinger. "Civilization of the Ancient Mediterranean: Greece and Rome." American Historical Review 95, no. 2 (April 1990): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2163783.
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Jain, Jayanti, Ritu Kapoor, and Manoj Adlakha. "PURIFICATION OF AIR BY LAKSHAHARIDRAADI YOGA AND SOME MEASURES TO REVERSE THE IMPACT OF POLLUTED AIR." International Ayurvedic Medical Journal 9, no. 9 (October 16, 2021): 2201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj4309092021.
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Environment plays a very significant role in human civilization. Human beings have close relations with the bio- sphere in which they live. The whole environment and ecology consisting of earth, air, water, plants and animals provide the necessary and sufficient conditions for sustaining human life. In Yajurveda and Vedic sages pure wa- ter, air etc. are the roots to good health and happiness and hence they considered all these as gods. The Vedic peo- ple desired to live a life of hundred years and this wish can be fulfilled only when the environment will be unpol- luted, clean, and peaceful. Today, the environmental crisis is a tremendous problem for the whole world as it is suffering from environmental pollution. Therefore, today environmental problems have been the object of discus- sion everywhere from village to parliament. Air Pollution is by far the most rapidly growing problem of modern technological society. Although the world has already addressed this issue and has also taken steps to minimize it a lot more than this is needed. The damage which our hunger for ease of living had already caused is irreparable by just making laws, rules & regulations. We need strong implementation of it as well as general awareness and contribution from everyone. Ayurveda can play a vital role in fighting this battle for cleaning the air and minimiz- ing air pollution; it could even emerge as ‘SanjeevaniBooti’. There's no need of proving the worth of Vedic science to our society as it is now worldwide accepted and part of everyone’s life. Recent Ayurveda studies have shown positive results in dealing effectively with the evil of air pollution.
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Ochonicky, Adam. "“A Better Civilization” through Tourism." Nineteenth-Century Literature 70, no. 2 (September 1, 2015): 221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2015.70.2.221.
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Adam Ochonicky, “‘A Better Civilization’ through Tourism: Cultural Appropriation in The Marble Faun” (pp. 221–237) This essay argues that Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Marble Faun: Or, The Romance of Monte Beni (1860) is an attempt to situate the United States within a lineage of “great” nations via the depiction of tourism abroad in the nineteenth century. In The Marble Faun, Hawthorne suggests that the historical legacies of nations are dependent on the production of art objects, literature, and cultural sites that demonstrate the sophistication of a given national identity. As such, the novel’s narrative revolves around the experiences of a pair of American artists, Hilda and Kenyon, during their stay in Rome. Hawthorne continually emphasizes the duo’s remarkable skills as evaluators and copyists of Italian art in order to legitimize their—and, by proxy, the United States’—appropriation of Italy’s culture and historical stature. Throughout the novel, Hawthorne disparages the degraded state of then-contemporary Rome, while elevating the comparatively youthful United States as the rightful inheritor of Italy’s illustrious past. Essentially, by situating critical work on the nineteenth-century “realm of leisure” alongside twenty-first-century theories of tourism, this essay provides a framework for understanding the complex interconnections between transnational tourism and the development of American cultural identity in The Marble Faun.
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Schulh, James V. "A Latitude for Statesmanship? Strauss on St. Thomas." Review of Politics 53, no. 1 (1991): 126–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670500050233.
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Leo Strauss often spoke of Jerusalem and Athens. He never spoke of Rome in the same context, never of Jerusalem, Athens, and Rome. Western civilization, in his view, was fertilized by the dynamic tension between only two, not three, cities. This theoretically unresolvable stress between Jerusalem and Athens was what made this culture unique. Western civilization stood between reason and revelation. For Strauss, it seemed self-evident that this tension, which initially arose when the pious Jews encountered the philosophers Plato and Aristotle, was incapable of intellectual reconciliation but still it remained the font of its cultural vitality.
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Sartin, Gustavo H. S. S. "The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization." Mare Nostrum (São Paulo) 2, no. 2 (December 28, 2011): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2177-4218.v2i2p122-124.
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Pohl, W. "The Fall Of Rome and the End of Civilization." English Historical Review CXXIV, no. 506 (February 1, 2009): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cen393.
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Gilks, David. "Civilization and Its Discontents." French Historical Studies 45, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 481–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00161071-9746615.
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Abstract This article reinterprets Antoine Quatremère de Quincy's Letters on the Plan to Abduct the Monuments of Italy (1796). In response to official justifications that seizing cultural patrimony was France's civilizing mission, Quatremère argued that civilization required all nations to leave Rome intact and respect eighteenth-century conventions. The article shows how he attempted to make his work acceptable to republican readers by using a language uncharacteristic of his other writings and by mimicking the concept of a singular and secular civilization that was central to the post-Thermidorian Republic's identity. The Letters was part of the broader strategy of the royalist Clichy club to make republicans question the Republic. However, informed contemporaries saw through his conceit: they discerned an attack on the Directory in his description of how the papacy nourished and protected the civilization but endangered it in practice. Cet article propose une nouvelle lecture des Lettres sur le déplacement des monuments de l'art de l'Italie (1796). Au discours officiel qui justifiait la saisie du patrimoine culturel de l'Italie vaincue au nom de la mission civilisatrice de la France, Quatremère oppose l'idée que c'est justement au nom de la civilisation que Rome doit être protégée et qu'il faut respecter les droits des nations tels qu'on les a définis au XVIIIe siècle. Quatremère s'est efforcé de présenter son texte de manière à le rendre acceptable aux lecteurs républicains : pour ce faire, il a eu recours à un langage très différent de celui de ses autres écrits, et il a fait semblant d'adhérer à l'idée de la civilisation unique et laïque au cœur de l'idéologie de la République post-Thermidorienne. Malgré ces efforts, les lecteurs avertis ont décelé son stratagème qui consiste à attaquer le Directoire tout en faisant de la papauté la vraie protectrice d'une civilisation que la République affirme défendre mais attaque en réalité. Les Lettres apparaissent ainsi comme un des éléments de la stratégie des Clichyens pour amener les républicains à remettre en question la République elle-même.
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Lee, Jeong-Min. "Lex Salica, connecting Rome with Frankish Kingdom." Korea Association of World History and Culture 64 (September 30, 2022): 157–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32961/jwhc.2022.09.64.157.
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It is said that the ‘Lex Salica’ is the codification by the latin succeeding the Roman civilization, at the same time, bearing the traditional customs and the original culture of the Franks. From the beginning of the Frankish kingdom to the empire of Carolus Magnus, because the Lex Salica enables us to recognize the society of the Franks, the Gallo Romans and the others in the Franksh kingdom, it is very precious archives to solve the difficulties for understanding the history between the fall of Roman Empire and the opening of Frankish kingdom as well as the early medieval western civiliztion. In this article, it aims to follow the roles of the Franks leading their history and their civilization not only their original customs but also the Roman inheritance encouraging the germnination of the medieval age. Let us read the challenge and the strategy of the Frankish kings for the making the new epoch with the Lex Salica, not causing the old historic argument between the Romania and the Germania. (Gyeonsang National University)
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Sharma, Shivani, and Vandana Bharti. "A COLOR THAT COMMUNICATES WITHOUT A WORD – “WHITE”." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 2, no. 3SE (December 31, 2014): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v2.i3se.2014.3550.
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The meaning of color white is purity, innocence, wholeness and completeness. It is the color produced by the combination of all the colors of visible spectrum.The color white belongs to ancient history. During the Paleolithic age, the artists used calcite and in chalk in their paintings. Egyptians connected it with their goddess Isis,who only dressed in white linen and hence used to wrap mummies.White was often associated with mother’s milk, in Greek mythology .White is the color of the human eye sees when it senses light which contains all the wave lengths of the visible spectrum. Mostly white animals have their color as a form of camouflage in winter such as dove,ivory gull,swans,arctic fox, white pearls produced by mollusk and when talking of its horrifying side it symbolizes ghosts and phantoms in many cultures/civilization. In India, white is worn on various rituals and often associated with sadness especially when somebody dies. Unlike other things, white also plays an important role in our diet.White is associated with the top of the color spectrumand, inAsian medicine, with strengthening to the lungs and large intestines .White fruits and vegetables contain nutrients such as beta-glucans, EGCG, SDG, and lignans that provide powerful immune boosting activity. These nutrients also activate natural killer B and T cells, reduce the risk of colon, breast, and prostate cancers, and balance hormone levels, reducing the risk of hormone-related cancers.White foods are often rich in sulfur and Quercetin. May reduce the risk of cancer and help the body get rid of cancer causing chemicals.e.g. buckwheat, cauliflower ,coconut, garlic, green onion, millet,mushrooms, sunflower seeds, tofu, white beans, corn, white eggplant, white radishes.
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Yiğit, Ali, and Aşkın Yaşar. "Organik Hayvansal Üretim için Tedavide Alternatif Yöntemler: Bir Baytarname İncelemesi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 13 (December 18, 2017): 1679. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i12.1590-1594.1540.
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Manuscripts, containing thousands of years of information and experiences about the treatment of diseases of other animal species, mostly horses, are known by different names such as baitarname, esbname, haylname and bazname. These authentic works, which were also established during the Islamic Civilization period, also bear the traces of different civilizations such as Ancient Egypt, Ancient India and Ancient Greek. With this study, it was aimed to shed light on the evaluation of these manuscripts which have thousands of years of knowledge in terms of treatment and preventive medicine in organic animal production. The main material of the work is originated of a manuscript work conducted as a doctoral thesis and of information on the subject. In addition, books, theses, researches and compilation studies that can be reached within the scope of the subject and which were studied before were also evaluated. In these study, it is observed that the use of herbal, animal and mineral resources as medicines in the treatment, as well as the applications of phlebotomization and cauterization are among the treatment methods. Increased pharmacological, toxicological and clinical trials on herbal, animal and mineral drugs, which are accepted as a complementary role even if they are not alternative, could be a valuable source of organic animal production for which artificial drug use is prohibited or restricted.
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Yiğit, Ali, and Aşkın Yaşar. "Organik Hayvansal Üretim için Tedavide Alternatif Yöntemler: Bir Baytarname İncelemesi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 13 (December 18, 2017): 1679. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i13.1679-1683.1540.
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Manuscripts, containing thousands of years of information and experiences about the treatment of diseases of other animal species, mostly horses, are known by different names such as baitarname, esbname, haylname and bazname. These authentic works, which were also established during the Islamic Civilization period, also bear the traces of different civilizations such as Ancient Egypt, Ancient India and Ancient Greek. With this study, it was aimed to shed light on the evaluation of these manuscripts which have thousands of years of knowledge in terms of treatment and preventive medicine in organic animal production. The main material of the work is originated of a manuscript work conducted as a doctoral thesis and of information on the subject. In addition, books, theses, researches and compilation studies that can be reached within the scope of the subject and which were studied before were also evaluated. In these study, it is observed that the use of herbal, animal and mineral resources as medicines in the treatment, as well as the applications of phlebotomization and cauterization are among the treatment methods. Increased pharmacological, toxicological and clinical trials on herbal, animal and mineral drugs, which are accepted as a complementary role even if they are not alternative, could be a valuable source of organic animal production for which artificial drug use is prohibited or restricted.
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Yiğit, Ali, and Aşkın Yaşar. "Organik Hayvansal Üretim için Tedavide Alternatif Yöntemler: Bir Baytarname İncelemesi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 13 (December 22, 2017): 1696. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i13.1696-1699.1540.
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Manuscripts, containing thousands of years of information and experiences about the treatment of diseases of other animal species, mostly horses, are known by different names such as baitarname, esbname, haylname and bazname. These authentic works, which were also established during the Islamic Civilization period, also bear the traces of different civilizations such as Ancient Egypt, Ancient India and Ancient Greek. With this study, it was aimed to shed light on the evaluation of these manuscripts which have thousands of years of knowledge in terms of treatment and preventive medicine in organic animal production. The main material of the work is originated of a manuscript work conducted as a doctoral thesis and of information on the subject. In addition, books, theses, researches and compilation studies that can be reached within the scope of the subject and which were studied before were also evaluated. In these study, it is observed that the use of herbal, animal and mineral resources as medicines in the treatment, as well as the applications of phlebotomization and cauterization are among the treatment methods. Increased pharmacological, toxicological and clinical trials on herbal, animal and mineral drugs, which are accepted as a complementary role even if they are not alternative, could be a valuable source of organic animal production for which artificial drug use is prohibited or restricted.
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Yiğit, Ali, and Aşkın Yaşar. "Organik Hayvansal Üretim için Tedavide Alternatif Yöntemler: Bir Baytarname İncelemesi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 13 (December 22, 2017): 1696. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i13.1696-1700.1540.
Full textAbstract:
Manuscripts, containing thousands of years of information and experiences about the treatment of diseases of other animal species, mostly horses, are known by different names such as baitarname, esbname, haylname and bazname. These authentic works, which were also established during the Islamic Civilization period, also bear the traces of different civilizations such as Ancient Egypt, Ancient India and Ancient Greek. With this study, it was aimed to shed light on the evaluation of these manuscripts which have thousands of years of knowledge in terms of treatment and preventive medicine in organic animal production. The main material of the work is originated of a manuscript work conducted as a doctoral thesis and of information on the subject. In addition, books, theses, researches and compilation studies that can be reached within the scope of the subject and which were studied before were also evaluated. In these study, it is observed that the use of herbal, animal and mineral resources as medicines in the treatment, as well as the applications of phlebotomization and cauterization are among the treatment methods. Increased pharmacological, toxicological and clinical trials on herbal, animal and mineral drugs, which are accepted as a complementary role even if they are not alternative, could be a valuable source of organic animal production for which artificial drug use is prohibited or restricted.
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Fangi, G., C. Nardinocchi, and G. Rubeca. "“CENTOCHIESE”: A HUNDRED CHURCHES IN ROME. AN ARCHIVAL PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PROJECT." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W15 (August 22, 2019): 457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w15-457-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Rome is the city where two different cultures have found their greatest architectural achievement, the Latin civilization and the Christian civilization. It is for this reason that in Rome there is the greatest concentration in the world of Roman buildings, monuments and Christian buildings and churches. Rome is the seat of the papacy; say the head of the Christian Church. Every religious order, every Christian nation has created its own headquarters in Rome, the most representative possible, as beautiful, magnificent as possible. The best artists, painters, sculptors, architects, have been called to Rome to create their masterpieces.This study describes the photogrammetric documentation of selected noteworthy churches in Rome. Spherical Photogrammetry is the technique used. The survey is limited to the facades only, being a very significant part of the monument and since no permission is necessary. In certain cases, also the church interior was documented. A total of 170 Churches were surveyed. The statistics that one can derive from such a large number is particularly meaningful. Rome is the ideal place to collect the largest possible number of such cases. This study was motivated by the desire to provide technicians, architects, engineers and students with a technique that is easy to use and accessible and to show the great potential of the used photogrammetric technique. This article is a prelude to a book where all the panoramas obtained will be presented and made available to a larger public. Guidelines and tools to plot the facades will also be made available.</p>
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Biddlestone, Jessica. "The Olive Grove of Rome." French Politics, Culture & Society 38, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 111–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fpcs.2020.380306.
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In 1892, the French resident general in Tunisia launched the first state-sponsored colonization effort in the Tunisian protectorate. Based on Paul Bourde’s study of ancient Roman agriculture, the colonization plan explicitly sought to remake Roman prosperity in central Tunisia by fostering the cultivation of olives. Examining Bourde’s study of the ancient past and his work as director of agriculture in Tunisia, this article explores the connections between the study of the Roman Empire and the development of colonialism in North Africa. In tracing this history, this article highlights how the study and use of Roman ruins in French Tunisia inspired an appreciation for the role that technology and material development played in supporting the spread of Roman civilization and culture.
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Sidorina, A. V. "Rome club and social transformations of the second half of the XX and the beginning of the XXI century." Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science 24, no. 4 (January 12, 2019): 188–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.24290/1029-3736-2018-24-4-188-205.
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The article analyzes the main prerequisites for the emergence and further development of the Сlub of Rome. The second half of the XX century is seen as a period of qualitative transformation of all aspects of social life. The emergence of the Сlub of Rome in this period is seen as a response to the ongoing transformation processes. Globalization and the scientific and technological revolution are becoming the basic prerequisites for the formation of global problems of human civilization. Global problems are being analyzed at the international community level. The first reports of the Club of Rome analyzed the global problems of our time in the context of “society — nature” with the using computer modeling methods. If the first reports were characterized only by an assessment of the current state of civilization and forecasting its further development (with an emphasis, as a rule, on pessimistic aspects), then the subsequent works of the members of the Club of Rome is characterized by an attempt to build a model out of the existing crisis and the further sustainable development of civilization. Th e second group of reports of the Сlub develops in the framework of the analysis of interaction in the system “society — individual”. This is partly due to the fact that social problems are becoming more acute, primarily the problem of confrontation between the “rich North and the poor South”. Within the framework of these works, the idea that modern global problems are not only environmental and economic problems, they are problems of political and institutional order, they are demographic, cultural, ideological, they are problems of the crisis of the basic value structures of modern civilization is gaining popularity. The authors of the reports lead us to the need to build a new ideological paradigm, which will be the basis of a new global ethics. The creation of a new ethics of international cooperation is considered as a basic and key condition for overcoming the existing crisis.
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Strechie, Mădălina. "Forms of Terrorism in Ancient Rome." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 25, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2019-0027.
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Abstract Terrorism is an old phenomenon in human civilization. Terminologically, it comes from Latin, but this scourge also fully manifested itself in Roman civilization, throughout its history. This study seeks to fill a bibliographic gap on this criminal phenomenon, most studies of it starting with the Middle Ages, without any reference to Ancient Rome, which is unfair, especially since Rome was confronted with this phenomenon, which it defined terminologically and to which it responded with the necessary force, thus transforming its defence policy. The first forms of terrorism emerged in Rome during the Kingdom, when, at the beginning of its political organization, Rome faced numerous terrorist manifestations, especially from outside the Roman state. The Gauls were, at the beginning of the Republic, genuine agents of terrorism in Rome through their plundering expeditions that caused real terror. Etruscan pirates were terrorists, too, for the Roman trade, the struggle of the plebeians and their withdrawal with barricades in order to obtain political rights meant real political terror at that time, then Spartacus’ revolt and his march which spread terror throughout Rome, the civil wars which bled Rome became genuine forms of internal terrorism, especially because of the assassination of Roman state leaders, as well as the corruption masterly unmasked by Cicero. The forms of external terrorism were also present, the most notorious episode being the Punic wars, in particular the war of Hannibal, the most effective terrorist for Rome, the Dacians’ plundering expeditions in the Roman garrisons in Moesia, the battles with the Parthians and the Britons are as many forms of the terrorism that Rome faced during its history, which compelled it into creating new forces capable of responding to this new way of fighting. We believe that the Praetorian Guard, with all its units, was the most effective counter-terrorist force in combating the terrorist phenomenon strongly manifested in Rome. Therefore Rome, knowing the phenomenon, defined it most precisely, a definition that still applies today.
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Los', Viktor A. "Responding to the Global Challenges of the Club of Rome: from “Limits to Growth” to “Sustainable Development”." Economic Strategies 144, no. 2 (182) (April 25, 2022): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33917/es-2.182.2022.52-65.
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The famous first report to the Club of Rome “The Limits то Growth” not only revealed strategic negative tendencies in the relationship of modern civilization with the natural environment, but also proposed a theoretical direction for overcoming them — “dynamic global equilibrium” (“zero growth”). The modern strategy of sustainable development is considered as a constructive response of civilization to the challenges of the realities of the “limits of growth” on the way of its advancement into the foreseeable future.
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Bertman, Stephen, and Henry V. Bender. "The Civilization of Ancient Rome: An Archaeological Perspective: Beginnings to Augustus." Classical World 81, no. 1 (1987): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4350150.
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Molodiakov, Vasily E. "“Defender of the West”: Henri Massis against Spengler, Hitler and Germany." Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 65 (March 1, 2020): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2020-0-4-235-245.
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This article analyzes the position on German civilization and different political regimes in Germany of the French conservative political philosopher Henri Massis (1886-1970). Catholic and French nationalist, follower of Maurice Barrès and Charles Maurras, Massis during all his life remained a Germanophobe and saw Germany, as well as Russia, not belonging to European civilization and being a dangerous enemies of the “West”. According to Massis ‘the West’ was limited to the Roman-Catholic part of Europe with France in the center, as the inheritor of Hellenized Christian Rome. Massis considered that civilization as the sole ‘authentic’ one. For many years Massis critisized the views of Oswald Spengler as representative of the “catastrophic theory of history” and precursor of national socialism.
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Berkson, Gershon. "Mental Disabilities in Western Civilization From Ancient Rome to the Prerogativa Regis." Mental Retardation 44, no. 1 (February 2006): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/0047-6765(2006)44[28:mdiwcf]2.0.co;2.
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von Staden, Heinrich. "Civilization of the Ancient Mediterranean: Greece and Rome. Michael Grant , Rachel Kitzinger." Isis 80, no. 1 (March 1989): 177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/354992.
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Vedriš, Trpimir. "Brian Ward-Perkins, The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization." Hortus Artium Medievalium 13, no. 1 (January 2007): 230–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.ham.2.305407.
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Caloian, Cezarina Florina. "The Hybrid Character - between the Representations of the Middle Ages and Today’s Art." Anastasis. Research in Medieval Culture and Art 7, no. 1 (May 29, 2020): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35218/armca.2020.1.07.
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This paper is a study of the fantastic character throughout the history of human civilization. This type of character has evolved from the hybrid creatures playing a divine role in the art of Assyro-Babylonian civilizations and of Ancient Egypt, to the monstrous characters of the Middle Ages which served as substitutes for sin and the force of evil, visible in the entrelacs of illuminated manuscripts or the gargoyles guarding the walls of Gothic cathedrals, to the characters of non-human origin in children’s book illustrations, and up to the characters found in fantasy films or today’s hybrids, who are in a perfect relationship with technological and cultural evolution. The paper discusses some original visions and working methods, from the slightly humorous portraits signed by Arcimboldo, the hybridization of animal kingdoms, in a much more tragic register, in the works of Hieronymus Bosch or the fantastic character used as a weapon of political and moral satire in the works of Goya and Grandville, to the unexpected, occult and mysterious visions of Ernst Fuchs’ creations or the imaginary universe populated by hybrid beings, of ‘extra-terrestrial origin, found in the works of HR Giger.
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Papaioannou, Sophia. "FOUNDER, CIVILIZER AND LEADER: VERGIL'S EVANDER AND HIS ROLE IN THE ORIGINS OF ROME." Mnemosyne 56, no. 6 (2003): 680–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852503772914131.
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AbstractContrary to the two other major Augustan writers who discussed the origins of Rome, Vergil's Roman prehistory centers on the presence of Evander. An involuntary exile from the East (Greek Arcadia) who settled in Latium and instilled civilization and laws among the Italians, Evander is a duplicate of Aeneas, a cultural ancestor and a model of leadership. Aeneas is instructed by the deities of Italy (Tiberinus) to pay a visit to Pallanteum, Evander's capital and the primordial site of Rome, in order to learn about the past and receive instructions about the future. His tour of proto-Rome, led by Evander, carries Aeneas through a series of monuments that span through Rome's entire history. Aeneas is guided to follow Evander's example, and Vergil, urging reevaluation of widespread anti-Hellenic prejudices, prominently underscores the seminal contribution of Greece to the cultural and political origins of Rome.
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Ziółkowska-Weiss, Kamila, Mariusz Szubert, and Karol Bożek. "Heritage of the Ancient Rome as a Theme of Cultural Tourism in the Authors’ Route in the Rhineland." Perspektywy Kultury 37, no. 2 (June 12, 2022): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/pk.2022.3702.09.
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This article pertains to the heritage of the ancient Rome in the Western European cities as a theme of cultural tourism. The main objective is to describe this heritage and to present it as a tourist value of particularly high historical and cultural worth. The main goal is to develop the authors’ concept of a cultural heritage route named the Rhineland Route of the Roman Civilization that includes 11 cities where 30 selected monuments of legacy of the ancient Roman civilization have been depicted. A cartographic method, namely the signature one, has been applied in the article. It was used to mark, among other locations, towns with Roman roots on a map of the Rhineland, showing a proposed route through the ancient Roman monuments. The heritage of the ancient Rome can serve to raise historical and cultural awareness at many levels – from local and regional to international ones. This historical legacy has a real impact on the tourist attractiveness in all the characterised cities, being well-adapted and attractively developed for tourist use.
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Son, Young-Soo. "The theory of evolution and the history of sex." Journal of Medicine and Life Science 6, no. 3 (June 1, 2009): 168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22730/jmls.2009.6.3.168.
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Images which have close connection to sex are different among various societies and ages and sexual behaviors Changes incessantly with the progress of the world and the degree of civilization. In the bottom of our human sexual behaviors, there would be traces of ancient archaeological history of human sexual evolution and modern worldly sexual psychodynamics. Human sexual behaviors would be made in different sphere from other animals. which have more complicated factors within the composition. Passing by the human history of long time, sexual consciousness and sexual behaviors have been much changed and sometimes gone through hell and high water and sometimes heaven and gentle southerly breeze. Of them all, especially, the advent of successful female contraception and the political and social appearance of Feminism before and after the 1960's brought about tremendous changes and gave an epochal impact on the social sex role. Nowadays, human sex has been made a means pursuing active and holistic pleasure besides attaining the object of self-preservation irrespective to sex. However，strategic methodologies which have been taken by all other creatures of sexual reproduction would play an active and powerful role in the background human mind as an unconscious drive as well. And even if sexual consciousness is much changed totally fresh new sexual desire which originally have not existed would not come into being in human mind. Rather, now that social and cultural restrictions to sexual behaviors are to be attenuated lately，the ancient strategic methodologies which were taken unconsciously for successful sexual reproduction could have more poweful and irresistible influence on modern sexual behaviors. Making sure of， victory in the reproductive mating contest would be the best way through which the life and the future of a species could be to guarantee. Actually, sex Iies in lhe middle of the fierce struggle for Iife existence. Obtaining a new understanding regarding current human sexual behaviors，we should make every possible effort to amalgamale the gifted thoughts and achievements of Sigmund Freud and Charles Darwin and open up new academic vislas leading us to the true nature of human being.
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Tirivangana, Augustine Maruva. "“Healing the World”: The Divine Role of Africa-Centered Metaphysics." DANDE Journal of Social Sciences and Communication 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15641/dande.v2i1.34.
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This paper argues that Africa is the cradle of civilization. That civilization evolved out of an understanding of the cosmos as well as the valorization of the metaphysical author of cosmogony. The paper asserts that appreciation of metaphysics created a stable and balanced cosmos. Civilization then meant living in harmony with fellow mankind, with the environment and with the cosmos as a whole. The paper suggests this was based on a clear understanding of the interdependence between the departed as well as the organic relationship between man, animal and nature. Now there is a gap between civilization and technological advancement. The metaphysics of unhu/Ubuntu as enshrined in the living law of Ma’at sank under the weight of capitalism; that pursuit of profit regardless of any moral price. Universal politics is now dictated by the desires of a few who stop at nothing to create a world order where humanity is reduced to a commodity. Wars and more wars have become the order of the day, threatening the whole world with extinction. This paper traces how Africa in particular has lost its metaphysical locus as a result of several foreign –induced imperial interventions culminating in the present intellectual, moral and cultural cacophonies that tear Africans apart. The paper argues that Africa can restore its glory as the citadel of civilization by returning to the “the way”. It is hoped that the whole world would also take a leaf, as it has done before, from Africa’s return to “the way”. The paper contends that the metaphysics of unhu/Ubuntu has this divine role to heal the world of various types of sickness: social, cultural, spiritual, intellectual, psychological and material.
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Gourgouris, Stathis. "Nationalism and Oneirocriticism: Of Modern Hellenes in Europe." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 2, no. 1 (March 1992): 43–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.2.1.43.
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In November 1990. the Parisian newspaper Le Monde organized a symposium among a group of France’s leading intellectuals with the title “The Greeks, the Romans, and Ourselves” The overall impetus of the symposium was an interrogation (with an inkling toward revision) of Greece’s traditional status as the political-philosophical ancestor of modern European civilization; the generally proposed alternative was Rome (see Droit).
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Chen, Shu Cong. "A Probe to the Evolution of Undergarments and Its Cause." Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (September 2011): 530–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.530.
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Underwear is known as the “second skin” of human body. In the historical evolution of garment, its culture develops along with the improvement of human civilization, the transformation of social environment, evolution of culture, and the subsequent moral standards. This paper gives an analysis of underwears of ancient Greece, ancient Rome, the Renaissance and Caesaristic times, and illustrates basic causes of underwear development.
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LOS, VICTOR. "Trends in the modern dynamics of civilization: from “limits of growth” to “sustainable development” (to the 50-th anniversary of the first report to the Club of Rome)." Public Administration 24, no. 2 (2022): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2070-8378-2022-24-2-31-37.
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The article is dedicated to the 50th publication anniversary of the book “The limits of growth”. The author summarizes the conceptual results associated with the basic thesis of the study presented in March 1972 in the form of the first report to the Club of Rome: unless the humanity radically changes the traditional expansion of growth, it will collapse due to the result of uncontrolled demographic processes, degradation of the natural environment and deficit of food resources. Overcoming the crisis trends in world dynamics is associated with an increase in the level of development of civilization to the stage of “organic growth” – the harmonious interaction of the constituent elements of the system when its evolution comes based on qualitative rather than quantitative changes. The article shows the relationship between the ideas of the Club of Rome and the principles of sustainable development of civilization, the implementation of which, from “Rio-92” (UN Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, June 1992) to “Rio+20” (UN Conference on Sustainable Development, Rio de Janeiro, June 2012), allows us to expect constructive changes in the foreseeable future.
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Pfuntner, Laura. "Death and Birth in the Urban Landscape: Strabo on Troy and Rome." Classical Antiquity 36, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ca.2017.36.1.33.
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Although Strabo provides lengthy accounts of Troy and Rome in the Geography, the role of these cities in his geographical thinking has received little attention from scholars. This article argues that for Strabo, Rome and Troy serve as exemplars of the progression of human civilization from Homeric prehistory to the Augustan present. They are paradigmatic “rising” and “fallen” cities, through which the lifecycles of all cities in the oikoumenē can be understood. Moreover, in his treatment of the fall of Troy and the rise of Rome, Strabo departs from his Augustan-era contemporaries by illustrating the historical interactions of each city with its respective region, rather than Rome’s purported Trojan origins. In describing Rome’s expansion into Latium (Book Five) and the post-Trojan War history of the Troad (Book Thirteen), Strabo emphasizes the mutability of urban landscapes through the destruction of existing cities and the creation of new ones – two processes in which Rome has played a significant role, and which continue to shape human settlement across the oikoumenē.
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Monge-Nájera, Julián. "Road kills in tropical ecosystems: a review with recommendations for mitigation and for new research." Revista de Biología Tropical 66, no. 2 (May 24, 2018): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v66i2.33404.
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While roads are indispensable for modern civilization and beneficial for many wildlife species, they have been causing mortality from collisions since high speed chariots were invented 4 000 years ago. Most scientific work about road kill has been done in temperate ecosystems, but some authors have suspected that they have different characteristics in tropical ecosystems. In this review, I summarize publications that focus on road kills in tropical countries from Africa, America, Asia and Oceania. I found 73 studies that focus on tropical road kills. Output increased after 2011 and the most productive countries, in articles per capita, are Costa Rica, Colombia and Brazil. Most studies report that mammals are the main victims, but bird deaths are severely underestimated and amphibians suffer mass mortality in reproductive concentrations. Every road victim is itself a small ecosystem that contains thousands of microscopic species, but “Road Kill Microbiology” is yet to be developed as a new branch of research. No generalization can be made about the role of season or habitat in road kills because pooled data hide individual trends: researchers should keep separate records by age, sex, species, time of day, season and place; otherwise important patterns will be missed. There is not a single study, tropical or temperate, that can completely answer how many animals are killed, where, or when, because many victims are removed by scavengers, end outside the road or are too small to be noticed. Significant contributions from the tropics include emphasis on the ethical use of road kill for research, inclusion of species other than wild vertebrates, study of often overlooked phenomena like hour of day and failed versus successful crossing attempts, and the value of speed control in mitigation. The so-called “citizen science” can identify the most affected species but produces data that are very different from those generated by professional scientists in terms of the proportion of affected groups. Real speed limitation is the simplest effective mitigation measure. Tropical scientists should concentrate on monitoring and experimental studies to fully understand the ecology of road kills and to make a contribution that matches what rich countries do. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 722-738. Epub 2018 June 01.