Academic literature on the topic 'Animal reproduction and breeding'
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Journal articles on the topic "Animal reproduction and breeding"
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Shcherbak, O. V., and S. I. Kovtun. "Actual research on the problems of breeding, genetics and biotechnology in animal husbandry." Visnik ukrains'kogo tovaristva genetikiv i selekcioneriv 19, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2021): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/visnyk.utgis.19.1-2.1442.
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XIX All-Ukrainian Scientific Conference of Young Scientists and Postgraduate Students with International Participation "Actual research on the problems of breeding, genetics and biotechnology in animal husbandry", which was dedicated to the Day of Science in Ukraine, took place on June 30, 2021 at the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M. V. Zubets of National Academy of Agrarian Science of Ukraine to discuss the research of young scientists and graduate students on breeding, genetics, biotechnology, reproduction and conservation of animal biodiversity.Keywords: breeding of farm animals, conservation of animal biodiversity, research in genetics and biotechnology of reproduction.
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Neeteson-van Nieuwenhoven, A. M., J. Merks, A. Bagnato, and A. E. Liinamo. "Sustainable transparent farm animal breeding and reproduction." Livestock Science 103, no. 3 (September 2006): 282–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2006.05.016.
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Kaneko, Takehito. "Sperm freeze-drying and micro-insemination for biobanking and maintenance of genetic diversity in mammals." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, no. 8 (2016): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd15386.
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Breeding by natural mating is ideal for maintaining animal populations. However, the lack of breeding space resulting from an increased number of strains and the decline in fertility caused by inbreeding inhibits the reproduction of subsequent generations. Reproductive technologies, such as gamete preservation and artificial fertilisation, have been developed to overcome these problems. These approaches efficiently produce offspring of laboratory, domestic and wild animals, and can also be used to treat human infertility. Gamete preservation using sperm contributes to improvements in reproductive systems and enables the use of smaller breeding spaces. Although cryopreservation with liquid nitrogen has been used to preserve spermatozoa, freeze-drying without liquid nitrogen, a novel method, facilitates long-term storage of spermatozoa. This method has recently been applied to maintain animal strains. Micro-insemination techniques, such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), are exceptional for improving assisted reproduction. ICSI can be used to fertilise oocytes, even with immotile and immature spermatozoa that are unsuitable for AI and IVF. Reproductive technologies provide a substantial advantage for biobanking and maintaining the genetic diversity of laboratory, domestic and wild animals. This review covers the latest method of sperm freeze-drying and micro-insemination, and future possibilities for maintaining animal strains and populations.
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Cram, Dominic L., Arne Jungwirth, Helen Spence-Jones, and Tim Clutton-Brock. "Reproductive conflict resolution in cooperative breeders." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 6 (August 29, 2019): 1743–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz143.
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Abstract Female infanticide is common in animal societies where groups comprise multiple co-breeding females. To reduce the risk that their offspring are killed, mothers can synchronize breeding and pool offspring, making it hard for females to avoid killing their own young. However, female reproductive conflict does not invariably result in reproductive synchrony, and we lack a general hypothesis explaining the variation in conflict resolution strategies seen across species. Here, we investigate the fitness consequences of birth timing relative to other females and the prevalence of birth synchrony in cooperatively breeding Kalahari meerkats (Suricata suricatta). We show that, although there would be substantial benefits to females in synchronizing births and reducing their risk of infanticide, birth synchrony is rare. Since precise breeding synchrony has evolved in a related species with similar infanticidal female reproductive conflict, its absence in meerkats requires an evolutionary explanation. We therefore explore the costs and benefits of synchronizing breeding in two theoretical models, each of which contrasts synchrony with an alternative reproductive strategy: (i) breeding opportunistically and accepting fitness losses to infanticide or (ii) suppressing the reproduction of others to prevent infanticide. Our models show that the costs of synchrony constrain its development if subordinates breed infrequently, and that selection instead favors the suppression of subordinate reproduction by the dominant and opportunistic reproduction by subordinates. Together, our results suggest that the resolution of reproductive conflict in animal societies is shaped by differential breeding propensities among female group members, leading to divergent conflict resolution strategies even in closely related species.
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Millar, John S., Elissa M. Derrickson, and S. T. P. Sharpe. "Effects of reproduction on maternal survival and subsequent reproduction in northern Peromyscus maniculatus." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 1129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-158.
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Female survival, number of young weaned, and offspring survival were documented for 130 individual Peromyscus maniculatus in the Kananaskis Valley, southwestern Alberta. Reproductive success was highly variable, ranging from 0 to 19 young per female at weaning and from 0 to 12 young per female at the end of the breeding season. Breeding success was not related to body size of the female prior to breeding, and the commitment to reproductive processes had no negative effects on female survival or the survival of the offspring. Most of the variation in reproductive success was attributable to female survival. Females that survived the entire breeding season weaned, on average, twice as many young as females that did not survive the breeding season. We suggest that physiological and behavior compensation and local habitat effects mask potential costs of reproduction during the breeding season. We speculate that any negative effects of high reproductive success may be evident during the nonbreeding season, or prior to breeding in the spring.
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Saare, Linda, and Riinu Rannap. "Breeding behaviour of ectotherms at high latitudes: the case of the natterjack toad Epidalea calamita at its northern range limit." Behaviour 159, no. 5 (September 30, 2021): 443–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10134.
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Abstract We explored the breeding behaviour of a threatened amphibian, the natterjack toad, at its northern range limit in Estonia, to determine the extent to which reproduction is affected by harsh and unstable climatic conditions. Using photo identification of specimens, we found that in optimal weather conditions males formed three breeding cohorts, while in adverse conditions only a single cohort occurred and under extreme conditions reproduction was skipped entirely. During the extended breeding season, larger males participated in reproduction throughout the breeding period, while smaller males appeared in later cohorts. Breeding success was related to the calling effort of a male, where larger males had greater mating success than smaller ones. We found that the natterjack toad males exhibit significant plasticity in reproductive behaviour at the northern range limit, which, given the energetic cost of reproduction and the increased risk of predation, allows them to increase their fitness at high latitudes.
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Vézina, François, and Katrina G. Salvante. "Behavioral and physiological flexibility are used by birds to manage energy and support investment in the early stages of reproduction." Current Zoology 56, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 767–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/56.6.767.
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Abstract Interest in phenotypic flexibility has increased dramatically over the last decade, but flexibility during reproduction has received relatively little attention from avian scientists, despite its possible impact on fitness. Because most avian species maintain atrophied reproductive organs when not active, reproduction in birds requires major tissue remodeling in preparation for breeding. Females undergo rapid (days) recrudescence and regression of their reproductive organs at each breeding attempt, while males grow their organs ahead of time at a much slower rate (weeks) and may maintain them at maximal size throughout the breeding season. Reproduction is associated with significant metabolic costs. Egg production leads to a 22%-27% increase in resting metabolic rate (RMR) over non-reproductive values. This is partly due to the activity of the oviduct, an organ that may allow females to adjust reproductive investment by modulating egg size and quality. In males, gonadal recrudescence may lead to a 30% increase in RMR, but the data are inconsistent and general conclusions regarding energetic costs of reproduction in males will require more research. Recent studies on captive female zebra finches describe the impacts of these costs on daily energy budgets and highlight the strategies used by birds to maintain their investment in reproduction when energy is limited. Whenever possible, birds use behavioral flexibility as a first means of saving energy. Decreasing locomotor activity saves energy during challenges such as egg production or exposure to cold temperatures and is an efficient way to buffer variation in individual daily energy budgets. However, when behavioral flexibility is not possible, birds must rely on flexibility at the physiological level to meet energy demands. In zebra finches breeding in the cold, this results in a reduced pace of laying, likely due to down-regulation of both reproductive and non-reproductive function, allowing females to defend minimal egg size and maintain reproductive success. More research involving a range of species in captive and free-living conditions is needed to determine how phenotypic flexibility during tissue remodeling and early reproductive investment translates to natural conditions and affects fitness.
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Erokhina, N. I., and L. A. Zernaeva. "IMPROVING THE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION OF CATTLE BY PREVENTING COPPER DEFICIENCY IN THE BODY." Innovatics and Expert Examination, no. 2(30) (December 3, 2020): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.35264/1996-2274-2020-2-170-177.
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In the dairy cattle breeding of the Russian Federation, there are unresolved problems associated with the reproduction of the herd, which significantly affect the economic component of this subsector of animal husbandry. One of the factors causing impaired reproductive function in animals is the lack of copper in the body. The presented materials indicate the importance of the prevention of copper deficiency in animals and further research in the field of the biological effect of this microelement on reproductive function.
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Prado, Cynthia, Masao Uetanabaro, and Célio Haddad. "Breeding activity patterns, reproductive modes, and habitat use by anurans (Amphibia) in a seasonal environment in the Pantanal, Brazil." Amphibia-Reptilia 26, no. 2 (2005): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568538054253375.
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AbstractAnnual patterns of breeding activity, reproductive modes, and habitat use are described for a frog community in a seasonal environment, in the southern Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Data were collected monthly between January 1995 and December 1998. A total of 24 species from four families; Bufonidae (3 species), Hylidae (10 species), Leptodactylidae (9 species), and Microhylidae (2 species) were registered. Three reproductive activity patterns are recognized among these species: continuous, explosive, and prolonged; 50% of the species were explosive breeders. Seasonal pattern of reproduction was verified for three analyzed years (1995-1997); most species reproduced during the rainy season (Nov-Jan). The reproduction was aseasonal in 1998; unexpected rains in the dry season lead to an unusual breeding activity. Five reproductive modes were noted — 62.5% of the species have the generalized aquatic mode, and 33.3% deposit eggs embedded in foam nests. Many species used the same sites for reproduction, although temporal partitioning and calling site segregation was observed. The occurrence of many species that exhibit explosive breeding early in the rainy season is common in seasonal and open environments with variable and unpredictable rainfall, as is the case in the Pantanal.
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Goodrowe, K. L. "Feline reproduction and artificial breeding technologies." Animal Reproduction Science 28, no. 1-4 (July 1992): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(92)90125-w.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Animal reproduction and breeding"
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Taylor, Eric Clayton. "Reproductive parameters of dorper ewes during the breeding and non-breeding seasons in south Texas." Thesis, Texas A&M University - Kingsville, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1590222.
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There have been many changes in the United States sheep industry over the years. Decreasing profitability of wool production has shifted the focus of many producers to strictly meat production. In south Texas, extreme high summer temperatures add an additional challenge in raising wool breeds of sheep. Hair sheep are gaining popularity in lamb-only production systems as they are more adapted to hot climates and eliminate shearing costs. The Dorper is the most popular breed of hair sheep throughout Texas due to superior lamb carcasses. Maximizing reproductive efficiency is critical for increasing the profitability of sheep production. Accelerated lambing systems can produce 3 lamb crops every two years versus 1 lamb crop per year. For this to be accomplished, ewes must be capable of breeding early post-partum and at all times of the year. We determined the reproductive characteristics of Dorper ewes. In the absence of a ram, Dorper ewes were anestrous from March until May. We observed considerable variation of ewes when both entering and ending anestrous. During the initial breeding season, 7-d CIDR® treated ewes, which conceived 1st service, had a significantly lower mean day of birthing (3.2 ± 2.1 d) compared to (10.1 ± 1.9 d) control ewes, resulting in a shorter lambing duration. During the seasonal anestrous period both CIDR® treated and control post-partum Dorper ewes were stimulated to ovulate while in the presence of the ram. However, during this time, 9-d CIDR® treatment significantly shortened both overall ram to lambing interval (152.8 ± 3.2d vs.165.7 ± 3.0 d) and first service ram to lambing interval (149.3 ± 1.3 d vs. 160.7 ± 1.5 d). Fall-born Dorper ewes with known birth dates had a mean age of puberty of 306.5 ± 4.9 d. Fall-born yearlings and spring-born ewe lambs were exposed to a ram during the first fall breeding season following their birth. While no difference was found in overall conception rate, fall-born yearlings had a significantly greater first service conception rate (83.3 %) compared to spring-born lambs (28.6 %). The findings of this study illustrate that Dorper ewes have the potential to be utilized in accelerated lambing systems in south Texas. By achieving a high conception rate post-partum simultaneous to the anestrous season, we were able to maintain an 8 mo lambing interval during the first two breeding season. We conclude that the reproductive attributes of the Dorper ewe makes them an excellent choice for sheep producers throughout South Texas.
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Schmalz-Peixoto, Karin E. von. "Factors affecting breeding in captive Carnivora." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:64687fe3-f6ca-4d9b-90d8-b6f1e565711a.
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Captive carnivores pose a challenge for conservationists and institutions alike, presenting many problems that range from diseases to poor welfare and unsuccessful breeding. Available databases of captive populations are rich sources of information that can help determine which factors can affect breeding success and the real potential of these populations in conservation programmes. Some species, such as tigers Panthera tigris, seem to preserve in captivity the same reproductive parameters seen in wild animals, making captive individuals extremely useful in the research of reproductive biology, that can be applied in evolutionary and physiological studies of the order Carnivora. Specific reproductive characteristics, mainly connected with the altriciality of the young, can make some species more prone to lose young in captivity than others, and these factors must be taken into consideration when developing ex situ conservation programmes. Infant mortality in captivity seems to be primarily caused by inadequate maternal behaviour, which can be connected to biological factors as well as to individual characteristics such as origin and rearing methods. Maternal infanticide, either passive or active, is also affected by biological and ecological characteristics of the species, and there may be an effect of the origin of the females, i.e. if they were wildcaught or captive-born. Housing conditions and individual history affect infant mortality, with females that suffered transfer between institutions exhibiting lower breeding success. Also, institutions with thriving research programmes presented higher infant mortality overall, independently of their latitude or management system, which can indicate an effect of human interference. Further research, both in the wild and in captivity, is needed to fully understand the factors affecting breeding success of captive carnivores.
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Real, Garcia Enric. "Influence of predictable anthropogenic food subsides on seabird´s breeding investment." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668552.
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Recent policies on the ban of fishing discards and the closure of open-air landfills are expected to reduce amount of predictable anthropogenic food subsidies (PAFS) for seabirds. To forecast the ecological consequences of these policies, it is necessary to understand the influence that each of these resources has on ecological parameters and how this can be mediated by density-dependent mechanisms. Besides, for those species exploiting both types of resources, it is important to consider whether or not their effects act synergistically. Finally, it is also important to understand how the ecological interactions between seabirds and PAFS can be influenced by other potentially important environmental factors, such as for example, the abundance of natural prey or the one of foraging conditions.
In the first chapter of this thesis, I reviewed the current knowledge on the ecological interactions between seabirds and fishery discards, with the aim of identifying the main knowledge gaps and to propose new challenges to improve our understanding of the ecological role of PAFS availability to seabirds. In the second chapter, I assessed the relative role of fishery discards and open-air landfills in the breeding investment of a generalist seabird, investigating the possible interplay with density-dependent mechanisms. In the third chapter I collaborated to investigate the role of PAFS in buffering environmental stochasticity and disrupting the natural synchronous dynamics between two seabirds. Finally, in the last chapter, I assessed the importance of several environmental factors in the breeding investment of three seabirds with contrasting life-history strategies. In particular, I considered local environmental variables (food abundance, competition and sea state) during breeding as well as the influence of winter conditions summarized by a large-scale climatic index, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Considering these variables simultaneously allowed me to assess the relative importance of natural and anthropogenic food resources, intra- and inter-specific competition and foraging conditions in the form of detectability and accessibility of food.
This thesis shows that the main knowledge gaps on seabird-discard ecological interactions are related to survival, dispersal and reproduction, the resilience of their populations against perturbations and the role of individual specialization in the foraging process. Results showed that both fishery discards and open-air landfills can significantly increase seabirds’ breeding investment. However, the landfill effect was weaker than the effect of fishing discards, probably due to the lower quality of waste as food resource. It is also shown that these effects can be masked by density-dependence processes. In addition, the thesis highlights the importance of considering the possible influence of socio-economic factors on the availability of these PAFS depending on the geographic area considered. I showed that PAFS can alter natural stochasticity, increasing the breeding investment of generalist species, which in turn, may alter the community structure. Finally, this thesis makes evident that foraging conditions in the form of detectability and accessibility of food can play a very important role in key demographic parameters such as breeding investment. This implies that in contrast to what is commonly assumed, food abundance does not directly translate into food intake. Finally, the results also suggest that the influence that the winter North Atlantic Oscillation has on breeding investment in some seabirds is limited to winter months and acts in spring as a ‘carry-over’ effect of winter conditions.Las recientes políticas en materia de prohibición de descartes y cierre de vertederos, supondrán una importante reducción de la disponibilidad de los recursos antropogénicos predecibles (PAFS) para las aves marinas. Para entender mejor las consecuencias ecológicas de esta reducción y proponer nuevos retos futuros, en esta tesis se revisa el conocimiento actual sobre las interacciones ecológicas que se dan entre las aves marinas y los descartes de la pesca. Por otra parte, también se evalúa cómo los PAFS y otros factores ambientales influyen en la inversión que las aves marinas hacen en la reproducción. Los resultados muestran que los principales vacíos de conocimiento en relación a las interacciones entre aves marinas y descartes, son los relacionados con la supervivencia, la dispersión, la reproducción, la resiliencia de las poblaciones frente a las perturbaciones y la especialización individual en el proceso de forrajeo. También se muestra que tanto los descartes de la pesca como la basura de los vertederos incrementan la inversión en la reproducción. Sin embargo, este efecto es menos marcado en los vertederos, probablemente debido a su menor calidad como recurso alimentario. También se ha observado que estos efectos pueden quedar enmascarados por procesos de densodependencia. La tesis también demuestra la importancia de considerar los factores socioeconómicos al evaluar la disponibilidad de los PAFS, dependiendo del área geográfica considerada. También se muestra que los PAFS pueden alterar la estocasticidad natural, incrementando la inversión en reproducción en especies generalistas, lo cual puede alterar la estructura de la comunidad. También se muestra cómo los factores ambientales que condicionan la detectabilidad y accesibilidad del alimento pueden jugar un papel muy importante en la inversión en la reproducción. Esto implica que el hecho de que el alimento sea abundante, no implica que esté disponible para los organismos. Finalmente, los resultados también sugieren que la influencia de la Oscilación del Atlántico Norte en la inversión en la reproducción de algunas aves marinas, se limita a los meses de invierno y se manifiesta en primavera en forma de efectos de tipo carry-over.
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Duckworth, Janine Alma. "Studies of seasonality in red deer (Cervus elaphus) : with special emphasis on the reproductive physiology of red deer hinds." Lincoln University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/2267.
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Four trials were conducted to investigate factors controlling the seasonal onset of reproductive activity in red deer hinds. Firstly (Chapter 4), the role of photorefractoriness to long daily photoperiods in the initiation of the seasonal reproductive activity in breeding red deer hinds was examined. Red deer hinds (n=10) were prematurely exposed to a long daily photoperiod of 15.3 h from 22 July to 8 November 1986 i.e. winter-spring (EPW), or maintained under natural photoperiods (NP). Six hinds experienced the natural changes in daily photoperiod until mid-summer but were exposed to a 15.5 h of light each day from 30 January to 30 April 1987, i.e. summer-autumn (EPS), whilst hinds in the other groups experienced naturally decreasing daily photoperiods. On 5 occasions (July 1986, January, February, March and April 1987), blood samples were collected from 4 NP and 4 EPW hinds every 20 minutes for 4 h to monitor secretion of luteinising hormone and half hourly for another 4 h following an i.v. injection of 2 µg GnRH to measure pituitary responsiveness. In January, March and April 1987 EPS hinds were also intensively sampled for 4 h. Plasma progesterone concentrations and mean date of calving indicated that the onset of breeding activity was not affected by light treatment in the EPW hinds but was delayed by 3 weeks in the EPS hinds. In contrast, supplementary lighting caused a premature elevation of plasma prolactin concentrations and advanced pelage moulting in EPW hinds only. Plasma LH secretion patterns indicated that LH pulse frequency and mean LH concentrations were greater during the breeding season than during pregnancy or, seasonal or postpartum, anoestrus. The reduction in LH secretion was partially explained by a diminished pituitary responsiveness to GnRH. Daily plasma melatonin secretion patterns indicated that the duration of the nocturnal increase in melatonin concentrations was responsive to changes in photoperiod and provided a suitable endocrine signal for measuring day length. The results suggest that, unlike the sheep and prepubertal red deer hind, the onset of seasonal breeding activity in breeding red deer hinds is not affected by long daily photoperiods in spring but is delayed if the autumnal decrease in daily photoperiod is delayed. Therefore neither the development of photorefractoriness nor the spring increase in daily photoperiods initiated the transition from seasonal anoestrus to reproductive activity in the breeding hind. However, long daily photoperiods may have entrained the annual cycle of pelage shedding and prolactin secretion. It is possible that the neuroendocrine pathway by which photoperiodic signals entrain the seasonal cycle of reproduction is separate from those which regulate other seasonal events in the breeding red deer hind. Secondly (Chapter 5), in a study of seasonality of reproduction, 4 pubertal hinds were monitored for live weight and plasma LH and progesterone concentrations from December 1987 to October 1988 (i.e. 12-22 months of age). In addition the pattern of LH secretion was also studied in 4 ovariectomised pubertal hinds implanted s.c. with controlled release implants containing 12 mg oestradiol-17β between 4 March and 25 May and between 15 June and 19 September, 1988. On several occasions (15 December, 29 February, 15 March, 24 April, 14 June, 29 June, 18 September (all hinds) and 3 October (ovariectomised hinds only) blood samples were collected every 20 minutes for 4 h to monitor secretion of luteinising hormone and following an i.v. injection of 2 µg GnRH to measure pituitary responsiveness. Plasma progesterone profiles indicated that 4-6 ovarian cycles, lasting about 19 d each, occurred in each intact hind. Regular ovarian cycles commenced in late April (26 April ± 3.4 d, mean ± s.e.m.) and ceased 3 months later in July (21 July ± 7.2 d). The number of LH pulses in the intact hinds was higher in June (1-2 pulses/4 h) than in the non-breeding season (< 1 pulse/4 h) probably due to a seasonal increase in GnRH secretion. It appears that the seasonal increase in LH pulsatility and onset of reproductive activity in the entire hinds were temporally related to a reduction in the sensitivity of LH secretion to the negative feedback effects of oestradiol in ovariectomised pubertal hinds. In the third trial (Chapter 6), 20 male and 20 female red deer calves were immunised at birth against a melatonin conjugate or injected with adjuvant only (controls). Booster injections were given on 5 occasions over the next 2 years. Stags which produced significant melatonin binding activity in response to immunisation, were heavier than the controls between 7 and 11 months of age and at 16, 20, 30 and 34 months of age. A similar but smaller effect on live weight was seen in the immunised hinds. Immunisation against melatonin did not affect the calving date of the hinds or antler development and time of casting of antlers in the stags. These results indicated that disruption of the photoperiodic signal by immunisation against melatonin may have prevented the entrainment of annual rhythms in feed intake and growth but without affecting the seasonal cycles in antler growth and ovarian activity. Finally in a series of 3 trials (Chapter 7), anoestrous red deer hinds were induced to ovulate with the GnRH analogue, buserelin. Hinds were pre-treated with intravaginal devices containing 0.6 g progesterone (CIDR-Type S) for 14 days prior to CIDR withdrawal on 4 March. In Year 1, 15 hinds were treated with 1 CIDR each and 8 hinds were injected i.m. with 4 µg buserelin (a GnRH analogue) at CIDR removal followed by 2nd injection of 10 µg 48 h later. In Year 2, 16 hinds were treated with 2 CIDRs each and 8 hinds were injected Lm. with 4, 3, 2, 2 and 10 µg buserelin at -48, -24, 0, 24 and 48 h respectively from CIDR withdrawal. In Year 3, 15 hinds were treated with 2 CIDRs and 11 hinds (Groups Band BO) injected with buserelin identical to the protocol in Year 2. At CIDR withdrawal 6 of these buserelin treated hinds (Group BO) and 4 other progesterone-primed hinds (Group 0) were injected with 500 µg oestradiol benzoate. In addition, during the breeding season, 4 hinds (Group C) were treated with double CIDRs only for 14 d from 1 April. When oestrous behaviour and the pattern of plasma LH secretion were monitored in Year 3, oestrous behaviour was less noticeable and delayed in Group B hinds and peak LH levels were lower and increased later relative to Group 0, BO and C hinds. Two weeks after CIDR withdrawal, 6 buserelin-treated hinds in both Year 1 and Year 2, and 3/5 B, 2/4 0, 3/6 BO and 4/4 C group hinds in Year 3 had a single corpus luteum present. Plasma progesterone concentrations were elevated for about 12 d in most hinds with a corpus luteum in Year 2 and in most B, BO and C Group hinds in Year 3. However, progesterone secretion was low in several Year 1 and all Group 0 hinds in Year 3 indicating that the induced corpora lutea in these hinds were functionally subnormal. There was no evidence that any of the buserelin-induced ovulations resulted in pregnancy, probably because the induced ovulations were not accompanied by normal hormonal and behavioural patterns. The experiments described in this thesis have contributed to our understanding of the regulation of seasonal breeding in red deer hinds. This knowledge may eventually enable reproductive activity to be effectively manipulated, thereby improving the efficiency of deer production systems.
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Mercadante, Maria Eugênia Zerlotti. "Análise de um experimento de seleção para crescimento em bovinos nelore: respostas direta no peso ao sobreano e correlacionadas no tamanho e reprodução das matrizes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-12052003-135023/.
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Foram estudados dados provenientes do experimento de seleção estabelecido na Estação Experimental de Zootecnia de Sertãozinho (IZ - SP), com o objetivo de avaliar a resposta direta no peso ao sobreano de machos e fêmeas e as respostas correlacionadas no tamanho e caracteres reprodutivos das matrizes. O experimento iniciou em 1978, com três rebanhos da raça Nelore, seleção (NeS), tradicional (NeT) e controle (NeC), sendo os dois primeiros selecionados para maior peso ao sobreano e o terceiro para a média deste peso. O NeT diferencia-se de NeS por ter recebido, eventualmente, touros de outros rebanhos, inclusive comerciais. Registros de dias ao parto foram analisados separadamente nas novilhas, vacas e vacas e novilhas sem incluir e incluindo as fêmeas não paridas. Nenhuma diferença significativa (P<0,05) foi detectada entre os desempenhos das fêmeas dos rebanhos selecionados (NeS e NeT) e as do controle (NeC). As herdabilidades variaram de 0,02 a 0,16, sendo as mais altas obtidas em arquivos nos quais foram incluídos os registros das fêmeas não paridas. Os registros repetidos de dias ao parto de vacas e novilhas incluindo as fêmeas não paridas foram também analisados por modelo de regressão aleatória com polinômios ortogonais (Legendre) da idade na monta (em anos) como a covariável independente, para avaliar este caracter longitudinalmente durante a vida produtiva das fêmeas. As herdabilidades estimadas aumentaram de 0,08 a 0,28 da 1 a à 6 a monta. A seleção para peso não alterou o valor genético médio das vacas de NeS e NeT, entretanto os valores genéticos das vacas do NeC mostraram tendência de queda no decorrer dos anos, além de longitudinalmente, com o avanço da idade. Registros de peso ao sobreano dos animais nascidos de 1978 a 1998, e da altura na garupa ao sobreano das fêmeas nascidas a partir de 1985 foram analisados por modelo animal para obter a tendência genética de 1981 a 1996. Médias de peso, altura e escore de condição corporal na entrada da monta, dias ao parto e sucesso ao parto das matrizes nascidas nos últimos 4 anos foram contrastadas entre os selecionados e o NeC, em análise de quadrados mínimos. As tendências genéticas médias obtidas em 16 anos foram 1,7±0,2; 2,3±0,2 e 0,1±0,1 kg/ano nos machos e 1,9±0,2; 2,4±0,2 e 0,1±0,1 kg/ano nas fêmeas para peso, e 0,25±0,03; 0,24±0,04 e 0,04±0,03 cm nas fêmeas para altura ao sobreano, respectivamente em NeS, NeT e NeC. Novilhas e vacas de NeS e NeT foram 19% e 15% mais pesadas e 4% mais altas na entrada da monta, em relação às do NeC. Não foram detectadas diferenças significativas (P<0,05) no desempenho reprodutivo das matrizes selecionadas em relação ao NeC. Os resultados indicaram que a seleção para peso corporal promoveu respostas altas e consistentes nos pesos e alturas ao sobreano e em idades mais tardias, sem comprometer o desempenho reprodutivo das matrizes.Data from a selection experiment, carried out AT Experimental Station of Sertãozinho, State of São Paulo, Brazil, were analyzed in order to evaluate the direct response of yearling weight and the correlated responses of the size and reproduction traits of cows. The experiment started in 1978, with three lines of Nelore cattle, selection (NeS), traditional (NeT), both selected for greater yearling weight, and control (NeC), selected for mean yearling weight. The NeT line is different from the NeS one because sires from another herds were eventually introduced into the NeT line. Records of days to calving were analyzed separately for heifers, cows and cows and heifers with and without non-calver females. There were no significant differences (P<0.05) between the performance of females from the selection lines (NeS and NeT) and those from the control line (NeC). The heritabilities were between 0.02 and 0.06, and the higher estimates were from data sets including non-calver females. The repeated records of days to calving of cows and heifers with non-calvers, were too analyzed using a random regression model, with orthogonal polynomials (Legendre) of age in the breeding season (in years) as the independent covariable, to order to evaluate this trait longitudinally during the herd life of the females. The estimates of heritability increased from 0.08 to 0.28, from first up to 6 th breeding season. The selection for weight did not alter the average breeding value of cows from NeS and NeT, although the average genetic breeding values of cows declined throughout the years, and too longitudinally, with advancing age. Yearling weight of the animals born from 1978 to 1998, and the yearling hip height of females born from 1985 to 1998, were evaluated using an animal model, in order to obtain the genetic trends for the years 1981 to 1996. The averages for weight, height and body condition score at the start of the breeding season, days to calving and calving success of cows born in the last 4 years, were contrasted between the selected (NeS and NeT) and control lines. The genetic trends obtained after 16 years were 1.7±0.2; 2.3±0.2 and 0.1±0.1 kg/year for males and 1.9±0.2; 2.4±0.2 e 0.1±0.1 kg/year for females with respect to weight, and 0.25±0.03; 0.24±0.04 and 0.04±0.03 cm for females with respect to yearling height for the NeS, NeT and NeC lines, respectively. Heifers and cows from NeS and NeT were 19% and 15% heavier and 4% taller at the start of the breeding season than those from NeC. Significant differences (P<0.05) were not detected with respect to the reproductive performance between selected (NeS and NeT) and control females. The results indicated that the selection according to body weight gave high and consistent responses for weight and height both at the yearling and later ages, without compromised the reproductive performance of the cows.
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Krebs, Elizabeth Ann. "Reproduction in the cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis ibis) : the function of breeding plumes." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60507.
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This study investigates the colonization of Barbados, the seasonality of breeding, and the function of breeding plumes in the cattle egret Bubulcus ibis ibis. Colonization occurred around 1956, and the island now has 4 colonies. Numbers of birds at each colony are still increasing. Colonies are evenly spaced around the island. Plumage scores varied seasonally, and males had higher scores than females. Breeding activity peaked in July-August and November-March. Conspecific interference may force poorly plumed birds to breed when environmental conditions are poor. Chick mortality was primarily from starvation during periods of low breeding activity, and primarily from conspecific attack during high breeding activity. Fledging success did not increase with breeding activity. Plumage scores correlated positively in breeding pairs. Well-plumed males fed chicks more often than poorly plumed males and had the higher fledging success. Males contributed more to nest and nestling attendance when their mates were well plumed. Plumes appear to indicate the potential paternal care and the genetic quality of a mate.
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McLaren, Elizabeth B. 1962. "Clutch size in pigeon guillemots : an experimental manipulation and reproductive success in one and two egg clutches." Thesis, Thesis (M.S.)--University of Oregon, 1991, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/9928.
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Typescript.
Includes vita and abstract.
Bibliography: Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-68).
Description: viii, 68 leaves : map ; 29 cm.The ability of the Pigeon Guillemot Cepphus columba to rear an additional chick was tested by manipulating clutch sizes. The effect of the manipulations on growth, and hatching, fledging, and egg success was measured in chicks from experimental, natural, and control nests. No significant differences were observed between the nest types. Data from 1983, 1984, 1985, and 1989 were analyzed for potential differences in reproductive success of one and two egg clutches. The ratio of one to two eggs was significantly higher in 1985 and 1989. Hatching and fledging success was significantly higher for two egg clutches in 1985 and 1989. No significant differences were observed for egg success. Egg volume was significantly greater in two egg clutches in 1983 and 1984. Egg volume was correlated with fledging but not with hatching success.
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Persson, Ylva. "Breeding soundness evaluation of young beef bulls /." Uppsala : Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200718.pdf.
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Vergamini, Marie. "Managing Sociality of a Captive Female Bornean Orangutan from Breeding to Post-partum at The Smithsonian's National Zoo." VCU Scholars Compass, 2017. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5161.
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The Association of Zoos and Aquariums’ Orangutan Species Survival Plan® aims to maintain 100 Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) in captivity. Because investment in breeding these lineages is high, properly managing sociality of potential mothers is essential. This study assessed how behaviors of a captive breeding female at the Smithsonian’s National Zoo changed from pre-gestation through the offspring’s sixth month of age to improve breeding recommendations.
The infant Bornean orangutan was born September 2016. Results indicate that during breeding, the mother socialized most with two adult females. During pregnancy, the pregnant female socialized in less energy-consuming ways, i.e. grooming. Post-partum socialization and proximity data suggest a shift in female affiliation. The presence of another female with maternal experience may be beneficial to the rearing of new offspring. These results can help guide socialization management for pregnant captive orangutans to improve breeding outcomes.
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Peixoto, José Eduardo. "Aspectos comportamentais da Perdiz (Rhynchotus rufescens) em cativeiro durante a fase reprodutiva: um estudo de caso." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-02042003-163413/.
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A espécie Rhynchotus rufescens, ave nativa do Brasil, denominada popularmente perdiz ou perdigão tem mostrado facilidade de adaptação ao cativeiro, e um ótimo potencial para ser explorada zootecnicamente, com a possibilidade da utilização de sua carne como fonte alternativa de proteínas, já que a carne de animais silvestres é uma alternativa alimentar em muitos países, inclusive nos desenvolvidos. A criação de perdizes de maneira racional poderia aumentar as opções da avicultura brasileira e a produção alternativa de proteína animal. O presente trabalho, identificou ritmos diários de atividades da perdiz e seu esquema de alocação temporal em uma situação de cativeiro. O conhecimento destes dados é de fundamental importância para o manejo alimentar e reprodutivo destes animais. Os dados coletados de cada lote foram feitos através de filmagem durante 12 horas ininterruptas, do amanhecer ao entardecer, por três dias consecutivos, totalizando 36 horas de filmagens. O material resultante das filmagens foi observado para obtenção da série de dados utilizados para as análises temporais, utilizando-se o sistema de amostragem temporal (time sampling) para a observação dos comportamentos das aves. Neste trabalho, determinou-se alguns padrões comportamentais de perdizes (Rhynchotus rufescens), nas condições propostas. Os ritmos associados às atividades e sua distribuição temporal foram quantificados e avaliados. Mostrou-se como a organização estrutural dos comportamentos ocorrem. Questões mais complexas como a distribuição espacial, o uso do espaço físico e social, com suas interações agonísticas e de dominância foram abordadas, e indicaram problemas de bem estar, provavelmente comprometendo a eficiência reprodutiva destes animais no cativeiro. Trabalhos futuros deverão estar atentos a estas questões. A investigação de um sistema de acasalamento eficaz é considerado fundamental para obter-se sucesso na criação desta espécie, e então partirmos para sua seleção, lembrando contudo, de estabelecer limites para esta, baseados em índices comportamentais da espécie, a fim de não incorrer-se nos erros que agora são nítidos com relação às aves especializadas para corte e postura.The species Rhynchotus rufescens, a native bird of Brazil, popularly denominated partridge or pellet, has been showing easy adaptation to captivity and a great potential to be explored zootechnically, with the possibility of the use of its meat as an alternative source of proteins, since the meat of wild animals is a nourishment alternative in many countries, including developed ones. The breeding of partridges in a rational way could increase the options of Brazilian avilculture and the alternative production of animal protein. The present work identified the daily rhythms of activities of the partridge and its scheme of temporary allocation in a situation of captivity. The knowledge of these data is of fundamental importance for the alimentary and reproductive handling of these animals. Data related to each lot were collected through twelve uninterrupted hours of filming, from dawn to dusk, for three consecutive days, totalizing thirty-six hours of work. The material resultant from the filmings was observed in order to obtain the series of data used for the temporary analyses, having the system of temporary sampling (time sampling) been used for the observation of the behaviour of the birds. In this work, it was determined some standard behaviour of partridges (Rhynchotus rufescens), under the proposed conditions. The rhythms associated with the activities and their temporary distribution were quantified and appraised. It was shown how the structural organization of their behaviour take place. More complex subjects as space distribution, the use of physical and social space, with its agonistic and dominance interactions were approached, and they indicated problems of well being which probably interfered in the reproductive efficiency of these animals in captivity. Future works should be aware of and pay attention to these subjects. The investigation of a system of effective copulation is considered fundamental to obtain success in the breeding of this species, leading, then, to its consequent selection. Nevertheless, it is essential that limits based on behavioural indexes of the species be established, which will avoid incurring in the mistakes that are now clear in relation to specialized birds for slaughter and posture.
Books on the topic "Animal reproduction and breeding"
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Bearden, H. Joe. Applied animal reproduction. 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 2000.
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Bearden, H. Joe. Applied animal reproduction. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 2004.
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T, Dahnof Lucas, ed. Animal reproduction: New research developments. New York: Nova Science, 2009.
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W, Fuquay John, ed. Applied animal reproduction. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1997.
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J, Meredith M., ed. Animal breeding and infertility. Oxford [England]: Blackwell Science, 1995.
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Compendium of animal reproduction. Boxmeer, Netherlands]: Intervet, 1994.
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Bearden, H. Joe. Applied animal reproduction. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1992.
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Controlled reproduction in pigs. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International, 1997.
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H, Pineda M., and Dooley Michael P. 1949-, eds. McDonald's veterinary endocrinology and reproduction. 5th ed. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State Press, 2003.
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International Congress on Animal Reproduction (13th 1996 Sydney, Australia). Animal reproduction: Research and practice : proceedings of the 13th International Congress on Animal Reproduction, Sydney, Australia, 30 June - 4 July, 1996. Edited by Stone Grant M and Evans Gareth 1952-. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1996.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Animal reproduction and breeding"
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Peddinti, Divyaswetha, Erdogan Memili, and Shane C. Burgess. "Proteomics in Animal Reproduction and Breeding." In Methods in Animal Proteomics, 369–96. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470960660.ch13.
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Broom, Donald M. "Seasonal and reproductive behaviour." In Broom and Fraser’s domestic animal behaviour and welfare, 178–82. 6th ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249835.0017.
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Abstract This chapter discusses the reproduction and social behaviour of domestic animals on the following topics: reproductive efforts; sensory factors in reproduction; hormonal and pheromonal facilitation; and seasonal and climatic breeding responses.
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Boiti, Cristiano, Cesare Castellini, Pascale Chavatte-Palmer, Peter Chrenek, Bernd Fischer, and Adriana Kolesárová. "Biology of reproduction and reproduction technologies in the rabbit." In The genetics and genomics of the rabbit, 197–211. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781780643342.0011.
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Abstract This chapter presents the recent advancements acquired in the field of biology and technology of reproduction that may have significant repercussions in the breeding of rabbits as livestock and as laboratory animals.
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Tibary, Ahmed. "Applied animal andrology: camelids." In Manual of animal andrology, 120–34. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789243505.0009.
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Abstract This chapter describes the procedures for performing a breeding soundness evaluation for camelids, including handling, restraint, physical examination, reproductive examination of the sexual organs, semen collection, semen characteristics, cryopreservation, artificial insemination, mating behaviour, breeding management and biosecurity.
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Simm, Geoff, Geoff Pollott, Raphael Mrode, Ross Houston, and Karen Marshall. "Tools and technologies in animal breeding." In Genetic improvement of farmed animals, 128–77. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789241723.0128.
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Abstract This chapter discussed the factors which affect responses to within-breed selection, and some of the tools and technologies used, especially for more effective within-breed selection. Highlights focused on the current reproductive technologies in animal breeding, molecular genetic tools, and modern data capture tools.
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Martin-Wintle, Meghan S., David C. Kersey, Nathan J. P. Wintle, Copper Aitken-Palmer, Megan A. Owen, and Ronald R. Swaisgood. "Comprehensive Breeding Techniques for the Giant Panda." In Reproductive Sciences in Animal Conservation, 275–308. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23633-5_10.
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Shipley, Clifford F. "Applied andrology: ram and buck." In Manual of animal andrology, 108–19. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789243505.0008.
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Abstract This chapter describes the factors affecting the fertility of bucks and rams, biosecurity and disease control, mating behaviour, breeding management and reproductive disorders, and how to perform semen collection, the determination of semen characteristics, cryopreservation and artificial insemination.
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Mayer, Ian. "The Role of Reproductive Sciences in the Preservation and Breeding of Commercial and Threatened Teleost Fishes." In Reproductive Sciences in Animal Conservation, 187–224. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23633-5_7.
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Johnston, Stephen D., and William V. Holt. "Using the Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) as a Case Study to Illustrate the Development of Artificial Breeding Technology in Marsupials: an Update." In Reproductive Sciences in Animal Conservation, 327–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23633-5_12.
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Carcangiu, V., M. C. Mura, G. M. Vacca, M. L. Dettori, M. Pazzola, S. Luridiana, and P. P. Bini. "Improvement of the reproductive efficiency for the development of the Sardinian sheep breeding." In New trends for innovation in the Mediterranean animal production, 82–85. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-726-4_12.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Animal reproduction and breeding"
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TRUKHACHEV, Vladimir, Sergey OLEYNIK, Nikolay ZLYDNEV, and Vitaliy MOROZOV. "SCREENING OF COMPLEX VERTEBRAL MALFORMATION (CVM) AND BOVINE LEUKOCYTE ADHESION DEFICIENCY (BLAD) IN THE AYRSHIRE CATTLE BREED IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.142.
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The Ayrshire dairy breed is renowned for producing large quantities of high quality milk and, therefore, is frequently used for crossbreeding. However, various hereditary anomalies caused by gene mutations have been recently recorded in calves produced by some Ayrshire sires. Most of these anomalies were shown to have a recessive inheritance pattern, thus imposing a threat of unpredictable dramatic changes in cattle genotypes under such factors as genetic drift, selection and inbreeding. The purpose of this study was to examine the susceptibility of the Ayrshire cattle bred in the North Caucasus to such hereditary abnormalities as complex vertebral malformation (CVM) and bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD). The investigation was carried out on 16 cows with various phenotype and reproduction disorders that were selected based on a three-year veterinary observation of 440 livestock animals. The target group cows were generally the descendants of Hannulan Yaskiyri, Riihiviidan Urho Errant and O.R. Lihting. The results demonstrated that no animals under study were the carriers of these genetic disorders, which proved the mutant alleles of BLAD and CVM to be absent from the Ayrshire cattle livestock bred in the North Caucasus. Therefore, the sires of these cattle can be successfully used for breeding.
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Sklenář, J., M. Večeřa, G. Chládek, T. Kopec, and O. Kadlec. "RELATIONSHIP OF SELECTED PARAMETERS OF DAIRY COW'S REARING ENVIRONMENT TO THE CONTENT OF MINOR COMPONENTS IN THEIR MILK." In ANIMAL BREEDING 2022. Mendel University in Brno, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/978-80-7509-844-3-0008.
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Popelková, M. "EVALUATION OF HOLSTEIN COWS ORIGINATED FROM EMBRYO TRANSFER." In ANIMAL BREEDING 2022. Mendel University in Brno, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/978-80-7509-844-3-0006.
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AbdalKhabir Ali, Ali, and Hajar Salah Auda. "The effect of marsh draining on biodiversity." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/64.
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"The marsh represents a rare natural environment of its kind for a number of reasons. First, the marshes were the cradle of the Sumerian civilization and an environment that embraces a unique biodiversity. Its geography and vast area, which is equivalent to the size of a country like Lebanon, made it a resting place and provided food and reproduction for migratory birds. It is worthy of being included in the World Heritage List as one of the treasures of the world that must be preserved, but unfortunately, the Iraqi marshes have not been subjected throughout history to extensive and systematic drying operations, which reached 95% of their total area, as they were exposed to during the era of the previous dictatorial regime in the nineties of last century, which led to the emergence of a number of environmental problems that collectively led to the disruption of natural ecological balance through the loss of the ability to achieve the environmental balance and causing biological diversity damage . This is as a result of the lack of incoming water resources and the high percentage of salinity and pollution, which caused the death of huge numbers of wildlife and aquatic life, as well as the extinction of large numbers of them, causing a mass migration of the population of those areas to other areas that provide them with a minimum standard of decent living after they lost their main sources of livelihood represented by fishing and raising animals. The paper aims to present a study on the impact of the widespread and systematic drying stages that began after the Iran-Iraq war in the eighties of last century and culminated in the nineties, bringing the percentage of the remaining water from the marshes to 5% in 2002, and the extent of its impact on the destruction of the environment and biodiversity, which includes humans and animals, as well as migratory birds from Siberia to the Indian subcontinent, which lost their habitats and places for laying eggs and breeding. It will also present a number of solutions that will help reduce the environmental degradation that the marshes have been exposed to."
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Masliuk, A. M., O. Y. Atanovska-Masliuk, and V. �. Zinevych. "Goat breeding of Ukraine." In Current problems of modern animal husbandry. �������� ������������ �������� ������ "������-����" - ������������ ����������-���������� ����� � ���������, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33694/978-966-1550-33-8-2021-0-0-116-118.
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EVDOKIMOV, Evgeniy, and Yuliya MALINA. "Molecular biological methods in animal breeding." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production 27 (75). ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2022-27-75-152-157.
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The article describes three groups of methods used in animal breeding. These methods allow us to obtain important information about the primary DNA sequence of animals, on the basis of which it is possible to predict the productive qualities of the studied population and adjust the conduct of breeding activities.
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Kiian, D. D., and V. M. Pryshedko. "Gene engineering in fish breeding." In Current problems of modern animal husbandry. �������� ������������ �������� ������ "������-����" - ������������ ����������-���������� ����� � ���������, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33694/978-966-1550-33-8-2021-0-0-130-132.
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Rico, Marcos, and Manuel Baselga. "30 years of research in animal breeding." In the 2002 conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/602231.602252.
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Ouyang, Jing. "Research Advances in Animal Genetics Breeding Method." In 4th International Conference on Management Science, Education Technology, Arts, Social Science and Economics 2016. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/msetasse-16.2016.293.
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Kebede, F. G., H. Komen, T. Dessie, O. Hanotte, S. Kemp, C. Pita Barros, R. Crooijmans, M. Derks, S. W. Alemu, and J. W. M. Bastiaansen. "421. Exploiting phenotypic plasticity in animal breeding." In World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-940-4_421.
Full textReports on the topic "Animal reproduction and breeding"
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Mollenhorst, H., and Y. de Haas. The contribution of breeding to reducing environmental impact of animal production. Wageningen: Wageningen Livestock Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/472395.
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Evglevsky, A. A., E. P. Evglevskaya, I. I. Mikhailova, N. F. Eryzhenskaya, N. V. Vanina, and A. I. Blednov. IODINE DEFICIENCY IS UNDERESTIMATED, ECONOMICALLY SIGNIFICANT PROBLEM FOR DAIRY ANIMAL BREEDING. Veterinary pathology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/issn1682-5616.2019-04-38-42.
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Shalev, B., Mohamed El Halawani, R. N. Shoffner, Zafrira Nitsan, M. Hamre, Israel Nir, and Nachum Snapir. An Integrated Approach to the Breeding, Nutrition, Reproduction and Management of Geese. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1986.7598900.bard.
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Gottlieb, Yuval, Bradley Mullens, and Richard Stouthamer. investigation of the role of bacterial symbionts in regulating the biology and vector competence of Culicoides vectors of animal viruses. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7699865.bard.
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Symbiotic bacteria have been shown to influence host reproduction and defense against biotic and abiotic stressors, and this relates to possible development of a symbiont-based control strategy. This project was based on the hypothesis that symbionts have a significant impact on Culicoides fitness and vector competence for animal viruses. The original objectives in our proposal were: 1. Molecular identification and localization of the newly-discovered symbiotic bacteria within C. imicola and C. schultzei in Israel and C. sonorensis in California. 2. Determination of the prevalence of symbiotic bacteria within different vector Culicoides populations. 3. Documentation of specific symbiont effects on vector reproduction and defense: 3a) test for cytoplasmic incompatibility in Cardinium-infected species; 3b) experimentally evaluate the role of the symbiont on infection or parasitism by key Culicoides natural enemies (iridescent virus and mermithid nematode). 4. Testing the role(s) of the symbionts in possible protection against infection of vector Culicoides by BTV. According to preliminary findings and difficulties in performing experimental procedures performed in other insect symbiosis systems where insect host cultures are easily maintained, we modified the last two objectives as follows: Obj. 3, we tested how symbionts affected general fitness of Israeli Culicoides species, and thoroughly described and evaluated the correlation between American Culicoides and their bacterial communities in the field. We also tried alternative methods to test symbiont-Culicoides interactions and launched studies to characterize low-temperature stress tolerances of the main US vector, which may be related to symbionts. Obj. 4, we tested the correlation between EHDV (instead of BTV) aquisition and Cardinium infection. Culicoides-bornearboviral diseases are emerging or re-emerging worldwide, causing direct and indirect economic losses as well as reduction in animal welfare. One novel strategy to reduce insects’ vectorial capacity is by manipulating specific symbionts to affect vector fitness or performance of the disease agent within. Little was known on the bacterial tenants occupying various Culicoides species, and thus, this project was initiated with the above aims. During this project, we were able to describe the symbiont Cardinium and whole bacterial communities in Israeli and American Culicoides species respectively. We showed that Cardinium infection prevalence is determined by land surface temperature, and this may be important to the larval stage. We also showed no patent significant effect of Cardinium on adult fitness parameters. We showed that the bacterial community in C. sonorensis varies significantly with the host’s developmental stage, but it varies little across multiple wastewater pond environments. This may indicate some specific biological interactions and allowed us to describe a “core microbiome” for C. sonorensis. The final set of analyses that include habitat sample is currently done, in order to separate the more intimately-associated bacteria from those inhabiting the gut contents or cuticle surface (which also could be important). We were also able to carefully study other biological aspects of Culicoides and were able to discriminate two species in C. schultzei group in Israel, and to investigate low temperature tolerances of C. sonorensis that may be related to symbionts. Scientific implications include the establishment of bacterial identification and interactions in Culicoides (our work is cited in other bacteria-Culicoides studies), the development molecular identification of C. schultzei group, and the detailed description of the microbiome of the immature and matched adult stages of C. sonorensis. Agricultural implications include understanding of intrinsic factors that govern Culicoides biology and population regulation, which may be relevant for vector control or reduction in pathogen transmission. Being able to precisely identify Culicoides species is central to understanding Culicoides borne disease epidemiology.
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Cahaner, Avigdor, Susan J. Lamont, E. Dan Heller, and Jossi Hillel. Molecular Genetic Dissection of Complex Immunocompetence Traits in Broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586461.bard.
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Objectives: (1) Evaluate Immunocompetence-OTL-containing Chromosomal Regions (ICRs), marked by microsatellites or candidate genes, for magnitude of direct effect and for contribution to relationships among multiple immunocompetence, disease-resistance, and growth traits, in order to estimate epistatic and pleiotropic effects and to predict the potential breeding applications of such markers. (2) Evaluate the interaction of the ICRs with genetic backgrounds from multiple sources and of multiple levels of genetic variation, in order to predict the general applicability of molecular genetic markers across widely varied populations. Background: Diseases cause substantial economic losses to animal producers. Emerging pathogens, vaccine failures and intense management systems increase the impact of diseases on animal production. Moreover, zoonotic pathogens are a threat to human food safety when microbiological contamination of animal products occurs. Consumers are increasingly concerned about drug residues and antibiotic- resistant pathogens derived from animal products. The project used contemporary scientific technologies to investigate the genetics of chicken resistance to infectious disease. Genetic enhancement of the innate resistance of chicken populations provides a sustainable and ecologically sound approach to reduce microbial loads in agricultural populations. In turn, animals will be produced more efficiently with less need for drug treatment and will pose less of a potential food-safety hazard. Major achievements, conclusions and implications:. The PI and co-PIs had developed a refined research plan, aiming at the original but more focused objectives, that could be well-accomplished with the reduced awarded support. The successful conduct of that research over the past four years has yielded substantial new information about the genes and genetic markers that are associated with response to two important poultry pathogens, Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and Escherichia coli (EC), about variation of immunocompetence genes in poultry, about relationships of traits of immune response and production, and about interaction of genes with environment and with other genes and genetic background. The current BARD work has generated a base of knowledge and expertise regarding the genetic variation underlying the traits of immunocompetence and disease resistance. In addition, unique genetic resource populations of chickens have been established in the course of the current project, and they are essential for continued projects. The US laboratory has made considerable progress in studies of the genetics of resistance to SE. Microsatellite-marked chromosomal regions and several specific genes were linked to SE vaccine response or bacterial burden and the important phenomenon of gene interaction was identified in this system. In total, these studies demonstrate the role of genetics in SE response, the utility of the existing resource population, and the expertise of the research group in conducting such experiments. The Israeli laboratories had showed that the lines developed by selection for high or low level of antibody (Ab) response to EC differ similarly in Ab response to several other viral and bacterial pathogens, indicating the existence of a genetic control of general capacity of Ab response in young broilers. It was also found that the 10w-Ab line has developed, possibly via compensatory "natural" selection, higher cellular immune response. At the DNA levels, markers supposedly linked to immune response were identified, as well as SNP in the MHC, a candidate gene responsible for genetic differences in immunocompetence of chickens.
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Landau, Sergei Yan, John W. Walker, Avi Perevolotsky, Eugene D. Ungar, Butch Taylor, and Daniel Waldron. Goats for maximal efficacy of brush control. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587731.bard.
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Background. Brush encroachment constitutes a serious problem in both Texas and Israel. We addressed the issue of efficacy of livestock herbivory - in the form of goat browsing - to change the ecological balance to the detriment of the shrub vegetation. Shrub consumption by goats is kept low by plant chemical defenses such as tannins and terpenes. Scientists at TAES and ARO have developed an innovative, cost-effective methodology using fecal Near Infrared Spectrometry to elucidate the dietary percentage of targeted, browse species (terpene-richredberry and blueberry juniper in the US, and tannin-rich Pistacialentiscus in Israel) for a large number of animals. The original research objectives of this project were: 1. to clarify the relative preference of goat breeds and the individual variation of goats within breeds, when consuming targeted brush species; 2. to assess the heritability of browse intake and validate the concept of breeding goat lines that exhibit high preference for chemically defended brush, using juniper as a model; 3. to clarify the relative contributions of genetics and learning on the preference for target species; 4. to identify mechanisms that are associated with greater intake of brush from the two target species; 5. to establish when the target species are the most vulnerable to grazing. (Issue no.5 was addressed only partly.) Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Both the Israel and US scientists put significant efforts into improving and validating the technique of Fecal NIRS for predicting the botanical composition of goat diets. Israeli scientists validated the use of observational data for calibrating fecal NIRS, while US scientists established that calibrations could be used across animals differing in breed and age but that caution should be used in making comparisons between different sexes. These findings are important because the ability to select goat breeds or individuals within a breed for maximal efficiency of brush control is dependent upon accurate measurement of the botanical composition of the diet. In Israel it was found that Damascus goats consume diets more than twice richer in P. lentiscus than Mamber or Boer goats. In the US no differences were found between Angora and Boer cross goats but significant differences were found between individuals within breeds in juniper dietary percentage. In both countries, intervention strategies were found that further increased the consumption of the chemically defended plant. In Israel feeding polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW 4,000) that forms high-affinity complexes with tannins increased P. lentiscus dietary percentage an average of 7 percentage units. In the US feeding a protein supplement, which enhances rates of P450-catalyzed oxidations and therefore the rate of oxidation of monoterpenes, increased juniper consumption 5 percentage units. However, the effects of these interventions were not as large as breed or individual animal effects. Also, in a wide array of competitive tannin-binding assays in Israel with trypsin, salivary proteins did not bind more tannic acid or quebracho tannin than non-specific bovine serum albumin, parotid saliva did not bind more tannins than mixed saliva, no response of tannin-binding was found to levels of dietary tannins, and the breed effect was of minor importance, if any. These fundings strongly suggest that salivary proteins are not the first line of defense from tannin astringency in goats. In the US relatively low values for heritability and repeatability for juniper consumption were found (13% and 30%, respectively), possibly resulting from sampling error or non-genetic transfer of foraging behavior, i.e., social learning. Both alternatives seem to be true as significant variation between sequential observations were noted on the same animal and cross fostering studies conducted in Israel demonstrated that kids raised by Mamber goats showed lower propensity to consume P. lentiscus than counterparts raised by Damascus goats.
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Morrison, Mark, Joshuah Miron, Edward A. Bayer, and Raphael Lamed. Molecular Analysis of Cellulosome Organization in Ruminococcus Albus and Fibrobacter Intestinalis for Optimization of Fiber Digestibility in Ruminants. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586475.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Improving plant cell wall (fiber) degradation remains one of the highest priority research goals for all ruminant enterprises dependent on forages, hay, silage, or other fibrous byproducts as energy sources, because it governs the provision of energy-yielding nutrients to the host animal. Although the predominant species of microbes responsible for ruminal fiber degradation are culturable, the enzymology and genetics underpinning the process are poorly defined. In that context, there were two broad objectives for this proposal. The first objective was to identify the key cellulosomal components in Ruminococcus albus and to characterize their structural features as well as regulation of their expression, in response to polysaccharides and (or) P AA/PPA. The second objective was to evaluate the similarities in the structure and architecture of cellulosomal components between R. albus and other ruminal and non-ruminal cellulolytic bacteria. The cooperation among the investigators resulted in the identification of two glycoside hydrolases rate-limiting to cellulose degradation by Ruminococcus albus (Cel48A and CeI9B) and our demonstration that these enzymes possess a novel modular architecture specific to this bacterium (Devillard et al. 2004). We have now shown that the novel X-domains in Cel48A and Cel9B represent a new type of carbohydrate binding module, and the enzymes are not part of a ceiluiosome-like complex (CBM37, Xu et al. 2004). Both Cel48A and Cel9B are conditionally expressed in response to P AA/PPA, explaining why cellulose degradation in this bacterium is affected by the availability of these compounds, but additional studies have shown for the first time that neither PAA nor PPA influence xylan degradation by R. albus (Reveneau et al. 2003). Additionally, the R. albus genome sequencing project, led by the PI. Morrison, has supported our identification of many dockerin containing proteins. However, the identification of gene(s) encoding a scaffoldin has been more elusive, and recombinant proteins encoding candidate cohesin modules are now being used in Israel to verify the existence of dockerin-cohesin interactions and cellulosome production by R. albus. The Israeli partners have also conducted virtually all of the studies specific to the second Objective of the proposal. Comparative blotting studies have been conducted using specific antibodies prepare against purified recombinant cohesins and X-domains, derived from cellulosomal scaffoldins of R. flavefaciens 17, a Clostridium thermocellum mutant-preabsorbed antibody preparation, or against CbpC (fimbrial protein) of R. albus 8. The data also suggest that additional cellulolytic bacteria including Fibrobacter succinogenes S85, F. intestinalis DR7 and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens Dl may also employ cellulosomal modules similar to those of R. flavefaciens 17. Collectively, our work during the grant period has shown that R. albus and other ruminal bacteria employ several novel mechanisms for their adhesion to plant surfaces, and produce both cellulosomal and non-cellulosomal forms of glycoside hydrolases underpinning plant fiber degradation. These improvements in our mechanistic understanding of bacterial adhesion and enzyme regulation now offers the potential to: i) optimize ruminal and hindgut conditions by dietary additives to maximize fiber degradation (e.g. by the addition of select enzymes or PAA/PPA); ii) identify plant-borne influences on adhesion and fiber-degradation, which might be overcome (or improved) by conventional breeding or transgenic plant technologies and; iii) engineer or select microbes with improved adhesion capabilities, cellulosome assembly and fiber degradation. The potential benefits associated with this research proposal are likely to be realized in the medium term (5-10 years).
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Yatsymirska, Mariya. SOCIAL EXPRESSION IN MULTIMEDIA TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11072.
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The article investigates functional techniques of extralinguistic expression in multimedia texts; the effectiveness of figurative expressions as a reaction to modern events in Ukraine and their influence on the formation of public opinion is shown. Publications of journalists, broadcasts of media resonators, experts, public figures, politicians, readers are analyzed. The language of the media plays a key role in shaping the worldview of the young political elite in the first place. The essence of each statement is a focused thought that reacts to events in the world or in one’s own country. The most popular platform for mass information and social interaction is, first of all, network journalism, which is characterized by mobility and unlimited time and space. Authors have complete freedom to express their views in direct language, including their own word formation. Phonetic, lexical, phraseological and stylistic means of speech create expression of the text. A figurative word, a good aphorism or proverb, a paraphrased expression, etc. enhance the effectiveness of a multimedia text. This is especially important for headlines that simultaneously inform and influence the views of millions of readers. Given the wide range of issues raised by the Internet as a medium, research in this area is interdisciplinary. The science of information, combining language and social communication, is at the forefront of global interactions. The Internet is an effective source of knowledge and a forum for free thought. Nonlinear texts (hypertexts) – «branching texts or texts that perform actions on request», multimedia texts change the principles of information collection, storage and dissemination, involving billions of readers in the discussion of global issues. Mastering the word is not an easy task if the author of the publication is not well-read, is not deep in the topic, does not know the psychology of the audience for which he writes. Therefore, the study of media broadcasting is an important component of the professional training of future journalists. The functions of the language of the media require the authors to make the right statements and convincing arguments in the text. Journalism education is not only knowledge of imperative and dispositive norms, but also apodictic ones. In practice, this means that there are rules in media creativity that are based on logical necessity. Apodicticity is the first sign of impressive language on the platform of print or electronic media. Social expression is a combination of creative abilities and linguistic competencies that a journalist realizes in his activity. Creative self-expression is realized in a set of many important factors in the media: the choice of topic, convincing arguments, logical presentation of ideas and deep philological education. Linguistic art, in contrast to painting, music, sculpture, accumulates all visual, auditory, tactile and empathic sensations in a universal sign – the word. The choice of the word for the reproduction of sensory and semantic meanings, its competent use in the appropriate context distinguishes the journalist-intellectual from other participants in forums, round tables, analytical or entertainment programs. Expressive speech in the media is a product of the intellect (ability to think) of all those who write on socio-political or economic topics. In the same plane with him – intelligence (awareness, prudence), the first sign of which (according to Ivan Ogienko) is a good knowledge of the language. Intellectual language is an important means of organizing a journalistic text. It, on the one hand, logically conveys the author’s thoughts, and on the other – encourages the reader to reflect and comprehend what is read. The richness of language is accumulated through continuous self-education and interesting communication. Studies of social expression as an important factor influencing the formation of public consciousness should open up new facets of rational and emotional media broadcasting; to trace physical and psychological reactions to communicative mimicry in the media. Speech mimicry as one of the methods of disguise is increasingly becoming a dangerous factor in manipulating the media. Mimicry is an unprincipled adaptation to the surrounding social conditions; one of the most famous examples of an animal characterized by mimicry (change of protective color and shape) is a chameleon. In a figurative sense, chameleons are called adaptive journalists. Observations show that mimicry in politics is to some extent a kind of game that, like every game, is always conditional and artificial.
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Innovative Solutions to Human-Wildlife Conflicts: National Wildlife Research Center Accomplishments, 2013. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7206798.aphis.
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The National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) is the research arm of Wildlife Services (WS), a program within the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). NWRC’s researchers are dedicated to finding biologically sound, practical, and effective solutions to resolving wildlife damage management issues. The three spotlights, aviation strike hazard management, reproduction and wildlife damage management, and technology transfer of wildlife damage management tools and strategies, for 2013 show the depth and breadth of NWRC’s research expertise and its holistic approach to addressing today’s wildlife-related challenges.