Academic literature on the topic 'Animal urine'

Abstract. Degradation of plant material by animals is an important transformation pathway in the nitrogen (N) cycle. During the involved processes, volatile reduced alkaline nitrogen compounds, mainly ammonia (NH3) and aliphatic amines such as trimethylamine (TMA), are formed. Today, animal husbandry is estimated to constitute a main source of aliphatic amines in the atmosphere with TMA being the main emitted compound. Here, we show how the interaction between faeces and urine in animal production systems provides the primary source for agricultural TMA emissions. Excreted urine contains large quantities of urea and TMA-N-oxide, which are transformed into NH3 and TMA, respectively, via enzymatic processes provided by microbes present in faeces. TMA emissions from areas polluted with urine–faeces mixtures are on average of the order of 10 to 50 nmol m−2s−1. Released amines promote secondary aerosol particle formation in the agricultural emission plume. The atmospheric lifetime of TMA, which was estimated to be of the order of 30 to 1000 s, is determined by the condensation onto aerosol particles.

Abstract. Degradation of plant material by animals is an important transformation pathway in the nitrogen (N) cycle. During the involved processes, volatile reduced alkaline nitrogen compounds, mainly ammonia (NH3) and aliphatic amines such as trimethylamine (TMA), are formed. Today, animal husbandry is estimated to constitute a main source of aliphatic amines into the atmosphere with TMA being the main emitted compound. Here, we show how the interaction between faeces and urine in animal production systems provides the primary source for agricultural TMA emissions. Excreted urine contains large quantities of urea and TMA-N-oxide, which are transformed into NH3 and TMA, respectively, via enzymatic processes provided by microbes present in faeces. TMA emissions from areas polluted with urine-faeces mixture are on average in the order of 10 to 50 nmol m−2s−1. Released amines promote secondary aerosol particle formation in the agricultural emission plume. The atmospheric lifetime of TMA, which was estimated to be in the order of 30 to 1000 s, is determined by the condensation on aerosol particles.

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the influence of metabolic cage housing on the Wistar rat physiological state and to analyze the correlation between the minerals in blood and urine. Thirty male rats were used in the experiment. Fifteen rats (control group) were housed individually in standard polycarbonate cages and fifteen rats (experimental group) in metabolic cages (Techniplast, Italy) for two weeks. Body weight, respiration rate, water and food consumptions were recorded for each animal at the beginning of the experiment. The same parameters, as well as blood and urine parameters of control and experimental animals were recorded during the experiment after 72 h, 168 h and 336 h of housing in standard cages and metabolic cages. Urine collection was measured only in the experimental group. Rats weight decreased from 3.84 % to 18.59 % (P<0.05), respiration rate from 18.65 % to 24.59 % (P<0.05) when rats were housed in metabolic cages. Consumption of food and water by the rat depended on how long the animal was kept in metabolic cage. Glucose concentration increased on average by 15.37 %, WBC count decreased by 5.83 % in the blood of rats housed in metabolic cages compared to the animals housed in standard cages. We did not observe significant changes of triglycerides concentration, red blood cells count and total protein between all rats. The positive moderate correlation of rat housing in a metabolic cage was between K blood and K urine, P blood and P urine, Na blood and K blood, between Na urine and P urine and significant negative moderate correlation was determined between K urine and P urine. These present study findings indicate that metabolism cage housing significantly affects rat’s physiological parameters and potentially may influence animal health and wellbeing.

The identity and amount of volatile substances in the feces, urine and feces scent-marked with urine (i.e., feces mixed with urine) of feral horses was determined by acid/steam distillation and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The frequency of excretion and scent marking, as evaluated in the breeding and non-breeding seasons, showed clear evidence of seasonal behavioral differences. The concentration of each substance (fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, amines and alkanes) in the feces differed according to maturity, sex and stage in the reproductive process. They had a characteristic chemical fingerprint. Although the levels of tetradecanoic and hexadecanoic acids in the feces of estrous mares were significantly higher than the respective levels in the feces of non-estrous mares, in the case of scent-marked feces by stallions, the levels of them in the feces from estrous mares had decreased to levels similar to those in non-estrous mares. The concentration of these substances in mares were not significantly different. The presence of a high concentration of cresols in the urine of stallions in the breeding season suggests that one role of scent marking by stallions is masking the odor of the feces produced by mares. Key words: Odors (volatile), excrement, scent-marking, masking, horse (feral), (releaser) pheromone

Urea nitrogen: creatinine ratios in snow urine have become popular for assessing the extent of winter nutritional deprivation in ungulates. During winter 1992 – 1993, we collected 10–17 sequential snow-urine samples (402 total) from 27 individually identifiable free-ranging adult female elk. Within-animal variance accounted for 91% of the total variance (351.66 mg2/dL2) in creatinine, 86% of the total variance (637.03 mg2/dL2) in urea nitrogen, and 82% of the total variance (0.56) in urea nitrogen: creatinine ratios. This substantial within-animal variability was unexpected and led to experiments that examined whether the variability was due to sample collection and measurement technique or actually reflected biological variability. Factors examined included dilution effects, measurement (assay) repeatability, and short-term (<24 h) within-animal constancy in metabolite excretion. No dilution effects were detected when the initial concentrations of snow-urine samples were diluted <75% with water. Measurement variability accounted for 0.78, 0.37, and 27.7% of the total variance in creatinine, urea nitrogen, and urea nitrogen: creatinine ratios, respectively. Within-animal metabolite excretion was reasonably constant within 24 h, suggesting that creatinine provides a valid index for comparing urinary metabolites. We conclude that variability in urea nitrogen: creatinine ratios due to dilution, measurement variability, and short-term temporal variability in metabolite excretion was small compared with the total within-animal variance. Urea nitrogen: creatinine ratios should provide an accurate estimate of the true ratios of these metabolites in an elk's bladder urine. However, the interpretation of urea nitrogen: creatinine ratios is often complex, since they reflect the immediate dynamics between fat depletion, protein catabolism, and dietary intake. Differences in ratios between collections may be partially due to variations in recent dietary intake or restriction, in addition to true differences in long-term nutritional status. The best method for statistically analyzing snow-urine data remains unresolved.

The detection of predators by prey species is crucial in order to escape the threat posed by a predator. In mammals, the olfactory sensory system is commonly used to detect odors emitted by predators, and to determine how threatening the situation actually is. However, knowledge about this ability is still sparse and in some cases conflicting. The aim of the present study was therefore to assess whether CD-1 mice (Mus musculus) show behaviors such as avoidance, anxiety and/or decreased activity when exposed to any of the three odorants: cat bladder urine, horse voided urine or a fruity odor (N-pentyl acetate), with a blank solvent as an alternative in a two-compartment test arena. I found no significant differences between avoidance (the time that the mice spent in the different compartments), anxiety (the numbers of fecal pellets dropped by the mice), or the overall activity (the number of switches between the two compartments), when the mice were exposed to the three different odors. The fact that the cat urine derived from the bladder of the cat may explain the lack of avoidance responses, since bladder urine might not contain the same chemical components as voided urine. Bladder urine might therefore also lack the chemical components that signal “predator” to the mice. In conclusion, mice do not respond differently to the odor of cat bladder urine than to horse voided urine or to the fruity odor of N-pentyl acetate.

During the last thirty years it has become increasingly apparent that pheromones play a major role in animal communication. Of economic interest to agriculturalists is the role pheromones play in signaling the state of estrus. The ability to efficiently detect estrus is becoming increasingly important, especially in the management of dairy and beef herds, where artificial insemination is used extensively. The understanding of pheromones may eventually provide a solution to this problem. The purpose of this study was to identify one or more compounds in the urine of cattle which undergo a change in concentration during the estrous cycle. In order to accomplish the objectives of this study, urine was obtained from cows exhibiting estrus and again 7 days post estrus. The urine was extracted with ether and the extract analyzed by gas chromatography. The area under each chromatographic peak was determined by integration. Areas were analyzed for variance between estrus and di-estrus. An attempt was made to identify each of the compounds represented by those peaks which proved to have statistically different concentrations . Two significant peaks were identified by coinjection with standards and found to represent propionic acid and iso-caproic acid. Three other statistically significant peaks were analyzed by mass spectrometry but concentrations were too low to determine the identities. Results indicate that propionic acid, iso-caproic acid and two of the unidentified compounds decrease in concentration during estrus. The third unidentified compound was found to increase during estrus. studies have not yet been done to show pheromonal properties, however, the first step to allow such studies has now been accomplished. Five compounds have been found which change in concentration during estrus. Because the changes reflect similar concentration changes in pheromones, it is believed that they may eventually prove to be pheromonal.

Orientador: Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi
Banca: Cristiana Fonseca Ferreira Pontieri
Banca: Márcia de Oliveira Sampaio Gomes
Banca: Telma Teresinha Berchielli
Banca: Thaila Cristina Putarov
Resumo: As fibras dietéticas são um grupo de carboidratos de interesse da nutrição de gatos. Estas são utilizadas em formulações específicas para gatos para reduzir a densidade energética de alimentos, previner e/ou auxilar o tratamento de doenças gastrintestinais e metabólicas e também para promover saúde intestinal devido ao estímulo de microorganismos produtores de ácidos graxos voláteis. Contudo, pouca informação existe a respeito das consequências metabólicas do consumo de fibras por gatos, seu efeito na excreção de água e eletrólitos, produção de urina ou mesmo o efeito da absorção de ácidos orgânicos derivados da fermentação microbiana intestinal. Este estudo verificou a influencia da fibra dietetica no balanço hidro-eletrolitico e de macroelementos, produção de oxalato e equilibrio ácido-basico de gatos. Foram utilizados 18 gatos adultos e três dietas: BP0, um dieta controle sem adição de fibra; PB8, com adição de 8% de polpa de beterrada e PB16, com adição de 16% de polpa de beterraba. Após 15 dias de adaptação, o consumo de alimento e água foram monitorados e as fezes e urina foram coletadas durante 8 dias. Neste período foram determinados o balanço hídrico dos animais, densidade, pH e volume de urina e coletadas amostras para determinação da concentração urinária de cálcio, fósforo, cloreto, sódio, potássio, magnésio, enxofre, ácido úrico, citrato e oxalato, para calculo da supersaturação relativa para oxalato de cálcio (SSR OxCa). Também foram determinados tempo de retenç... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Dietary fibers are a group of carbohydrate of interest to the nutrition of cats. These are used in specific formulations for cats to reduce food energy density, avoid or assist the treatment of gastrointestinal and metabolic diseases and also to promote intestinal health due to stimulus of microorganisms to produce volatile fatty acids. However, there is little information about the metabolic consequences of fiber intake for cats, their effect on water and electrolytes excretion, urine production, or even the effect of absorption of organic acids derived from intestinal microbial fermentation. The present study verified the influence of dietary fiber in water and macroelements balance, oxalate production and acid-base balance of cats. It were used 18 adult cats and three diets: BP0, a control diet without adding fiber; BP8 with 8% beet pulp added and BP16, with 16% beet pulp added. After 15 days of adaptation, food and water consumption were monitored, and feces and urine were collected 8 consecutive days. During this period were determined water balance of the animals, urine density, pH and volume and samples were collected to determine the urinary concentration of calcium, phosphorus, chloride, sodium, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, uric acid, citrate and oxalate, for calculation of relative supersaturation for calcium oxalate (RSS CaOx). Also were determined food retention time in the digestive tract, fecal fermentation end-products, hairball excretion and acid-base status ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
This study aimed to evaluate the relation between body weight, the amount of muscle in the carcass, the rib eye area and subcutaneous fat thickness with the daily excretion of creatinine in Nelore heifers of different weights. We also assessed the total creatinine excretion at intervals of 4 and 24 hours and the relation of purine derivatives (PD), urea (U) and nitrogenous compounds (NC) to creatinine (C), obtained from spot samples of urine at intervals of 2 hours. Fifteen heifers were used, grouped according to body weight in three groups, one group with four heifers with the average weight 127 kg ± 24,2 (low), three of 221 kg ± 22,3 (medium) and eight of 434 kg ± 29,2 (high). The animals from the higher body weight group (high) were randomly distributed into two subgroups, each one with four animals, and one of them (restricted high) the diet was provided near to the maintenance level (1,3% of body weight) and to the other group (voluntary high) the diet was provided ad libitum. For the low and medium group, the same diet, composed of 60% of roughage (corn silage), 30% concentrate (a mixture based on soybean hulls, ground corn, soybean meal, urea/ammonium sulfate, chloride sodium and minerals) and 10% of cotton seed, was provided ad libitum. The experimental period lasted nine days, after 30 days of adaptation. The collections of urine were performed, using number 22 or 26 Folley catheters, depending on the weight of the heifer. Considering the period of collection of 24 hours, the daily creatinine excretion expressed in g, mg/kg BW, mg/kg of empty body weight (EBW) and mmol/kg BW0,75 was influenced by body weight and the amount of muscle (MUS) in the carcass (P<0.05), according to the following regression equations: C (g) = 0,397530 + 0,0441496 BW - 0,0596162 MUS; C (mg/kg BW) = 28,0059 + 0,041690 BW - 0,144537 MUS; C (mg/kg EBW) = 30,3663 + 0,0614500 BW - 0,205820 MUS and C (mmol/kg BW0,75) = 0,735514 + 0,00253957 BW - 0,00565242 MUS. To estimate the creatinine excretion, body weight was the main determinant, and the use of other variables, muscle, and rib eye area and subcutaneous fat thickness was not sufficient to improve the results. The average daily excretion U, CN and PD were just affected by body weight. None of the excretion was influenced by the rib eye area and subcutaneous fat thickness. The daily creatinine excretion found in this study was 26,35 mg/kg BW. or 0,95 mmol/kg BW0,75. When the collection was done at intervals of 4 hours, the average daily creatinine excretion found was 0,91 mmol/kg BW0,75. When expressed in g and mmol/kg BW0,75 there was a significant difference (P <0.05) among groups, by being higher the creatinine excretion for those animals of greater body weight, when expressed in mg/kg BW was not influenced by body weight (P> 0.05). There was no effect (P> 0.05) of the collection periods (00h00-04h00, 04h00-08h00, 08h00-12h00, 12h00-16h00, 16h00-20h00, 20h00-00h00 hours) in the creatinine excretion expressed in any unit. From the collection of spot urine at intervals of 2 hours was observed the relationship PD:C has not varied during the day (P> 0.05), allowing the calculation of the excretion of PD (mmol/day) to be done with obtained sample at any time of the day. There was effect (P<0,05) of the periods of the urine spot sample over the relations U:C and NC:C, which were analyzed by Fourier serie, obtaining two points daily close to the average of 7,77 to the relation of U:C and 6,42 to the relation NC:C. The two points got very close to food time (08h00 and 16h00). To estimate the nitrogenous compounds excretions, recommends two spot collections, right after the food is given. It is concluded that the lack of time effect of collection over the relationship of PD:C indicates that one can use the sample spot obtained at any time to determine, the excretion of PD, there is no need in the total collection urine.
Objetivou-se avaliar a relação entre o peso corporal, a quantidade de músculo na carcaça, a área de olho de lombo e a espessura de gordura subcutânea com a excreção diária de creatinina em novilhas Nelore de diferentes pesos. Avaliaram-se também as excreções totais de creatinina a intervalos de 4 e 24 horas e as relações de derivados de purina (DP), uréia (U) e compostos nitrogenados totais (NT) com a creatinina (C), obtidas de coletas spot de urina a intervalos de 2 horas. Utilizaram-se quinze novilhas, sendo agrupadas em função do peso corporal em três grupos, sendo um grupo com quatro novilhas com peso médio de 127 kg ± 24,2 (baixo), três de 221 kg ± 22,3 (médio) e oito de 434 kg ± 29,2 (alto). Os animais do grupo de maior peso corporal (alto) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois subgrupos, cada um com quatro animais, sendo que a um deles (alto restrito) a dieta foi fornecida ao nível próximo da mantença (1,3% do peso corporal) e ao outro grupo (alto voluntário) a dieta foi fornecida ad libitum. Para o grupo baixo e médio, a mesma dieta, constituída de 60% de volumoso (silagem de milho), 30% de concentrado (mistura à base de casca de soja, milho moído, farelo de soja, uréia/sulfato de amônia, cloreto de sódio e minerais) e 10% de caroço de algodão, foi fornecida ad libitum. O período experimental teve duração de nove dias, após 30 dias de adaptação. As coletas de urina foram realizadas utilizando-se sondas de Folley nº 22 ou 26, conforme o peso da novilha. Considerando o período de coleta de 24 horas, a excreção diária de creatinina (C), expressa em g, mg/kg de peso corporal (PC), mg/kg de peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ) e mmol/kg de peso metabólico (PC0,75) foi influenciada pelo peso corporal e pela quantidade de músculo (MUS) na carcaça (P<0,05), conforme as seguintes equações de regressão: C (g) = 0,397530 + 0,0441496 PC - 0,0596162 MUS; C (mg/kg PC) = 28,0059 + 0,041690 PC - 0,144537 MUS; C (mg/kg PCVZ) = 30,3663 + 0,0614500 PC - 0,205820 MUS e C (mmol/kg PC0,75) = 0,735514 + 0,00253957 PC - 0,00565242 MUS. Para estimar a excreção de creatinina, o peso corporal foi o principal determinante, sendo que a utilização de outras variáveis, músculo, área de olho de lombo e espessura de gordura subcutânea não foi suficiente para melhorar os resultados. As excreções médias diárias U, NT e DP apenas foram afetadas pelo peso corporal. Nenhuma das excreções foi influenciada pela área de olho de lombo e espessura de gordura subcutânea. A excreção diária de creatinina encontrada nesse estudo foi de 26,35 mg/kg PC ou 0,95 mmol/kg PC0,75. Quando a coleta foi feita a intervalos de 4 horas, a excreção média diária de creatinina encontrada foi de 0,91 mmol/kg PC0,75. Quando expressa em g e mmol/kg PC0,75 houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) entre os grupos, sendo maior a excreção de creatinina para os animais de maior peso corporal; quando expressa em mg/kg PC não foi influenciada pelo peso corporal (P>0,05). Não houve efeito (P>0,05) de períodos de coleta (00h00- 04h00, 04h00-08h00, 08h00-12h00, 12h00-16h00, 16h00-20h00, 20h00-00h00) sobre a excreção de creatinina expressa em qualquer unidade. A partir da coleta spot de urina a intervalos de 2 horas foi observado que a relação DP:C não variou durante o dia (P>0,05), permitindo o cálculo da excreção de DP (mmol/dia) ser efetivado com coletas obtidas em qualquer horário do dia. Houve efeito (P<0,05) dos períodos de coleta spot de urina sobre as relações U:C e NT:C, que foram avaliadas pela série de Fourier, obtendo-se dois pontos diários próximos à média de 7,77 para a relação U:C e 6,42 para a relação NT:C. Os dois pontos ficaram bem próximos aos horários das alimentações (08h00 e 16h00). Conclui-se que a ausência do efeito do tempo de coleta sobre a relação DP:C indica que pode-se usar a amostra spot obtida em qualquer horário para determinar a excreção de DP, não havendo necessidade de coleta total de urina. Para estimar as excreções de compostos nitrogenados, recomendam-se duas coletas spot, imediatamente após o fornecimento das dietas.

Orientador: Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi
Banca: Thaila Cristina Putarov
Banca: Márcia de Oliveira Sampaio Gomes
Resumo: O presente estudo avaliou o efeito do consumo de dietas secas extrusadas com diferentes quantidades de amido, proteína e hidroxiprolina sobre o balanço hídrico, excreção renal de oxalato, composição química da urina e a supersaturação relativa da urina para oxalato de cálcio em gatos. Três dietas foram formuladas: Dieta AMIDO com 25% de proteína, 47% de amido e 0,77% de hidroxiprolina; dieta SOJA com 50% de proteína, 19% de amido e 0,94% de hidroxiprolina; dieta HIDROX com 50% de proteína, 21% de amido e 2,98% de hidroxiprolina. Foram utilizados 24 gatos, totalizando oito repetições por tratamento. Os animais foram submetidos a dez dias de adaptação, seguido por sete dias de coleta total de fezes e urina e um dia para coleta de sangue. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Variáveis não paramétricas foram submetidas aos testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn. De acordo com o proposto pelo experimento, foi verificado diferença nas ingestões de amido, proteína e hidroxiprolina. O volume urinário (P<0,001), ingestão de água de bebedouro (P<0,001) e total de água ingerido (P=0,006) foi menor nos gatos alimentados com AMIDO. Houve aumento na excreção renal de Cl, S, ácido úrico e uréia para animais das dietas SOJA e HIDROX, comparados com os da dieta AMIDO (P<0,05). A excreção de K foi menor em animais recebendo a dieta SOJA quando comparados com o tratamento HIDROX (P=0,02). Os animais tiveram aumento na concentração urinária de K e Mg... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The present study evaluated the effect of dry extruded food intake with different amounts of starch, protein and hydroxyproline on the water balance, renal oxalate excretion, urine chemical composition and the relative supersaturation of urine for calcium oxalate in cats. Three diets were formulated: Diet STARCH with 25% of crude protein, 47% of starch and 0,77% of hydroxyproline; diet SOY with 50% of crude protein, 19% of starch and 0,94% of hydroxyproline; diet HYDROX with 50% of crude protein, 21% of starch and 2,98% of hydroxyproline. Twenty-four cats were used, with eight repetitions per treatment. Animals were submitted to an adaptation period of ten days, followed by seven days for total feces and urine collection and one day for blood collection. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey test. Non-parametric variables were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests. Following the purpose of experiment, cats had different starch, crude protein and hydroxyproline intake. The urinary volume (P<0.001), water intake via drinking bowl (P<0.001) and total water intake (P=0.006) was lower in cats fed STARCH. There was an increase in renal excretion of Cl, S, uric acid and urea for animals receiving SOY and HYDROX diets compared to STARCH diet (P<0.05). The excretion of K was lower for animals receiving SOY diet when compared to HIDROX treatment (P=0.02). Animals presented higher urinary concentration of K and Mg (P<0.01) when fed the STARCH diet ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus, sometimes referred to as "the greyhound of the cats", is probably the most elegant member of the cat family. Formerly widespread in southern Africa it is now threatened with extinction. It occurs in open savanna and light woodland, but also hilly country on occasion. The cheetah is a predator that can reach speeds of more then 110 km/h in short bursts. With a mass of between only 40 to 60 kg, it is not very powerful and cannot defend itself very effectively against carnivores such as the lion and hyaena, for example. This might be the reason why, in order not to advertise its presence, the urine of this animal is practically odourless. In turn, this might explain why no research has so far been devoted to the urine of this animal. In contrast extensive work has been done on the chemical characterisation of the urine of many other carnivores, notably the lion. Extraction of the urine with dichloromethane gave too little material for GC-MS. SPME sampling of the urine itself gave insufficient sample enrichment. Better results were obtained when an SPME-type of headspace sampling, using a larger mass of polydimethylsiloxane, was employed although many of the constituents of the urine could still barely be detected. The compounds identified include a large number of ketones, aldehydes, cyclic and acyclic ethers, carboxylic acids, amides two sulphur compounds in barely detectable quantities, and elemental sulphur. Perhaps the most remarkable result of this thesis is that it was found that the urine of the cheetah, although it is a carnivore, does not contain several sulphur compounds in relatively high concentrations. However, it does contain elemental sulphur. Perhaps a mechanism exists by which the cheetah can convert strongly odorous sulphur containing compounds into the less strongly smelling sulphur.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die jagluiperd, Acinonyx jubatus, 'n roofdier wat tydens 'n jagtog vir kort tye snelhede van meer as 110 km/h kan bereik, is waarskynlik die elegantste lid van die katfamilie. Met sy vaartbelynde liggaam weeg die dier egter slegs tussen 40 en 60 kg kan hy homself nie doeltreffend teen groter roofdiere verdedig nie. Chemiese verbindings, sogenaamde feromone, wat onder andere in die uriene uitgeskei word, word dikwels deur diere gebruik vir gebiedsafbakening en om met ander lede van die spesie te kommunikeer. Die uriene van die jadluiperd is egter feitlik reukloos. Tot dusver is die chemiese samestelling van die uriene van die jagluiperd nog nie ondersoek nie. Ekstraksie van die uriene met dichlorometaan het te min materiaal vir gaschromatografies-massaspektrometriese analise opgelewer, maar bevredigende resultate is verkry deur van 'n verbeterde monsternemingsmetode gebruik te maak. 'n Groot aantal organiese verbindings en twee swawelbevattende verbindings in skaars waarneembare hoeveelhede is in die uriene geïdentifiseer. Daar is egter 'n aansienlike hoeveelheid van die element swawel is in die uriene gevind. Laasgenoemde ontdekking, is die mees verbasende resultaat van hierdie navorsing. Die uitskeiding van swawel in uriene is, sover bekend, eenmalig in die soogdierwêreld. Dit is moontlik dat die jagluiperd oor 'n meganisme beskik om swawelverbindings wat baie sterk ruik om te sit na swawel wat nie so sterk ruik nie. Hierdie meganisme sal die dier se kanse op oorlewing verbeter deur van die swawelbevattende verbindings in sy dieet ontslae te raak sonder om sy teenwoordigheid in die omgewing te adverteer.

A doença da urina do xarope do bordo (MSUD) é causada pela deficiência na atividade do complexo da desidrogenase dos U-cetoácidos de cadeia ramificada (BCKAD), promovendo o acúmulo dos aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada (BCAA) leucina (Leu), isoleucina (Ile) e valina (Val) e seus U-cetoácidos correspondentes (BCKA). A MSUD caracteriza-se por cetoacidose, ataxia, coma, retardo mental e psicomotor. Estudos em animais demonstraram que BCAA e BCKA estimulam a lipoperoxidação e reduzem capacidade antioxidante cerebral em ratos. Também há evidências de que o estresse oxidativo ocorra em pacientes com MSUD no diagnóstico e durante o tratamento e que devido à terapia com dieta restrita e hipoproteica eles possuam deficiência de L-carnitina (L-car), um importante composto para o metabolismo energético. Recentemente, estudos demonstraram o papel antioxidante e anti-inflamatório da L-car, através de sua ação antiperoxidativa, sequestradora de espécies reativas e efeito estabilizador de danos às membranas celulares. Considerando que a fisiopatologia da MSUD ainda é pouco compreendida e que existe um crescente número de estudos enfatizando o envolvimento do estresse oxidativo na doença, neste trabalho foi investigado o efeito in vitro e in vivo da L-car sobre o estresse oxidativo e o dano inflamatório na MSUD tendo como objetivos: A) estudar a indução ao dano oxidativo pelos metabólitos acumulados na MSUD, verificando o possível papel antioxidante da L-car sobre o dano ao DNA in vitro; B) avaliar o efeito in vivo da suplementação de 50 mg/kg/dia de L-car sobre: b.1) a indução do dano ao DNA em leucócitos de pacientes com a MSUD tratados com dieta de restrição proteica, correlacionando as concentrações dos principais metabólitos acumulados nesta doença e verificando o possível papel antioxidante da suplementação da Lcar; b.2) a concentração de citocinas pró-inflamatórias em plasma de pacientes com MSUD tratados com dieta de restrição proteica e a correlação com o estresse oxidativo; b.3) os parâmetros de dano oxidativo à biomoléculas em urina de pacientes com MSUD sob dieta de restrição proteica; C) avaliar o efeito da L-car sobre o estresse oxidativo causado pelos metabólitos acumulados na MSUD em córtex cerebral e cerebelo de ratos Wistar, através de um modelo crônico de indução química da doença. Verificou-se que a Leu e o seu - cetoácido correspondente, o ácido -cetoisocapróico (KIC), causaram danos ao DNA in vitro e L-car foi capaz de diminuir significativamente essas alterações, principalmente as causadas pelo KIC. Quando testado o efeito da suplementação de L-car sobre o dano ao DNA em pacientes MSUD, observou-se um aumento significativo de lesões ao DNA em pacientes com dieta de restrição proteica quando comparados aos controles e a terapia com L-car foi capaz de diminuir significativamente os níveis desses danos. Também foram verificadas correlações do tipo negativa entre as concentrações de L-car e os índices de dano ao DNA e do tipo positiva entre as lesões ao DNA e níveis de MDA, marcador de lipoperoxidação, explicitando uma relação entre o dano ao DNA observado nos pacientes com MSUD, estresse oxidativo e o benefício da suplementação de L-car. Também averiguou-se o efeito da terapia de L-car sobre as citocinas pró-inflamatórias interleucina 1Y (IL-1Y), interleucina 6 (IL-6) e interferon gama (INF- Z). Constatou-se aumentos significativos de IL-1Y, IL-6 e INF- Z no plasma de pacientes com MSUD antes da suplementação de L-car e uma reversão completa desses valores aos níveis dos controles para IL-1Y e INF- Z após a administração de L-car. Ainda, verificou-se que a L-car pode auxiliar na defesa celular contra a inflamação e o estresse oxidativo, observando-se uma correlação negativa entre todas citocinas testadas e as concentrações de L-car, e uma correlação positiva entre o conteúdo de MDA e níveis de IL-1Y e IL-6. Constatou-se também que as medidas de di-tirosina (dano oxidativo a proteínas) e isoprostanos (dano de lipoperoxidação) estavam aumentadas e a capacidade antioxidante total diminuída na urina de pacientes com MSUD sem terapia com L-car e a suplementação deste composto induziu efeitos benéficos sobre estes parâmetros, reduzindo os níveis de di-tirosina e isoprostanos e aumentando a capacidade antioxidante medida em urina. Foi também observado um aumento de KIC urinário após dois meses de tratamento com L-car, quando comparado com o grupo controle, demonstrando um incremento da excreção deste metabolito tóxico. Desta forma, esses resultados sugerem um efeito de reversão de dano oxidativo pela L-car e que a urina pode ser utilizada para monitorar este tipo de lesão em pacientes afetados pela MSUD. Por fim, foram analisados em córtex cerebral e cerebelo de ratos Wistar submetidos ao modelo crônico de MSUD: espécies reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), para avaliar lipoperoxidação, conteúdo de carbonilas (dano oxidativo proteico), oxidação de diclorofluoresceína (DCF), para quantificar produção de espécies reativas teciduais, conteúdo de glutationa reduzida (GSH) que é um importante antioxidante não enzimático e a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes catalase (CAT), superóxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa peroxidase (GPx) e glicose-6-fosfato-desidrogenase (G6PD). Os resultados mostraram que a administração crônica de BCAA estimulou a lipoperoxidação, o dano oxidativo proteico, aumento de espécies reativas e diminuição das defesas antioxidantes enzimáticas e não enzimáticas, especialmente em córtex cerebral e o tratamento com L-car foi capaz de prevenir estes efeitos, exceto o dano oxidativo a proteínas. Em conjunto, estes resultados demonstram que os metabólitos acumulados na MSUD induzem dano oxidativo a biomoléculas (lipídios, proteínas e DNA), diminuem o status antioxidante e promovem aumento de processos inflamatórios. Ainda, estes dados podem contribuir para a compreensão dos mecanismos de ação dos efeitos citotóxicos dos metabólitos acumulados na MSUD e evidenciar o papel do estresse oxidativo e da inflamação na neuropatofiosiologia desta doença, além do efeito protetor da L-car sobre este processo. O estudo de antioxidantes, como a L-car, pode propor uma abordagem terapêutica adicional ao que é empregado atualmente para pacientes com MSUD, que é essencialmente dietética e, portanto, de difícil manejo.
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is caused by deficiency of the activity of the mitochondrial enzyme complex branched-chain U-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKAD). The metabolic defect leads to accumulation of the branched chain amino acids (BCAA) leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile) and valine (Val) and the corresponding branched-chain U-keto acids. The clinical features of MSUD include ketoacidosis, seizures, coma, psychomotor delay and mental retardation. Treatment consists in Leu, Val and Ile restricted diet. Studies in animals have demonstrated that lipid peroxidation is stimulated by BCAA and BCKA in brain of rats and these metabolites reduce in vitro and in vivo the cerebral capacity to modulate the damage associated to increased free radical production. Also, there is evidence that oxidative stress occurs in MSUD patients at diagnosis and during treatment and that due to terapy with protein restricted diet they present L-carnitine (L-car) deficiency, an important compound for energy metabolism. Recent studies have demonstrated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role of L-carnitine (L-car), through its action against peroxidation in different tissues by various mechanisms, a scavenger of reactive oxygen species and the stabilizing effect of damage to cell membranes. Considering that the pathophysiology of MSUD is still poorly understood, and that there is an increasing number of studies emphasizing the oxidative stress involvement in the disease, this study investigated the in vitro and in vivo effect of L-car on oxidative stress and inflammatory damage in MSUD with the following purposes: A) to study the induction of damage by accumulated metabolites in MSUD, analyzing the possible antioxidant role of L-car on DNA damage in vitro; B) to evaluate the in vivo effect of 50 mg/kg/day of L-car supplementation about: b.1) the induction of DNA damage in leukocytes of MSUD patients treated with protein-restricted diet, correlating this damage with the concentrations of the major metabolites accumulated in this disorder and checking the possible antioxidant role of L-car supplementation; b.2) plasma inflammatory cytokines in treated MSUD patients with protein-restricted diet and the correlation with oxidative stress; b.3) oxidative damage parameters in urine of MSUD patients with protein-restricted diet supplemented with L-car; C) to investigate the BCAA effect on some oxidative stress parameters and evaluate the L-car efficacy against these possible pro-oxidant effects in cerebral cortex and cerebellum of rats submitted to a chronic chemically-induced model of MSUD. DNA damage index (DI) showed that Leu and -ketoisocaproic acid (KIC) groups was significantly higher than that of the control group, and that L-car was able to significantly prevent this damage, especially that due to KIC. Accordingly, DNA DI in MSUD patients under BCAA-restricted diet was significantly increased as compared to controls and L-car supplementation was able to significantly decrease this parameter. It was also verified a significant positive correlation between DNA DI and MDA content, a marker of lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, we found an inverse significant correlation between DI and L-car levels. These results strengthen a relationship between DNA damage observed in MSUD patients, oxidative stress and the L-car supplementation benefit. The role of L-car on plasma inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1Y (IL-1Y), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-gamma (INF- Z) was also evaluated in these patients. Significant increases of IL-1Y, IL-6, and INF- Z were observed before the treatment with L-car. Moreover, there is a negative correlation between all cytokines tested and L-car concentrations and a positive correlation among the MDA content and IL-1Y and IL-6 values after L-car supplementation. It was also demonstrated that the oxidative stress parameters di-tyrosine (oxidative protein damage) and isoprostanes (lipid peroxidation assay) were increased and the antioxidant capacity was reduced in urine of MSUD patients without L-car therapy and that the supplementation of this compound induced beneficial effects on these parameters, so reducing the di-tyrosine and isoprostanes levels and increasing the antioxidant capacity. It was also showed a significant increase in urinary KIC after 2 months of L-car treatment compared to control group, demonstrating an increased excretion of this toxic metabolite. In conclusion, these results suggest a reversion effect of the oxidative damage by L-car and that urine can be used to monitorize oxidative damage in patients affected by this disease. The following parameters were analysed in cerebral cortex and cerebellum of Wistar rats submitted to MSUD chemically-induced chronic model: thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBA-RS), to evaluate lipid peroxidation, carbonyl content to evaluate protein oxidative damage, DCF oxidation to quantify reactive species production, reduced glutathione (GSH), an important non-enzymatic antioxidant and the activities of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). The results showed that the chronic administration of BCAA was able to promote both lipid and protein oxidation, increase of reactive species production and decreased brain antioxidant defenses, especially in cerebral cortex and that L-car was able to prevent these effects, except for oxidative damage to proteins. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the metabolites accumulated in MSUD cause oxidative damage to biomolecules (lipids, proteins and DNA), decrease antioxidant status and promote increased inflammatory processes. These results may contribute to the understanding of the mechanism of action of the cytotoxic effect of the metabolites accumulated in MSUD and the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in the MSUD neuropathophysiology besides the protective effect of L-car on this process. The study of antioxidants like L-car can opens an additional therapeutic approach to that currently employed for MSUD patients, which is primarily dietary and therefore difficult to handle.

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This trial was carried out to evaluate the effect of periods of urine and feces collection on urinary excretion of creatinine, urea and purine derivatives, absorbed purine, microbial nitrogen compounds production (Nmic), apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and nonfiber carbohydrates (CNF) and total digestible nutrients contents (TDN) of Nelore bovines four categories (heifers, steers, bulls and lactating cows) fed 25 or 50% concentrate, total dry matter basis. The plasma N-urea concentrations (NUP) were evaluated and the Nmic obtained in urine spot samples was compared with that of total collection. The experiment was divided in two experimental periods of 28 days each, when the feces and urine total collection were performed at 22nd and 28th day of each experimental period. Feces were colleted directly from the floor after excretion and the urine was obtained using catheters in females and funnels in males. A 25% concentrate-based diet was fed to the animals in the first period and a 50% concentrate-based diet in the second one, all of them with 12% CP. Sixteen Nelore bovines, under feedlot, housed in individual pens, were assigned to a completely randomized design, in a split plot scheme, where the treatments were represented by the plots (2 x 4 factorial scheme), with two levels of concentrate (25 or 50%) and four Nelore categories, and the split plots were represented by the urine collections. The comparisons for digestibility evaluation were made by regression analyses, that were performed considering 4 days of feces collection of each period. The equations were obtained by comparing the nutrients digestibility referent to one (24h), two (48h) or three days (72h) compared to four days (96h of collection). Comparison with six days of total feces collection, using equations (second experimental period [50% concentrate]) was considered reference (144h total feces collection). No interaction (P>0.05) among concentrate levels, Nelore categories and collection days for the urinary volume, the creatinine excretion and Nmic production was observed. Urinary volume was not affected (P>0.05) by the concentrate levels and collection days, but significant effect (P<0.05) was observed for cows. Creatinine excretion was not affected (P>0.05) by treatments and collection days, considering average of 27.1 mg/kg0.75. Absorbed purines and microbial nitrogen compounds production were also not influenced (P>005) by the treatments and collection days. Nmic production estimated by the urinary spot collection differed (P>0.05) neither from that obtained by total collection total, nor among the concentrate levels and Nelore categories. No significant difference (P>0.05) was observed for any evaluated digestibility and TDN contents during the total feces collection period. The results suggest that the coefficients of variation decresed as the period of collection days increased. Considering the results of creatinine excretion and of microbial protein production, it was concluded that a 24-h period is enough for researchs with Nelore, independently of the category, and that urinary spot sample collection can be used to estimate microbial protein production in all Nelore bovines (heifers, steers, bulls and lactating cows). Total feces collection from 1 to 6 days to evaluate nutrients apparent digestibility are precise, but better results could be obtained by increasing the collection period.
O presente trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da duração do período de coletas de urina e de fezes sobre a excreção urinária de creatinina, de uréia e de derivados de purinas, as purinas absorvidas, a produção de compostos nitrogenados microbianos (Nmic), as digestibilidades aparentes da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e de carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF) e os teores de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) em Nelores de quatro categorias (novilhas, machos castrados, machos inteiros e vacas em lactação) alimentados com 25 ou 50% de concentrado na base da matéria seca total das dietas. Avaliou-se ainda as concentrações de N-uréia plasmática (NUP) e comparou-se também a produção de Nmic obtida em amostras spot de urina com aquela da coleta total. O experimento foi conduzido em dois períodos experimentais com duração de 28 dias cada, sendo as coletas totais de urina e de fezes efetuadas do 22o ao 28o dias de cada período experimental. As fezes foram retiradas do piso imediatamente após excreção e a urina obtida com sondas em fêmeas e funis nos machos. Utilizou-se dieta com 25% de concentrado no primeiro período e com 50% no segundo experimental. Todas as dietas continham aproximadamente 12% de PB. Utilizaram-se 16 animais da raça Nelore, mantidos em confinamento, alojados em baias individuais, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, tendo nas parcelas os tratamentos em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, sendo dois níveis de concentrado (25 ou 50%) e quatro categorias de Nelores e nas subparcelas os seis dias de coletas de urina. Já para a avaliação das digestibilidades, as comparações foram feitas através de análises de regressão, que foram efetuadas considerando quatro dias de coletas de fezes em cada período, sendo as equações obtidas sempre comparando as digestibilidades dos nutrientes referentes a um dia (24 h), 2 dias (48 h) ou 3 dias (72 h) em relação aos 4 dias (96 h de coleta). Foram feitas também comparações através de equações, utilizando os seis dias de coleta total de fezes, referentes ao segundo período experimental (50% de concentrado), sendo nesse caso utilizado como referência os seis dias de coleta total (144 h de coleta total de fezes). Não houve interação (P>0,05) entre níveis de concentrado, categorias de Nelore e dias de coleta para o volume urinário, a excreção de creatinina e a produção de Nmic. O volume urinário não foi influenciado (P>0,05) pelos níveis de concentrado e dias de coleta, contudo foi significativamente maior (P<0,05) para as vacas. A excreção de creatinina não foi afetada (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos e dias de coletas, observando-se média de 27,1 mg/kg0,75. As purinas absorvidas e a produção de compostos nitrogenados microbianos também não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos e dias de coleta. A produção de Nmic estimada através de amostra spot de urina não diferiu (P>0,05) daquela obtida pela coleta total, nem entre os níveis de concentrados e categorias de Nelore. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) para nenhuma das digestibilidades avaliadas e também para os teores de NDT entre os dias de coleta total de fezes, contudo, observou-se que os coeficientes de variação diminuíram à medida que se aumentou o número de dias de coleta. Concluiu-se considerando as respostas obtidas para excreção de creatinina e a produção de proteína microbiana, que um período de coletas de urina de 24 horas é suficiente para trabalhos com Nelores, independente de serem novilhas, machos castrados ou inteiros e vacas em lactação e que a coleta de amostra spot de urina também pode ser utilizada para estimar a produção de proteína microbiana em novilhas, machos inteiros ou castrados e vacas lactantes da raça Nelore. Concluiu-se também que para avaliar a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, coletas totais de fezes feitas durante um a seis dias são exatas. Contudo, a precisão é melhorada com o aumento dos dias de coleta.

Uric acid (UA) stones are typically red-orange and often appear as sand/ gravel though they may be large. They are totally radiolucent. They account for about 10% of all kidney stones in most countries, and up to 20% in some populations. It is twice as frequent in males, prevalence increases with age, and it is two to three times higher in patients with type 2 diabetes or with features of the metabolic syndrome. Factors that induce the formation of UA stones are a low urine volume, hyperuricosuria, and, more importantly, a permanently low urine pH (< 5). Indeed, below its pKa of 5.35 at 37°C, UA is in non-dissociated form, whose solubility is at best 100 mg/L, whereas urinary UA excretion normally exceeds 600 mg/day and may exceed 1g/day.Because UA solubility increases up to approximately 500 mg/L at urine pH > 6, urine alkalinization, with a target pH of 6.5–7, is the cornerstone of medical treatment. This most often allows dissolution of existing stones and prevention of recurrent stone formation so that urological intervention is infrequently needed. The preferred agent for alkalinization is potassium citrate (30–60 mEq/day in divided doses), because potassium urate is twice more soluble than sodium urate. However, in patients with poor gastric tolerance to potassium citrate or contraindication to potassium supplements, sodium bicarbonate is an acceptable alternative. Limitation of animal proteins, purine-rich foods (including beer), alcoholic drinks and acidified beverages (sodas) are useful measures, together with large fluid intake (> 2–2.5 L/day). Allopurinol may be indicated in cases of symptomatic hyperuricaemia. Regular observance of alkalinisation, with periodic controls of urine pH by the patient, is needed to prevent the rapid formation of UA stones. Patients affected by UANL, especially if overweight, should be evaluated for type 2 diabetes or glucose intolerance and managed accordingly.

Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread and important zoonotic pathogens and is of global medical and veterinary importance. Clinical disease ranges from mild self-limiting influenza – like illness to fulminating repeats-several failure.It is caused by bacterial spirochaetes of the genus Leptospira, family Leptospiraceae. Pathogenic Leptospira interrogans strains, of which there are over 230 serovars in 24 serogroups, are morphologically identical in that they are thin, helical highly motile Gram-negative bacteria, hooked at one or both ends.Natural hosts of pathogenic strains, generally referred to as serovars, may cause infection in man and include wild animals (rodents), livestock (cattle and pigs) and pets (dogs). Most, if not all mammals may become long-term carriers (maintenance hosts). Leptospires become located in the renal tubules and excreted in the urine of infected reservoir animals, humans becoming infected through broken skin, mucous membranes and the conjunctivae.Leptospirosis is most commonly found in tropical or sub-tropical countries in both urban and rural settings. It causes major economic losses, to the highly intensive cattle and pig industries in developed countries, primarily through their effects on reproduction. It is still an important occupational disease risk for people working in agriculture or those living in unsanitary conditions. It is increasingly recognised as a recreational and travel-associated disease.

AbstractThe rapidly changing global climate due to increased emission of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) is leading to an increased occurrence of extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, and heatwaves. The three major GHGs are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). The major natural sources of CO2 include ocean–atmosphere exchange, respiration of animals, soils (microbial respiration) and plants, and volcanic eruption; while the anthropogenic sources include burning of fossil fuel (coal, natural gas, and oil), deforestation, and the cultivation of land that increases the decomposition of soil organic matter and crop and animal residues. Natural sources of CH4 emission include wetlands, termite activities, and oceans. Paddy fields used for rice production, livestock production systems (enteric emission from ruminants), landfills, and the production and use of fossil fuels are the main anthropogenic sources of CH4. Nitrous oxide, in addition to being a major GHG, is also an ozone-depleting gas. N2O is emitted by natural processes from oceans and terrestrial ecosystems. Anthropogenic N2O emissions occur mostly through agricultural and other land-use activities and are associated with the intensification of agricultural and other human activities such as increased use of synthetic fertiliser (119.4 million tonnes of N worldwide in 2019), inefficient use of irrigation water, deposition of animal excreta (urine and dung) from grazing animals, excessive and inefficient application of farm effluents and animal manure to croplands and pastures, and management practices that enhance soil organic N mineralisation and C decomposition. Agriculture could act as a source and a sink of GHGs. Besides direct sources, GHGs also come from various indirect sources, including upstream and downstream emissions in agricultural systems and ammonia (NH3) deposition from fertiliser and animal manure.

AbstractAgriculture is a significant source of GHGsglobally and ruminant livestock animals are one of the largest contributors to these emissions, responsible for an estimated 14% of GHGs (CH4and N2O combined) worldwide. A large portion of GHG fluxes from agricultural activities is related to CH4 emissions from ruminants. Both direct and indirect methods are available. Direct methods include enclosure techniques, artificial (e.g. SF6) or natural (e.g. CO2) tracer techniques, and micrometeorological methods using open-path lasers. Under the indirect methods, emission mechanisms are understood, where the CH4 emission potential is estimated based on the substrate characteristics and the digestibility (i.e. from volatile fatty acids). These approximate methods are useful if no direct measurement is possible. The different systems used to quantify these emission potentials are presented in this chapter. Also, CH4 from animal waste (slurry, urine, dung) is an important source: methods pertaining to measuring GHG potential from these sources are included.

Female F1 hybrid of New Zealand black and white mice(NZB/W) spontaneouslydevelop an autoimmune disease characterize by afatal immune complex glomerulonephritis.Theyare considered to be a relevant model of human systemic lupus erythematosus. We observeda doubling of the concentration of TXB2 in urine at the same time when onset of proteinuria was noticed. This suggests that TXA2 synthetized by mesangial and epithelial cells of the glomeruli as well as by some inflammatory cells and platelets might be an important mediator in the pathogenesis of thi auto immune-mediated glomerular disease. Weused BM 13.505 as an long-acting TX receptor blocker for evaluating the importance of TXA2 on the development of proteinuria and compared its effects with that of the immunsuppressive agent cyclophosphamide.NZB/W mice were distributed to vehicle-treated (V-)group 20 mg/kg BM 13.505 (BM-) group and 20 mg/kgcyclophosphamide (C-) group( = 13 -14).Daily dosing by gavage was startedat the age of12 weeks. Every fourth week theurinary concentrations of proteins were measured by th biuret method and TXB2by a RIA. An increasein TXB2 was seen in the V- and BM-group, while in the C-group TXB2 was lowered. At 36 weeks of age 8of 14 animals of the V-group were proteinuria positive (>100 mg/100 ml). The study was finished at 44 weeks because more than 2/3 of the animals of the V-group haddeveloped a proteinuria. Previously four animals died and in most of other the disease was faradvanced. In the BM-group no animal had diedor showed signs of illness. However seven ofthe animals had slightly elevated protein concentrations in urine and two moderate elevated values. In the C-group no proteinuria was detected. Histological examinations of thekidneys showed a correlation in individualanimals of the V-group between the duration and extent of proteinuria and changes in the morphology of the glomeruli. In the BM-treated animals slight to moderate protein deposits were detectable, while in cyclophosphamide-treated animals glomeruli were of normal structure. This study presents someevidence that TXA2 may be an important mediator in the pathogenesis of this immune-mediated renal disease. Manifestation of this disease is delayed by the administration of thespecific TX receptor blocker BM 13.505.

Low-carbon steels are often used for materials in the construction of machines and equipment for agricultural. One of the most important factors constructional material is corrosion resistance, first of all in demanding animal environment. Equipment with low carbon steel can be easy join by quickly welding at a low construction price, but one with the serious problem in aggressive environment is their corrosion resistance. A few corrosion processes in crevices and awkward corners can be avoided at the design stage (low roughness parameters, round-section and other). But still the construction material is exposed to corrosion. Slurry is a mixture of dung and urine. The aggressive corrosive constituents in slurry are urea, uric acid, naturally excreted chloride and as well as ammonia or ammonium salts. The main aim of this research is to investigate corrosion resistance in different time (48, 96, 144, 192, 240, 288, 336 hours). For this used weight loss of test samples and its profile roughness. The research was conducted on low carbon steel in grade S235JR in natural animal slurry at 333 K. Corrosion tests confirmed that the research this steel in animal slurry as corrosive environments is characterized through proportionate to time corrosion process whose measure may be surface roughness. In industrial practice roughness parameters for all the research times can be used for determine the stage and size of steel corrosion.

Municipal sewage sludge has a high concentration of phosphorus, which should be recovered because phosphorus is a limited natural resource. In this work, sewage sludge was co-fired with wood in a FBC boiler. The aim of the investigating was to study the solubility of phosphorus in the ashes, by leaching as an alternative to the phosphorous recovery method of using the ashes directly on farmlands. The fly ashes from the boiler’s secondary cyclone and bag filter were leached at various pH-values and the release of phosphorus was measured. Only acidic leaching was applied. The ashes precipitated with Al2(SO4)3 released nearly all phosphorus at a pH-value of 1, whereas the ashes precipitated with Fe2(SO4)3 did not release all phosphorus even at the very low pH of 0.5. The concentrations of phosphorous in the leachate must be compared with liquid phosphorus sources such as human urine or liquid animal manure used as fertilisers. This may result in that the leachate has to be processed further. A continuation of the work to investigate to what extent the leachate is contaminated with toxic trace elements is necessary.

Standard anticoagulant prophylaxis is rarely used after TURP because it is believed to increase urinary bleeding. Org 10172 prevents experimental thrombosis and causes less bleeding than heparin in animals. We therefore evaluated its influence on urinary blood loss after TURP in a double blind, placebo controlled, study, which examined the effects of three Org 10172 regimens (750 antiXa u/day, 500 u bid, 750 u bid), given subcutaneously. Pilot studies have shown that 750 u bid prevents venous thrombosis (VT) after thoracotomy. At each dose level, 10 patients received Org 10172 and 6 placebo. Because patients had spinal anesthesia, they received their first injection of trial drug after anesthesia was established and immediately before surgery. Bleeding was estimated by measuring urine hemoglobin (Hb) and volume. The three dosage groups all showed trends towards increased postoperative urine bleeding in Org 10172 treated patients, but no apparent increase in blood loss with increasing dose, so they were pooled for analysis:Hence, Org 10172 in doses which are likely to be needed for VT prevention causes a moderate increase in urine bleeding after TURP.

Introdução: A obstrução uretral em felinos é um sinal clínico comum da doença do trato urinário inferior da espécie, no qual quando associada a outras alterações, geralmente o animal apresenta um quadro de disúria ou anúria, podendo evoluir a óbito. Objetivos: Relatar um caso de obstrução uretral em um felino macho, destacando a importância do rápido manejo de desobstrução e suporte terapêutico para reversão de quadro da azotemia intensa. Material e métodos: Um felino macho, sem raça definida, 3 anos, castrado, foi atendido na clínica veterinária “Provet Soluções Veterinárias” com inapetência, prostração, hipertermia, desidratação, mucosas hipocoradas e vesícula urinária repleta na palpação abdominal. Na anamnese foi relatado como principais queixa: apatia, anorexia, disúria há cerca de dois dias, sendo indicativo de um quadro de obstrução uretral. Foi realizado o hemograma completo e perfil bioquímico com dosagem de ureia e creatinina, observando-se intensa leucocitose, neutrofilia e monocitose absoluta, aumento nos valores da ureia e creatinina: 650 mg/dL e 13,1 mg/dL, respectivamente. O animfal foi sedado com Xilazina 2% associado à Ketamina 2 mg/kg e realizado o processo de desobstrução uretral com sonda uretral tipo Tom Cat (sem mandril). O animal foi submetido a lavagem vesical BID com 40 ml de soro fisiológico, fluidoterapia intravenosa com cloreto de sódio à 0,9% e administração por via subcutânea de dexametasona (0,5 mg/animal/SID) e enrofloxacina (5mg/kg/SID). No quarto dia de internação, a urina se apresentava de forma límpida, clara e sem sinais de infecção. Resultados: Um novo exame bioquímico foi realizado, no qual foi constado a normalização nos níveis séricos de ureia e creatinina. O animal recebeu alta médica com prescrição de enrofloxacina por via oral (5mg/kg/SID) por 3 dias, ração urinary por 60 dias e Pró-Rim Homeopático Veterinário, sendo administrado uma borrifada diretamente na mucosa oral, por 30 dias. Conclusão: Pode-se confirmar, a partir do caso relatado, o sucesso terapêutico da fluidoterapia associado ao processo de desobstrução e sondagem por até três dias para a correção dos efeitos da uremia e evitar possível recidiva, evitando dessa forma uma afecção adversa dos rins e uma possível patologia renal.

Introdução: A hidronefrose consiste na dilatação da pelve e dos cálices renais, causando comprometimento funcional e progressivo do parênquima renal, geralmente está associada às alterações do fluxo urinário provenientes de processos obstrutivos totais ou parciais do trato urinário inferior. Objetivo: Realizar um levantamento de informações sobre a hidronefrose para que sejam compartilhadas com profissionais da área e estudantes. Materiais e Métodos: Revisão de literatura utilizando as bases de dados Scielo, Pubvet, Ars Veterinária, realizada em 2021. Resultados: O aparecimento dessa doença ocorre em média aos nove anos de idade, não há predileção por sexo ou raça. Em um estudo realizado com 1063 cães, 9,3 % das lesões do sistema urinário estão associadas a pelve renal, sendo a hidronefrose observada em 3,85% dos casos. As causas de hidronefrose são variadas, como urolitíases, inflamação crônica, neoplasias, desordens de função neurogênica, massas extrínsecas e ligadura cirúrgica acidental de ureter. A hidronefrose pode ser unilateral ou bilateral. A unilateral é causada pela obstrução dos ureteres em qualquer ponto de seu comprimento ou em sua entrada na vesícula urinária, enquanto a bilateral pode ser causada por obstrução uretral ou lesões extensas na região do trígono vesical. Normalmente permanece assintomática por longos períodos, principalmente na hidronefrose unilateral, justamente pelo rim contralateral desempenhar funções compensatórias ao rim afetado. Os pacientes acometidos comumente apresentam quadro de azotemia e falência renal. No exame ultrassonográfico é observado conteúdo anecoico no interior do sistema coletor de urina e ausência de evidências de peritonite. O rim severamente hidronefrótico pode ser contaminado por bactérias hematógenas podendo levar a pielonefrose, onde saco de parede fina fica preenchido por pús ao invés de urina. O tratamento consiste em restaurar o fluxo urinário e a nefrectomia é indicada somente em estágios mais avançados. Conclusão: A hidronefrose é uma enfermidade de diagnóstico normalmente tardio, principalmente em casos unilaterais, e quanto maior o avanço mais severo o impacto na qualidade de vida do animal, visto que afeta a hemostasia do sistema urinário, podendo levar a óbito. Portanto, torna-se essencial uma boa anamnese e exames complementares para diagnostico e tratamento da doença.

Physiological fluids in human or animals are, in general, propelled by the continuous periodic muscular contraction or expansion (or both) of the ducts through which the fluids pass, a phenomenon known as peristalsis. Peristaltic mechanisms may be involved in the swallowing of food through the esophagus, vasomotion of small blood vessels, spermatic flows in the ductus efferentes, embryo transport in the uterus, and transport of urine through the ureters, among others [1]. Peristaltic fluid flow can be accompanied by solid particles. In this work the Basset-Boussinesq-Oseen (BBO) equation will be employed to analyze particle motion in peristaltic fluid flow, this model considers motion of a small spherical particle suspended in a nonuniform fluid flow and diverse forces are considered. In ureteral peristaltic flow, fluid being transported is essentially Newtonian and incompressible. Ureteral peristaltic flow is sometimes accompanied by particles such as stones or bacteria. In the present study, the geometrical form of the peristaltic wave will be taken to be sinusoidal. The governing equations are Navier-Stokes for the fluid and momentum for the particle (BBO equation). A regular perturbation series in which the variables are expanded in a power series of the wavenumber (ε = πRw/λ) is used to solve the fluid problem. One-way coupling between the fluid and particles is assumed.

Introdução: O paracetamol é um fármaco com ação analgésica e antipirética, comumente utilizado na medicina humana e veterinária. Contudo, considerando que felinos possuem deficiência na biotransformação dessa droga, o fármaco apresenta caráter tóxico, mesmo em pequenas doses. Objetivos: Ressaltar a importância da biotransformação, relacionando-a com a aplicabilidade na Medicina Felina. Material e Métodos: Este resumo foi elaborado através de revisão da literatura científica, por meio da pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases eletrônicas de dados Scielo e Google Acadêmico, assim como consulta à literatura disponível na plataforma online “Minha Biblioteca” da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. Resultados: A biotransformação é o mecanismo pelo qual o organismo induz alterações na estrutura de substâncias exógenas, através de atividades enzimáticas que estão sujeitas ao polimorfismo genético das espécies e que são altamente ordenadas, como as que constituem o sistema citocromo P450, viabilizando o mecanismo de degradação e excreção dos xenobióticos. A intoxicação em felinos causada pelo paracetamol (acetaminofeno), um anti-inflamatório não esteroidal (AINE), ocorre por exposição acidental ou de forma iatrogênica, quando o tutor, sem informações suficientes, administra o medicamento na boa intenção de tratar seu animal. Os gatos apresentam insuficiência na biotransformação deste fármaco devido a condições genéticas que caracterizam uma deficiência na glicuronidação e, assim, mesmo pequenas doses podem provocar sinais de intoxicação, resultando principalmente em lesões eritrocitárias seguidas por anemia hemolítica, podendo haver também comprometimento hepático. São observados sinais clínicos como êmese, hipotermia, dificuldade respiratória, mucosas pálidas ou cianóticas, hemólise, anemia, icterícia e urina sanguinolenta. O tratamento envolve terapêutica de suporte, garantindo uma adequada oxigenação, fluídos intravenosos e transfusão sanguínea, além do uso de antídotos e antioxidantes. Com tratamento intensivo e adequado, a maioria dos animais se recupera, o que não exclui a relevância de se destacar a possibilidade de óbitos por intoxicação. Conclusão: A utilização indevida de medicamentos induz o risco de comprometimento clínico dos pacientes, sendo muito comum na Clínica Felina intoxicação por paracetamol. Portanto, o conhecimento sólido sobre este assunto e a orientação adequada por parte dos médicos veterinários são, certamente, a melhor forma de proporcionar um tratamento adequado aos pacientes e de prevenir acidentes que podem ser fatais.