Journal articles on the topic 'Animal reproduction and breeding'
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Shcherbak, O. V., and S. I. Kovtun. "Actual research on the problems of breeding, genetics and biotechnology in animal husbandry." Visnik ukrains'kogo tovaristva genetikiv i selekcioneriv 19, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2021): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/visnyk.utgis.19.1-2.1442.
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XIX All-Ukrainian Scientific Conference of Young Scientists and Postgraduate Students with International Participation "Actual research on the problems of breeding, genetics and biotechnology in animal husbandry", which was dedicated to the Day of Science in Ukraine, took place on June 30, 2021 at the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M. V. Zubets of National Academy of Agrarian Science of Ukraine to discuss the research of young scientists and graduate students on breeding, genetics, biotechnology, reproduction and conservation of animal biodiversity.Keywords: breeding of farm animals, conservation of animal biodiversity, research in genetics and biotechnology of reproduction.
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Neeteson-van Nieuwenhoven, A. M., J. Merks, A. Bagnato, and A. E. Liinamo. "Sustainable transparent farm animal breeding and reproduction." Livestock Science 103, no. 3 (September 2006): 282–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2006.05.016.
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Kaneko, Takehito. "Sperm freeze-drying and micro-insemination for biobanking and maintenance of genetic diversity in mammals." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, no. 8 (2016): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd15386.
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Breeding by natural mating is ideal for maintaining animal populations. However, the lack of breeding space resulting from an increased number of strains and the decline in fertility caused by inbreeding inhibits the reproduction of subsequent generations. Reproductive technologies, such as gamete preservation and artificial fertilisation, have been developed to overcome these problems. These approaches efficiently produce offspring of laboratory, domestic and wild animals, and can also be used to treat human infertility. Gamete preservation using sperm contributes to improvements in reproductive systems and enables the use of smaller breeding spaces. Although cryopreservation with liquid nitrogen has been used to preserve spermatozoa, freeze-drying without liquid nitrogen, a novel method, facilitates long-term storage of spermatozoa. This method has recently been applied to maintain animal strains. Micro-insemination techniques, such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), are exceptional for improving assisted reproduction. ICSI can be used to fertilise oocytes, even with immotile and immature spermatozoa that are unsuitable for AI and IVF. Reproductive technologies provide a substantial advantage for biobanking and maintaining the genetic diversity of laboratory, domestic and wild animals. This review covers the latest method of sperm freeze-drying and micro-insemination, and future possibilities for maintaining animal strains and populations.
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Cram, Dominic L., Arne Jungwirth, Helen Spence-Jones, and Tim Clutton-Brock. "Reproductive conflict resolution in cooperative breeders." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 6 (August 29, 2019): 1743–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz143.
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Abstract Female infanticide is common in animal societies where groups comprise multiple co-breeding females. To reduce the risk that their offspring are killed, mothers can synchronize breeding and pool offspring, making it hard for females to avoid killing their own young. However, female reproductive conflict does not invariably result in reproductive synchrony, and we lack a general hypothesis explaining the variation in conflict resolution strategies seen across species. Here, we investigate the fitness consequences of birth timing relative to other females and the prevalence of birth synchrony in cooperatively breeding Kalahari meerkats (Suricata suricatta). We show that, although there would be substantial benefits to females in synchronizing births and reducing their risk of infanticide, birth synchrony is rare. Since precise breeding synchrony has evolved in a related species with similar infanticidal female reproductive conflict, its absence in meerkats requires an evolutionary explanation. We therefore explore the costs and benefits of synchronizing breeding in two theoretical models, each of which contrasts synchrony with an alternative reproductive strategy: (i) breeding opportunistically and accepting fitness losses to infanticide or (ii) suppressing the reproduction of others to prevent infanticide. Our models show that the costs of synchrony constrain its development if subordinates breed infrequently, and that selection instead favors the suppression of subordinate reproduction by the dominant and opportunistic reproduction by subordinates. Together, our results suggest that the resolution of reproductive conflict in animal societies is shaped by differential breeding propensities among female group members, leading to divergent conflict resolution strategies even in closely related species.
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Millar, John S., Elissa M. Derrickson, and S. T. P. Sharpe. "Effects of reproduction on maternal survival and subsequent reproduction in northern Peromyscus maniculatus." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 1129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-158.
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Female survival, number of young weaned, and offspring survival were documented for 130 individual Peromyscus maniculatus in the Kananaskis Valley, southwestern Alberta. Reproductive success was highly variable, ranging from 0 to 19 young per female at weaning and from 0 to 12 young per female at the end of the breeding season. Breeding success was not related to body size of the female prior to breeding, and the commitment to reproductive processes had no negative effects on female survival or the survival of the offspring. Most of the variation in reproductive success was attributable to female survival. Females that survived the entire breeding season weaned, on average, twice as many young as females that did not survive the breeding season. We suggest that physiological and behavior compensation and local habitat effects mask potential costs of reproduction during the breeding season. We speculate that any negative effects of high reproductive success may be evident during the nonbreeding season, or prior to breeding in the spring.
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Saare, Linda, and Riinu Rannap. "Breeding behaviour of ectotherms at high latitudes: the case of the natterjack toad Epidalea calamita at its northern range limit." Behaviour 159, no. 5 (September 30, 2021): 443–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10134.
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Abstract We explored the breeding behaviour of a threatened amphibian, the natterjack toad, at its northern range limit in Estonia, to determine the extent to which reproduction is affected by harsh and unstable climatic conditions. Using photo identification of specimens, we found that in optimal weather conditions males formed three breeding cohorts, while in adverse conditions only a single cohort occurred and under extreme conditions reproduction was skipped entirely. During the extended breeding season, larger males participated in reproduction throughout the breeding period, while smaller males appeared in later cohorts. Breeding success was related to the calling effort of a male, where larger males had greater mating success than smaller ones. We found that the natterjack toad males exhibit significant plasticity in reproductive behaviour at the northern range limit, which, given the energetic cost of reproduction and the increased risk of predation, allows them to increase their fitness at high latitudes.
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Vézina, François, and Katrina G. Salvante. "Behavioral and physiological flexibility are used by birds to manage energy and support investment in the early stages of reproduction." Current Zoology 56, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 767–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/56.6.767.
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Abstract Interest in phenotypic flexibility has increased dramatically over the last decade, but flexibility during reproduction has received relatively little attention from avian scientists, despite its possible impact on fitness. Because most avian species maintain atrophied reproductive organs when not active, reproduction in birds requires major tissue remodeling in preparation for breeding. Females undergo rapid (days) recrudescence and regression of their reproductive organs at each breeding attempt, while males grow their organs ahead of time at a much slower rate (weeks) and may maintain them at maximal size throughout the breeding season. Reproduction is associated with significant metabolic costs. Egg production leads to a 22%-27% increase in resting metabolic rate (RMR) over non-reproductive values. This is partly due to the activity of the oviduct, an organ that may allow females to adjust reproductive investment by modulating egg size and quality. In males, gonadal recrudescence may lead to a 30% increase in RMR, but the data are inconsistent and general conclusions regarding energetic costs of reproduction in males will require more research. Recent studies on captive female zebra finches describe the impacts of these costs on daily energy budgets and highlight the strategies used by birds to maintain their investment in reproduction when energy is limited. Whenever possible, birds use behavioral flexibility as a first means of saving energy. Decreasing locomotor activity saves energy during challenges such as egg production or exposure to cold temperatures and is an efficient way to buffer variation in individual daily energy budgets. However, when behavioral flexibility is not possible, birds must rely on flexibility at the physiological level to meet energy demands. In zebra finches breeding in the cold, this results in a reduced pace of laying, likely due to down-regulation of both reproductive and non-reproductive function, allowing females to defend minimal egg size and maintain reproductive success. More research involving a range of species in captive and free-living conditions is needed to determine how phenotypic flexibility during tissue remodeling and early reproductive investment translates to natural conditions and affects fitness.
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Erokhina, N. I., and L. A. Zernaeva. "IMPROVING THE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION OF CATTLE BY PREVENTING COPPER DEFICIENCY IN THE BODY." Innovatics and Expert Examination, no. 2(30) (December 3, 2020): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.35264/1996-2274-2020-2-170-177.
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In the dairy cattle breeding of the Russian Federation, there are unresolved problems associated with the reproduction of the herd, which significantly affect the economic component of this subsector of animal husbandry. One of the factors causing impaired reproductive function in animals is the lack of copper in the body. The presented materials indicate the importance of the prevention of copper deficiency in animals and further research in the field of the biological effect of this microelement on reproductive function.
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Prado, Cynthia, Masao Uetanabaro, and Célio Haddad. "Breeding activity patterns, reproductive modes, and habitat use by anurans (Amphibia) in a seasonal environment in the Pantanal, Brazil." Amphibia-Reptilia 26, no. 2 (2005): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568538054253375.
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AbstractAnnual patterns of breeding activity, reproductive modes, and habitat use are described for a frog community in a seasonal environment, in the southern Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Data were collected monthly between January 1995 and December 1998. A total of 24 species from four families; Bufonidae (3 species), Hylidae (10 species), Leptodactylidae (9 species), and Microhylidae (2 species) were registered. Three reproductive activity patterns are recognized among these species: continuous, explosive, and prolonged; 50% of the species were explosive breeders. Seasonal pattern of reproduction was verified for three analyzed years (1995-1997); most species reproduced during the rainy season (Nov-Jan). The reproduction was aseasonal in 1998; unexpected rains in the dry season lead to an unusual breeding activity. Five reproductive modes were noted — 62.5% of the species have the generalized aquatic mode, and 33.3% deposit eggs embedded in foam nests. Many species used the same sites for reproduction, although temporal partitioning and calling site segregation was observed. The occurrence of many species that exhibit explosive breeding early in the rainy season is common in seasonal and open environments with variable and unpredictable rainfall, as is the case in the Pantanal.
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Goodrowe, K. L. "Feline reproduction and artificial breeding technologies." Animal Reproduction Science 28, no. 1-4 (July 1992): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(92)90125-w.
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Kosarcic, Slavica, Mira Kovacevic, Milovan Jovicin, Milica Balos-Zivkov, and Dusan Kosarcic. "Changes in karyotype in domestic animals discovered on the farms in Vojvodina and their influence on reproduction." Genetika 38, no. 2 (2006): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0602121k.
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New directions in animal husbandry demand raising of animal kinds that are adjusted to intensive way of breeding. In order to accomplish these demands, beside known methods in selection, Cytogenetic control of existing genotypes is needed that has been carried through ten year examination on pig, cattle and stud farms in Vojvodina. Chromosome aberration of numeric polyploidy and aneuploidy but also structural translocation, deletion, duplication, inversion, ring, break and other segregations were discovered. Numeric and structural changes on animal karyotype influenced on reproduction disturbance, phenotype expression, as well as selection program and stability of genofond. Different aspects of reproductive disturbance were noted like for example: small litter, embryo mortality, frequent repeated breeding, abortion, stillbirth and mummified embryo, offspring with anomalities, different kinds of sterility, Analyses of the results obtained from monitoring the herd book and making genealogy show on existence of chromosomepathy on our farms. The aim of this work is to inform scientists and experts with the fact that these changes are spreading, especially through among the breeding animals. Therefore genetic control and timely exclusion of chromosome aberration is necessary.
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McClenaghan, Beverly, Kevin C. R. Kerr, and Erica Nol. "Does prey availability affect the reproductive performance of Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) breeding in Ontario, Canada?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 11 (November 2019): 979–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0001.
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Animal populations are often limited by food availability, particularly during the breeding season. In birds, food limitation can impact several components of the reproductive cycle, including the timing of reproduction and reproductive output. Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758) have experienced a population decline over the past 40 years in North America that is thought to be related to changes in prey availability. We monitored Barn Swallow reproductive behaviour and prey availability throughout two breeding seasons at 10 sites in Ontario, Canada, to test the hypothesis that limited prey availability during the breeding season affected reproductive behaviour. We found no relationship between food availability and number of eggs laid or number of young fledged. Neither did we observe higher rates of second brooding or more pairs nesting at breeding sites with higher food availability. Barn Swallows did not time their reproductive effort to maximize prey availability during the nesting period, but any mismatch in phenology of prey and bird reproduction at a breeding site was not associated with lower reproductive success. The results of this study did not support our hypothesis and suggest that Barn Swallow reproductive behaviour was not negatively affected by limited prey availability on the breeding grounds.
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BATRA, T. R., A. J. LEE, and A. J. McALLISTER. "RELATIONSHIPS OF REPRODUCTION TRAITS, BODY WEIGHT AND MILK YIELD IN DAIRY CATTLE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 1 (March 1, 1986): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-007.
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The relationships between reproduction traits, body weight and milk yield were investigated using data from 1611 heifers and 733 cows from two lines of the National Cooperative Dairy Cattle Breeding Project. The data were analyzed separately for heifers and cows within lines using a mixed linear model containing fixed effects for station, year of birth, season of birth and random effect of sires. Heritability estimates and genetic correlations were estimated by a paternal half-sib analysis. Heritability estimates for heifer and cow reproduction traits ranged between 0 and 26% while those of body weights at calving and 112 d postpartum and milk yield ranged from 24 to 43%. Heifers with difficult calving had a higher incidence of retained placenta than those with normal calving. Phenotypic correlations between heifer reproduction traits and milk yield during first lactation were small. High milk production in cows was associated with longer calving interval. Phenotypic correlations between heifer's and cow's reproduction traits were small. Difficult calving in heifers impairs reproductive performance after calving resulting in greater number of days from calving to first and last breeding and leading to a longer calving interval. Key words: Reproduction traits, heifers, cows, milk yield, dairy cattle
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Kazarovets, N. V., I. P. Sheyko, and T. V. Pavlova. "Evolution of breeding process for reproduction of domestic producing bulls in the Republic of Belarus." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Agrarian Series 58, no. 4 (November 4, 2020): 455–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1817-7204-2020-58-4-455-471.
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The leading element in breeding programs for breeding and improving the breeds of dairy cattle in highly developed countries is reproduction of high-quality producing bulls. The paper presents the results of producing bulls breeding when creating Belarusian black-and-white breed of dairy cattle, techniques and methods of obtaining improving bulls when improving the Holsteinized dairy cattle of the republic at the present stage. It is shown that historically evolution of the breeding process of reproduction of domestic black-and-white bulls is based on imported breeding material from different countries (bulls, semen, heifers). Analysis of solution to the problem of using imported animals is presented. Periods of creating a breeding base for reproduction of imported material have been determined, methodological approaches and possibilities of breeding domestic producing bulls in the republic have been specified. Efficiency of breeding business for introduction of modern methods and techniques for assessing and reproduction of high quality breeding animals has been revealed. The periods of breeding process for reproduction of domestic producing bulls have been chronologically distinguished, including three stages: the first 1930-1990, the second 1990-2000, the third 2000 to the present. Substantiation of these time stages is based on the results of breeding activities carried out by scientists and breeders of the republic, and the social and economic conditions of those periods. Analysis of the created breeding base for reproduction of imported material has been carried out, including both breeding stock of breeding plants for parental forms breeding, as well as state breeding enterprises for rearing, evaluating and using the producing bulls. Normative legal documents developed by specialists of state services, scientists of the Belarusian Research Institute for Animal Breeding for the scheduled formation of the breeding base of dairy cattle in the republic have been indicated. The research results will make it possible to develop a concept for reproduction of highly valuable domestic improving bulls in terms of breeding for formation of Belarusian Holstein dairy cattle meeting modern production technology requirements in the context of intensification of the industry based on increase in the role of genetic factors.
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Walkom, S. F., and D. J. Brown. "Impact of liveweight, fat and muscle sire breeding values on ewe reproduction is minimal but variable across Australian grazing systems." Animal Production Science 57, no. 9 (2017): 1952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15574.
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Australian sheep producers have the potential to improve reproductive rates through optimising ewe body condition across the production cycle. Managing ewe body condition can become costly when supplementary feeding is required due to poor pasture growth or rainfall and by using appropriate genetics, producers can theoretically reduce the flock’s dependency on supplementary feed and improve reproductive rates. Reproductive records from the Information Nucleus Flock and Sheep Genetics Merino and maternal breed datasets were analysed to examine the influence of sire breeding values for liveweight (post-weaning, yearling and adult assessments), fat and eye muscle depths (post-weaning and yearling assessments) and number of lambs weaned on reproductive performance (fertility, litter size and number of lambs born) across a variety of production environments. To determine the impact of environmental conditions on the relationship between weight, ultrasound body composition, and reproduction traits the daughters’ adjusted reproductive performances were regressed on the sire’s breeding value across flocks, within flocks and within flock × year. Irrespective of age at assessment, sire breeding values for liveweight, fat and eye muscle depths had very little association with the reproductive performance of their daughters, on average. The regressions of reproduction on weight, and fat and eye muscle depth traits varied across flocks from unfavourable to favourable estimates. The very small overall impact of weight, and fat and eye muscle depth traits, on average suggests that using sire breeding values for number of lambs weaned, which had a large impact on reproduction, will provide the most viable method to genetically improve reproductive performance within the production system in question.
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Rosati, A., and A. M. Neeteson. "Sustainable farm animal breeding and reproduction technology platform (FABRE TP)." Journal of Biotechnology 150 (November 2010): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.08.350.
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Esler, Daniel, and Jeanine C. Bond. "Cross-seasonal dynamics in body mass of male Harlequin Ducks: a strategy for meeting costs of reproduction." Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, no. 2 (February 2010): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z09-135.
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Considerations of acquisition of energy for reproduction by waterfowl have disproportionately focused on females, although males also require energy for reproduction. We quantified variation in body mass of male Harlequin Ducks ( Histrionicus histrionicus (L., 1758)) on coastal wintering areas prior to spring migration, as well as on breeding grounds, to determine when and where nutrients were acquired to meet costs of reproduction. Male mass on wintering grounds increased, on average, by 45 g (7%) in the weeks prior to migration. On breeding streams, we inferred that body mass of paired males decreased with the length of time on breeding grounds. Also, on average, male mass was considerably lower on breeding streams than when they departed coastal wintering sites. We conclude that males store nutrients on marine wintering grounds for subsequent use during the breeding season. Male Harlequin Ducks are highly vigilant while on breeding streams and the associated reduction in feeding time presumably requires energy stores. We suggest that males have evolved a strategy that is at least partially “capital” for meeting costs of reproduction, in which they acquire an optimal amount of energy reserves prior to spring migration and subsequently invest them in behaviours that can enhance reproductive success.
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Mares, Rafael, Claire Doutrelant, Matthieu Paquet, Claire N. Spottiswoode, and Rita Covas. "Breeding decisions and output are correlated with both temperature and rainfall in an arid-region passerine, the sociable weaver." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 9 (September 2017): 170835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170835.
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Animal reproductive cycles are commonly triggered by environmental cues of favourable breeding conditions. In arid environments, rainfall may be the most conspicuous cue, but the effects on reproduction of the high inter- and intra-annual variation in temperature remain poorly understood, despite being relevant to the current context of global warming. Here, we conducted a multiyear examination of the relationships between a suite of measures of temperature and rainfall, and the onset and length of the breeding season, the probability of breeding and reproductive output in an arid-region passerine, the sociable weaver ( Philetairus socius ). As expected, reproductive output increased with rainfall, yet specific relationships were conditional on the timing of rainfall: clutch production was correlated with rainfall throughout the season, whereas fledgling production was correlated with early summer rainfall. Moreover, we reveal novel correlations between aspects of breeding and temperature, indicative of earlier laying dates after warmer springs, and longer breeding seasons during cooler summers. These results have implications for understanding population trends under current climate change scenarios and call for more studies on the role of temperature in reproduction beyond those conducted on temperate-region species.
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Polupan, Yu P., and O. V. Boiko. "STEPAN YUHYMOVYCH DEMCHUK – RECOGNIZED AUTHORITY IN THE FIELD OF ANIMAL REPRODUCTION." Animal Breeding and Genetics 58 (November 29, 2019): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.58.03.
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Leading researcher of the laboratory of biotechnology of reproduction of the Institute of animal breeding and genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS Stepan Demchuk on November 27, 2019 turned 70 years old. He was born in the village. Pripyat of Lyuboml district of Volyn region. After graduating from Shatsk secondary school he entered the Ukrainian Agricultural Academy, which he graduated in 1971 with a major in Veterinary Science. He then worked as a veterinarian for the "Chervona zirka" state farm, then as a chief veterinarian of the state farms. Comintern and "Bolshevik" Baryshevsky district of Kyiv region, and from 1976 to 1978 – in the Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky state plant at the post of senior zootechnic breeder. From 1978 to 1994 he worked at the Ukrainian Research Institute for breeding and artificial insemination of cattle as a junior researcher. In 1994–1996 he was a leading researcher at the "Vorzel" research station. Since 1996 he has been working as a senior scientist and since 2000 – a leading researcher at the Institute of animal breeding and genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS.
In 1997, he defended his dissertation for the Candidate of Agricultural Sciences degree on “Restoration of reproductive function in cows of Ukrainian meat breed in connection with the course of childbirth”. The scientific creativity of a scientist exceeds 100 published works in Ukraine and abroad, including books, methodical recommendations, patents and instructions on reproduction and breeding of cattle. In particular, he co-authored books on the Strategy for the Development of Meatbreeding in Ukraine in the Context of National Food Security (Kyiv, 2005), The Scientific Principles of Breeding Livestock of Meat Breeds (Kyiv, 2017), "Breeding, genetic and biotechnological methods for improving and preserving the gene pool of breeds of farm animals" (Kyiv, 2018), articles in scientific publications of Belarus, the Russian Federation, Moldova and Ukraine.
For a long time, Stepan Yukhimovich has been providing advisory and practical assistance to farms, has been actively involved in the creation of high-performance dairy and beef cattle herds, in the training and retraining of livestock specialists, and has repeatedly been a judge of All-Ukrainian artificial insemination operators competitions. Under his scientific guidance, K. J. Skoryk defended his dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Agricultural Sciences on "Economic and biological features of goat breeders of foreign breeding in Ukraine".
High professionalism, deep knowledge in the field of biotechnology of breeding animals, butchery, humanity, modesty and honesty have formed in the staff of the institute and scientific community of Ukraine Stepan Yukhimovich deserved authority. The staff of the institute, where the jubilee has been working for over 40 years, sincerely congratulates the dear Stepan Yukhimovich and wishes him good health, further creative success, scientific and human longevity!
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Kimmitt, Abigail A. "Females as the Gatekeepers to Seasonal Breeding: What We Can Learn by Studying Reproductive Mechanisms in Both Sexes." Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 3 (July 3, 2020): 703–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa095.
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Synopsis Seasonal reproduction is a widespread adaptation in vertebrates, such that individuals time their reproductive efforts to match peak resource abundance. Individuals rely on environmental cues to regulate hormonal mechanisms governing timing of breeding. Historically, studies on physiological mechanisms of seasonal reproduction, specifically in birds, have disproportionately focused on males compared to females. For this review, I conducted a literature search of the last decade of avian research and found a persistent sex bias in the field of physiological mechanisms of seasonal reproduction. Using work conducted with the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis) as a case study, I present a possible solution to combat the sex bias: natural comparisons of populations that differ in reproductive timing to investigate mechanisms of reproduction in both sexes. Populations of dark-eyed juncos that differ in migratory behavior (i.e., migrant and resident) exhibit overlapping ranges during winter and early spring; residents begin breeding in early spring prior to the departure of migrants. This system, and others like it, provides an opportunity to compare mechanisms of reproduction in populations that differ in reproductive timing despite experiencing the same environmental conditions in early spring. In juncos, migrant and resident females and males exhibit similar patterns of hypothalamic regulation of reproduction in early spring, but sex differences in gonadal sensitivity between the populations could be an important distinction that partially explains sex differences in reproductive development. Comparing mechanisms of reproduction in free-living populations and in captivity can reveal important mechanisms that determine the onset of reproductive development, as well as potential sex differences in these mechanisms. Understanding the mechanisms of reproductive phenology has important implications for understanding how species will survive and reproduce in a changing climate.
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Sharan, M. M., and Yu T. Salyha. "The status and prospects of reproductive biotechnology application to increase productivity in cattle breeding." Animal Biology 24, no. 3 (October 2022): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/animbiol24.03.044.
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The purpose of the work was to analyze the situation regarding to the status and prospects for the use of reproductive biotechnology to increase productivity in cattle breeding. In the conditions of dynamic growth of the planet’s population, global climate changes and the russian-Ukrainian war, food security in the whole world and in Ukraine in particular has become a key issue. To increase food stocks of animal origin, it is necessary first of all to intensify dairy and meat cattle breeding with the involvement of the best world genetics. This becomes possible thanks to the application of modern biotechnological methods of reproduction, some of which (artificial insemination, embryo transplantation) are successfully used in the world and in Ukraine, the other part (in vitro fertilization, cloning, creation of transgenic animals) is constantly developing and improving in countries with developed cattle breeding. Technologies of artificial insemination and transplantation of cattle embryos have been improved in Ukraine. Artificial insemination has been introduced into the practice of cattle breeding, work on embryo transplantation is being resumed, and in recent years, dairy farms have used sperm of bulls separated by sex. Scientists of the institutions of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine conduct sporadic experiments on in vitro fertilization and the creation of transgenic animals, which requires the expansion and deepening of these areas of research. To overcome modern challenges related to climate change and war, it is advisable to use biotechnological methods of reproduction in cattle breeding. For this, research on the development and implementation of the latest reproductive biotechnologies should be intensified: embryo transplantation, in vitro fertilization, creation of transgenic animals.
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Song, Fengcheng, Yishu Xu, Peng Peng, Hongxu Li, Ranxi Zheng, Haolin Zhang, Yingying Han, Qiang Weng, and Zhengrong Yuan. "Seasonal Changes in the Structure and Function of Gut Microbiota in the Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus)." Metabolites 13, no. 2 (February 9, 2023): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13020248.
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The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the nutrition, metabolism, and immune function of the host animal. The muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) is a typical seasonal breeding animal. The present study performed a metagenomic analysis of cecum contents from muskrats in the breeding and non-breeding seasons. The results indicated that the breeding muskrats and non-breeding muskrats differed in gut microbiota structure and function. During the breeding season, the relative abundance of phylum Bacteroidetes, genus Prevotella, and genus Alistipes increased, while the relative abundance of phylum Firmicutes and phylum Actinobacteria decreased. The muskrat gut microbiota was enriched in the metabolism-related pathways, especially amino acid and vitamin metabolism, and genetically related metabolites in the breeding season. We presumed that the muskrat gut microbiota might seasonally change to secure reproductive activity and satisfy the metabolic demands of different seasons. This study could explore potential mechanisms by which gut microbiota affects reproduction. Moreover, this study may provide a new theoretical basis for the management of muskrat captive breeding.
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Hladiy, M. V., Yu P. Polupan, S. I. Kovtun, S. V. Kuzebnij, L. V. Vyshnevskiy, K. V. Kopylov, and О. V. Shcherbak. "SCIENTIFIC AND ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS OF GENERATION, GENETICS, REPRODUCTION BIOTECHNOLOGY AND PROTECTION OF THE GENOFONDS IN LIVESTOCK BREEDING." Animal Breeding and Genetics 56 (December 4, 2018): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.56.01.
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The article highlights the main achievements, problems and directions of the further development of the landing stock of Ukraine, the prospects of scientific research of Institute of Animal breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of the NAAS in the areas of breeding, genetics, biotechnology of reproduction and preservation of the gene pool of farm animals. Institute is the initiator of four dairy herds (Ukrainian Red-and-White, Black-and-White, Red and Brown dairy bread) and four meat (Ukrainian, Volyn, Polissya and Southern meat) breeds of cattle. Its employees carry out scientific support of regional livestock development programs, development of systems for the creation and management of commercial herds of dairy and beef cattle, which contributes to solving the global food problem, and to ensure the nutrition security of Ukrainian population. The newly created Ukrainian Black-and-White, Red-and-White and Red dairy breeds for the predominantly intra-species breeding improvement and limited access to the gene pool of the Holstein breeding breed should remain the main areas of the breeding improvement of domestic dairy cattle breeding. The existing breeding system in cattle in Ukraine does not meet international standards and practically does not work in a complex way, and it threatens the final destruction of domestic breeding livestock, a significant dependence of the country on the import of breeding resources. To solve the problem, a new structure of the breeding service with a clear definition of the organizational basis for the management of tribal affairs and functional responsibilities of the subjects of its implementation was proposed, the formation of a centralized national information base for the identification, registration, origin and performance of animals, the keeping of state books of breeding animals as the basis estimation of their genetic value, and its realization is entrusted to the state enterprise created at the institute on Main scientific-production informational-elective center in livestock. Promising areas for farm animal breeding research are grouped into gene identification and the degree of development of quantitative attributes (QTL), early prediction and evaluation of breeding value of animals using markers (MAS). Research on molecular genetics is aimed at improving genetic analysis methods at individual and population levels, monitoring herds of cattle according to different types of genetic markers. Genetic systems for testing animals in 9 loci quantitative attributes, which are involved in the formation of qualitative indicators of dairy and meat productivity. A work is under way to test animals for the polymorphism of the BoLA-DRB3 gene of the major histocompatibility complex in animal populations for resistance to or susceptibility to mastitis. Biotechnology research focuses on reproductive biology methods, first of all, manipulations with gametes of farm animals, in vitro fertilization of pre-matured oocytes of cows and pigs, and others. The technology of obtaining oocyte cumulus complexes from ovaries of animals, the conditions of their storage, cultivation and fertilization out of the organism, which allows receiving a much larger number of embryos for both scientific and practical purposes, is developed. A separate direction is the work to improve the biotechnological methods of reproduction of farm animals using nanomaterials. It is based on the application in cryopreservation and sperm production of sperm and ovules of various variants of biologically active substances that are applied to highly dispersed silica molecules (albumin of blood serum of cattle, N-acetylneuramic acid – UFS / BSA / NANA). In order to monitor and preserve the diversity of genetic resources of agricultural animals in Ukraine, a complex of works under NAAS scientific program "System of work in populations and preservation of biological diversity of genetic resources of farm animals" ("Preservation of gene pool of breeds") with a coordination center on the basis of Institute of Animal breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS. The research resulted in the development of the Program for the preservation of the gene pool of local and endangered breeds of farm animals in Ukraine for 2017–2025, in which the methodological bases for preservation of the gene pool were generalized, animal breeds were classified according to the criteria of risk, the minimum sizes of herds (real and virtual) of faulting species were substantiated, the minimum the size of subsidies for the proper functioning of small-numbered breeds, general methodological approaches to assessing the specificity of genetic resources are specified.
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Bennett, Nigel C., Christopher G. Faulkes, and Cornelia Voigt. "Socially Induced Infertility in Naked and Damaraland Mole-Rats: A Tale of Two Mechanisms of Social Suppression." Animals 12, no. 21 (November 4, 2022): 3039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12213039.
Full textAbstract:
The naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) and the Damaraland mole-rat (Fukomys damarensis) possess extreme reproductive skew with a single reproductive female responsible for reproduction. In this review, we synthesize advances made into African mole-rat reproductive patterns and physiology within the context of the social control of reproduction. Non-reproductive female colony members have low concentrations of luteinising hormone (LH) and a reduced response of the pituitary to a challenge with gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). If the reproductive female is removed from the colony, an increase in the basal plasma LH and increased pituitary response to a GnRH challenge arises in the non-reproductive females, suggesting the reproductive female controls reproduction. Non-reproductive male Damaraland mole-rats have basal LH concentrations and elevated LH concentrations in response to a GnRH challenge comparable to the breeding male, but in non-breeding male naked mole-rats, the basal LH concentrations are low and there is a muted response to a GnRH challenge. This renders these two species ideal models to investigate physiological, behavioural and neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The recently discovered neuropeptides kisspeptin and RFamide-related peptide-3 are likely candidates to play an important role in the regulation of reproductive functions in the two mole-rat species.
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Kerr, J. C. "Report of the 1994 braude scholarship to the british society of animal science: improving reproductive performance in pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200590139.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, the emphasis on reproductive performance in pigs has increased, although the favourable impact of improving reproductive performance on the overall efficiency of production has long been recognised. There is widespread agreement that increasing the number of pigs per sow per year should be a major objective of the pig industry, particularly as limits in fat reduction are approached. The 1994 British Society of Animal Science Braude Scholarship was used to investigate current research in the area of swine reproduction and identify particular areas of concern as perceived by the North American pig industry. The main objectives of the scholarship were to (1) present a paper at the Fifth World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production (2) visit research establishments in the USA to discuss current research projects in pigs, with particular emphasis on genetic variation in reproduction traits and (3) visit major pig breeding companies in the USA to discuss the application of research results in modern pig breeding programmes and the required future research.
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Kerr, J. C. "Report of the 1994 braude scholarship to the british society of animal science: improving reproductive performance in pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600027847.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, the emphasis on reproductive performance in pigs has increased, although the favourable impact of improving reproductive performance on the overall efficiency of production has long been recognised. There is widespread agreement that increasing the number of pigs per sow per year should be a major objective of the pig industry, particularly as limits in fat reduction are approached. The 1994 British Society of Animal Science Braude Scholarship was used to investigate current research in the area of swine reproduction and identify particular areas of concern as perceived by the North American pig industry. The main objectives of the scholarship were to (1) present a paper at the Fifth World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production (2) visit research establishments in the USA to discuss current research projects in pigs, with particular emphasis on genetic variation in reproduction traits and (3) visit major pig breeding companies in the USA to discuss the application of research results in modern pig breeding programmes and the required future research.
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Rubenstein, Dustin R., Carlos A. Botero, and Eileen A. Lacey. "Discrete but variable structure of animal societies leads to the false perception of a social continuum." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 5 (May 2016): 160147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160147.
Full textAbstract:
Animal societies are typically divided into those in which reproduction within a group is monopolized by a single female versus those in which it is shared among multiple females. It remains controversial, however, whether these two forms of social structure represent distinct evolutionary outcomes or endpoints along a continuum of reproductive options. To address this issue and to determine whether vertebrates and insects exhibit the same patterns of variation in social structure, we examined the demographic and reproductive structures of 293 species of wasps, ants, birds and mammals. Using phylogenetically informed comparative analyses, we found strong evidence indicating that not all reproductive arrangements within social groups are viable in nature and that in societies with multiple reproductives, selection favours instead taxon-specific patterns of decrease in the proportion of breeders as a function of group size. These outcomes suggest that the selective routes to sociality differ depending upon whether monopolization of reproduction by one individual is possible and that variation within and among taxonomic groups may lead to the false perception of a continuum of social structures. Thus, the occurrence of very large societies may require either complete reproductive monopolization (monogyny/singular breeding) or the maintenance of a taxon-specific range of values for the proportional decrease in the number of breeders within a group (polygyny/plural breeding), both of which may reduce reproductive conflict among females.
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Strapák, P., J. Candrák, and J. Aumann. "Relationship between longevity and selected production, reproduction and type traits." Czech Journal of Animal Science 50, No. 1 (December 5, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3989-cjas.
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The correlations between longevity, functional longevity, stayability and selected milk, reproductive and type traits were estimated; it was done on the basis of estimated breeding values for longevity, functional longevity, dairy traits, reproductive traits and stayability rates at the age of 60, 72, 84, and 96 months. The correlation between breeding values for longevity and functional longevity was 0.69. The correlations between longevity and stayability at 60, 72, 84, and 96 months of age were around 0.75 (from 0.73 to 0.76) whereas the correlation with stayability at 48 months was considerably lower (0.64). The breeding values for dairy traits showed a positive relationship with longevity (from 0.37 to 0.46) and a slightly negative correlation with breeding values for functional longevity (from –0.10 to –0.20). A low relationship was found between longevity and reproductive traits. Between the type traits and longevity traits only the conformation score for the form (0.18) and for the udder showed a positive correlation (0.24). The correlation between the form and functional longevity remained approximately on the same level whereas the correlation with the main udder score decreased to 0.08, which indicated a positive relationship between milk traits and udder scores.
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Gladiy, M. V., S. I. Kovtun, and M. G. Porkhun. "ANDRIY PETROVYCH KRUGLYAK – FAMOUS SCIENTIST AND PRACTITIONER IN THE FIELD OF SELECTION AND REPRODUCTION OF FARM ANIMALS." Animal Breeding and Genetics 62 (December 8, 2021): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.62.02.
Full textAbstract:
On December 20, 2021, Andriy Petrovich Kruglyak, a well-known scientist and leading researcher of the Department of Cattle Breeding of the Institute of Animal Breeding nd. a. M.V.Zubets of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, will turn 80 years old. The jubilee was born in the village of Kupchyntsi, Illinetsky district, Vinnytsia region, into a peasant family. In 1962 he graduated from the Illinetsky Agricultural Technical School, worked as a zootechnician-manager of a cattle farm of the Kamyanogirsky sugar factory of the Illinetsky district of the Vinnytsia region.
After serving in the Soviet Army he studied at the Ukrainian Agricultural Academy: 1965–1970 – a student of the Faculty of Zootechnics, 1970–1972 – an intern at the Department of Farm Animal Breeding, where he worked under the guidance of Professors I. V. Smirnov and M. A. Kravchenko, 1972–1974 – graduate student of the Ukrainian Agricultural Academy.
In 1974 he defended his dissertation "Age features of the reproductive capacity of bulls in connection with the types of higher nervous activity" in the specialty 06.02.01 – breeding and selection of farm animals. He was awarded the title of senior researcher in 1980.
1974–1976 – senior researcher at the Central Research Station for Artificial Insemination of Farm Animals. Since 1976, the scientific activity of A. P. Kruglyak is connected with the Ukrainian Research Institute of Breeding and Artificial Insemination of Cattle (now the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets NAAS of Ukraine), where he holds the position of senior researcher, head of the laboratory for reproduction of farm animals, and since 1996 – the laboratory for breeding red-white cattle and gene pool of breeds (now the department of Selection of Cattle).
The scientific's research is aimed at further development of the breed process through the effective use of the world's best gene pool and improver breeders of domestic breeds, improvement of biotechnology methods for reproduction of farm animals and conservation of genetic resources of farm animals.
On the initiative of A. P. Kruglyak in 1975, as a basis for the accelerated breeding of domestic dairy and beef breeds, technological and organizational method of conservation and rational use of local and endangered domestic breeds, the Bank of Genetic Resources of Cattle at the Ukrainian Research Institute of Breeding and Artificial Insemination of Cattle (t-n Brovary) was created, which concentrated the genetic material of prominent bulls of 50 breeds and breed combinations of the world. The operation of this bank has ensured the accelerated breeding of dairy and beef breeds of cattle in Ukraine through the effective use of the best world gene pool of specialized breeds on all improved breeds of the country as a whole and preservation of local gene pool of local Gray Ukrainian and White-headed Ukrainian breeds.Due to the accelerated implementation of scientific developments of scientists of the institute in selection using genetic material of the gene pool bank, at the personal request of A. P. Kruglyak, the bank of genetic resources was awarded the status of National Heritage (order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine from August 19, 2002 № 472-r.).
With the consent of NAAS and the Ministry of Agrarian Policy of Ukraine in 2003–2007, A. P. Kruglyak headed the selection center "Genetic Resources". With his direct participation, the best in Europe breeding and technological center in cattle breeding has been built and the selection work, of which is aimed at improving dairy and beef breeds of cattle, was organized.
From 2007 to 2011 he worked as a leading researcher at the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, and from 2014 to the present – a leading researcher at the Department of Cattle Breeding of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets NAAS of Ukraine.
Andriy Petrovich is a co-author of the first domestic specialized dairy – Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed, its central, Carpathian intrabreed, Kyiv and Bukovyna factory types and 10th factory bloodlines.
Dairy productivity of cows of the active part of the population for 305 days of the last completed lactation in 2020 was 7174 kg, and in the 12 best herds – 10.0–12.0 thousand kg, which corresponds to the level of productivity of cows in the most developed countries. During the last 10, creative collective of Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. М.V.Zubets of NAAS of Ukraine and specialists of breeding plants of experience economies of NAAS of Ukraine state plant "Khrystynivske", "Nyva", "Hontarivka, the own plant "Agroecologija", LTD plant "Krok-Ukrzalizbud", LTD plant "Kolos", "Bohdanivske", breeding enterprises LTD plant "The Genetic resources", LTD "The Ukrainian genetic company", JSC "Poltavaplemservis" and PSC SPC "Progress", under scientifically-methodical guidance of Andriy Petrovich works on the leadingout of new high-performance protein- fet- dairy Leader 1926780 bloodline in the Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed, that now ratified Ministry development economy, trade, and agriculture (order № 2121 from 06.01.2021) as a breeding achievement in stock-breeding.
He has prepared a number of original works on biotechnology of cattle breeding: is a co-author of recommendations for breeding, use and evaluation of bulls in complexes, instructions for grading cattle of dairy and dairy-beef breeds, artificial insemination of farm animals, developed a two-stage method of sperm thawing, long-term storage of thawed bull semen and native boar semen at positive temperatures, using the method of hypobiosis, developed and implemented at the Institute of Fisher Economy of NAAS of Ukraine method of freezing fisher gamets.
A. P.Kruglyak's scientific achievements include more than 370 publications, including monographs, programs on breeding new breeds and types of cattle, reproduction of farm animals and preservation of the gene pool of breeds, sire catalogs, state books of breeding animals of cattle, articles in collections and periodicals, abstracts of reports, etc. Scientific achievements are protected by 17 copyright certificates and patents.
Andriy Petrovich is a co-executor of international projects on selection and reproduction of animals, which were carried out together with scientists and practitioners from Canada, the USA, Switzerland and Poland.A. P. Kruglyak has long been a member of the Scientific and Technical Council of the Ministry of Agrarian Policy of Ukraine and the Academic Council of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets NAAS of Ukraine, a member of the editorial board of the scientific collection "Animal Breeding and Genetics" (1991–2006).
Under the leadership of A. P. Kruglyak, 4 candidates of agricultural sciences, 16 graduates of the zootechnical faculty of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine and more than 2,000 livestock specialists were trained. For the last 40 years he has been giving a course of lectures on selection and biotechnology of reproduction of farm animals at the School of Advanced Training of Livestock Specialists (t-n. Brovary).
In 1993, A. P. Kruglyak was awarded the State Prize of Ukraine in the field of science and technology for the development of methods and breeding of the Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed of cattle.
By the decision of the Presidium of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine A. P. Kruglyak was awarded a memorable anniversary medal "100 years of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine". The Presidium of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine and the staff of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets NAAS of Ukraine sincerely congratulate dear Andriy Petrovich and wish him good health, creative longevity and further success in the scientific field!
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Bazzano, Marilena, and Alessandro Troisi. "Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advancements in the Field of Animal Reproduction." Animals 12, no. 11 (June 4, 2022): 1457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12111457.
Full textAbstract:
Reproductive physiology and breeding have fascinated scientist since ancient times, and it is not surprising that explorations in these fields are included among the oldest and most well-documented branches of veterinary medicine [...]
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Bezdíček, Jiří, Andrea Nesvadbová, Alexander Makarevich, and Elena Kubovičová. "Negative impact of heat stress on reproduction in cows: Animal husbandry and biotechnological viewpoints: A review." Czech Journal of Animal Science 66, No. 8 (June 25, 2021): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/44/2021-cjas.
Full textAbstract:
This review summarises current knowledge of the relationship between heat stress (HS) and reproduction in cattle. It focuses on research from the viewpoint of genetics (breed), from the viewpoint of reproduction physiology (in vivo and in vitro) and from the animal husbandry practice. From the viewpoint of animal husbandry, it was evidenced that heat stress influences reproduction before, during and after conception. Most publications suggest the negative impact of heat stress on the reproductive physiology of cows reflected in ovarian and follicular activity, in oocyte and embryo development, as well as in other processes studied under in vivo or in vitro conditions. There are also a number of products that the cell creates in response to heat stress, which is used as indicators of the stress (e.g. heat shock proteins). A number of publications also focus on how to prevent heat stress on the farm (e.g. shade, water shower) or during in vitro procedures, including the supplementation of the culture media with antioxidants like melatonin. Research of heat stress is very important in cattle breeding for preventing and reducing its effects on the farm and also in the context of climate changes and global atmospheric warming.
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Shcherbak, O. V., and S. I. Kovtun. "VOLODYMYR FRANKOVYCH STAKHOVSKYI – RECOGNIZED AUTHORITY IN ANIMAL REPRODUCTION." Animal Breeding and Genetics 62 (December 8, 2021): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.62.04.
Full textAbstract:
On September 29, 2021, Volodymyr Frankovych Stakhovskyi, a senior research fellow at the Laboratory of Biotechnology of Reproduction of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics named after M.V.Zubets of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, turned 60 years old. He was born in the village Chupyra, Bila Tserkva district, Kyiv region. After studying at Ozeryansk Secondary School in 1978, Volodymyr Frankovych became a student of the veterinary faculty of the Bila Tserkva Agricultural Institute.
In 1983, having obtained the specialty of veterinary medicine, he began working at the Lynovytsk Sugar Plant, working as a chief veterinarian. The first experience outlined the interests of the young specialist. Acting as a chief veterinarian, Volodymyr Frankovych, along with traditional biotechnological methods of increasing the level of reproduction of the cattle herds, has repeatedly been interested in the possibilities and prospects of introducing the method of embryo transplantation for accelerated reproduction of high-value animals.
He began to master the latest technological developments and put them into production at the Pryluky Tribal Enterprise, where he worked since 1990 as Deputy Head of Embryo Transplantation. The main task of the project headed by him was to accelerate the creation of a herd of sires with a high genetic level of productivity for the Chernihiv RTE, which was successfully completed. As of 1998, 80% of the sires of this tribal association were transplants. Achieving high rates of obtaining and engraftment of embryos from record-breaking cows became possible due to perseverance and creative search for a specialist. This contributed to the further scientific path of the scientist, the practical implementation of which the future scientist began as a graduate student of the stationary form of education of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics of UAAS in 1995.
In 1998, Volodymyr Frankovych was hired as a researcher at the Laboratory of Farm Animal Breeding in the Northern Regions of Ukraine of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics of UAAS. Within the walls of the Institute under the leadership of A.P.Krugliak, the scientist prepared and in 2004 successfully defended his dissertation "Biotechnological ways to increase the level of reproduction of cattle" in the specialty 06.02.01 – breeding and selection of animals (agricultural sciences). Since 2005 he has been working in the Laboratory of Cell Engineering (now the Laboratory of Biotechnology of Reproduction).
Scientific research of Volodymyr Frankovych Stakhovskyi is aimed at the development and implementation of the modern methods of biotechnology of farm animal reproduction, in particular the in vivo production and non-surgical transplantation of cattle embryos. The main directions of scientific research are the development of ways to increase the level of reproduction of the cattle herd by improving the organization and technology of insemination of females and methods of embryo transplantation. Based on research, a method of effective use of bulls in production conditions was developed, which was approved by the Scientific and Technical Council of Ukrainian Tribal Enterprise (February 8, 1999) and included in the Instruction on the organization and technology of artificial insemination of cows and heifers (1999).
Currently, scientific and practical activities of the scientist are aimed at assessing the level of reproduction of the herd, he constantly provides methodological and practical assistance in diagnosing gynecological diseases of cattle, insemination, infertility control to ensure productive and reproductive animal health in farms (TOV "AF Petrodolynske" of Odessa region, "Galax-Agro" of Zhytomyr region, TOV "Milk of the Fatherland" of Sumy region, TOV "Inter" and POSP "Zhatkivske" of Chernihiv region (http://iabg.org.ua/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=402: seminar03052018&catid=1&Itemid=30, http://iabg.org.ua/index.php?option=com_content&view =article&id=344:11042017&catid=1&Itemid=30)).
Thus, in 2015 in the farm of TOV "AF Petrodolynske" together with scientists of the laboratory as a result of transplantation of 35 embryos of Angeln breed received pregnancy and birth of calves at the level of 23.0%. In 2015–2016, at the State Enterprise research farm "Khrystynivske" of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics named after M.V. Zubets of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine they transplanted 25 cryopreserved embryos of Holstein breed (red-spotted coat) of German selection (SPERMEX GmbH), which were obtained from five donor cows using the semen of nine bulls.
As a result of transplantation of 25 cryopreserved embryos of Holstein breed in SE RF "Khrystyniske of IABG named after M.V.Zubets NAAS" received a pregnancy rate of 20.0% and five transplant calves were born, among which four bulls (including two monozygotic twins) and one heifer. It was found that the highest genetic potential had embryos, the genetic parents of which were the donor cow Annabel 78492720 and the bull Paradox 297648, from which one bull № 4605 was obtained, which was a sire at PrAT "Uman Tribal Enterprise" for the selection process. Also, after the transplantation of embryos from the cow Dagmar 13341914 and the bull Avanti 297505, two monozygotic twin bulls were born (№№ 4606, 4607), which are currently also located and used at PrAT "Uman Tribal Enterprise".
Over the past three years, with the scientific support of Volodymyr Frankovych, the laboratory for transplantation of embryos of cattle on the basis SE RF IRGT "Khrystyniske of IABG named after M.V.Zubets NAAS" was established (http://iabg.org.ua/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id= 460:kovtun-060519&catid=1&Itemid=30, http://iabg.org.ua/index.php?option=com_content&view =article&id=564:14092021&catid=1&Itemid=30). The functioning of this laboratory as a training and demonstration site of NAAS for embryo transplantation has been ensured. They obtained 55 embryos, transplanted 27 ones to 19 recipient heifers, pregnancy and birth of calves - 50.0%. Also in 2019 on the basis of TOV "Milk of the Fatherland" (Sumy region) the creation of such a laboratory under the concluded economic contract was started (http://iabg.org.ua/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=481:kovtun-11019&catid= 1&Itemid=30).
In the experimental farms of the system of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine V. F. Stakhovskyi performs a set of visual-clinical-reflexological methods of assessment and correction of sexual function of heifers to increase the efficiency of embryo transplantation and artificial insemination. He provides recommendations on ethological and morphological features of sexual arousal in cows and heifers unsuitable for embryo transplantation and the feasibility of their use for artificial insemination. Such approaches are part of the task of adjusting the breeding system, the use of breeds of foreign selection, obtaining purebred bulls (Resolution of the Presidium of NAAS from 30.06.15, protocol № 7).
The main research results are used in the farms of various forms of ownership ("Breeder" of Pryluky district of Chernihiv region, Pryluky and Chernihiv regional tribal enterprises, PrAT "Agro-Soiuz", PAT "Poltavaplemservice"). The results of V. F. Stakhovsky's scientific research are presented in the 30 scientific works, including three methodical recommendations and a patent for a utility model.
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Dobson, F. Stephen, and Pierre Jouventin. "The trade-off of reproduction and survival in slow-breeding seabirds." Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, no. 9 (September 2010): 889–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z10-054.
Full textAbstract:
A trade-off between reproduction and survival is one of the most consistent empirical aspects of life-history diversification. One explanation for this interspecific pattern is evolved differences in the balance of allocation to reproduction versus individual maintenance and survival. The same pattern is expected, however, simply as a result of differences among species in body size. We tested these alternatives using original data from 44 species of albatrosses and petrels, long-lived seabirds that breed very slowly. After application of regression techniques to remove the effects of body size and phylogeny, annual reproduction and survival exhibited a significant trade-off. Our measures of reproductive effort also exhibited significant trade-offs with age at maturity, the latter strongly associated with survival. Feeding rate of chicks, success at fledging chicks, and annual chick production were also significantly associated. In conclusion, after removing the effects of body size, we found a significant trade-off of reproduction and survival, in spite of the fact that these long-lived birds lay only one egg at a time. Our examination of the pattern among life-history traits of these slow breeders and their pelagic feeding ecology provide support for the evolutionary explanation of a trade-off of reproduction and survival.
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Flint, A. P. F., and J. A. Woolliams. "Precision animal breeding." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1491 (July 26, 2007): 573–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2171.
Full textAbstract:
We accept that we are responsible for the quality of life of animals in our care. We accept that the activities of man affect all the living things with which we share this planet. But we are slow to realize that as a result we have a duty of care for all living things. That duty extends to the breeding of animals for which we are responsible. When animals are bred by man for a purpose, the aim should be to meet certain goals: to improve the precision with which breeding outcomes can be predicted; to avoid the introduction and advance of characteristics deleterious to well-being; and to manage genetic resources and diversity between and within populations as set out in the Convention on Biological Diversity. These goals are summed up in the phrase precision animal breeding. They should apply whether animals are bred as sources of usable products or services for medical or scientific research, for aesthetic or cultural considerations, or as pets. Modern molecular and quantitative genetics and advances in reproductive physiology provide the tools with which these goals can be met.
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Gonzalez-Mariscal, Gabriela. "Neuroendocrinology applied to rabbit breeding." World Rabbit Science 29, no. 4 (December 29, 2021): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2021.12952.
Full textAbstract:
Successful rabbit production relies heavily on the use of adequate practices that enhance specific aspects of reproduction, such as mating, ovulation and lactation. Regardless of the type of production unit or strain of rabbits used, these processes rely on a complex chain of neuroendocrine steps that include particular hormones, peripheral stimuli and activation of discrete brain regions. Such is the case, for instance, of reflex ovulation, which occurs in response to copulation but is inhibited throughout lactation. Little is known about the mechanisms mediating lactational anoestrus and the restoration of oestrus following the cancellation of a single suckling episode (biostimulation). Nevertheless, the latter procedure (adopted worldwide to accelerate reproduction) has unwanted consequences for the doe and her litter. After successive episodes of biostimulation, the former shows a loss of fertility and body mass. In the kits, alterations are observed in their neuroendocrine response to mildly aversive stimulation in adulthood, as well as reductions in sexual behaviour. In addition to milk intake, a good nest is essential for normal litter growth and development. If this is not available, or if it deteriorates, rabbit caretakers can easily (re) build one from hair sheared off other rabbits or using synthetic material. Lactating does will nurse equally well their own or ‘alien’ young, placed inside the nest. It is crucial to have a minimum of six suckling kits in the nest, as the doe relies on this stimulation to maintain a normal nursing behaviour, i.e., only once a day throughout lactation. Recent work is revealing the similarities and differences in the responsiveness to mating among oestrous, lactating and biostimulated does. The relevance of these findings for the likelihood of reflex ovulation and the additional contribution of factors contained in the semen warrant more in-depth research. New insights on these issues, essential to reproductive neuroendocrinology, can emerge by fostering a richer interaction between academic laboratories and rabbit production settings worldwide.
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Çelikyürek, Hasan, Kadir Karakuş, and Murat Kara. "Hayvancılık İşletmelerinde Kayıtların Veri Tabanlarında Saklanması ve Değerlendirilmesi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, no. 12 (December 14, 2019): 2089. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i12.2089-2094.2793.
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The data stored for a long time in livestock enterprises will play a crucial role in increasing the productivity in animal production, revealing animal breeding values, meeting qualified breeding needs, making effective breeding organizations, obtaining high income, determining the animals to be kept or as a breeder. Among the important technical data kept in livestock enterprises; ram, bull, and goat and their reproduction, growth-development, yield records (animal weight and wool yield in small ruminants, body weight gain, feed consumption, lactation and milk yield), reproductive performance measures, slaughter and carcass dimensions and characteristics records such as meat quality, animal diseases and vaccination practices can be shown as important technical data in livestock enterprises. Issues such as followed animals and storing identifying information of the animals from this data in the database are being made compulsory for conformity program of Turkey with the European Union by the rule number 27137 “Regulation on the identification, registration and monitoring of sheep and goat type of animals” that published in the official newspaper by Agriculture and Forestry Ministry on 10.02.2009. Nowadays, database software such as MySQL, MS SQL, Postrage SQL, Oracle, Firebird, IBM DB2 and MS Access are used in order to obtain healthy data and store the data safely. Knowledge of the use and cost of this database software and Database Management Systems (DBMS) is important for the enterprise. In this study, it is aimed to give information about the software that adds value to the enterprise and their costs of the operations on enterprise.
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Szpręgiel, Izabela, and Danuta Wronska. "The role of photoperiod and melatonin in the control of seasonal reproduction in mammals." Roczniki Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Zootechnicznego 16, no. 4, Accepted for print (December 30, 2020): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6071.
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<b>Melatonin secreted by pineal cells is a hormone whose biosynthesis is coordinated by neurons of the master clock located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), characterized by the generation of a 24-hour rhythm. In many species of mammals, fluctuations in melatonin secretion affect reproductive functions, e.g. by regulating the frequency and amount of pulsatile secretion of hypothalamic and gonadotropic hormones. Seasonal breeding is a common adaptive strategy among mammals, allowing them to reproduce during the periods of the year that are most favourable for the later survival and growth of the offspring. This type of reproduction is characteristic of sheep, with winter reproductive activity, and hamsters, with summer reproductive activity. In these animals, melatonin synthesis is largely regulated by the photoperiod, which indirectly influences the period of reproductive activity or passivity. The aim of this study was to gather available knowledge on melatonin as a key element controlling seasonal reproduction. The paper presents the general shape of the circadian rhythm and the neuroendocrine mechanism regulating animal reproduction depending on the variable photoperiod. The collected results suggest that melatonin, kisspeptins, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), sex hormones and thyroid hormones participate in the regulation of seasonal reproduction in mammals. </b>
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Farhangfar, H., P. Rowlinson, M. E. Navidizadeh, R. A. Mirzaei, M. H. Fathi Nasri, and R. Lotfi Noghabi. "Bayesian estimation of posterior means of heritability for weight at week 8 in Iranian indigenous chickens using an animal model." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200030428.
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Indigenous poultry breeds are of a major importance to supply the rural population with eggs and meat in many developing countries of the world (Esmaelkhanian et al., 2004). A successful animal breeding plan is a continuous process of elimination and searching in a way that breeder could be able to manipulate genetic variation for changing a population to optimise desired phenotypes (Williams et al., 2002). As highlighted by Chambers (1990) animal’s body weight, which could be easily measured, is probably the most frequently used indicator of growth at a specific age. In practical animal breeding programmes, the breeding objective is usually genetic improvement of production and reproduction traits for a population under consideration. Knowledge of genetic parameters is of crucial importance to be implemented for predicting breeding value of candidate animals. The main objective of this study was to estimate heritability of body weight at week 8 for Iranian indigenous chickens through Bayesian statistical approach using an animal model.
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Pestis, V. K., L. V. Golubets, and A. S. Deshko. "Assisted reproductive technologies in cattle reproduction and selection." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Agrarian Series 57, no. 2 (May 18, 2019): 192–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1817-7204-2019-57-2-192-203.
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In vitro technology is one of the most dynamically developing and more and more stable biotechnological methods today accelerating selection, intensifying reproductive and genetic potential of breeding animals, allowing to increase breeding young animals production by one champion cow up to 5–10 calves per year, reduce generation interval and significantly accelerate process of updating and qualitative improvement of livestock. However, obtaining oocytes competent for in vitro development is one of the critical factors determining success of the method and depending on a number of biological and technical factors. This paper presents results of studies on effect of biological factors of direct and indirect impact on efficiency of obtaining oocytes in the system of transvaginal aspiration for the first time conducted in the Republic of Belarus. Yield of excellent and good quality oocytes increased during aspiration during the luteal phase of estrous cycle and remained almost unchanged during aspiration into the follicular phase. Presence of follicles with diameter over 8 mm in the ovaries during aspiration reduced yield of excellent and good quality oocytes averagely by 9.4 percentage points. Removing the dominant follicle 72 hours prior to aspiration allowed increasing the number of aspirated follicles by 41 %, and yield of oocytes – by 22.9 %. Microstimulation of ovaries prior to aspiration by follicle-stimulating hormones FSG-super and Plusset increased efficiency of aspiration in terms of the main indicators by 19.2–45.9 %. Follicular cyst or persistent corpus luteum in one of the ovaries reduced both quantitative and qualitative indicators of aspiration. The data obtained are of practical importance for development of technology for in vitro embryo production in the system of transvaginal aspiration of oocytes which will help to accelerate breeding process and increase efficiency of breeding work in livestock production in general.Acknowledgments. The research was conducted within the two state research programs: “Biotechnology”, subprogram “Development of biological science, biological education and biological industry for 2007–2011 and for the period up to 2020”, “High technologies and equipment for 2016-2020”, subprogram 1 “Innovative biotechnologies–2020”.
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Nur Mahendra, Mohamad Yusril, Tri Bhawono Dadi, Juriah Kamaludeen, and Herinda Pertiwi. "Beneficial Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria on Animal Reproduction Function." Veterinary Medicine International 2022 (November 30, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4570320.
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Considering the importance of a healthy uterus to the success of breeding, the beneficial effects of lactic acid bacteria on animal reproduction function are of particular interest. In recent decades, infertility has become a widespread issue, with microbiological variables playing a significant role. According to reports, dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiota is connected with infertility; however, the effect of the normal vaginal microbiota on infertility is unknown. In addition, lactic acid bacteria dominate the reproductive system. According to evidence, vaginal lactic acid bacteria play a crucial role in limiting the invasion of pathogenic bacteria by triggering anti-inflammatory chemicals through IL-8, IL-1, and IL-6; immunological responses through inhibition of the adherence of other microorganisms, production of inhibiting substances, and stimulation of mucus production; and also reproductive hormones by increased testosterone hormone release, enhanced the levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, the amount of prostaglandin E (2), and prostaglandin F2 alpha. The objective of this study was to compare the advantages of lactic acid bacteria in animal reproduction based on the most recent literature. The administration of a single strain or numerous strains of lactic acid bacteria has a favourable impact on steroidogenesis, gametogenesis, and animal fertility.
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Beltran-Frutos, Ester, Livio Casarini, Daniele Santi, and Giulia Brigante. "Seasonal reproduction and gonadal function: a focus on humans starting from animal studies." Biology of Reproduction 106, no. 1 (October 29, 2021): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioab199.
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Abstract Photoperiod impacts reproduction in many species of mammals. Mating occurs at specific seasons to achieve reproductive advantages, such as optimization of offspring survival. Light is the main regulator of these changes during the photoperiod. Seasonally breeding mammals detect and transduce light signals through extraocular photoreceptor, regulating downstream melatonin-dependent peripheral circadian events. In rodents, hormonal reduction and gonadal atrophy occur quickly and consensually with short-day periods. It remains unclear whether photoperiod influences human reproduction. Seasonal fluctuations of sex hormones have been described in humans, although they seem to not imply adaptative seasonal pattern in human gonads. This review discusses current knowledge about seasonal changes in the gonadal function of vertebrates, including humans. The photoperiod-dependent regulation of hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, as well as morphological and functional changes of the gonads is evaluated herein. Endocrine and morphological variations of reproductive functions, in response to photoperiod, are of interest as they may reflect the nature of past population selection for adaptative mechanisms that occurred during evolution.
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Udeh, I. "Estimation of breeding value for bodyweight of grasscutters." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 48, no. 2 (March 2, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v48i2.2934.
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Animal breeders are interested in the genetic worth or total genetic merit of an animal for a given trait. The value of an animal in a breeding program for a particular trait is called the breeding value. The aim of this study was to predict the breeding values for bodyweight of grasscutters at 4, 6 and 8 months of age using univariate animal model. Four families of grasscutters with five grasscutters per family were used for the study. Families 3 and 4 had higher bodyweight at 4 and 6 months compared with families 1 and 2. Family 4 had the highest bodyweight at 8 month and family 2 had the least. The estimated breeding values (EBV) for bodyweight of grasscutters ranged from -0.06kg to 0.45kg at 4 month, -0.05kg to 0.45 kg at 6 month and -0.04kg to 0.55kg at 8 month. The reliability of the EBV (%) ranged from 51.00 to 62.50, 22.25 to 43.81 and 25.84 to 49.00 at 4, 6 and 8 months of age respectively. This implies that the correlations between estimated breeding value and true genetic merit were medium to high in magnitude. The reliability of the EBV could be improved further through collecting more phenotypic information on the animal and its relatives and by improving the heritability of the trait. Les éleveurs s'intéressent à la valeur génétique ou au mérite génétique total d'un animal pour un trait donné. La valeur d'un animal dans un programme d'élevage pour un trait particulier est appelée valeur de reproduction. Le but de cette étude était de prédire les valeurs de reproduction du poids corporel des coupe-herbes à l'âge de 4, 6 et 8 mois à l'aide d'un modèle animal univarié. Quatre familles de coupe-herbes avec cinq coupes-herbes par famille ont été utilisées pour l'étude. Les familles 3 et 4 avaient un poids corporel plus élevé à 4 et 6 mois comparativement aux familles 1 et 2. Famille 4 avait le poids corporel le plus élevé à 8 mois et la famille 2 avait le moins. Les valeurs de reproduction estimées (le 'EBV') pour le poids corporel des coupe-herbes allaient de -0.06 kg à 0,45 kg à 4 mois, -0.05 kg à 0.45 kg à 6 mois et -0.04 kg à 0.55 kg à 8 mois. La fiabilité de l'EBV (%) 51.00 à 62.50, 22.25 à 43.81 et 25.84 à 49.00 à 4, 6 et 8 mois respectivement. Cela implique que les corrélations entre la valeur de reproduction estimée et le véritable mérite génétique étaient de taille moyenne à élevée. La fiabilité de l'EBV pourrait être encore améliorée en recueillant plus d'informations phénotypique sur l'animal et ses parents et en améliorant l'hérabilité du trait.
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Morton, Martin L., Maria E. Pereyra, John D. Crandall, Elizabeth A. MacDougall-Shackleton, and Thomas P. Hahn. "Reproductive Effort and Return Rates in the Mountain White-Crowned Sparrow." Condor 106, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.1.131.
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AbstractWe analyzed return rates of high-altitude-breeding Mountain White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha) in relation to five components of their previous season's reproductive effort: number of fledglings produced, double brooding, number of nesting attempts (first nests plus renests), total number of eggs laid, and fledging date. No relationship of return rate to reproductive effort occurred except in the case of fledging date. Fledging dates spanned a 2-month period from mid-June to mid-August. Returns of females to the study area held steady no matter when their chicks fledged in the previous breeding season, but male return rates increased significantly when their chicks fledged after 20 July. Coincident with that time frame, they entered molt and often withdrew parental care. We hypothesized that males in this montane environment, where thermoregulatory costs are high, traded off reproductive effort (parental care) with survival (return rates). This fits well with models of life-history evolution; however, the corresponding prediction that return rates of females with late-season broods should decrease due to their assumption of greater parental care was not supported. Apparently, the cost of reproduction shifted to the young: late-season nestlings grew more slowly, fledged at a smaller mass, and exhibited a fourfold increase in brood reductions. Their recruitment as breeders in the following season was also greatly reduced. Thus, a cost of reproduction was expressed in two forms, one as changes in survival rates of breeding males, the other as changes in quality of offspring.Esfuerzo Reproductivo y Tasas de Retorno en Zonotrichia leucophrys orianthaResumen. Analizamos las tasas de retorno en las poblaciones reproductivas de alta montaña de Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha con relación a cinco componentes de su esfuerzo reproductivo de la estación anterior: número de volantones producidos, eventos de dobles nidadas, número de intentos de nidificación (primer nido más re-nidificaciones), número total de huevos puestos y fecha de emplumamiento. No encontramos una relación entre la tasa de retorno y el esfuerzo reproductivo, excepto en el caso de la fecha de emplumamiento. Las fechas de emplumamiento se extendieron por un período de dos meses, desde mediados de junio hasta mediados de agosto. El regreso de las hembras al área de estudio se mantuvo constante, sin importar cuándo los pichones abandonaron el nido en la estación reproductiva anterior, pero las tasas de retorno de los machos incrementaron significativamente cuando sus pichones dejaron el nido luego del 20 de julio. En coincidencia con este momento, los machos comenzaron la muda y frecuentemente dejaron de cuidar a de los pichones. Hipotetizamos que los machos en este ambiente de montaña, donde los costos de termorregulación son altos, canjearon esfuerzo reproductivo (cuidado parental) por supervivencia (tasas de retorno). Esto se ajusta adecuadamente con los modelos de evolución de historias de vida. Sin embargo, la predicción correspondiente de que las tasas de retorno de las hembras con nidadas tardías deberían disminuir debido a la suposición de que brindarían mayor cuidado parental, no fue respaldada. Aparentemente, el costo reproductivo sería trasladado a las crías: los pichones de finales de la estación crecieron más despacio, dejaron el nido con menor masa corporal y exhibieron un incremento de cuatro órdenes de magnitud en la reducción de la nidada. Su reclutamiento como individuos reproductivos en la siguiente estación también se redujo enormemente. De este modo, el costo reproductivo fue expresado de dos formas, una como cambios en las tasas de supervivencia de los machos reproductivos y la otra como cambios en la calidad de la progenie.
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Theau.Clément, M., S. Guardia, C. Davoust, P. Galliot, C. Souchet, L. Bignon, and L. Fortun-Lamothe. "Performance and sustainability of two alternative rabbit breeding systems." World Rabbit Science 24, no. 4 (December 28, 2016): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2016.5154.
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<p>The aim of this study was to evaluate 2 alternative breeding systems that differ from the current system in terms of reproduction rhythm, age of females at first insemination and the age of kits at weaning and at slaughter. We measured the performance of 332 females and their offspring over 4 consecutive cycles, as well as the sustainability of the systems. We compared an intensive (group I: reproduction rhythm [RR]=35 d; first insemination [AI<sub>1</sub>]=20.6 wk of age; weaning age [WA]=32 d; slaughter age [WS]=63 d) an extensive (group E: RR=49 d; AI<sub>1</sub>=16.6 wk; WA=30 d; WS=70 d) and a semi-intensive system (group S: RR=42 d; AI<sub>1</sub>=19.6 wk; WA=35 d; WS=70 d) considered as the control system. Sustainability was evaluated using a multicriteria assessment method that takes 14 economic, environmental and social criteria into account, for which 3 to 5 indicators were expressed as the relative score [–1; –0.5; 0; +0.5; +1] for alternative systems compared to the control system. The productivity measured at 28 d (3.5, 4.2 and 4.6 kg/AI, for groups I, S and E, respectively), at 63 d post-partum (30, 38 and 42 kg/female for 4 cycles, respectively), and the total body energy measured 3 d after the 1st and at the 4th insemination (45.4, 46.8 and 49.5 MJ, respectively), were significantly increased when the reproductive rhythm decreased (P<0.001). Before and after weaning, kit mortality decreased when the reproduction rhythm decreased (11.4, 7.3, and 1.9% and 18.3, 15.3 and 10.6% for groups I, S and E, respectively, P<0.05). Carcass quality (weight and dressing percentage) was lower in I than in the S and E groups (P<0.001). On this basis, the yearly productivity per doe at weaning could be estimated at 79, 83, and 78 kg for groups I, S and E, respectively. Consequently, the productivity per reproductive cycle increases with the extensification of the breeding system. Nevertheless, compared with the current French system (S), simultaneous changes in several breeding practices could lead to new coherent and functional systems capable of improving various aspects of sustainability.</p>
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Rafli, Fahry, Angel Novita Tethool, and Freddy Pattiselanno. "Morphometry of The Reproductive Organs of Female Bandicoots (Echymipera kalubu)." Jurnal Veteriner 22, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 562–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2021.22.4.562.
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Information about bandicoots in Papua is very limited, because most of the studies conducted are focusing on ecology with study areas in other parts of Indonesia New Guinea. Our knowledge about the reproductive organs of bandicoots, especially females as a local genetic source, is almost completely non-existent. Meanwhile, on the other hand, the development of captive breeding efforts for endemic Papuan animals including bandicoots is currently a concern. Therefore, research on the reproductive organs of female bandicoots is very urgent to get an idea of the reproductive organs that play an important role in the development of captive breeding program. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Physiology and Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Papua from 15 June to 15 September 2017. The reproductive organs of female bandicoots were obtained from female bandicoots hunted around Manokwari. Three female reproductive organs of the bandicoot (Echymipera kalubu) were used in this study, and the morphology of their reproductive organs was observed according to the purpose of the study. As a comparison the reproductive organs of D. minustus were used in this study. The results showed that the female reproductive organs of E. kalubu had an “advanced duplex” type with a pair of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vaginal cul de sac, cervix and lateral vagina. Morphologically, the reproductive organs of E. kalubu have a certain uniqueness, different from the reproductive organs of other female marsupials, so they need serious attention in developing captive breeding program in the near future.
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Sheriff, Oumer, Kefyalew Alemayehu, and Aynalem Haile. "Phenotypic ranking experiments in identifying breeding objective traits of smallholder farmers in northwestern Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 25, 2021): e0248779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248779.
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We executed two live animal ranking experiments, own-flock and group-animal ranking, to identify the breeding objectives of Arab and Oromo goat keepers in northwestern Ethiopia as a preliminary step towards designing sustainable breeding programs for two goat populations. In the own-flock ranking experiment, a total of 147 households, out of which 46 were Arab and 101 were Oromo goat keepers that live in semi-arid and sub-humid agroecologies respectively, were visited at their homesteads and were asked to choose their first best, second best, third best and the most inferior does from their own flock. The reasons of ranking and life history of the does (age, previous production and reproduction information) were inquired and recorded; live body weight and some linear body measurements were taken. In the group-animal ranking experiment, 12 breeding does and 12 breeding bucks from Arab goats and the same number of animals from Oromo goats were randomly selected. Life history of selected does and bucks (age, birth type, libido and temperament) were inquired from the owners. The selected animals were randomly grouped into four in Arab goats (three animals per group) and the same was applied in Oromo goats. Twelve farmers for Arab goats and the same number of farmers for Oromo goats who have not known the experimental animals were invited to do the ranking. Each person ranked the three animals in each group as 1st, 2nd and 3rd, giving reasons of ranking. After a first round of ranking, s/he was then provided with the history of each individual animal and asked whether s/he would consider re-ranking them. This procedure was continued eight times until a person covered all groups of does and bucks. It was found out that in own-flock ranking experiment, keepers focus on productive, reproductive and behavioral traits (such as body size, mothering ability, twinning rate, kidding interval and temperament) while in group-animal ranking experiment, there was a general tendency to focus on observable physical traits like coat color, body size and body conformation. Simultaneous use of both own-flock and group-animal ranking experiments is advisable to identify breeding objective traits in production systems where record keeping is absent.
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Velesyk, T. A., and V. V. Moisiievych. "Analysis of the state of development of breeding livestock in Ukraine." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 24, no. 99 (November 27, 2022): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-e9908.
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Breeding of agricultural animals in Ukraine is a complex system consisting of many stages. Successful selection work includes a whole set of very important measures. In the conditions of wartime, the issue of animal husbandry development, in the direction of tribal affairs, acquires special relevance and requires further research. Therefore, the aim of the work was to study aspects of the territorial distribution of breeding animals in Ukraine. Research has established that the share of agriculture in the country's GDP has a tendency to grow: from 12.26% in 2017 to 16.87% in 2021. This is due to the reduction in the rate of GDP growth and the increase in the rate of volume growth agricultural activity. Over the last 10 years, crop production prevailed (more than 70%), while livestock production occupied less than 30%, respectively. The largest share of animal husbandry was recorded in 2010 – 29.48%, and the smallest in 2019 – 20.89%. In 2020, there was an increase in live weight of farm animals, compared to 2019, but compared to 2015, there was a reduction of more than 12%. According to research, in 2020 there was an increase in live weight of farm animals, compared to 2019, but compared to 2015, there was a reduction of more than 12%. The organization of reproduction of the herd is of great national economic importance, since the acceleration of the intensification of animal husbandry depends on it. One of the main issues in the reproduction of animal husbandry is the systematic replacement of animals culled due to disease, old age or low productivity with younger and more productive animals, i.e. herd repair. In recent years, 6 regional selection centers and 64 inter-district own breeding enterprises, 1516 posts for artificial insemination of cows and heifers in the individual sector were created in Ukraine. In addition, based on the report of the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine, it was established that the genetically guaranteed level of productivity of animals of these breeds is: milk productivity in 305 days of lactation, 5200-6400 kilograms of milk, average daily gain of young meat breeds – 1200 grams, pigs – 790-980 grams, sheared wool in pure fiber – 4.5-5.3 kg, which is 3 times higher than the average indicators for Ukraine. Further research will be the next stage in the development of measures for the development of animal husbandry in the Rivne region and Ukraine in particular.
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Comizzoli, Pierre, and William V. Holt. "Breakthroughs and new horizons in reproductive biology of rare and endangered animal species." Biology of Reproduction 101, no. 3 (February 17, 2019): 514–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioz031.
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Abstract Because of higher extinction rates due to human and natural factors, more basic and applied research in reproductive biology is required to preserve wild species and design proper strategies leading to sustainable populations. The objective of the review is to highlight recent, inspiring breakthroughs in wildlife reproduction science that will set directions for future research and lead to more successes in conservation biology. Despite new tools and approaches allowing a better and faster understanding of key mechanisms, we still know little about reproduction in endangered species. Recently, the most striking advances have been obtained in nonmammalian species (fish, birds, amphibians, or corals) with the development of alternative solutions to preserve fertility or new information about parental nutritional influence on embryo development. A novel way has also been explored to consider the impact of environmental changes on reproduction—the allostatic load—in a vast array of species (from primates to fish). On the horizon, genomic tools are expected to considerably change the way we study wildlife reproduction and develop a concept of “precision conservation breeding.” When basic studies in organismal physiology are conducted in parallel, new approaches using stem cells to create artificial gametes and gonads, innovations in germplasm storage, and more research on reproductive microbiomes will help to make a difference. Lastly, multiple challenges (for instance, poor integration of new tools in conservation programs, limited access to study animals, or few publication options) will have to be addressed if we want reproductive biology to positively impact conservation of biodiversity.
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Wolc, A., G. Torzynski, and T. Szwaczkowski. "Genetic effects on reproductive traits in Warmblood horses." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 89, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas08067.
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Reproductive efficiency is an important issue in horse breeding. However, almost no estimates of genetic parameters of reproductive traits in horses can be found in the literature. The objective of the study was to estimate heritability and genetic trends of foaling rate and number of reproductive seasons in Warmblood horses. The records of 3965 mares from six studs were analyzed. Mares were on average kept for 7.3 reproductive seasons with a foaling rate of 66%. Models included fixed effects of stud, period of birth, breed and random additive genetic effect. Heritability estimates were 0.12 for foaling rate and 0.17 for number of reproductive seasons. Key words: Heritability, reproduction, horse
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Cram, Dominic L., Jonathan D. Blount, and Andrew J. Young. "The oxidative costs of reproduction are group-size dependent in a wild cooperative breeder." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1819 (November 22, 2015): 20152031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2031.
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Life-history theory assumes that reproduction entails a cost, and research on cooperatively breeding societies suggests that the cooperative sharing of workloads can reduce this cost. However, the physiological mechanisms that underpin both the costs of reproduction and the benefits of cooperation remain poorly understood. It has been hypothesized that reproductive costs may arise in part from oxidative stress, as reproductive investment may elevate exposure to reactive oxygen species, compromising survival and future reproduction and accelerating senescence. However, experimental evidence of oxidative costs of reproduction in the wild remains scarce. Here, we use a clutch-removal experiment to investigate the oxidative costs of reproduction in a wild cooperatively breeding bird, the white-browed sparrow weaver, Plocepasser mahali . Our results reveal costs of reproduction that are dependent on group size: relative to individuals in groups whose eggs were experimentally removed, individuals in groups that raised offspring experienced an associated cost (elevated oxidative damage and reduced body mass), but only if they were in small groups containing fewer or no helpers. Furthermore, during nestling provisioning, individuals that provisioned at higher rates showed greater within-individual declines in body mass and antioxidant protection. Our results provide rare experimental evidence that reproduction can negatively impact both oxidative status and body mass in the wild, and suggest that these costs can be mitigated in cooperative societies by the presence of additional helpers. These findings have implications for our understanding of the energetic and oxidative costs of reproduction, and the benefits of cooperation in animal societies.