Journal articles on the topic 'Animal welfare Law and legislation Europe'
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1
Driessen, Bart. "Fundamental Animal Rights in European Law." European Public Law 23, Issue 3 (August 1, 2017): 547–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2017032.
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Law is fundamentally anthropocentric. However, the philosophical and scientific assumptions underpinning this assume that animals lack any capacity for moral choices, identity or even sentience. In Europe there is a considerable body of animal welfare law, but the current standards of animal welfare legislation do not bridge the gap between those assumptions and scientific reality. This article explores the philosophical concepts underlying the status of animals in law in Europe and the United States and compares them to current biological science. The conclusion is drawn that there is a discrepancy between the assumptions underlying legal systems and recent biological findings. The article suggests that a modern legal approach to the relationship between man and sentient animals should depart from the idea that animals have certain fundamental rights. It then proposes an approach to fundamental rights for animals in Europe and argues why such an approach has to be treaty based.
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Petkun, H. V., and V. V. Nedosekov. "Analysis of EU and Ukrainian legislation for the cattle welfare." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 24, no. 106 (July 16, 2022): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet10617.
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“Animal welfare” – is a complex concept that characterizes the physical, mental, and natural state of animals at a given time and the ability to meet their needs. Animal welfare is a hallmark of the world of quality human nutrition and innovative livestock and is the basis for the sustainable development of society. The article aims to research and analyze the legislation on cattle welfare in the EU and Ukraine, highlight their strengths and weaknesses, and introduce proposals for better implementation of Ukrainian legislation in European norms. European legislation covers the welfare of animals during their life on the farm, the welfare during transport, and the welfare of animals during slaughter. This article analyzes in detail the following legal provisions: Directive 98/58/EC on the protection of animals kept for farming purposes, Council Directive 2008/119/EU establishing minimum standards for the protection of calves, Council Regulation 1/2005 covering standards for the transport of animals, Council Regulation № 1099/2009 on the protection of animals at the time of slaughter and ancillary recommendations such as the Council of Europe Recommendation on bovine animals and the OIE Standards for the Welfare of Dairy Cows. Currently, Ukrainian welfare legislation is represented by the Law on the Protection of Animals from Cruelty (2006) and the Law of Ukraine on Veterinary Medicine (1994). These laws do not cover the protection of animal welfare and do not meet modern requirements. In 2014, by signing an agreement with the EU on creating a deep and comprehensive free trade area, Ukraine committed to updating legislation in the animal welfare field and implementing it as much as possible to European standards. Only in 2021, a new law on veterinary medicine was adopted, which has a section on animal welfare and approved five requirements for animal welfare, but the main problem is that they came into force on 01.01.2026. Given that by 2023 the EU plans to improve its legislation in the field of animal welfare, there is a need to accelerate the implementation of the new Law on veterinary medicine in Ukraine. Also necessary are training for farmers to teach and explain new rules, develop a specific regulation with minimum standards for the welfare of cattle and cattle, review shortcomings, and organize discussions with scientists in the field of animal welfare to improve legislation, create a clear roadmap the Law.
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Maestri, Enrico. "The 3Rs Principle in Animal Experimentation: A Legal Review of the State of the Art in Europe and the Case in Italy." BioTech 10, no. 2 (May 20, 2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biotech10020009.
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The aim of this paper is to describe the essential points of Italian and European legislation governing the use of animals in biomedical experimentation. A close look will be taken at the principles of the 3Rs, which represent the mainstay of the legal architecture based on which a correct interpretation may be drawn of the legislative documents on animal experimentation. Furthermore, this paper will address the ways in which Directive 2010/63/EU is implemented in Italian legislation on the welfare of laboratory animals. In addition to an assessment of legal issues (such as the scope of jurisdiction of supervisory authorities tasked with issuing authorizations), it will include a discussion of cases of inadequate and insufficient implementation of the requirements laid down by Directive 2010/63/EU. Both the consistency of the interpretation of national legislation with the Directive and the direct effectiveness of the Directive in national law, in which animal testing has been and still is the subject of heated debate between supporters and opponents, will be examined.
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Carter, H. E. "Farm animal welfare legislation in europe." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1990 (March 1990): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030822960001792x.
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There is mounting concern for the welfare of farm animals in all the countries of the European Community and the members states of the Council of Europe. The rapid increase in intensive management systems of poultry, pigs, cattle and fur-bearing animals has been the subject of heated debate in every European country. The publication of Ruth Harrison's book, Animal Machines, a quarter of a century ago, can now be seen as the starting point for the increasing demands for legislation to control what are seen to be new and unnecessarily restrictive ways of keeping farm animals. In the United Kingdom, as long ago as 1965, the Brambell Committee made recommendations that were largely ignored. Animal welfare societies increasingly called for legislation to control the situation. Society generally, on the other hand, welcomed the provision of cheap eggs, cheap poultry meat and relatively cheap dairy products.
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Rodriguez Ferrere, M. B. "Animal Welfare Underenforcement as a Rule of Law Problem." Animals 12, no. 11 (May 30, 2022): 1411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12111411.
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Many have decried the state’s underenforcement of animal welfare legislation because of the direct negative effects on animal interests. This article will advance the argument that such underenforcement has a much deeper societal effect because it undermines the rule of law. It does so by first, reviewing rule of law literature to advance the proposition that the state has a general obligation to enforce the law and, specifically, animal welfare legislation. It then looks to the practical issues that arise with the argument, specifically prosecutorial discretion and private prosecutions. Finally, it concludes that the state’s underenforcement of animal welfare legislation does indeed run contrary to the rule of law, and thus regardless of whether we have the interests of animals at the front of our minds, it is a matter that should concern us all.
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Jackson, W. T. "On-farm animal welfare law in Europe — Using the law." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 20, no. 1-2 (July 1988): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(88)90137-2.
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von Gall, Philipp, and Mickey Gjerris. "Role of Joy in Farm Animal Welfare Legislation." Society & Animals 25, no. 2 (May 18, 2017): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341444.
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While animal welfare is commonly invoked in legal debates regarding non-human animals kept for food purposes, the concept of animal joy is rarely mentioned in such contexts. This paper analyzes the relationship between welfare and joy in the German animal protection law (gapl) and in the eu directive 98/58/ec. Based on a review of scientific and philosophical approaches towards animal welfare, joy is argued to be a part of welfare. Nevertheless, joy is ignored in the German and eu legal provisions. While there may be economic disadvantages of legally protecting animal joy, it is argued that overlooking elements of joy cannot be justified from any ethical perspective that claims to take animal welfare into consideration. In order to clarify the aims of the legal provisions, decision-makers need to define the role joy ought to play in welfare legislation.
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Otomo, Yoriko. "Law and the Question of the (Nonhuman) Animal." Society & Animals 19, no. 4 (2011): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853011x590033.
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AbstractThe turn of the millennium has witnessed an extraordinary paradox—one identified by Jacques Derrida as a simultaneous increase in violence against nonhuman animals and compassion toward them. This article turns to critical legal theory as well as to recent work by continental philosophers on the human/animal distinction in order to make sense of the ways the paradox manifests in law, arguing that so-called animal welfare laws that appear to be politically progressive are, in fact, iterations of the very violence they purport to redress. What legislation designates as “animal” has neither language nor a recognized image, which not only renders this singular object of law voiceless but also denies that object access to any experience of death, and thus, to life. Through a deconstruction of recently enacted Japanese “animal welfare” legislation, this article proposes that the inability of the legislator to think the animal as having a relation to death belies a deeper struggle at the heart of law itself, to constitute its subjects through language.
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Radford, Mike. "Animal Welfare in Europe: European Legislation and Concerns Edited by David B Wilkins (1997). Kluwer Law International: London and The Hague. 423pp. Hardback. Obtainable from the publishers, P O Box 858889, 2508 CN, The Hague, The Netherlands or, Sterling House, 66 Wilton Road, London SW1V IDE, UK (ISBN 9041106634). Price £98 or NLG250 or US$155." Animal Welfare 7, no. 2 (May 1998): 236–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600020650.
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Brooman, S., and D. Legge. "Animal Welfare vs Free Trade - Free Trade Wins: An Examination of the Animal Welfare Implications of R v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food exp Compassion in World Farming (1998)." Animal Welfare 9, no. 1 (February 2000): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600022272.
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AbstractThe European Union (EU) has often been regarded as a prime mover in the cause of improved animal welfare. There is a great deal of European legislation to support this contention. This article discusses a recent case brought by the UK Government under Article 177 of the Treaty of Rome 1957 which challenges the assumption that EU law always favours animal welfare. We suggest that free trade is the driving force behind EU legislation and that where this conflicts with animal welfare, free trade is usually preferred.
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Iossa, G., CD Soulsbury, and S. Harris. "Mammal trapping: a review of animal welfare standards of killing and restraining traps." Animal Welfare 16, no. 3 (August 2007): 335–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600027159.
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AbstractMillions of wild mammals are trapped annually for fur, pest control and wildlife management. Ensuring the welfare of trapped individuals can only be achieved by trapping methods that meet accepted standards of animal welfare. At the international level, the assessment of mechanical properties of killing and restraining traps is set out in two documents published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Few traps currently in use have been tested according to the ISO standards and, in addition, new traps have been designed and old traps modified since the publication of the standards. In this paper we review trapping methods used in Europe and North America to see whether they meet the ISO standards and examine ways to improve the welfare performance of traps. In addition, international legislation is assessed to determine whether this ensures a sufficient level of welfare for trapped animals. Finally, trapping practices used in academic research are reviewed. We conclude that many of the practices commonly used to trap mammals cannot be considered humane. Current legislation fails to ensure an acceptable level of welfare for a large number of captured animals. New welfare standards for trapping wild mammals need to be established so that in future a minimum level of welfare is guaranteed for all trapped individuals.
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De Briyne, Nancy, Jovana Vidović, David B. Morton, and Manuel Magalhães-Sant’Ana. "Evolution of the Teaching of Animal Welfare Science, Ethics and Law in European Veterinary Schools (2012–2019)." Animals 10, no. 7 (July 21, 2020): 1238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10071238.
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Nowadays, animal welfare is seen as a ‘common good’ and a societal expectation. Veterinarians are expected to promote and ensure the welfare of animals under their care by using their scientific knowledge and skills in ethical reasoning and advocacy. Veterinary education must equip veterinary graduates with the necessary competences to fulfil these roles. In 2013, the Federation of Veterinarians of Europe (FVE) and the European Association of Establishment of Veterinary Education (EAEVE) adopted the Day-1 competences on animal welfare science, ethics and law for veterinary undergraduate education after having surveyed European veterinary schools in 2012. In 2019, the FVE carried out a follow-up survey to monitor the evolution of animal welfare teaching in Europe. A total of 82 responses were received, representing 57 faculties from 25 European countries. Overall results showed that the teaching of animal welfare science, ethics and law has increased in response to growing societal needs, and that welfare is more and more internally embedded in the profession, which is reflected in the curriculum. Nevertheless, at least one quarter of European schools still only partially meet the 2013 Day-1 competencies. This indicates the need for greater efforts, both from the EAEVE and from individual schools, to ensure that the teaching of animal welfare across Europe is standardised.
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Riley, Sophie. "Brighton v Will: The Legal Chasm between Animal Welfare and Animal Suffering." Animals 10, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 1497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091497.
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Through the mechanism of statutory interpretation, courts can narrow or widen the legal concept of animal cruelty. This was starkly brought to light in the case of Brighton v Will, where the Supreme Court of New South Wales held that stabbing a dog six times with a pitchfork and then killing him with a mallet, did not amount to serious animal cruelty. This finding was the result of the Court’s applying a textual interpretation to the NSW Crimes Act, concluding that the appellant was simply exterminating a pest. Yet, animal law in NSW comprises more than legislation, extending to a raft of plans and strategies which provide background and context for regulation. This article argues that a contextual interpretation would have been more appropriate, leading to enquiries whether the dog was rightfully classified as a pest, as well as whether the law should have considered the manner in which the dog was killed. An equally relevant issue stems from the relationship between animal suffering and animal welfare, a connection which hinges on the ambit of anti-cruelty legislation. The latter permits a range of exceptions and defences that permit justification of cruelty, magnifying the chasm between animal suffering and animal welfare. This chasm is also not diminished by legal interpretations of cruelty that focus on whether killing is justified, while ignoring the method of killing.
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Verniers, Elien. "One Health, One Welfare, One Right: Introducing Animal Rights in Europe." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 19, no. 4 (November 23, 2022): 277–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760104-19040002.
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Abstract The increasing interlinkage between humans and animals has led to the emergence of the ‘One Health’ and ‘One Welfare’ discourse. The covid-19 pandemic has proven the intersectionality between humans and animals and fueled these campaigns even more. The concept of One Health has in particular found its way into regulatory policy. A World Health Assembly resolution of 19 May 2020 includes a specific reference to One Health as an approach that could guide the research into the origin and transmission of covid-19 and the prevention of future pandemics. The EU also devotes attention to the One Health concept and approach, for instance with regard to its Action Plan against Antimicrobial Resistance and a study requested by the committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety that examines the relation between different zoonotic pandemics and the livestock sector. While we acknowledge the interwoven connection between animal and human welfare and health, a similar approach regarding legal protection has been almost totally ignored. Hence, regarding the current momentum of animal-human integration and following the example of these movements, the time has come to consider a ‘One Right’ approach to address legal rights for (nonhuman) animals in Europe. This contribution will canvass two possibilities for legal animal rights within the framework of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (echr). Firstly, the umbrella of article 8 of the echr and the case for a human right to animal protection will be explored. Currently, it has been accepted that this right to respect for private and family life also entails the right to a healthy environment. It is contended that likewise simple animal rights can be created under Article 8 following a responsible anthropocentric angle. In contrast, a second entry-point which will be scrutinized concerns a biocentric viewpoint and departs from an extensive interpretation of Article 1 of the echr. Through a dynamic and (r)evolutionary interpretation the personal scope of the echr can be extended to include (certain) animals.
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Zębek, Elżbieta. "Humane Legal Protection of Homeless Animals." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, no. 3 (September 16, 2021): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.3.265-276.
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Animal rights at the international level have been defined in the Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare, which has become a guiding principle for many EU countries in shaping animal protection legislation. The subject of this article is the humane protection of homeless animals, which is the responsibility of the municipality in terms of maintaining cleanliness and order. The study assumes that by carrying out tasks regarding the protection of animals from homelessness, municipalities contribute to the effective protection of animals by providing them with appropriate care. The analysis found that the provisions of the Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare have been fully incorporated into Polish legislation. However, the effectiveness of the provisions on the protection of homeless animals executed by municipalities is not entirely satisfactory as evidenced by the post-inspection data and selected jurisprudence. In order to improve this state of affairs, the following de lege ferenda postulates were formulated, which in part are also guidelines of the Supreme Audit Office extending the catalog of activities in municipal homeless animal protection programs, introducing the requirement to inspect animal shelters by municipalities, changing the location requirements of animal shelters and also clarifying sanitary requirements concerning the conditions in which animals live in to improve their welfare. The above changes in legislation may contribute to more efficient humane protection of homeless animals in Poland and may serve as an example for other EU countries.
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Sabuncuoglu, N., and O. Coban. "Attitudes of Turkish veterinarians towards animal welfare." Animal Welfare 17, no. 1 (February 2008): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096272860003195x.
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AbstractA survey was carried out to examine the attitudes of Turkish veterinarians towards animal welfare issues. The email questionnaire consisted of three sections of statements with a five-point Likert scale for choices of answer. The first section included statements examining the attitudes of Turkish veterinarians to animal welfare issues relating to European Union (EU) Legislation (93/119/EC, 95/29/EC, 2002/4EC and Council Regulation 1/2005). In the second, statements were designed to ascertain veterinarian attitudes towards the recently-passed Animal Protection Law, TR-5199. The statements in the last section were designed to assess the respondents' personal beliefs on a variety of welfare topics. The survey was sent to 615 veterinarians and the response rate was 40.2%. Turkish veterinarians expressed considerable support for the implications of animal welfare with the exception of statements regarding ‘stunning of ruminants pre-slaughter’, ‘phasing out of battery cages for poultry’ and ‘not operating on animals for aesthetic purposes’. In addition, they did not agree with the statements related to ‘ethological needs of farm animals’ and ‘effectiveness of EU laws and legislation in Turkey’. Females had higher mean values than males. The results of the survey indicated that significant concern for animal welfare issues is seen in the Turkish veterinarian population. Although the process of becoming a fully-integrated member of the EU will not occur rapidly, the influence of veterinarians could potentially enhance animal welfare in Turkey.
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Magnani, D., N. Ferri, A. Dalmau, and S. Messori. "Knowledge and opinions of veterinary students in Italy toward animal welfare science and law." Veterinary Record 180, no. 9 (February 7, 2017): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.103938.
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Animal welfare (AW) is a growing concern worldwide and veterinary students are expected to demonstrate a high degree of professional interest in the welfare of animals. However, previous studies have highlighted gaps in the teaching of AW teaching in different countries, possibly impairing veterinary competency in the area. This survey aimed to assess the opinions of Italian veterinary students towards AW, as well as their knowledge on the issue. Questions were divided into different sections, investigating the definition of, and information on, AW, knowledge about AW legislation, and the level of tolerance towards AW in regard to the use of animals for different purposes. Results showed that behaviour was the most frequently used word to define AW. Italian students considered their own level of knowledge on AW as good, relying on their university training, websites and television. They requested more AW legislation, but when questioned on specifics of the current legislation, there was a general lack of knowledge. Although poultry, pigs and rabbits were considered the species experiencing the worst management conditions, the species that raised the most AW concerns were companion animals and cattle. Results from this investigation may allow the development of tailored actions aimed at appropriately implementing educational strategies, at national and international levels, to improve the role of future veterinarians as leaders in AW.
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Joerges, Christian. "Rechtsstaat and Social Europe: How a Classical Tension Resurfaces in the European Integration Process." Comparative Sociology 9, no. 1 (2010): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156913210x12535202814397.
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Will the welfare state survive European Integration? The paper seeks to put this currently intense debate into constitutional perspectives. It starts with a reconstruction of the débat fondateur in post-war Germany on the new Basic Law, which was focused on alleged or real tensions of welfarism with Rechtsstaatlichkeit, the commitment to rule of law. This is the background for the discussion in Section II on legal categories, which Fritz Scharpf has characterised as a decoupling of economic integration from the various welfare traditions of Member States. The third section analyses the ECJ’s recent labour law jurisprudence with its interpretation of the supremacy of European freedoms and its rigid interpretation of pertinent secondary legislation. These controversial moves are bound to provoke fierce opposition on the part of the protagonists of “Social Europe.”
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Varoni, Maria V., Pier A. Serra, and Eraldo Sanna Passino. "Student insights towards animal welfare science and law. Survey results from Sassari University, Italy." Science Progress 106, no. 1 (January 2023): 003685042211500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504221150071.
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In this paper, we describe the results of an online survey consisting of 23 questions created to evaluate the knowledge and interest on animal welfare by students attending 15 different scientific, medical, and biomedical courses at University of Sassari, Italy. The survey collected students’ demographic data, level of knowledge both on animal welfare and 3Rs, as well as their opinions on animal experimentation. The majority of the cohort was female and over 24 years of age. About a third of the students responded that their graduate programme included subjects that taught science, ethics, and animal welfare legislation. Just 21.2% of respondents had heard about the concept of 3Rs. About a quarter of the students believed that animal models can be replaced by in vitro and in silico methods while half believed that both are needed. However, 70% of the participants did not know the existence of an Ethics and Animal Welfare Committee. The result showed the importance of an Animal Welfare Course for the professional future of a larger number of students and underlined the key role of veterinary medicine in promoting ethics and animal experimentation.
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Bowles, David. "Furs, Traps and Europe - Are the Foxes in Charge of the Geese?" Animal Welfare 5, no. 3 (August 1996): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600018807.
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If we agree that improvements in animal welfare should be determined primarily through legislation, we would probably also agree that it is important not to disregard an issue merely because laws have been changed and solutions appear to have been found. As in all contracts, it is vital to read the small print and to follow an issue right through to the end. The saga of improving global trapping methods provides a salutary lesson for both.
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KOSTOMITSOPOULOS (Ν. ΚΩΣΤΟΜΗΤΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ), N., A. ARVANITI (Α. ΑΡΒΑΝΙΤΗ), X. DILE (Χ. ΔΗΛΕ), H. PAPADOPOULOS (Η. ΠΑΠΑΔΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ), V. G. PAPATSIROS (Β.Γ. ΠΑΠΑΤΣΙΡΟΣ), and S. KYRIAKIS (ΚΥΡΙΑΚΗΣ Σ.Κ.). "Legal framework on the protection, health and welfare of animals used for experimental and educational purposes." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 58, no. 3 (November 24, 2017): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14991.
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The use of animals for experimental and educational purposes is regulated by a national legal framework in accordance to the European Directive 86/609 and the European Convention ETS 123 of the Council of Europe. Main issues regulated by the above legislation are the license procedure for the use of laboratory animals, the registration of breeding, supplying and experimental establishments, the implementation of guidelines for the appropriate care and use of the animals, the collection of statistical information and the promotion of alternative to animal experimentation methods. The veterinarian plays an important role for the protection, the health and the welfare of laboratory animals. This role is well defined within the existing legislation. The supervision of the veterinarian guarantees also the quality of the obtained results from animal experimentations. After twenty years, the scientific community and the animal welfare associations recognized the need for the revision of the existing European legal framework under the new obtained scientific knowledge. The Council of Europe has recently revised the Appendix A of the European Convention ETS 123 and the Commission of the European Union initiated the process for the revision of the European Directive 86/609. Ethical evaluation, authorization procedures and registration of establishments are, also, expected to be revised.
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Carnovale, Francesca, Xiao Jin, David Arney, Kris Descovich, Wenliang Guo, Binlin Shi, and Clive J. C. Phillips. "Chinese Public Attitudes towards, and Knowledge of, Animal Welfare." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030855.
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Food-producing animals make up the majority of animals that humans manage globally, and China has been a major producer and exporter of animal products since the late 1990s. The opinions of the population in China regarding animal welfare are not as well understood as those in Europe. In China, animal welfare as a societal concern is still at an early stage of development. This survey of Chinese attitudes aimed to understand consumer knowledge of and behaviour towards animal welfare, and to determine whether harnessing consumer interests may be a potential future influence on the development of high-welfare agricultural production. Most participants were not aware of the meaning of animal welfare, but the number of those that were aware was higher than reported previously. The welfare of wild animals was rated particularly important compared to other animals. The links between welfare and the taste and/or safety of food were considered to be important, and Chinese consumers reported a willingness to pay more for food from animals produced in good welfare conditions, although the quality of the food was considered more important than the animal suffering. A large majority of the respondents reported that there should be legislation protecting animals and certification of welfare on farms, that animals on farms should be provided with enjoyable experiences and that transportation times should be minimised. Furthermore, most respondents reported that animals should be stunned before slaughter. We conclude that animal welfare is of importance to the Chinese consumer, in particular because of its connection to food quality.
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Ofner, E., E. Schmid, E. Schröck, J. Troxler, and A. Hausleitner. "Self-evaluation of animal welfare by the farmer: a report of application on Austrian cattle farms." Animal Welfare 16, no. 2 (May 2007): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600031444.
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AbstractIt is not sufficient to merely publish regulations and strictly control them to improve the living conditions of farm animals. The farmer must receive precise information, understand the individual measures and be able to act with personal responsibility. A new animal welfare law has been in force in Austria since the 1st of January 2005. A system of self-evaluation is being developed for putting these new legal requirements into practice. The aim of this self-evaluation system is to enable every farmer to personally check his animal housing system against the given standards. This independent work motivates the farmer and makes him aware of animal welfare issues. This new strategy for the implementation of animal welfare law was originally developed, tested and found to be successful by the Federal Administration of the Austrian Province of Vorarlberg. Self-evaluation is to be carried out by means of specific checklists and manuals. Checklists and manuals are currently being drawn up for cattle, pigs, poultry, sheep and goats. The checklists and manuals will include all of the requirements of Austrian animal welfare legislation and will be formulated in easily understandable questions with ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answers. The manuals will describe the methods for assessing legal requirements on the farm as well as the conditions for compliance with legislation, and give advice on how to improve the state of animal welfare on the farm. This paper gives an example of the self-evaluation system for cattle farming.
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Capodieci, Giuseppe Luca, and Zeev Noga. "Providing Food Information to Consumers – Proposed Legislation under the Screening of the European Parliament." European Journal of Risk Regulation 1, no. 2 (June 2010): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00000283.
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This section aims at updating readers on the latest developments of risk-related aspects of food law at EU level, giving information on legislation and case law on various matters, such as food safety, new diseases, animal health and welfare and food labelling.
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Alemanno, Alberto. "The Fabulous Destiny of Bisphenol A (BPA)." European Journal of Risk Regulation 1, no. 4 (December 2010): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00000830.
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This section aims at updating readers on the latest developments of risk-related aspects of food law at EU level, giving information on legislation and case law on various matters, such as food safety, new diseases, animal health and welfare and food labelling.
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Kobetska, Nadiia, and Lesia Danyliuk. "Implementation of the Provisions of the European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals into Ukrainian Legislation: Some Theoretical and Applied Aspects." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, no. 3 (September 16, 2021): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.3.29-45.
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European integration processes in Ukraine have led to the approximation of national legislation to European standards, including pet handling. The first and currently the only ratified European convention in Ukraine on protection and ensuring animal welfare is the European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals. The article describes the major doctrinal, legislative and practical aspects of implementing this Convention into Ukrainian law. The legal regulation of the humane treatment of domestic animals in Ukraine is based on the Law of Ukraine on the protection of animals from cruel treatment, its provisions being of a general nature, and detailed solutions are found in other laws and regulations. Detailed rules for dealing with pets are determined by municipalities and they are implemented in the relevant administrative and territorial units. The concept of “animal rights”, despite its proclamation in the preamble to the Law of Ukraine on the protection of animals from cruel treatment, has no formal legal representation and reflection in Ukrainian legislation. Nevertheless, Ukrainian legal academic doctrine, legislative process and law enforcement practice are currently embodying the concept of animal welfare. The development and implementation of a coherent legal mechanism for pet handling is the major contributing factor in achieving pet welfare, therefore Ukraine needs a clear strategy to improve its legal regulation.
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Salas, Blanca, and Bruno G. Simões. "Provisional Findings by EFSA on the Safety of Caffeine and the Possible Implications on Caffeine Health Claims and Energy Drinks." European Journal of Risk Regulation 6, no. 3 (September 2015): 431–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x0000489x.
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This section aims at updating readers on the latest developments of risk-related aspects of food law at the EU level, giving information on legislation and case law on various matters, such as food safety, new diseases, animal health and welfare and food labelling.
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Edwards, S. A. "Current developments in pig welfare." BSAP Occasional Publication 31 (2004): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00040301.
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Public concern about the welfare of farm animals has resulted in an increasing body of legislation regulating livestock production systems. In 2003, the UK implemented two new EU Directives on Pig Welfare (Directives 2001/93/EC and 2001/99/EC), and issued revised Welfare Codes for Pigs. New Council of Europe Recommendations are also at the consultation stage. The welfare issues highlighted for current consideration within the pig sector include space allowance and floor type, environmental enrichment, tail docking, weaning age and the use of the farrowing crate. With present scientific and practical knowledge, not all of these issues have a simple resolution. From an industry perspective, the major welfare issue is the level of endemic disease and, in particular, the dramatic influence of PMWS. There are also concerns regarding potential conflicts between the different policy objectives of animal welfare, environmental protection, food safety, staff health and safety, and financial sustainability that will need to be resolved.
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Forsberg, Ellen-Marie. "Inspiring Respect for Animals Through the Law? Current Development in the Norwegian Animal Welfare Legislation." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 24, no. 4 (June 25, 2010): 351–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10806-010-9263-5.
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Smits, Marcel, Han Joosten, Bernard Faye, and Pamela A. Burger. "The Flourishing Camel Milk Market and Concerns about Animal Welfare and Legislation." Animals 13, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13010047.
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The worldwide dromedary milk production has increased sharply since the beginning of this century due to prolonged shelf life, improved food-safety and perceived health benefits. Scientific confirmation of health claims will expand the market of dromedary milk further. As a result, more and more dromedaries will be bred for one purpose only: the highest possible milk production. However, intensive dromedary farming systems have consequences for animal welfare and may lead to genetic changes. Tighter regulations will be implemented to restrict commercialization of raw milk. Protocols controlling welfare of dromedaries and gene databases of milk-dromedaries will prevent negative consequences of intensive farming. In countries where dromedaries have only recently been introduced as production animal, legislators have limited expertise on this species. This is exemplified by an assessment on behalf of the Dutch government, recommending prohibiting keeping this species from 2024 onwards because the dromedary was deemed to be insufficiently domesticated. Implementation of this recommendation in Dutch law would have devastating effects on existing dromedary farms and could also pave the way for adopting similar measures in other European countries. In this paper it is shown that the Dutch assessment lacks scientific rigor. Awareness of breeders and legislators for the increasing knowledge about dromedaries and their products would strengthen the position of dromedaries as one of the most adapted and sustainable animals.
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Nunny, Laetitia, Mark P. Simmonds, and Andrew Butterworth. "A review of seal killing practice in Europe: Implications for animal welfare." Marine Policy 98 (December 2018): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.08.013.
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Wickens, S. "Review of the evidence of sentience in cephalopod molluscs and decapod crustaceans." Animal Welfare 31, no. 1 (February 2022): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600009866.
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All cephalopod molluscs and decapod crustaceans should be regarded as sentient and protected under UK animal welfare law. This is the headline conclusion of this thoughtful report, that is going to have a profound impact on the way these animals are treated within the UK — and likely inform policy elsewhere. In response, the UK government has indicated that they accept this position and will look to/have extended forthcoming animal welfare legislation to include lobsters, octopus and crabs and all other decapod crustaceans and cephalopod molluscs.
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Yeasmin, Nafisa, and Pavel Tkach. "Cultural security regulation in Europe: A case study of immigrants in Finland." Corporate Law and Governance Review 4, no. 1 (2022): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/clgrv4i1p3.
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The cultural security of migrants in Finland is a rarely discussed topic. Like most European Union (EU) countries, Finland focuses the majority of its efforts on combating discrimination and, in many cases, overlooks aspects of cultural security for vulnerable minorities. Exactly such overlooking happened in 1996 when the Finnish legislation sufficiently limited ways of halal slaughtering — an essential ritual for Muslims. The subject of research is the cultural security of migrants in Europe with particular attention to Finland, reflected in analysed legal instruments such as the Finnish Animal Welfare Act 247/1996 and Animal Welfare Decree 396/1996 and academic papers defining challenges that religious minorities face in the European states. As discussed in the article legal concept of corporate due diligence can become this alternative aimed at harmonising halal standards, strengthening Muslim immigrants’ trust, and preventing misrepresentation of Muslim cultural security. This qualitative, descriptive, and conclusive research aims to identify potential mechanisms to foster cultural security for Muslim immigrants, discuss issues provoking cultural security from the perspective of the case study of halal slaughtering limitations, and answers the question of how the concept of due diligence can contribute to efficient regulation of cultural security in the future
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McCulloch, Steven P. "Brexit and Animal Welfare Impact Assessment: Analysis of the Opportunities Brexit Presents for Animal Protection in the UK, EU, and Internationally." Animals 9, no. 11 (October 28, 2019): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110877.
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The British people voted in a 2016 referendum to leave the European Union (EU). Brexit presents threats and opportunities to animal protection in the United Kingdom (UK), the EU, and internationally. This paper discusses opportunities for animal protection in terms of five criteria. These are first, political context; second, regulatory changes; third, economic and trade factors; fourth, institutional- and capacity-related factors; and fifth, EU and international considerations. Brexit permits reform of UK agricultural policy outside of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) to reward high welfare as a public good. The Agriculture Bill, however, does not suggest a radical reform agenda for animal welfare. Brexit permits a ban on live exports, but the UK Government is consulting on improving welfare, not prohibition. Brexit provides an opportunity to ban the import and sale of fur, but the UK Government has signalled it will work to improve welfare in fur farming. Brexit permits the UK to prohibit the import and sale of foie gras, but the Government has stated a ban may be challenged at the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Brexit allows more stringent Pet Travel Scheme (PETS) requirements to reduce puppy smuggling. Lucy’s Law and stricter enforcement will also mitigate the problem. New sentience legislation provides the opportunity for a fully independent and properly constituted UK Animal Welfare Advisory body conducting animal welfare impact assessments and ethical appraisal. The Government has proposed sentience legislation but there is a major risk it will not be in place before the UK leaves the EU. The Government has expanded the remit of the Farm Animal Welfare Committee, which is not fully independent and is dominated by veterinary members and agricultural interests. Brexit provides some opportunities for animal protection with radical reform of agricultural policy, prohibition of live exports, and banning the import and sale of fur and foie gras. Pre-Brexit, the Government has not demonstrated the political will and commitment to realise these opportunities.
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Al-Shammari, Karrar Imad Abdulsahib. "A Review of the Halal Poultry Slaughtering from Welfare and Legal Perspectives: Analysis of Research Results." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, no. 3 (September 16, 2021): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.3.11-27.
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The subject of halal slaughtering is one of the most widely discussed issues of animal cruelty and animal welfare in the public sphere. The discrepancy in understanding the contemporary and religious laws pertaining to animal slaughtering does not fully publicize to Islamic and Muslim majority countries especially with respect to interpreting the use of stunning in animals. The electrical stunning is the cheapest, easiest, safest, and most suitable method for slaughtering that is widespread and developed. However, stunning on head of poultry before being slaughtered is a controversial aspect among the Islamic sects due to regulations of the European Union and some other countries. The current review highlights the instructions of halal slaughtering, legal legislation, and the effect of this global practice on poultry welfare and the quality of produced meat.
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Reich, Arie, and Guy Harpaz. "Kosher and Halal Slaughtering Before the Court of Justice: A Case of Religious Intolerance?" European Public Law 28, Issue 1 (February 1, 2022): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2022003.
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In December 2020 the Court of Justice of the EU approved the legality of a decree, adopted by the Flemish Region in Belgium, which introduced an outright ban on slaughtering of animals by means of traditional Jewish and Muslim rites. The Court, which did not adopt the opinion of Advocate General Hogan, effectively nullified an express derogation for ritual slaughtering found in the EU’s regulation on slaughtering. This article will critically examine the Judgment, arguing that it has not only misinterpreted EU regulations, but also compromised the rights of European minorities to religious freedom under the Charter on the basis of questionable and inconsistent arguments of animal welfare. Animal Welfare, Kosher Slaughtering, Halal Slaughtering, Religious Freedom, Religious Minorities in Europe, European Court of Justice
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Guazzaloca, Giulia. "‘In the name of justice and compassion’: animal protection in Italy during the Liberal Age (1861-1914)." Modern Italy 22, no. 3 (August 2017): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mit.2017.36.
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This essay reconstructs the emergence of a growing sensitivity towards animal welfare in Italy during the so-called ‘liberal’ years. An examination of the origins and activities of animal protection societies, the debate on use of animals for scientific experimentation, and the earliest provisions for animal protection, reveals a growing concern for animal welfare in Italy too during the course of the twentieth century. This was channelled by the liberal-bourgeois values of the time: public decency, moderation, and goodwill towards animals as well as humans were all seen as signs of ‘civilisation’ and ‘progress’. It was claimed that foreign influence, particularly British, was of vital importance in such developments in Italy, including both the thoughts of the anti-vivisectionists and the work and propaganda of the societies for animal protection. This essay also examines the 1913 Law, which was the first important Italian legislation governing animal welfare and protection.
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Hardwick, D. C. "Planning guidelines and legislation." BSAP Occasional Publication 11 (January 1987): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x0000183x.
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AbstractIn the United Kingdom, environmental protection is based on a dual approach. Guidelines and voluntary action have generally proved effective but, increasingly, Community of Europe directives as well as public pressure are resulting in legislation.Water pollution is largely regulated by Part II of the Control of Pollution Act 1974 and odour by the Public Heath Act 1936 and subsequent subsidiary legislation. Planning is controlled under the Town and Country Planning Acts and dependent General Development Orders. The Order relevant to agriculture is being amended to bring in a greater measure of planning requirement where piggeries are near human housing. Alongside these laws, the Ministry has produced a Code of Good Agricultural Practice and Guidelines on Housed Livestock to establish appropriate standards.Other countries are also developing their legislative control, most notably Germany, the Netherlands and Denmark. It is notable that, although the ‘polluter pays principle’ is often referred to, all countries have found practical problems in any simple-minded attempt to apply the principle to the effects of animal farming.The paper reviews these areas in detail and suggests that research is needed on the effects of small quantities of straw on slurry systems and to produce a definition of the minimum of straw needed for welfare purposes. Other research which is already in hand is also mentioned.
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Dufala, Martin, and Lenka Grešová. "Do Animals Have Any Rights in Slovakia?" Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, no. 3 (September 16, 2021): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.3.47-65.
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This article focuses on assessing whether the current Slovak legal framework provides animals with a sufficient level of protection against cruelty and maltreatment. Past and current Slovak legislation on animal protection was analyzed in light of the major animal welfare challenges that Slovakia faces today. Contrary to what the title of the study suggests, a different approach was chosen to strengthen the protection of animals – not through the concept of animal rights, but the concept of human rights to a favourable environment. In addition, the possibility of using the already existing environmental law legal instruments when the well-being of animal is threatened was discussed.
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Hultgren, Jan, Matthew Hiron, Anders Glimskär, Eddie A. M. Bokkers, and Linda J. Keeling. "Environmental Quality and Compliance with Animal Welfare Legislation at Swedish Cattle and Sheep Farms." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 18, 2022): 1095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031095.
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Conflicts between different goals can obstruct progress in sustainability, but interests may also coincide. We evaluated relationships between environmental quality and animal welfare on Swedish farms with grazing livestock, using publicly available databases. Data were collected from 8700 official animal welfare inspections on 5808 cattle farms and 2823 inspections on 2280 sheep farms in 2012–2017. Compliance with three animal-based checkpoints was modeled using logistic regression, including a random farm effect to account for repeated inspections. Compliance was regressed on semi-natural grassland area, participation in the National Meadow and Pasture Inventory, Agri-Environmental Scheme (AES) grassland payments, presence of indicator plant species, and the presence of Natura 2000 habitats. Cattle farms complied more often if they received AES payments for grasslands of special values compared with if they did not apply for them (OR = 1.55–1.65; p ≤ 0.0001) and there was a similar tendency for cattle farms that applied for but were denied such payments (OR = 1.29; p = 0.074). There was also a strong tendency for Natura 2000 habitats on cattle farms to be associated with higher compliance (OR = 1.36; p = 0.059). These results suggest a direct or indirect causal effect of biodiversity on cattle welfare. The same associations could not be shown in sheep.
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Mench, J. A. "Assessing Animal Welfare at the Farm and Group Level: A United States Perspective." Animal Welfare 12, no. 4 (November 2003): 493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600026087.
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AbstractThe United States has traditionally lagged behind Europe in the adoption of voluntary or legislated standards for the care and treatment of animals on farms. US federal legislation of farm animal practices is minimal, confined to aspects of livestock transport and slaughter. Although some of the livestock and poultry producer (commodity) groups wrote guidelines, codes of practice, or statements regarding the humane treatment of animals in the 1980s, these were usually very general statements of current industry practice, developed with little consultation with independent experts and involving no mechanism for encouraging or ensuring compliance by producers. However, this has changed dramatically in the last few years, with an increasing trend among US retailers to require their suppliers to adopt minimum animal welfare standards. The major chain restaurants and supermarkets are working through their trade organisations, the National Council of Chain Restaurants and the Food Marketing Institute respectively, and with the commodity groups, to develop a uniform set of standards and a national auditing program. Standards and auditing programs have already been approved for dairy cattle, laying hens and meat chickens, and for slaughter, including ritual slaughter (kosher and halal). The process of setting auditable standards is complicated by the lack of legislative underpinning, the scope of the auditing that will be required because of US farm sizes and the large distances between farms, and the varying levels of expertise of potential auditors. For these reasons, ‘engineering-based’ auditing criteria that are relatively easy to measure and to standardise are more common. There are both strengths and potential weaknesses of retail-driven rather than legislatively driven animal welfare standards. Regardless, the recent changes in the US possibly pave the way for increasing dialogue between Europe and the US on farm animal welfare issues.
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Dunn, Rachel. "Brexit: A Boon or a Curse for Animals Used in Scientific Procedures?" Animals 11, no. 6 (May 25, 2021): 1547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061547.
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The UK has long been hailed as one of the world leaders in animal welfare. Within the UK, animals used in experiments are provided some protection under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 (ASPA). This Act was impacted by European Union (EU) Directive 2010/63/EU, and subsequently the ASPA was updated to reflect any changes required. While the Directive is very similar to the protection the UK already afforded to animals used in experiments, there were some advances that the Directive provided that were not present in the ASPA. On paper, the changes introduced were promising but may not have been achieved in practice. In 2016, the British public voted to leave the EU, which presented concerns over animal welfare protection and legislation provided by EU law. With the completion of Brexit, there may be an opportunity to diverge from the Directive to advance protection for animals used in experiments. This article explores the influence that the EU has had on animal experimentation in the UK, the potential implications of Brexit on the welfare of animals used in experiments and suggests ways in which this protection can be progressed, with potentially more freedom to amend or introduce legislation to do so.
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Holoyda, Brian James. "Bestiality Law in the United States: Evolving Legislation with Scientific Limitations." Animals 12, no. 12 (June 12, 2022): 1525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12121525.
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Societies have proscribed bestiality, or sex between humans and nonhuman animals, since the earliest recorded legal codes. In the early American colonies, religious prohibitions against bestiality provided the grounds for punishing those who engaged in such acts. In the 1800′s, Henry Bergh imported the animal welfare approach to the United States, which modernized the legislative treatment of animals in the country. Until recently, however, many laws in the U.S. have been outdated and vague and have utilized moralistic terminology. Since the 1960′s, a growing body of literature has developed suggesting that individuals who harm animals may also interpersonally offend. This concept, known as the Link, has served as a major motivation for advocates to promote new legislation criminalizing bestiality, to modernize old state statutes, and to expand penalties for individuals convicted of having sex with animals. Unfortunately, data supporting the Link between bestiality and interpersonal violence are limited and of questionable generalizability to the broad public. The Link’s weaknesses can assist in guiding further research. This article summarizes the history of bestiality law, the current state of bestiality legislation in the United States, the body of Link-related literature on bestiality and interpersonal violence and other problematic sexual behaviors, and the empirical weaknesses and needs revealed by this legislation.
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Pretorius, D. M. "‘Miserable, laborious, and short’: The lives of animals." South African Law Journal 139, no. 4 (2022): 791–836. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/salj/v139/i4a4.
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Animal welfare legislation in South Africa is deficient, especially in relation to farm animals reared for ingestion by human beings. That being so, this article analyses aspects of public international law, administrative law, constitutional law and interpretation of statutes that may contribute towards affording more legal protection to such animals. An overview of recent case law highlights that the Constitutional Court has mandated a shift away from the traditional laissez-faire legal attitude to human use of animals towards one that requires enhanced protection of their interests. To that end, extensive legislative reform is necessary to rectify the deficiencies of the present system.
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Feddersen, Christoph. "Recent EC Environmental Legislation and its Compatibility with WTO Rules: Free Trade or Animal Welfare Trade?" European Energy and Environmental Law Review 7, Issue 7 (July 1, 1998): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr1998034.
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The "free trade" or "fair trade" debate has various aspects. One facet is the possible contradiction between national environmental law and rules governing international trade. Different levels of national environmental protection - as recently exemplified in the well-known "Tuna I Dolphin" controversy - can lead to serious legal problems. This article analyzes a recent EC Regulation regarding the ban on cruel leghold traps and its compatibility with WTO rules, searching for the answer to the question "free trade or animal welfare trade?"
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Micińska, Magdalena. "ANIMAL TRAPS - EU AND NATIONAL REGULATIONS WITH SPECIFIC EMPHASIS ON THE AGREEMENT ON INTERNATIONAL NORMS OF HUMANE ANIMAL CAPTURE." Studia z zakresu nauk prawnoustrojowych. Miscellanea VIII, z. 2 (December 7, 2018): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.0365.
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Animal traps have always accompanied man, with whom the primary people organized the first hunts. Along with the development of hunting art, traps gradually gave way to specialized hunting weapons. However, the use of animal traps on a large scale still occurs in countries that are world exporters of fur and skins of wild animals - Canada, Russia and the USA. Driven by expressed in art. 13 TFEU with the principle of animal welfare, the European Union has introduced a number of regulations to ensure humane catches in member countries as well as in third countries exporting skin and fur. The purpose of this article is to analyze the current legal situation in Poland with regard to the implementation of EU legislation on humane trap standards, with particular regard to the obligations contained in the agreement concluded between the European Community, Canada and the Russian Federation on 22 July 1997 - on international humane trapping standards . Keywords - EU, Poland, Russia, Canada, USA, animal welfare, humane animal protection, snare, poaching, animal species protection, hunting, animal traps, hunting, trapping, hunting law.
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Williamson, Robert. "The International Fur Ban and Public Policy Advocacy: The Significance of Inuit Cultural Persistence." Practicing Anthropology 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.21.1.q277u6q561523748.
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In mid-July of 1997 a significant event occurred when a first ministers' meeting of the European Union abrogated the legislation of the European Parliament, which, in 1989, had voted to ban importation of trapped fur products into Union countries from Canada and the United States. For eight years the representatives of the Aboriginal people and some anthropologists had worked against the implementation of this legislation, which threatened the life-way of a substantial proportion of the North American trappers, 70% of whose product is marketed in Europe. More than half of these trappers are Aboriginal in ancestry and contemporary cultural lifestyle. The marketing ban issue was heated and inflated in a manner disproportionate to the extent of North American European trade that the fur market comprises. This emotional climate was largely generated by animal rights organizations, often employing shock techniques openly anti-Aboriginal in tone. The campaigns have been conducted with growing public support all over Europe, and to some significant degree in the urban United States—but most particularly so in Great Britain. The activities of the International Fund for Animal Welfare and its fraternal groups have been well documented by George Wenzel (Animal Rights, Human Rights: Ecology, Economy and Ideology in the Canadian Arctic. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991) most notably, and also by such responsible people as the Greenlandic diplomat, ex-European Parliament Member and writer Finn Lynge.
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Sternberg-Lewerin, Susanna, Sofia Boqvist, Simen Foyn Nørstebø, Thomas Grönthal, Annamari Heikinheimo, Venla Johansson, Viivi Heljanko, et al. "Nordic Vets against AMR—An Initiative to Share and Promote Good Practices in the Nordic–Baltic Region." Antibiotics 11, no. 8 (August 3, 2022): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11081050.
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In the Nordic countries, antimicrobial use in animals and the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance are among the lowest in Europe. The network “Nordic Vets Against AMR” organized a meeting in 2021, with key actors including representatives from universities, veterinary authorities and veterinary organizations in Finland, Norway and Sweden. This paper reflects the most important discussions on education, research, policy and future perspectives, including the experiences of these countries. It concludes that Nordic veterinarians are well placed to lead the way in the fight against antimicrobial resistance and that the sharing of experiences can support colleagues in other countries. Veterinary education must go hand in hand with research activities and continuously updated guidelines and legislation. There is also a need for postgraduate training on antimicrobial resistance and prudent antimicrobial use. The veterinary profession must, by any means necessary, protect the efficiency of antimicrobials for the sake of animal health, animal welfare and productivity, as well as public health. While restrictive use of antimicrobials is crucial, the ability of veterinarians to use this medical tool is also important for the sake of animal welfare and global food security.
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Cajiga, Rosa María. "Shark Finning Legislation and Shark Welfare. An Analysis of the Kristin Jacobs Ocean Conservation Act." Derecho Animal. Forum of Animal Law Studies 12, no. 3 (December 9, 2021): 78–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/da.566.
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Thousands of sharks are cruelly killed worldwide every day due to the lucrative shark finning trade. This practice is negatively impacting marine life, as sharks are the greatest ocean predators and maintain the delicate balance of the marine ecosystem. Shark finning consists of removing the fins and discarding the rest. The sharks are alive during the process, and when tossed back into the water without fins they cannot swim, thus sinking to the depths where they asphyxiate and / or are devoured by other fish. The fins are primarily consumed in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Asian communities elsewhere in the world for making shark-fin soup. Efforts to stop the practice of shark finning vary, ranging from demanding fisheries to bring sharks to land before removing the fins, to prohibiting the trade of shark products, to the total ban of shark fishing. Legislation varies significantly between countries and states, ranging from zero to absolute protection, whereby absolute means prohibiting the possession, sale, importation and exportation of shark fins. The economic implications of the shark-fin trade are considerable, which renders the application of laws and regulations very difficult. However, the increasing business of diving with sharks offers an alternative that shows us that the value of a living shark is far greater than when it is sold for parts. Analyzing legislation from the United States, as well as international legislation, aims to show its weakness when it comes to efforts to protect sharks, and in particular the application of the concept of shark welfare when legislating in their favor. The case study will focus on the Kristin Jacobs Ocean Conservation Act, investigating and analyzing the legal efforts made in the state of Florida (USA) to stop shark finning, and analyzing the legal implications for shark welfare.
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HADJIYIANNI, Ioanna. "The Court of Justice of the European Union as a Transnational Actor through Judicial Review of the Territorial Scope of EU Environmental Law." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 21 (June 13, 2019): 128–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cel.2019.4.
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AbstractWhen courts are faced with questions regarding the territorial scope of internal legislation, they are required to engage with controversial issues pertaining to the permissible boundaries of regulatory reach, which go beyond traditional conceptions of state sovereignty and non-intervention on which the functioning of courts is normally based. This Article examines the role of the Court of Justice of the European Union (‘CJEU’) in reviewing the legality and interpretation of the extraterritorial reach of EU environmental law, including animal welfare. It assesses the extent to which judicial review by the CJEU serves as a transnational mechanism for addressing legitimacy concerns raised by the unilateral exercise of EU regulatory power beyond EU borders.