Journal articles: 'Animal urine'

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Lee, Wonho, Beom Jun Ko, Yeong eun Sim, Sungill Suh, Dahye Yoon, and Suhkmann Kim. "Discrimination of Human Urine from Animal Urine Using 1H-NMR." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 43, no. 1 (August 28, 2018): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bky061.

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Kurien, Biji T., Nancy E. Everds, and R. Hal Scofield. "Experimental animal urine collection: a review." Laboratory Animals 38, no. 4 (October 2004): 333–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0023677041958945.

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Flachowsky, G. "Animal urine treated wheat straw as feedstuff." Archiv für Tierernaehrung 36, no. 1 (January 1986): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17450398609425246.

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Skvorak, K. J. "Animal models of maple syrup urine disease." Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease 32, no. 2 (March 9, 2009): 229–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10545-009-1086-z.

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Sintermann, J., S. Schallhart, M. Kajos, M. Jocher, A. Bracher, A. Münger, D. Johnson, A. Neftel, and T. Ruuskanen. "Trimethylamine emissions in animal husbandry." Biogeosciences 11, no. 18 (September 19, 2014): 5073–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5073-2014.

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Abstract. Degradation of plant material by animals is an important transformation pathway in the nitrogen (N) cycle. During the involved processes, volatile reduced alkaline nitrogen compounds, mainly ammonia (NH3) and aliphatic amines such as trimethylamine (TMA), are formed. Today, animal husbandry is estimated to constitute a main source of aliphatic amines in the atmosphere with TMA being the main emitted compound. Here, we show how the interaction between faeces and urine in animal production systems provides the primary source for agricultural TMA emissions. Excreted urine contains large quantities of urea and TMA-N-oxide, which are transformed into NH3 and TMA, respectively, via enzymatic processes provided by microbes present in faeces. TMA emissions from areas polluted with urine–faeces mixtures are on average of the order of 10 to 50 nmol m−2s−1. Released amines promote secondary aerosol particle formation in the agricultural emission plume. The atmospheric lifetime of TMA, which was estimated to be of the order of 30 to 1000 s, is determined by the condensation onto aerosol particles.

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Sintermann, J., S. Schallhardt, M. Kajos, M. Jocher, A. Bracher, A. Münger, D. Johnson, A. Neftel, and T. Ruuskanen. "Trimethylamine emissions in animal husbandry." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 5 (May 6, 2014): 6519–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-6519-2014.

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Abstract. Degradation of plant material by animals is an important transformation pathway in the nitrogen (N) cycle. During the involved processes, volatile reduced alkaline nitrogen compounds, mainly ammonia (NH3) and aliphatic amines such as trimethylamine (TMA), are formed. Today, animal husbandry is estimated to constitute a main source of aliphatic amines into the atmosphere with TMA being the main emitted compound. Here, we show how the interaction between faeces and urine in animal production systems provides the primary source for agricultural TMA emissions. Excreted urine contains large quantities of urea and TMA-N-oxide, which are transformed into NH3 and TMA, respectively, via enzymatic processes provided by microbes present in faeces. TMA emissions from areas polluted with urine-faeces mixture are on average in the order of 10 to 50 nmol m−2s−1. Released amines promote secondary aerosol particle formation in the agricultural emission plume. The atmospheric lifetime of TMA, which was estimated to be in the order of 30 to 1000 s, is determined by the condensation on aerosol particles.

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Zymantiene, Judita, Rasa Zelvyte, Vaidas Oberauskas, and Ugne Spancerniene. "Influence of Metabolic Cage on Wistar Rat Physiological State." Macedonian Veterinary Review 39, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/macvetrev-2015-0062.

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AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the influence of metabolic cage housing on the Wistar rat physiological state and to analyze the correlation between the minerals in blood and urine. Thirty male rats were used in the experiment. Fifteen rats (control group) were housed individually in standard polycarbonate cages and fifteen rats (experimental group) in metabolic cages (Techniplast, Italy) for two weeks. Body weight, respiration rate, water and food consumptions were recorded for each animal at the beginning of the experiment. The same parameters, as well as blood and urine parameters of control and experimental animals were recorded during the experiment after 72 h, 168 h and 336 h of housing in standard cages and metabolic cages. Urine collection was measured only in the experimental group. Rats weight decreased from 3.84 % to 18.59 % (P<0.05), respiration rate from 18.65 % to 24.59 % (P<0.05) when rats were housed in metabolic cages. Consumption of food and water by the rat depended on how long the animal was kept in metabolic cage. Glucose concentration increased on average by 15.37 %, WBC count decreased by 5.83 % in the blood of rats housed in metabolic cages compared to the animals housed in standard cages. We did not observe significant changes of triglycerides concentration, red blood cells count and total protein between all rats. The positive moderate correlation of rat housing in a metabolic cage was between K blood and K urine, P blood and P urine, Na blood and K blood, between Na urine and P urine and significant negative moderate correlation was determined between K urine and P urine. These present study findings indicate that metabolism cage housing significantly affects rat’s physiological parameters and potentially may influence animal health and wellbeing.

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Gantverg, Alex, Isaac Shishani, and Michael Hoffman. "Determination of chloramphenicol in animal tissues and urine." Analytica Chimica Acta 483, no. 1-2 (April 2003): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(02)01566-0.

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Kimura, Rikako. "Volatile substances in feces, urine and urine-marked feces of feral horses." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 81, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a00-068.

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The identity and amount of volatile substances in the feces, urine and feces scent-marked with urine (i.e., feces mixed with urine) of feral horses was determined by acid/steam distillation and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The frequency of excretion and scent marking, as evaluated in the breeding and non-breeding seasons, showed clear evidence of seasonal behavioral differences. The concentration of each substance (fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, amines and alkanes) in the feces differed according to maturity, sex and stage in the reproductive process. They had a characteristic chemical fingerprint. Although the levels of tetradecanoic and hexadecanoic acids in the feces of estrous mares were significantly higher than the respective levels in the feces of non-estrous mares, in the case of scent-marked feces by stallions, the levels of them in the feces from estrous mares had decreased to levels similar to those in non-estrous mares. The concentration of these substances in mares were not significantly different. The presence of a high concentration of cresols in the urine of stallions in the breeding season suggests that one role of scent marking by stallions is masking the odor of the feces produced by mares. Key words: Odors (volatile), excrement, scent-marking, masking, horse (feral), (releaser) pheromone

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White, P. J., R. A. Garrott, and D. M. Heisey. "Variability in snow-urine assays." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-048.

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Urea nitrogen: creatinine ratios in snow urine have become popular for assessing the extent of winter nutritional deprivation in ungulates. During winter 1992 – 1993, we collected 10–17 sequential snow-urine samples (402 total) from 27 individually identifiable free-ranging adult female elk. Within-animal variance accounted for 91% of the total variance (351.66 mg2/dL2) in creatinine, 86% of the total variance (637.03 mg2/dL2) in urea nitrogen, and 82% of the total variance (0.56) in urea nitrogen: creatinine ratios. This substantial within-animal variability was unexpected and led to experiments that examined whether the variability was due to sample collection and measurement technique or actually reflected biological variability. Factors examined included dilution effects, measurement (assay) repeatability, and short-term (<24 h) within-animal constancy in metabolite excretion. No dilution effects were detected when the initial concentrations of snow-urine samples were diluted <75% with water. Measurement variability accounted for 0.78, 0.37, and 27.7% of the total variance in creatinine, urea nitrogen, and urea nitrogen: creatinine ratios, respectively. Within-animal metabolite excretion was reasonably constant within 24 h, suggesting that creatinine provides a valid index for comparing urinary metabolites. We conclude that variability in urea nitrogen: creatinine ratios due to dilution, measurement variability, and short-term temporal variability in metabolite excretion was small compared with the total within-animal variance. Urea nitrogen: creatinine ratios should provide an accurate estimate of the true ratios of these metabolites in an elk's bladder urine. However, the interpretation of urea nitrogen: creatinine ratios is often complex, since they reflect the immediate dynamics between fat depletion, protein catabolism, and dietary intake. Differences in ratios between collections may be partially due to variations in recent dietary intake or restriction, in addition to true differences in long-term nutritional status. The best method for statistically analyzing snow-urine data remains unresolved.

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Spector, David A., Jie Deng, and Kerry J. Stewart. "Hydration status affects sodium, potassium, and chloride transport across rat urothelia." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 305, no. 12 (December 15, 2013): F1669—F1679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00353.2013.

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Recent data suggest possible net transport of urinary constituents across mammalian urinary tract epithelia (urothelia). To evaluate the effect of animal hydration status on such transport, we instilled urine collected during 2-day water deprivation, water loading, or ad libitum water intake into isolated in situ bladder(s) of groups of rats undergoing one of the same three hydration states. After 1-h bladder dwell, we retrieved the urine and measured differences in volume and solute concentrations between instilled and retrieved urine. We previously reported results regarding changes in urine volume and net urea and creatinine transport and herein report the results of net urinary sodium, potassium, and chloride transport in the same animals. During water-loading conditions, urinary concentrations of Na, K, and Cl rose 4.9 (30.7%), 2.6 (16.5%), and 6.0 meq/l (26.8%), respectively, indicating urothelial secretion into urine. During ad libitum water intake, urinary K and Cl concentrations fell 33.6 (14.8%) and 28.4 meq/l (12%), respectively (Na did not change), and during water deprivation urine Na, K, and Cl concentrations fell dramatically by 53.2 (18.6%), 159.4 (34.6%) and 133.7 meq/l (33.8%), respectively, reflecting urothelial reabsorption of each ion. For each ionic species, two factors independently influenced transport: instilled urinary ion concentration and animal hydration state. These results demonstrate significant regulated ion transport across mammalian urothelia, support the notion that lower urinary tract modifies final urine, and suggest that the lower urinary tract may play a role in local and whole animal solute homeostasis.

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Klein, Cecile A. M. de, Louise Barton, Robert R. Sherlock, Zheng Li, and Roger P. Littlejohn. "Estimating a nitrous oxide emission factor for animal urine from some New Zealand pastoral soils." Soil Research 41, no. 3 (2003): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02128.

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The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change methodology estimates that over 50% of total nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in New Zealand derive from animal excreta-N deposited during grazing. The emission factor for excreta-N as used by this methodology has an important impact on New Zealand's total N2O inventory. The objectives of this study were to refine the N2O emission factor for urine by simultaneously measuring N2O emissions from 5 pastoral soils of different drainage class, in 3 different regions in New Zealand following a single application of urine; plus test various aspects of the soil cover method for determining emission factors. Cow urine and synthetic urine was applied to pastoral soils in autumn 2000 and N2O emissions were measured using closed flux chambers at regular intervals for 4–18 months following application. The N2O emission factors for cow urine estimated for the first 4 months after urine application varied greatly depending on rainfall and soil drainage class, and ranged from 0.3 to 2.5% of the urine-N applied, suggesting that adopting a single emission factor for New Zealand may be inappropriate. The largest emission factor was found in a poorly drained soil, and the lowest emission factor was found in a well-drained stony soil. Ongoing measurements on one of the soils resulted in an increase in emission factors as the N2O emissions had not reached background levels 4 months after urine application. To characterise urine-induced N2O emissions, we recommend measurements continue until N2O emissions from urine-amended soil return to background levels. Furthermore, we recommend using real animal urine rather than synthetic urine in studies when determining the N2O emission factor for urine.

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PATIENCE, J. F., D. W. FRIEND, K. E. HARTIN, and M. S. WOLYNETZ. "A COMPARISON OF TWO URINE COLLECTION METHODS FOR FEMALE SWINE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): 859–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-089.

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Six pairs of littermate gilts were used to compare an invasive (catheter) and a noninvasive (tube affixed around the vagina) urine collection system. Urine volume and nitrogen excretion were greater and water retention and urine specific gravity less (P < 0.05) in the catheterized swine. Collection method had no effect on urogenital infection. Key words: Urine collection, catheter, urine composition, swine

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Muizelaar, Wouter, Maria Groot, Gert van Duinkerken, Ruud Peters, and Jan Dijkstra. "Safety and Transfer Study: Transfer of Bromoform Present in Asparagopsis taxiformis to Milk and Urine of Lactating Dairy Cows." Foods 10, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10030584.

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Enteric methane (CH4) is the main source of greenhouse gas emissions from ruminants. The red seaweeds Asparagopsis taxiformis (AT) and Asparagopsis armata contain halogenated compounds, including bromoform (CHBr3), which may strongly decrease enteric CH4 emissions. Bromoform is known to have several toxicological effects in rats and mice and is quickly excreted by the animals. This study investigated the transfer of CHBr3 present in AT to milk, urine, feces, and animal tissue when incorporated in the diet of dairy cows. Twelve lactating Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, representing the target dose (low), 2× target dose (medium), and 5× target dose (high). The adaptation period lasted seven days, and subsequently cows were fed AT for 22 days maximally. The transfer of CHBr3 to the urine at days 1 and 10 (10–148 µg/L) was found with all treatments. On day 1, CHBr3 was detected in the milk of most cows in the low and medium treatment groups (9.1 and 11 µg/L, respectively), and detected in the milk of one cow in the high treatment group on day 9 (35 µg/L). Bromoform was not detected in milk and urine at day 17, nor at concentrations above the detection limit in feces and collected animal tissues. Two animals (low) were sacrificed, and their rumen wall showed abnormalities. Upon histological examination, signs of inflammation became visible. Animals regularly refused the feed or distinctively selected against AT. In conclusion, within the confines of the present experiment, CHBr3 does not accumulate in animal tissue, but can be excreted in urine and milk.

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Ilyasov, O. R., S. N. Koshelev, A. M. Asonov, and M. N. Kostomakhin. "Wastewater free supply in animal husbandry." Sel'skohozjajstvennaja tehnika: obsluzhivanie i remont (Agricultural Machinery: Service and Repair), no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-10-2107-03.

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The main component of waste water of livestock enterprises is the urine of cattle and pigs. The chemical composition of urine is determined by diet and animal species and can not be changed under any techniques. Analysis of water balances allows to make the conclusion that the termination of the reset of highly concentrated waste water by recycling in hydroponicum opens up the prospect of the creation of undrained water supply in animal breeding farms. The use of household waste water for the purposes of technical water supply will allow dramatically reduce the withdrawal of fresh water from a natural water pool, and discharge into it of waste water. Implementation of complex of measures on rational use of water in livestock enterprises allows to move from the closed water systems of individual plants (production of green feed by hydroponic method) to undrained water supply enterprises at all.

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Fellner, V., M. F. Weiss, A. T. Belo, R. L. Belyea, F. A. Martz, and A. H. Orma. "Urine Cup for Collection of Urine from Cows." Journal of Dairy Science 71, no. 8 (August 1988): 2250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(88)79800-8.

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Beauchemin, K. A., G. R. Bowman, L. M. Rode, and M. A. G. von Keyserlingk. "Effects of feeding anionic products to non-lactating dairy cows on urine pH." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 83, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 609–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a03-045.

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Anionic products (anionic salts, Bio-Chlor™, Nutri-Chlor™, and SoyChlor 16-7™ ) were fed to 12 non-lactating dairy cows and urine pH was monitored. The products differed in their effectiveness: anionic salts, Bio-Chlor, and Nutri-Chlor lowered urine pH, but SoyChlor was not effective. For cows fed once daily, checking urine pH 12 to 18 h after feeding is most likely to indicate nadir pH. Key words: Dietary cation-anion difference, urine acidification, urine pH, dairy cow, non-lactating

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Luo, J., S. Ledgard, B. Wise, and S. Lindsey. "Effect of dicyandiamide (DCD) on nitrous oxide emissions from cow urine deposited on a pasture soil, as influenced by DCD application method and rate." Animal Production Science 56, no. 3 (2016): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15500.

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Animal urine deposited on pastoral soils during grazing is recognised as a dominant source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), is a potential mitigation technology to control N2O emissions from urine patches on grazed pastures. One delivery option is to include DCD in animal feed so that the DCD is targeted directly in the urine patch when excreted in the animal urine. The hypothesis tested in the present study was that DCD in urine, excreted by cows that were orally administered with DCD, would have the same effect as DCD added to urine after the urine is excreted. The study also aimed to determine the most effective DCD rate for reducing N2O emissions. Fresh dairy cow urine (700 kg N per ha) was applied to a free-draining silt loam pastoral soil in Waikato, New Zealand, in May (late autumn) or July (winter) of 2014, and was mixed with DCD at rates of 0, 10, 30 and 60 kg/ha. In late autumn, there was an equivalent treatment of urine (containing 60 kg DCD per ha) from DCD-treated cows. A static chamber technique was used to determine gaseous N2O emissions. An annual emission factor (EF3; the percentage of applied urine N lost as N2O-N) of 0.23% or 0.21% was found following late-autumn or winter applications of urine without DCD. Late-autumn application of urine containing DCD from oral administration to cows had the same significant reduction effect on N2O emissions as did DCD that was mixed with urine after excretion, at the equivalent DCD application rate of 60 kg/ha. Application of urine with DCD mixed with the urine after excretion at varying DCD rates showed a significant (P < 0.05) linear decrease in both N2O emissions and EF3 values.

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Atema, Jelle, and Christa Karavanich. "Olfactory Recognition of Urine Signals in Dominance Fights Between Male Lobster, Homarus Americanus." Behaviour 135, no. 6 (1998): 719–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853998792640440.

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AbstractThe maintenance of dominance hierarchies in the American lobster (Homarus americanus) is based on recognition of the dominant animal by the loser of a recent fight. It is hypothesized that chemical signals are the basis of this recognition. Adult male lobsters were paired for initial boxing matches between unfamiliar animals. The same pairs were re-matched for 3 more consecutive fights. In the first experiment, treatment animals had their primary olfactory receptor cells of the lateral and medial antennules lesioned before fights 2-4 and control animals received sham lesions. The durations of fights 2-4 for control pairs were significantly shorter than the durations of fights between lesioned animals. In the second experiment, male pairs were again allowed to establish a dominance relationship in a first fight. During second fights, urine release by both animals was prevented by the use of catheters in treatment animals while control pairs wore sham catheters. Again, durations of the second fights of control animals were significantly shorter than those of treatment animals. Together, these experiments indicate that urine-carried chemical signals, perceived by the antennules, reduce the duration and aggression of male dominance fights on subsequent days because the loser of the first fight backs off almost immediately when he smells the urine of the known dominant.

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Melnik, А. V., N. S. Kanivets, L. P. Karysheva, P. I. Lokesa, and D. D. Burtseva. "DIAGNOSIS OF UROCYSTITIS IN A DOMESTIC CAT (CLINICAL CASE)." Scientific and Technical Bulletin оf State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Fodder Additives аnd Institute of Animal Biology 21, no. 2 (October 27, 2020): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36359/scivp.2020-21-2.16.

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Urocystitis, as a nosological unit, explains the inflammatory process of acute or chronic nature in the bladder and urethra. This disease is quite common among cats kept indoors. Early diagnosis of urocystitis, in particular differential, is difficult and should be comprehensive, and include: collection of medical history, clinical examination of a sick animal, laboratory examination of urine, ultrasound (ultrasound diagnosis) of the urinary system. The article presents a clinical case from the veterinary practice of diagnosing urocystitis in a domestic cat. The research was conducted according to generally accepted methods, using special equipment. Catheterization of the bladder was performed to select urine. Changes in the clinical condition characterized by oppression of the animal, pale mucous membranes, anorexia, dysuria, forced posture of the animal, hematuria. Urination in a sick animal is frequent and difficult, or no, hyperemia of the penis, there is pain on palpation of the bladder. In the urine of animals with urocystitis revealed a decrease in relative density to 1.017 g / m3 and an increase in pH to 6.6. Epithelial cells of the bladder, leukocytes (up to 10 cells in the field of view) and a significant number of erythrocytes were registered in the sediment. Biochemical examination diagnosed elevated urea content, which corresponded to 18.8 mmol / l and creatinine - 158.1 μmol / l, respectively. The results of ultrasonographic examination of the urinary system in a sick animal are highlighted. Changes in the size of the bladder due to significant filling of urine, diffuse thickening of its walls and the presence of sediment in the form of flakes, which is easily moved and visualized sharply echopositively. Diagnostic tests and their analysis confirmed the diagnosis of urocystitis in a domestic cat.

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Davis, Margaret A., Karen A. Cloud-Hansen, John Carpenter, and Carolyn J. Hovde. "Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Environments of Culture-Positive Cattle." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 11 (November 2005): 6816–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.11.6816-6822.2005.

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ABSTRACT Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 disease associated with animal exhibits have been reported with increasing frequency. Transmission can occur through contact with contaminated haircoats, bedding, farm structures, or water. We investigated the distribution and survival of E. coli O157:H7 in the immediate environments of individually housed, experimentally inoculated cattle by systematically culturing feed, bedding, water, haircoat, and feed bunk walls for E. coli O157:H7 for 3 months. Cedar chip bedding was the most frequently culture-positive environmental sample tested (27/96 or 28.15%). Among these, 12 (44.0%) of positive bedding samples were collected when the penned animal was fecal culture negative. Survival of E. coli O157:H7 in experimentally inoculated cedar chip bedding and in grass hay feed was determined at different temperatures. Survival was longest in feed at room temperature (60 days), but bacterial counts decreased over time. The possibility that urine plays a role in the environmental survival of E. coli O157:H7 was investigated. Cedar chip bedding moistened with sterile water or bovine urine was inoculated with E. coli O157:H7. Bedding moistened with urine supported growth of E. coli O157:H7, whereas inoculated bedding moistened with only water yielded decreasing numbers of bacteria over time. The findings that environmental samples were frequently positive for E. coli O157:H7 at times when animals were culture negative and that urine provided a substrate for E. coli O157:H7 growth have implications for understanding the on-farm ecology of this pathogen and for the safety of ruminant animal exhibits, particularly petting zoos and farms where children may enter animal pens.

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Gilmore, J. P., K. G. Cornish, and M. W. Barazanji. "Pentobarbital potentiates natriuretic response to acute volume expansion in monkeys." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 254, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): R727—R729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1988.254.5.r727.

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We determined the influence of pentobarbital sodium on the renal responses of the monkey to acute intravascular volume expansion. Before volume expansion, the anesthetized animals had a significantly lower blood pressure and creatinine clearance and a significantly higher urine flow and sodium excretion than the conscious animals. After volume expansion with an isotonic, isoncotic, dextran solution, sodium excretion and urine flow increased significantly in both groups of animals. However, both responses were significantly greater in the anesthetized animals. The greater natriuresis in the anesthetized animals was associated with a greater fractional sodium excretion than in the conscious animals. The potentiated response of the anesthetized animal may be the result of a direct renal tubular effect of pentobarbital and/or the result of the anesthetic removing an inhibitory influence on sodium excretion.

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DESVARS, A., E. CARDINALE, and A. MICHAULT. "Animal leptospirosis in small tropical areas." Epidemiology and Infection 139, no. 2 (September 28, 2010): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810002074.

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SUMMARYLeptospirosis is the most widespread zoonosis in the world. Humans become infected through contact with the urine of carrier animals, directly or via contaminated environments. This review reports available data on animal leptospirosis in ten tropical islands: Barbados, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Grenada, Trinidad, New Caledonia, Hawaii, French Polynesia, La Réunion and Mayotte. Leptospirosis is endemic in these insular wild and domestic fauna. Each island presents a specific panel of circulating serovars, closely linked with animal and environmental biodiversity, making it epidemiologically different from the mainland. Rats, mongooses and mice are proven major renal carriers of leptospires in these areas but dogs also constitute a significant potential reservoir. In some islands seroprevalence of leptospirosis in animals evolves with time, inducing changes in the epidemiology of the human disease. Consequently more investigations on animal leptospirosis in these ecosystems and use of molecular tools are essential for prevention and control of the human disease.

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Woźniak, Barbara, Iwona Matraszek-Żuchowska, Katarzyna Sielska, Sebastian Witek, Andrzej Posyniak, Krzysztof Niemczuk, and Jan Żmudzki. "Control of residues of thyreostats in slaughter animals in Poland in 2011–2017." Journal of Veterinary Research 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2018-0077.

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AbstractIntroduction: In the European Union, the use of thyreostatic drugs for fattening slaughter animals has been banned since 1981 under Council Directive 81/602/EEC. For protection of consumer health against unwanted residues and in compliance with Directive 96/23, each EU country must monitor thyreostats in samples of animal origin. This paper presents the results of research on thyreostatic residues carried out in Poland in 2011–2017.Material and Methods: The material for testing was urine (n = 3,491), drinking water (n = 127), and muscle samples (n = 349) officially collected by Veterinary Sanitary Inspectors in slaughterhouses and farms throughout the country in accordance with the national residue control plan. The samples were examined for the presence of tapazole, thiouracil, methylthiouracil, propylthiouracil, and phenylthiouracil using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry through an accredited method.Results: In four bovine and three porcine urine samples, the permissible thiouracil concentration was exceeded. In one sample of porcine urine, methyl- and propylthiouracil were found. The presence of thiouracil and its derivatives in urine samples is most likely due to feeding animals diet containing cruciferous plants.Conclusions: The results of research indicate that thyreostats are not used for anabolic purposes in slaughter animals in Poland.

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JONES, SHUNA A., ROBERT S. SALTER, TIM GOLDSMITH, JULIO QUINTANA, PAUL RAPNICKI, KAREN SHUCK, JIM E. WELLS, MARILYN J. SCHNEIDER, and DEE GRIFFIN. "Development and Model Testing of Antemortem Screening Methodology To Predict Required Drug Withholds in Heifers†." Journal of Food Protection 77, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-267.

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A simple, cow-side test for the presence of drug residues in live animal fluids would provide useful information for tissue drug residue avoidance programs. This work describes adaptation and evaluation of rapid screening tests to detect drug residues in serum and urine. Medicated heifers had urine, serum, and tissue biopsy samples taken while on drug treatment. Samples were tested by rapid methods and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The adapted microbial inhibition method, kidney inhibition swab test, was useful in detecting sulfadimethoxine in serum, and its response correlated with the prescribed withdrawal time for the drug, 5 to 6 days posttreatment. The lateral flow screening method for flunixin and beta-lactams, adapted for urine, was useful in predicting flunixin in liver detected by HPLC, 96 h posttreatment. The same adapted methods were not useful to detect ceftiofur in serum or urine due to a lack of sensitivity at the levels of interest. These antemortem screening test studies demonstrated that the method selected, and the sampling matrix chosen (urine or serum), will depend on the drug used and should be based on animal treatment history if available. The live animal tests demonstrated the potential for verification that an individual animal is free of drug residues before sale for human consumption.

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Stubblefield, R. D., J. I. Greer, O. L. Shotwell, and A. M. Aikens. "Rapid Immunochemical Screening Method for Afiatoxin B1 in Human and Animal Urine." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, no. 3 (May 1, 1991): 530–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.3.530.

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Abstract A method has been developed to determine the presence of afiatoxin B1 in the urine of animals (including humans) by utilizing commercial immunochemical kits that can be used in the field. Urine is treated with diatomaceous earth and filtered to clarify the sample; 2-3 ppb afiatoxin B1, corresponding to about 300 ppb in the ingested feed/food, can be detected in the filtered urine without futher purification. To improve sensitivity, the urine filtrate is passed through a C18 solid phase column to extract the afiatoxin. The column is washed with acetonitrHe-water (15 + 85) and water, afiatoxin B1 is eiuted with methanol-water (7 + 3), and water is added to the eluate, which is then tested for afiatoxin with the test kit. The limit of detection is 0.2 ppb, reflecting consumption of 40 ppb or more afiatoxin In the feed/food. When the initial sample volume is adequate, purification through the C18 column step Is usually sufficient. For limited sample volumes, the eluate from the C18 column is mixed with water, added to an immunosorbent affinity column, and washed with water to remove excess sample matrix and impurities. Afiatoxin B1 is eiuted with acetonltrile. The extract is evaporated under nitrogen and the residue is redissolved in methanolwater (25 + 75). At this purification stage, the limit of detection is reduced to 0.05 ppb.

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Silva Júnior, Jarbas Miguel, João Paulo Pacheco Rodrigues, Sebastião de Campos Valadares Filho, Edenio Detmann, Mário Fonseca Paulino, and Luciana Navajas Rennó. "Estimating purine derivatives and nitrogen compound excretion using total urine collection or spot urine samples in grazing heifers." Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 105, no. 5 (March 11, 2021): 861–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13525.

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Di, H. J., and K. C. Cameron. "Sources of nitrous oxide from 15N-labelled animal urine and urea fertiliser with and without a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD)." Soil Research 46, no. 1 (2008): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07093.

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A field lysimeter study was conducted to determine the sources of N2O emitted following the application of dairy cow urine and urea fertiliser labelled with 15N, with and without a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD). The results show that the application of cow urine at 1000 kg N/ha significantly increased N2O emissions above that from urea applied alone at 25 kg N/ha. The application of urine seemed to have a priming effect, increasing N2O emissions from the soil N pool. Treating the soil with DCD significantly (P < 0.05) decreased N2O emissions from the urine-applied treatment by 72%. The percentage of N2O-N derived from the applied N was 53.1% in the urine-applied treatment and this was reduced to 29.9% when DCD was applied. On average, about 43% of the N2O emitted in the urine-applied treatments was from nitrification. The application of DCD did not have a major effect on the relative contributions of nitrification and denitrification to N2O emissions in the urine treatments. This indicates that the DCD nitrification inhibitor decreased the contributions to N2O emissions from both nitrification and denitrification.

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Perši, N., J. Pleadin, A. Vulić, I. Kmetić, and B. Šimić. "Determination of ochratoxin A in serum and urine of pigs." World Mycotoxin Journal 5, no. 4 (November 1, 2012): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2012.1436.

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The objective of the study was to determine ochratoxin A (OTA) concentrations in serum and urine of pigs during 30-day OTA treatment. OTA was administered orally to the experimental group (n=5) at a dose of 0.78 mg per animal per day, whereas control animals (n=5) were left untreated. OTA concentrations were determined using a validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Method validation resulted in mean recoveries of 93-101% for serum and 98-106% for urine, with acceptable mean inter- and intraday relative standard deviations (<8% for urine and <7% for serum). The ELISA method can be effectively used as a simple screening method to determine OTA exposure in pigs during fattening. The maximum mean OTA concentration in serum was recorded on day 22 (8.75±2.93 ng/ml) and in urine on day 20 (43.56±35.76 ng/ml), indicating significant differences in OTA concentrations between these two matrices.

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30

Robert, S., C. Farmer, and J. Rushen. "Manure production of first-litter sows fed a high-fibre diet during gestation." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 80, no. 4 (December 1, 2000): 737–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a00-072.

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Urine and faeces production, water intake and body condition were investigated in 19 pregnant gilts fed a concentrated (CONC: 2 kg d−1, 2.2% CF) or high-fibre diet (HF: 3.6 g d−1 20.4% CF). Gilts fed HF drank less (P < 0.05) than CONC, but urine excretion did not differ significantly. More faeces were excreted by HF than CONC (P < 0.001), with similar dry matter contents. Total daily manure production, body weight and backfat thickness were similar among treatments. Key words: Fibre, sow, manure, urine, faeces, gestation

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Bowman, G. R., K. A. Beauchemin, and L. M. Rode. "Acidification of urine by feeding anionic products to non-lactating dairy cows." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 83, no. 2 (June 1, 2003): 319–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a02-089.

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Three commercial anionic products (Bio-Chlor MM™, Bio-Chlor FR™ and SoyChlor 16-7™) were fed to non-lactating dairy cows in a total mixed ration (TMR). After the anionic products were included in the TMR at the manufacturers’ recommendations for 4-d, all products reduced urine pH below the desired threshold of 6.5. The rate at which the products reached nadir urine pH differed among the products, but once acidification was accomplished temporal effects on pH were minimal. Key words: Urine pH, dietary cation-anion difference, prepartum, dairy cow, non-lactating

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32

Scaini, Giselli, Isabela C. Jeremias, Meline O. S. Morais, Gabriela D. Borges, Bruna P. Munhoz, Daniela D. Leffa, Vanessa M. Andrade, Patrícia F. Schuck, Gustavo C. Ferreira, and Emilio L. Streck. "DNA damage in an animal model of maple syrup urine disease." Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 106, no. 2 (June 2012): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.04.009.

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Abell, J. T., J. Quade, G. Duru, S. M. Mentzer, M. C. Stiner, M. Uzdurum, and M. Özbaşaran. "Urine salts elucidate Early Neolithic animal management at Aşıklı Höyük, Turkey." Science Advances 5, no. 4 (April 2019): eaaw0038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw0038.

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The process of sheep and goat (caprine) domestication began by 9000 to 8000 BCE in Southwest Asia. The early Neolithic site at Aşıklı Höyük in central Turkey preserves early archaeological evidence of this transformation, such as culling by age and sex and use of enclosures inside the settlement. People’s strategies for managing caprines evolved at this site over a period of 1000 years, but changes in the scale of the practices are difficult to measure. Dung and midden layers at Aşıklı Höyük are highly enriched in soluble sodium, chlorine, nitrate, and nitrate-nitrogen isotope values, a pattern we attribute largely to urination by humans and animals onto the site. Here, we present an innovative mass balance approach to interpreting these unusual geochemical patterns that allows us to quantify the increase in caprine management over a ~1000-year period, an approach that should be applicable to other arid land tells.

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Uziel, M., R. J. Ward, and T. Vo-dinh. "Synchronous Fluorescence Measurement of BaP Metabolites in Human and Animal Urine." Analytical Letters 20, no. 5 (May 1987): 761–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00032718708062926.

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Degroodt, Jean-Marie, Brigitte Wyhowski Bukanski, Hedwig Beernaert, and Dirk Courtheyn. "Clenbuterol residue analysis by HPLC-HPTLC in urine and animal tissues." Zeitschrift f�r Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 189, no. 2 (August 1989): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01332946.

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Thulesen, Jesper, Steen Seier Poulsen, and Ebba Nexø. "Ureteral growth in animal models with increased renal excretion of urine." Urological Research 27, no. 1 (February 15, 1999): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002400050087.

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37

Wei, Jing, and Youhe Gao. "Early disease biomarkers can be found using animal models urine proteomics." Expert Review of Proteomics 18, no. 5 (May 4, 2021): 363–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14789450.2021.1937133.

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38

Koritzinsky, Erik H., Jonathan M. Street, Rohit R. Chari, Deonna M. Glispie, Tiffany R. Bellomo, Angel M. Aponte, Robert A. Star, and Peter S. T. Yuen. "Circadian variation in the release of small extracellular vesicles can be normalized by vesicle number or TSG101." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 317, no. 5 (November 1, 2019): F1098—F1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00568.2017.

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Numerous candidate biomarkers in urine extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been described for kidney diseases, but none are yet in clinical use, possibly due to a lack of proper normalization. Proper normalization corrects for normal biological variation in urine flow rate or concentration, which can vary by over one order of magnitude. Here, we observed inter- and intra-animal variation in urine excretion rates of small EVs (<200 nm in diameter) in healthy rats as a series of six 4-h fractions. To visualize intra-animal variation, we normalized a small EV excretion rate to a peak excretion rate, revealing a circadian pattern for each rat. This circadian pattern was distinct from urine volume, urine albumin, urine creatinine, and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Furthermore, urine small EV excretion was not significantly altered by sex, food/water deprivation, or ischemic acute kidney injury. Urine excretion of the exosomal/small EV marker protein tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) displayed a similar circadian pattern to urine small EV excretion; both measurements were highly correlated ( R2 = 0.85), with an average stoichiometry of 10.0 molecules of TSG101/vesicle in healthy rats. The observed stoichiometry of TSG101/vesicle in rat urine translated to human spot urine samples (10.2 molecules/vesicle) and cultured kidney-derived cell lines (human embryonic kidney-293 and normal rat kidney 52E cells). Small EV number and its surrogate, TSG101 protein, can normalize for circadian variation when testing candidate biomarkers in small EVs. Just as creatinine has emerged as the customary normalization factor for liquid-phase urine biomarkers, vesicle number and its surrogate, molecules of exosome/small EV-associated TSG101, should be considered as viable, normalizing factors for small EV biomarkers.

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39

Herzig, I., B. Písaříková, I. Diblíková, and P. Suchý. "Iodine concentrations in porcine blood, urine, and tissues after a single dose of iodised oil." Veterinární Medicína 46, No. 6 (January 1, 2001): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7875-vetmed.

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Experimental groups of pigs were treated orally with 120 mg (Group O 120), or 480 mg (Group O 480) of iodine per animal, or intramuscularly with 240 mg (Group I 240) of iodine per animal. Iodine was administered in the form of iodised fatty acid esters (IFAE). The treatment resulted in significantly increased iodine concentrations in tissues and a single dose was sufficient to meet the requirement for the whole fattening period (180 days). Urinary iodine concentrations in all the experimental groups were higher than in the control group C receiving iodine only from conventional feed. Urinary excretion of iodine between days 2 and 5 was more distinctive in orally treated than in intramuscularly treated animals (Figure 1). Iodine concentrations at the end of the fattening period (day 180) were higher in the treated than in the control groups. The treatment effect was more marked in Groups O 480 and I 240 than in Group O 120. The dynamics of blood serum iodine concentrations was similar to urinary concentrations (Figure 2). Mean thyroid gland weights in the groups O 120, O 480, I 240, and C were 9.19, 8.51, 7.10, and 12.01 g, respectively. An opposite tendency was observed for iodine concentrations in thyroid gland dry matter (Figure 3). No effects of any of the treatments on total protein, albumin, total lipids, or cholesterol concentrations in blood serum were observed. Group C showed lower tissue iodine concentrations than any of the experimental groups. The only exception was hepatic tissue in which approximately the same iodine concentrations were found in all the groups. Data obtained in Groups O 120, O 480, and I 240 indicate that decisive for tissue concentrations was rather the dose of iodine than the route of administration. Iodine is stored above all in the thyroid gland and adipose tissue. As can be seen in Figure 4, its concentration was higher in muscles with a higher proportion of fat (neck) than in lean muscles (ham).

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ALATZAS (Δ.Γ. ΑΛΑΤΖΑΣ), D. G., M. E. MYLONAKIS (Μ.Ε. ΜΥΛΩΝΑΚΗΣ), Z. S. POLIZOPOULOU (Ζ.Σ. ΠΟΛΥΖΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ), and A. F. KOUTINAS (Α.Φ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ). "Urine sediment evaluation in the dog and cat." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 63, no. 2 (December 15, 2017): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15429.

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Microscopic examination of the urine sediment is an integral part of urinalysis and a useful, cost-effective diagnostic tool in the everyday practice. Diagnostic investigation of urinary diseases and several systemic metabolic diseases make the microscopic evaluation of urine sediment a priority along with the physical and biochemical examination of urine. The different methods of urine collection (midstream voiding, catheterization or percutaneous cystocentesis) have advantages and disadvantages and the clinician has to decide on the best fitted method of urine collection, according to the medical background of the animal and the case-specific objectives of urinalysis. Proper handling and timely analysis of urine sample are essential for a valid microscopic evaluation. The microscopic examination of urinary sediment is usually conducted in stained or unstained “wet-mounted” preparations; occasionally, air-dried Giemsa-stained sediment smears are examined.Normal urine is sterile and may contain small numbers of cells (white and red blood cells, epithelial cells), few crystals, occasional casts, fat droplets and spermatozoa (male animals). In contrast, large numbers of cells or casts, presence of unusual types of crystals, neoplastic cells, parasites and microorganisms comprise abnormal findings, necessitating a more specialized diagnostic approach. This review focuses on the technical aspects pertaining to the proper sediment microscopic examination, the normally expected elements of sediment and the clinically relevant interpretation of abnormal findings.

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Wichert, B., A. Liesegang, and S. Hartnack. "Estimating energy losses with urine in the cat." Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 98, no. 4 (July 16, 2013): 628–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12102.

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42

Perera, Soliane Carra, Gabriela de Almeida Capella, Natália Berne Pinto, Josaine Cristina da Silva Rappeti, Gertrud Müller, Rosaria Helena Machado Azambuja, Claudia Giordani, and Marlete Brum Cleff. "First isolation of Dioctophyme renale eggs from an urban environment and identification of those from animal urine." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 26, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016064.

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Abstract Dioctophyme renale is a zoonotic parasite with worldwide distribution, although its occurrence is little known. The objective here was to evaluate the presence of parasite eggs in the environment and in the urine of dogs and cats in an urban area. Soil samples and urine were evaluated respectively by means of the Caldwell-Caldwell technique and urinalysis. Out of the 100 soil samples, 3% presented D. renale eggs, and out of the 43 urine samples, 18.6% were positive, including the feline samples. Thus, D. renale eggs are present in the urban environment, and dogs and cats are parasitized by this nematode, which therefore represents a risk to public health.

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Ferreira, Marisa da Fonseca, Marta Garcia Arce, Ian Graham Handel, Craig Robert Breheny, and Adam George Gow. "Urine dipstick precision with standard visual and automated methods within a small animal teaching hospital." Veterinary Record 183, no. 13 (May 31, 2018): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104841.

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Urine dipstick results may vary between operators/methods. The magnitude of variation across the veterinary field is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the precision of urine dipstick results between standard direct visual and automated reading methods when performed by several operators. Urine samples were pooled and divided into three aliquots: one plain, one with glucose and one with serum. Final year students, veterinary surgeons and veterinary nurses, blinded to each sample, were then asked to perform dipstick analysis with direct visualisation and an automated analyser, and their technique was observed. A subsequent session was undertaken with samples which had pH titrated to achieve an acidic, neutral or alkaline value. Sixty-four veterinary students, 20 veterinary surgeons and seven veterinary nurses performed the first (n=61) or second (n=30) part of the study. Precision was greater using the automated reader. The most common observed technique errors were: lack of sample mixing, for both visual and automated methods, and not timing readings as per manufacturer instructions when performing visual analysis. This study suggests that in an environment with multiple operators, as is the case in veterinary teaching or large private hospitals, automated urine dipstick reading improves precision of results.

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Hoag, Jeffrey B., Manchang Liu, R. Blaine Easley, Martin F. Britos-Bray, Priya Kesari, Heitham Hassoun, Mark Haas, Rubin M. Tuder, Hamid Rabb, and Brett A. Simon. "Effects of acid aspiration-induced acute lung injury on kidney function." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 294, no. 4 (April 2008): F900—F908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00357.2007.

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Acute lung injury (ALI) in combination with acute kidney injury carries a mortality approaching 80% in the intensive care unit. Recently, attention has focused on the interaction of the lung and kidney in the setting of ALI and mechanical ventilation (MV). Small animal models of ALI and MV have demonstrated changes in inflammatory mediators, water channels, apoptosis, and function in the kidney early in the course of injury. The purpose of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that ALI and injurious MV cause early, measurable changes in kidney structure and function in a canine HCl aspiration model of ALI when hemodynamics and arterial blood gas tensions are carefully controlled. Intratracheal HCl induced profound ALI as demonstrated by increased shunt fraction and airway pressures compared with sham injury. Sham-injured animals had similar mean arterial pressure and arterial Pco2 and HCO3 levels compared with injured animals. Measurements of renal function including renal blood flow, urine flow, serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, and kidney histology scores were not different between groups. With maintenance of hemodynamic parameters and alveolar ventilation, ALI and injurious MV do not alter kidney structure and function early in the course of injury in this acid aspiration canine model. Kidney injury in large animal models may be more similar to humans and may differ from results seen in small animal models.

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Rauser, P., L. Stehlik, P. Proks, R. Srnec, and A. Necas. "Effect of seven-day administration of carprofen or meloxicam on renal function in clinically healthy miniature pigs." Veterinární Medicína 55, No. 9 (October 7, 2010): 438–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2980-vetmed.

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Carprofen or meloxicam are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which may elicit a variety of renal disturbances. Prior to this study, the effects of carprofen or meloxicam on renal function in pigs were unknown. A total of 21 clinically healthy Goettingen miniature pigs (36.9 ± 7.22 kg) were divided into three groups based on what they were administered – carprofen, meloxicam or saline. First, blood was collected from the jugular vein and urine by ultrasound-guided cystocentesis. Serum urea (U) and creatinine (CR), fractional clearance of sodium (FCNa), urine gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, urine protein/creatinine ratio (UP/UC), urine gamma-glutamyltransferase/creatinine ratio (GGT/CR) and urine alkaline phosphatase/creatinine ratio (ALP/CR) and urine analysis – urine specific gravity (USG) and sediment microscopy were assessed before and seven days after daily intramuscular administration (IM) of saline (1.5 ml per animal), carprofen (2 mg/kg) or meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg). All animals had identical housing, feeding and unlimited water intake and had not undergone surgery or been administered any medication for three months prior to this. All pigs served as control groups for an experimental study of fracture healing using transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells and scaffolds. The data were analyzed using a one way ANOVA and a Mann-Whitney test (P < 0.05). In pigs receiving carprofen, serum urea and creatinine were significantly decreased, compared to the control (P < 0.01) or meloxicam (P < 0.05) groups. In animals receiving meloxicam FCNa was significantly increased (P < 0.05) and urine specific gravity significantly decrease (P < 0.05) compared to the pretreatment values. Two carprofen-treated pigs had a slight increase in renal tubular epithelial cells upon urine sediment examination. Intramuscular administration of carprofen or meloxicam in healthy miniature pigs for seven days causes no clinically important changes in selected renal parameters (without azotemia). However these changes indicate mild damage of renal tubules. Despite these findings, meloxicam or carprofen are recommended for analgesia in healthy pigs.

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Puchala, R., and G. W. Kulasek. "Estimation of microbial protein flow from the rumen of sheep using microbial nucleic acid and urinary excretion of purine derivatives." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 72, no. 4 (December 1, 1992): 821–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas92-094.

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Two methods for estimating the flow of microbial protein synthesized in the rumen to the duodenum were compared: one uses microbial nucleic acids entering the duodenum, and the other uses allantoin excreted in the urine. Ten ewes were fitted with rumen and duodenum cannulae, as well as Foley catheters for collection of urine. The experiment was carried out using two series of treatments with two replications each. The ewes were randomly divided into five groups, which were assigned to one of five diets. (In the second series sheep were excluded from diets received in the first series.) The diets, differing in protein and energy content, were as follows: (1) low protein, low energy (LPLE); high protein, low energy (HPLE); (3) maintenance for protein and energy (MPME); (4) low protein, high energy (LPHE); and (5) high protein, high energy (HPHE). The rates of rumen microbial protein synthesis were 3.34, 7.00, 9.44, 4.47 and 13.44 g microbial nitrogen (N) d−1 for diets 1–5, respectively. Results indicated a high correlation between allantoin and total purine derivatives (allantoin, uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine) excreted in the urine and the amount of microbial nucleic acids entering the duodenum. A regression equation y = exp (0.830 + 2.089x), using allantoin N (g d−1) excreted in the urine, was proposed for estimating microbial N synthesis (g d−1) in the rumen. The ratio of allantoin N to creatinine N in the urine samples collected at 6-h intervals varied markedly. Key words: Sheep, rumen, microbial protein, allantoin, purine derivatives

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Danial, Rifky, Hadri Latif, and Agustin Indrawati. "Deteksi Residu Hormon Trenbolon Asetat pada Sapi Siap Potong Impor asal Australia." Acta VETERINARIA Indonesiana 3, no. 2 (February 17, 2016): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/avi.3.2.70-76.

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Trenbolon asetat (TBA) merupakan hormon penggertak pertumbuhan yang diimplankan ke sapi untuk meningkatkan berat badan dan mengefisiensi konversi pakan. Penggunaan TBA dapat meninggalkan residu dalam urin dan dapat menyebabkan efek negatif. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis keberadaan residu TBA dalam urin sapi siap potong impor dari Australia. Ukuran sampel dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus deteksi penyakit dan sampel dipilih secara acak. Sebanyak 60 sampel dianalisis menggunakan enzim-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Tes menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 100% urin sapi siap potong dari Australia mengandung residu TBA dengan konsentrasi yang bervariasi. Konsentrasi residu TBA < 2 part per billion (ppb) terdeteksi pada 37 sampel (61,67%), konsentrasi residu TBA 2-4 ppb terdeteksi pada 7 sampel (7%), dan konsentrasi residu TBA > 4 ppb terdeteksi pada 16 sampel (26,67%). Hasil positif menunjukkan bahwa sapi potong asal Australia mengandung residu hormon trenbolon asetat (TBA).Kata kunci: ELISA, residu, sapi potong impor, trenbolon asetat, urin (Detection of Trenbolone Acetate Hormone Residues in Imported Slaughter Cattle from Australia)Trenbolone acetate (TBA) is a growth hormone promoter which is implanted into cattle to increase weight gain and feed conversion efficiency. The use of TBA can leave residue in urine and may cause negative effects. The objective of this research was to analyze the presence of the TBA residue in imported slaughter cattle urine from Australia. Cattle urine samples were collected from Animal Quarantine Installation. Sample size was calculated using the formula of detect disease and selected by random sampling. A total of 60 samples of cattle urine were analyzed for level of trenbolone acetate residues by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The test showed that positive results in all of urine samples (100%) of slaughter cattle imported from Australia with variation in TBA residues concentrations. The concentration of residual TBA < 2 ppb were detected in 37 samples (61.67%), the residual concentration of TBA 2-4 ppb were detected in 7 samples (7%), and the concentration of residual TBA > 4 ppb were detected in 16 samples (26.67%). Total of 60 urine samples contained TBA residues. The presence of TBA residues with concentration above 4 ppb was 16 samples (26.7%). Positive results in the samples was indicated the Australian cattle contains trenbolone acetate (TBA) residue.Keywords: ELISA, residue, imported slaughter cattle, trenbolone acetate, urine

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Raphael, Kalani L., Sarah Gilligan, Thomas H. Hostetter, Tom Greene, and Srinivasan Beddhu. "Association between Urine Ammonium and Urine TGF-β1 in CKD." Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 13, no. 2 (November 16, 2017): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/cjn.07510717.

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Background and objectivesUrinary ammonium excretion increases in response to nonvolatile acids to maintain normal systemic bicarbonate and pH. However, enhanced ammonia production promotes tubulointerstitial fibrosis in animal models. Therefore, a subset of individuals with CKD and normal bicarbonate may have acid-mediated kidney fibrosis that might be better linked with ammonium excretion than bicarbonate. We hypothesized that urine TGF-β1, as an indicator of kidney fibrosis, would be more tightly linked with urine ammonium excretion than serum bicarbonate and other acid-base indicators.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsWe measured serum bicarbonate and urinary ammonium, titratable acids, pH, and TGF-β1/creatinine in 144 persons with CKD. Multivariable-adjusted linear regression models determined the cross-sectional association between TGF-β1/creatinine and serum bicarbonate, urine ammonium excretion, urine titratable acids excretion, and urine pH.ResultsMean eGFR was 42 ml/min per 1.73 m2, mean age was 65 years old, 78% were men, and 62% had diabetes. Mean urinary TGF-β1/creatinine was 102 (49) ng/g, mean ammonium excretion was 1.27 (0.72) mEq/h, mean titratable acids excretion was 1.14 (0.65) mEq/h, mean urine pH was 5.6 (0.5), and mean serum bicarbonate was 23 (3) mEq/L. After adjusting for eGFR, proteinuria, and other potential confounders, each SD increase of urine ammonium and urine pH was associated with a statistically significant 1.22-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.11 to 1.35) or 1.11-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.21) higher geometric mean urine TGF-β1/creatinine, respectively. Each SD increase of serum bicarbonate and urine titratable acids was associated with a nonsignificant 1.06-fold (95% confidence interval, 0.97 to 1.16) or 1.03-fold (95% confidence interval, 0.92 to 1.14) higher geometric mean urine TGF-β1/creatinine, respectively.ConclusionsUrinary ammonium excretion but not serum bicarbonate is associated with higher urine TGF-β1/creatinine.

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Bhattacharjee, T., A. Khan, G. Maru, A. Ingle, and C. Murali Krishna. "A preliminary Raman spectroscopic study of urine: diagnosis of breast cancer in animal models." Analyst 140, no. 2 (2015): 456–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4an01703j.

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Wang, Yanli, Sihai Zhao, Liang Bai, Jianglin Fan, and Enqi Liu. "Expression Systems and Species Used for Transgenic Animal Bioreactors." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/580463.

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Transgenic animal bioreactors can produce therapeutic proteins with high value for pharmaceutical use. In this paper, we compared different systems capable of producing therapeutic proteins (bacteria, mammalian cells, transgenic plants, and transgenic animals) and found that transgenic animals were potentially ideal bioreactors for the synthesis of pharmaceutical protein complexes. Compared with other transgenic animal expression systems (egg white, blood, urine, seminal plasma, and silkworm cocoon), the mammary glands of transgenic animals have enormous potential. Compared with other mammalian species (pig, goat, sheep, and cow) that are currently being studied as bioreactors, rabbits offer many advantages: high fertility, easy generation of transgenic founders and offspring, insensitivity to prion diseases, relatively high milk production, and no transmission of severe diseases to humans. Noticeably, for a small- or medium-sized facility, the rabbit system is ideal to produce up to 50 kg of protein per year, considering both economical and hygienic aspects; rabbits are attractive candidates for the mammary-gland-specific expression of recombinant proteins. We also reviewed recombinant proteins that have been produced by targeted expression in the mammary glands of rabbits and discussed the limitations of transgenic animal bioreactors.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Animal urine'

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