Academic literature on the topic 'Animal remains'

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Journal articles on the topic "Animal remains"

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Jones, Gillian. "3.6 Animal Bone Remains." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 55, S2 (1989): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00061429.

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King, Anthony. "Animal Remains from Temples in Roman Britain." Britannia 36 (November 2005): 329–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3815/000000005784016964.

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ABSTRACTApproximately twenty temple excavations have yielded significant assemblages of animal bones. All come from Romano-Celtic temples in southern Britain, with the exception of four shrines for eastern cults. This paper picks out major characteristics of the assemblages and draws some general conclusions about the nature of the ritual activity that led to their deposition. At temples such as Uley or Hayling, sacrifices were probably an important part of the rituals, and the animals carefully selected. At other temples, animals had a lesser role, with little evidence of selection. At healing shrines, such as Bath and Lydney, animal sacrifices are not clearly attested, and would probably have taken place away from the areas used for healing humans. In contrast to the Romano-Celtic temples, animal remains at the shrines of eastern cults have very different characteristics: individual deposits can be linked to specific rituals within the cult buildings, and have many similarities to the continental evidence
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SIDDIQ, Abu Bakar. "Animal remains of Alaybeyi Höyük." TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES 43, no. 6 (December 3, 2019): 767–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/vet-1908-74.

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Lõugas, Lembi, and Eve Rannamäe. "Investigating Animal Remains in Estonia." Archaeologia Lituana 21 (December 28, 2020): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/archlit.2019.21.8.

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In Estonia, faunal remains have been an important part of archaeological material since the 19th century. During the 20th century, the interest in faunal history was rather volatile, but gained some stability during the 1990s. Since then, zooarchaeology in Estonia has developed substantially, focusing on a variety of topics. Together with methods from traditional zooarchaeology, interdisciplinary methods like the studies of ancient DNA and stable isotopes are increasingly used. However, despite the growing understanding of the importance of faunal remains in archaeological and historical research, there are still problems with collecting animal remains during the fieldwork and documenting and organising them. On the other hand, interest in scientific methods and destructive sampling of the osseous remains have become increasingly popular in science projects and international collaboration. In order to use osteological collections reasonably and ethically, proper systemisation is essential.In Estonia, there are two research centres for zooarchaeology, where scientific collections are administered – Tallinn University and the University of Tartu. Tallinn collections comprise material mostly from the northern part of the country, plus an extensive reference collection for fish has been developed there. In Tartu, mostly material from southern Estonia is managed, together with continuously expanding reference collection of mammals and birds. To improve the gathering and management of the osteological material in Estonia and reduce the shortage for storage space, a new central repository for osteological collections (both human and animal) was established in 2019. Concurrently, a new central database for the osteological data was created.In this paper, we introduce the zooarchaeological collections and some of the latest research topics in Estonia with an aim to broaden the understanding and potential of zooarchaeology in the Baltic region.
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Linseele, Veerle, and Anne Haour. "Animal Remains from Medieval Garumele, Niger." Journal of African Archaeology 8, no. 2 (December 2010): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3213/1612-1651-10165.

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Miller, Barbara. "Germany remains split on animal testing." Nature 391, no. 6668 (February 1998): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35466.

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Sadeh, Moshe. "Animal Remains from Khirbet Ed-Dawwara." Tel Aviv 17, no. 2 (September 2, 1990): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/tav.1990.1990.2.209.

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Falk, Carl R. "Animal Remains from the 1985-1986 Investigations." Plains Anthropologist 49, no. 192 (November 2004): 543–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/pan.2004.030.

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Kanz, Fabian, Şule Pfeiffer-Taş, Gerhard Forstenpointner, Alfred Galik, Gerald Weissengruber, Karl Grossschmidt, and Daniele U. Risser. "Investigations on human and animal remains from a medieval shaft well in Ayasuluk/Ephesos (Turkey)." Anthropologischer Anzeiger 71, no. 4 (November 1, 2014): 429–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0003-5548/2014/0400.

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Berthon, Rémi, and Marjan Mashkour. "Animal Remains from Tilbeşar Excavations, Southeast Anatolia, Turkey." Anatolia Antiqua 16, no. 1 (2008): 23–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/anata.2008.1248.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Animal remains"

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Prichard, Meghan E. "The Animal Remains." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1314124538.

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Macdonald, J. "The decomposition of animal remains in caves." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1992. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/28872/.

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The aim of this research, carried out at Creswell Crags, Derbyshire, was to investigate the decomposition of small mammal remains in temperate caves, with particular regard to the impact upon the cavernicolous invertebrate community and the cave sediments. The carcasses of laboratory rats were deposited in the threshold, deep threshold and hypogean regions of two caves, on sediments of differing depths layered with markers to assess the extent of bioturbation. Carcasses were covered by wire mesh to exclude vertebrate scavengers. The physical condition of the carcasses, the succession of the carrion community and the diversity of the cavernicolous invertebrates were monitored for a minimum of one year. To investigate the effect of season on decomposition, experiments were begun in both summer and winter. The processes of decomposition observed in this investigation differed considerably from those reported by other authors working on carrion deposited above ground or buried. This is especially true of the rate of carrion consumption by invertebrates which is strongly influenced by abiotic conditions. In the caves, carcasses persisted for much longer than on the surface. Carcasses in the threshold region were rapidly colonised by necrophagous Diptera, whilst the decomposition of those farther underground was initially microbial. The diversity and evenness of the invertebrate community in the threshold region were disrupted by the influx of non-cavernicolous species. In the hypogean region, the over-representation of certain troglophilic species changed the structure of the invertebrate community. These results have been incorporated into a descriptive model, which proposes decomposition pathways for small mammal carrion deposited in the threshold, deep threshold and hypogean region of shallow temperate caves. The activity of arthropods, particulary dipterous larvae, was found to disrupt the sediment beneath carrion to a depth of at least 10 cm, which has implications for cave sediment stratigraphy. A laboratory population of the staphylinid cave beetle Quedius mesomelinus was established to examine its life history and behaviour. It was concluded that the species shows a number of adaptations to cavernicolous life, including a K-selected reproductive strategy.
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Kavountzis, Erol George. "Evaluating cave use through spatial analysis of animal remains from Maya caves in Guatemala and Belize." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0041312.

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Cooke, Siobhan. "How the Vikings inhabited Scotland : a social zooarchaeological approach." Thesis, University of the Highlands and Islands, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=236075.

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The field of human-animal relations is a growing area of research, and with regard to the Viking Age the majority of this research has concerned the Scandinavian homelands. Scotland has been recognised as important in the widespread migration of the Vikings, yet subject to little theoretical enquiry. This thesis represents the first in-depth social zooarchaeological evaluation of the Scottish material to determine to what extent animals played a structuring role in the settlement of Scotland, and the ways in which the Vikings in Scotland understood and negotiated their world. A further aim was to assess the potential of a social zooarchaeological study in understanding Viking identity in Scotland, and to determine the use of animals as social expression in the context of the wider socio-political climate of Scotland. A review of faunal assemblages from published and unpublished settlement sites across the Norse inhabited regions of Scotland was conducted and a comprehensive database of Viking burials compiled, to characterise the nature of human-animal relationships in Scotland, comparable to the Scandinavian homelands and Late Iron Age Scotland. Data analysis highlighted the complexity of human-animal relationships, illustrating that such relationships were transported, acquired and developed, and for which there was regional variation. Through applying a theoretical approach, it is concluded that human-animal relations functioned in strategic ways. Thus, this thesis addresses wider questions concerning continuity, interaction, disruption and the importation of tradition into Scandinavian Scotland whereby animals were a means of negotiating and defining human-human relations.
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Smart, Tamela S. "Carpals and tarsals of mule deer, black bear and human an osteology guide for the archaeologist /." Online access, 2009. http://content.wwu.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/theses&CISOPTR=316&CISOBOX=1&REC=5.

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Wolverton, Steven J. "Environmental implications of zooarchaeological measures of resource depression /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3013044.

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Aydin, Mahmut No. "Animals At Burgaz In The Classical Period From The Evidence Of Faunal Remains." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605502/index.pdf.

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For this thesis the animal bones collected from the archaeological excavations at the ancient site of Burgaz have been analyzed for the study of animal exploitation, human diet, social differentiation and the environment of Burgaz and Datç
a during the Classical Period. Comparison of the results with evidence from other sites to determine the extent to which there might have been local trends in animal husbandry. Because this kind of a research is not common among archaeologists specialising in the classical period the methodology and each process of the laboratory work has been set out. Burgaz/Datç
a is a coastal settlement but sea products do not have an important place in the human diet of the Datç
a Burgaz inhabitants. After analysis of the Burgaz bones it was determined that domestic cattle, sheep/goat, pig, horse, donkey and dog were present alongside wild goat, wild pig, fallow deer, red deer, roe deer, badger and birds as well as fish and shellfish from the sea. More than half of the bones that were identified, 220 of 430, come from floor filling levels beneath floors. It was understood that these bones were in filling materials that were brought from dump site(s). Among these bones were some worked cattle bones which have close parallels with Roman period finds at Sagalassos. Because of most of identified bones come from filling levels beneath floors it was not possible to reach definite conclusions about social hierarchy at ancient Burgaz. Sheep/goat and cattle were kept for their secondary products, such as milk, wool and power. They were slaughtered in their old age by experienced people and played an important place in diet of the Burgaz inhabitants. Pigs, on the other hand, were slaughtered when young. From the wild species found in the Classical and Hellenistic Periods it can be said that the Datç
a environment was diverse enough to accommodate a range of wild animals whose habitat indicates the existence of forested areas (with large leafed and coniferous trees) as well as of meadows and grasslands.
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Clark, Geoffrey R., and n/a. "The Kuri in prehistory : a skeletal analysis of the extinct Maori dog." University of Otago. Department of Anthropology, 1995. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070531.123209.

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Skeletal remains of the prehistoric New Zealand dog, the kuri, are frequently recovered from archaeological sites. Despite their relative ubiquity only one major study, and the last for twenty five years, has been conducted. That work provided limited anatomical and osteometric information and concluded that the kuri population was homogenous through space and across time. This study set out to provide a more detailed skeletal description and to investigate the question of population homogeneity by examinig kuri skeletal material from five museums and two university anthropology departments. Metric and non-metric data was collected from a total of thirty seven archaeological sites from throuhout New Zealand. Variation within the population was established by comparing coefficients of variation across a number of variables. A program of univariate and multivariate analysis was carried out to examine spatial and temporal variation. Results showed that the appendicular skeleton of the kuri has the highest levels of variation. Smaller limb shaft dimensions of late prehistoric kuri are thought to be due to a reliance on insufficient quantities of marine foods. Tooth wear analysis of late prehistoric dogs showed that they had severe tooth wear compared to �Archaic� dogs.
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Droux, Xavier. "Riverine and desert animals in predynastic Upper Egypt : material culture and faunal remains." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d6d885a7-86f9-4d51-b4d5-bb21b26d2897.

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Animals were given a preponderant position in Egyptian art, symbolism, and cultual practices. This thesis centres on the relationship between humans and animals during the predynastic period in Upper Egypt (Naqada I-IIIB, 4th millennium BCE), focusing on hippopotamus and crocodile as representatives of the Nile environment and antelope species as representatives of the desert environment. Depictions of these animals are analysed and compared with contemporary faunal remains derived from activities such as cult, funerary, or every day consumption. The material analysed covers several centuries: temporal evolutions and changes have been identified. The animals studied in this thesis were first used by the Naqada I-IIB elites as means to visually and practically express their power, which they envisioned in two contrasting and complementary ways. The responsibilities of the leaders were symbolised by the annihilation of negative wild forces primarily embodied by antelope species. In contrast, they symbolically appropriated positive wild forces, chief among them being the hippopotamus, from which they symbolically derived their power. Faunal remains from after mid-Naqada II are few, depictions of hippopotamus disappeared and those of crocodile became rare. Antelope species became preponderant, especially on D-ware vessels, which were accessible to non-elite people. However, toward the end of the predynastic period, antelope species came to be depicted almost exclusively on high elite material; they lost their individuality and became generic representatives of chaotic forces that the leaders and early rulers had to annihilate in order to maintain control and order.
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Beisaw, April M. "Osteoarchaeology of the Englebert Site evaluating occupational continuity through the taphonomy of human and animal remains /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.

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Books on the topic "Animal remains"

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Bezan, Sarah, and Robert McKay. Animal Remains. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003129806.

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Animal bones. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.

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Rackham, D. James. Animal bones. London: Published for the Trustees of the British Museum by British Museum Press, 1994.

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Dale, Serjeantson, ed. A manual forthe identification of bird bones from archaeological sites. (London): (A. Cohen), 1986.

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O'Connor, T. P. The archaeology of animal bones. Stroud: Sutton, 2000.

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Dirk, Heinrich, and Heinrich Dirk, eds. Die Säugetiere und Vögel aus der frühgeschichtlichen Wurt Elisenhof. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1994.

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Paula, Wapnish, ed. Animal bone archeology: From objectives to analysis. Washington, D.C: Taraxacum, 1985.

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O'Connor, T. P. The archaeology of animal bones. College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 2004.

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International Council for Archaeozoology. Conference, ed. Archaeomalacology revisited: Non-dietary use of molluscs in archaeological settings : proceedings of the archaeomalacology sessions at the 10th ICAZ Conference, Mexico City, 2006. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2011.

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Early Bronze and Iron Age animal exploitation in Northeastern Anatolia: The faunal remains from Sos Höyük and Büyüktepe Höyük. Oxford, England: Archaeopress, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Animal remains"

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Bezan, Sarah, and Robert McKay. "Animal Remains." In Animal Remains, 1–11. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003129806-1.

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Wilson, Mark, and Bryndis Snæbjörnsdóttir. "Data Plus Affect." In Animal Remains, 223–43. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003129806-17.

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Sands, Peter. "J.G. Ballard's Fossil Imaginaries." In Animal Remains, 15–32. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003129806-3.

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Searle, Adam. "A Tale of Two Bucardo." In Animal Remains, 87–100. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003129806-8.

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Gómez López, Ana María. "Photographing Dead Animals." In Animal Remains, 33–49. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003129806-4.

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Baker, Steve. "Fish Market, Lagos." In Animal Remains, 264–72. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003129806-19.

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McKay, Robert. "Read Meat." In Animal Remains, 129–57. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003129806-11.

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Lawrence, Michael. "Beef, Bull, and Ballyhoo." In Animal Remains, 103–28. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003129806-10.

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Walther, Sundhya. "Making Cows Live." In Animal Remains, 185–200. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003129806-14.

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Westergaard, Gitte, and Dolly Jørgensen. "Making Specimens Sacred." In Animal Remains, 68–86. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003129806-7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Animal remains"

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Proulx, Michelle, George Tsoflias, and Blair Schneider. "GPR imaging of prehistoric animal remains in volcanic ash." In First International Meeting for Applied Geoscience & Energy. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2021-3583773.1.

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Haskett, Darren, Urs Utzinger, Mohamad Azhar, and Jonathan Vande Geest. "Progressive Alterations in Biomechanical Response of a Mouse Model of Aneurysm." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80321.

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Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a complex disease that leads to a localized dilation of the infrarenal aorta, the rupture of which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, however the underlying mechanisms by which such changes remains an important unanswered question in the literature. Animal models of AAA can be used to study how changes in the microstructural and biomechanical behavior of aortic tissues develop as disease progresses in these animals. We chose here to investigate changes in mechanical characteristics with time in the established Apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE−/−) angiotensin II (AngII) infused mouse model of AAA.
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Zeng, Zijing, David F. Kallmes, Yong Hong Ding, Ramanathan Kadirvel, Debra A. Lewis, D. Dai, and Anne M. Robertson. "Hemodynamics of Elastase-Induced Aneurysms in Rabbit: A New High Flow Bifurcation Model." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53819.

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An intracranial aneurysm (IA) is a pathological condition of cerebral arteries characterized by local enlargements of the arterial wall, typically into a saccular shape. Rupture of the aneurysm sac can result in devastating cerebral hemorrhage. Hemodynamic factors are believed to play an important role in initiation, development and rupture of IAs [1–3]. However, the coupling between hemodynamics and aneurysm pathophysiology is complex and remains poorly understood. Patient specific diagnostics regarding risk of rupture can be substantially advanced by improving our understanding of the in-vivo response of the aneurysm wall to intra-saccular hemodynamic stresses. A mechanism for fundamental studies of the impact of chronically altered WSS on the intact vascular wall is provided by animal models. However, cerebral aneurysms have not been shown to occur naturally in animals. Thus, a number of animal models have been created for studying aneurysm pathogenesis including those in mice, rats, rabbits, canines, swine and primates. To make meaningful use of these models, it is important to evaluate their relevance to human biomechanics and pathophysiology.
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Korecki, Casey L., Benjamin A. Walter, Karolyn E. Godburn, and James C. Iatridis. "Asymmetric Loading Promotes Early Signs of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in Large Animal Organ Culture." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206491.

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Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a complex pathology, involving alterations in mechanical and biological function. Mechanical injury to IVDs may contribute to the development of IVD degeneration, and can arise following excessive loading or repeated exposure to loading levels which are not instantaneously damaging. Lateral bending and flexion produced the highest maximum shear strains in human IVDs and are considered the motions that place the IVD at greatest risk of injury (1). The biological response of the IVD to combined bending and compression has been examined in vivo in rat and mouse tail bending models demonstrating structural disruption, apoptosis and remodeling (2,4). However, there are practical limitations to current in vivo studies, as it can be difficult to apply repeated bending loads to the disc in vivo, and few large animal models exist capable of tracking the early biological, structural and compositional changes from asymmetrical loading. IVD organ culture allows control over mechanical boundary conditions and investigation of cellular responses to loading while the IVD remains largely intact, and allows the use of large animal models which more closely mimic the nutritional and compositional nature of human IVDs.
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Rai, Durg V., and Harcharan Singh Ranu. "Ovariectomy and its Antioxidative Effect on Bone." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40581.

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Ovarian hormone deficiency increases the generation of reactive oxygen species. Oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause oxidative damage to cells. Cells have a number of defense mechanisms to protect themselves from the toxicity of ROS. There is increasing evidence of the role of free radicals in bone resorption and bone loss. Ovariectomised female wistar rats had been used as the animal model for the study of osteoporosis. Even though, there are studies portraying the role of free radicals in bone loss, the defense mechanism adapted by bone in ovariectomised animals remains obscure. So, the impact of ovariectomy on the bone antioxidant system in rats was investigated. Twenty female wistar rats were taken and divided into two groups: ovariectomised and control. It had been found that a significant (p<0.001) decrease in the activity of various enzymes like CAT (catalase), SOD (superoxide dismutase) (p<0.001), GST (glutathione-s-transferase). However, an increase in the malondialdehyde levels was found to be 30% in the ovariectomised rats as compared to the controls. Thus the study elucidates the oxidative stress in bone under ovariectomy.
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Pascari, Viorica, and Anatolie David. "Componenţa sistematică şi diversitatea mamiferelor din nivelul paleolitic (III) de locuire umană a staţiunii paleolitice Brânzeni I." In International symposium ”Functional ecology of animals” dedicated to the 70th anniversary from the birth of academician Ion Toderas. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975315975.19.

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The article presents the characteristic of the systematic composition and diversity of skeletal remains of mammals in the third level of human habitation of the Paleolithic site in the cave of Brânzeni I, Edinet district. The archaeological and paleontological remains discovered here are attributed to a new archaeological culture for Europe – Brânzeni. The inhabitants of this site hunted horses, reindeer, bison, deer, rhino, mammoth, hares, marmot and other mammals, that met in thesite area and were the main source of food for tribal members. The bones of small animal species (insectivores, rodents etc.) discovered in the inhabiting level of the Palaeolithic site originated from the decomposition of predatory bird pellets and of the feces of carnivores living in the cave while it was temporarily abandoned by the Paleolithic hunters. The archaeological and paleontological materials presented in this information are of interest for the knowledge of the peculiarities of geological history, fauna of paleogeography and the human society of the given area, have instructive, cognitive and ecotouristic value.
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Xu, Jing, Xiaofei Hu, Haiying Tang, Richard Kennan, and Karim Azer. "Water-Fat Decomposition by IDEAL-MRI With Phase Estimation: A Method to Determine Chemical Contents In Vivo." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19296.

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High-resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of humans and animals in vivo is routine and non-invasive. Identifying and quantifying chemical composition of tissue from acquired images is a challenge. MR spectroscopy (MRS) may be used to identify chemical components accurately over a finite volume in the tissue. However, the temporal and spatial resolutions are limited. Multi-spectral MRI exploits the multiple modes of MR such as T1, T2 and proton density maps and classifies voxels into different tissue types, but the chemical identity of the tissue remains unknown. Many fat suppression methods were developed because the unwanted fat signal often compromises image interpretability in clinical MRI, but these techniques are sensitive to MR field inhomogeneity. Multi-point Dixon methods separate MR images into water and fat images and are less sensitive to field inhomogeneity [1] and IDEAL-MRI (iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation) improved upon the Dixon methods by avoiding the problem of phase unwrapping [2]. However, special care has to be taken when estimating the field map to avoid erroneous solutions to the least-squares estimation problem which lead to artifacts such as swapping of water and fat. The use of region growing schemes (with a reliable seed) mitigates this problem as demonstrated in previous studies [3][4]. However, the seed is not always reliable and growing schemes can be sensitive to phase discontinuities. Moreover, although the technology was successfully demonstrated on many clinical scanners, only limited applications were found in preclinical scanners with high MR field where the field inhomogeneity can be far worse [5]. We developed a robust and accurate algorithm to compute water and fat content on an 11.7T small animal scanner by improving upon existing phase estimation methods through multiple starting pixels and consensus-based region growing. The method, after further validation, has the potential of providing a translatable assay to study disease progression and regression related to fat and water contents in various animal models, such as studying atherosclerotic plaque composition.
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Jacobs, Christopher R., Barclay R. Davis, Sanjiv H. Naidu, Vincent D. Pellegrini, and Kirt L. Case. "Comparison of the Fatigue Lifetimes of Simplex P and Osteobond Bone Cement." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0170.

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Abstract Aseptic loosening is a primary mode of failure in cemented total joint surgery. Fatigue and eventual fracture of the cement mantle may be an important mechanism by which aseptic loosening occurs. Microcracking due to repetitive loading of the cement mantle has been implicated as a primary mechanism of failure in cemented femoral hip arthroplasties (1). This was the motivation behind the development of a new commercial bone cement formulation, known as Osteobond, designed to have an extended fatigue lifetime. Although the ultimate pre-clinical demonstration of enhanced in vivo performance remains the animal model, these studies are expensive and often inconclusive (2). Therefore, standard laboratory fatigue testing was employed (3). The fatigue performance of Osteobond was compared with that of Howmedica’s Simplex P using both open bowl mixing and vacuum mixing to prepare the samples.
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Shah, Alok S., Brian D. Stemper, Narayan Yoganandan, and Barry S. Shender. "Quantification of Shockwave Transmission Through the Cranium Using an Experimental Model." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14356.

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Studies have hypothesized mechanisms for brain injury resulting from exposure to blast waves. Theories include shockwaves increasing fluid pressure within brain tissue by transmitting through bones and blood vessels 1, indirect brain tissue damage due to ischemia from pulmonary blast injury 2, and formation of mechanical stresses that can result in tissue distortion 3. Mechanical damage to brain tissue can occur due to skull flexure resulting in loads typically seen in impact-induced injury 4 or axonal shearing/stretching, due to linear or rotational accelerations resulting in Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI) 5. Despite several investigations it remains unclear whether direct propagation of the shockwave through the cranium can deform brain tissue and result in mechanically-induced injury 6. Finite element 7, 8 and animal 9, 10 models provide information on mechanisms and outcomes of blast-induced mTBI (mild traumatic brain injury). However, validations of FEM studies were limited due to the paucity of high rate material properties. Animal tests were designed to understand mechanisms of shockwave transmission but most did not report intracranial pressures. Understanding blast injury mechanisms requires a better delineation of shockwave energy transfer through the head and the influence of factors including region-specific differences, and mechanical properties of brain simulant. A Post Mortem Human Subjects (PMHS) model was used in this study to examine these factors and provide an understanding of shockwave transmission through the tissues of the human head.
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Kudsi, Sabrina Qader, and Gabriela Trevisan. "Characterisation of nociception and inflammation observed in a traumatic muscle injury model in rats." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.437.

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Introduction: Muscle pain is the most prevalent type of pain in the world, but treatment remains ineffective. Objective: Therefore, this study characterised the nociception and inflammation in a traumatic muscle injury model in rats Methods: A single blunt trauma impact on the right gastrocnemius muscle of male Wistar rats. Procedures were approved by the Institutional Committee for Animal Use of the Federal University of Santa Maria (#6579280218/2018). Animals were divided into four groups (sham/no treatment; sham/diclofenac 1%; injury/no treatment; injury/diclofenac 1%) and the topical treatment with cream of 1% monosodium diclofenac (applied at 2, 6, 12, 24, and 46 h after muscle injury; 200 mg/muscle) was used as an anti-inflammatory control. Nociception (mechanical and cold allodynia, or nociceptive score) and locomotor activity were evaluated at 26 and 48 h after injury. Also, inflammatory and oxidative parameters were evaluated in gastrocnemius muscle and the creatine kinase (CK) activity and lactate levels in plasma and serum, respectively. Results: Muscle injury caused mechanical and cold allodynia, and increased nociceptive scores, without inducing locomotor impairment. This model also increased the inflammatory cells infiltration (seen by myeloperoxidase and Nacetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activities and histological procedure), nitric oxide, IL- 1β, IL-6, and dichlorofluorescein levels in muscle samples; and CK activity and lactate levels in serum. The treatment with 1% monosodium diclofenac reduced inflammatory cells infiltration, dichlorofluorescein, and lactate levels. Conclusion: In this view, we characterised the traumatic muscle injury as a reproducible model of muscle pain, which make it possible to evaluate promising antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory therapies.
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Reports on the topic "Animal remains"

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Brosh, Arieh, Gordon Carstens, Kristen Johnson, Ariel Shabtay, Joshuah Miron, Yoav Aharoni, Luis Tedeschi, and Ilan Halachmi. Enhancing Sustainability of Cattle Production Systems through Discovery of Biomarkers for Feed Efficiency. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592644.bard.

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Feed inputs represent the largest variable cost of producing meat and milk from ruminant animals. Thus, strategies that improve the efficiency of feed utilization are needed to improve the global competitiveness of Israeli and U.S. cattle industries, and mitigate their environmental impact through reductions in nutrient excretions and greenhouse gas emissions. Implementation of innovative technologies that will enhance genetic merit for feed efficiency is arguably one of the most cost-effective strategies to meet future demands for animal-protein foods in an environmentally sustainable manner. While considerable genetic variation in feed efficiency exist within cattle populations, the expense of measuring individual-animal feed intake has precluded implementation of selection programs that target this trait. Residual feed intake (RFI) is a trait that quantifies between-animal variation in feed intake beyond that expected to meet energy requirements for maintenance and production, with efficient animals being those that eat less than expected for a given size and level of production. There remains a critical need to understand the biological drivers for genetic variation in RFI to facilitate development of effective selection programs in the future. Therefore, the aim of this project was to determine the biological basis for phenotypic variation in RFI of growing and lactating cattle, and discover metabolic biomarkers of RFI for early and more cost-effective selection of cattle for feed efficiency. Objectives were to: (1) Characterize the phenotypic relationships between RFI and production traits (growth or lactation), (2) Quantify inter-animal variation in residual HP, (3) Determine if divergent RFIphenotypes differ in HP, residual HP, recovered energy and digestibility, and (4) Determine if divergent RFI phenotypes differ in physical activity, feeding behavior traits, serum hormones and metabolites and hepatic mitochondrial traits. The major research findings from this project to date include: In lactating dairy cattle, substantial phenotypic variation in RFI was demonstrated as cows classified as having low RMEI consumed 17% less MEI than high-RMEI cows despite having similar body size and lactation productivity. Further, between-animal variation in RMEI was found to moderately associated with differences in RHP demonstrating that maintenance energy requirements contribute to observed differences in RFI. Quantifying energetic efficiency of dairy cows using RHP revealed that substantial changes occur as week of lactation advances—thus it will be critical to measure RMEI at a standardized stage of lactation. Finally, to determine RMEI in lactating dairy cows, individual DMI and production data should be collected for a minimum of 6 wk. We demonstrated that a favorably association exists between RFI in growing heifers and efficiency of forage utilization in pregnant cows. Therefore, results indicate that female progeny from parents selected for low RFI during postweaning development will also be efficient as mature females, which has positive implications for both dairy and beef cattle industries. Results from the beef cattle studies further extend our knowledge regarding the biological drivers of phenotypic variation in RFI of growing animals, and demonstrate that significant differences in feeding behavioral patterns, digestibility and heart rate exist between animals with divergent RFI. Feeding behavior traits may be an effective biomarker trait for RFI in beef and dairy cattle. There are differences in mitochondrial acceptor control and respiratory control ratios between calves with divergent RFI suggesting that variation in mitochondrial metabolism may be visible at the genome level. Multiple genes associated with mitochondrial energy processes are altered by RFI phenotype and some of these genes are associated with mitochondrial energy expenditure and major cellular pathways involved in regulation of immune responses and energy metabolism.
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Splitter, Gary, and Menachem Banai. Attenuated Brucella melitensis Rough Rev1 Vaccine. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7585199.bard.

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The original objectives of the proposal were: 1. Compare mutants 444 and 710 to Rev1 (parent strain), and 16M (field strain) in murine and human macrophage lines for phenotypic differences. 2. Determine in vivo virulence and survival of the mutants 444 and 710 in guinea pigs and mice. 3. Determine humoral and cell-mediated immune responses induced by mutants 444 and 710 in guinea pigs and mice. 4. Determine in vivo protection of mice and guinea pigs provided by mutants 444 and 710 compared to Rev1. Background: While human and animal brucellosis are rare in the U.S., brucellosis caused by B. melitensis remains relatively constant in Israel. Despite a national campaign to control brucellosis in Israel, the misuse of Rev1 Elberg vaccine strain among pregnant animals has produced abortion storms raising concern of human infection due to vaccine excretion in the milk. Further, some commercial Rev1 vaccine lots can: a) produce persistent infection, b) infect humans, c) be horizontally transmitted, d) cause abortion, and e) induce a persistent anti-O-polysaccharide antibody response confounding the distinction between infected and vaccinated animals. In Israel, vaccination practices have not optimally protected the milk supply from Brucella and Rev 1 vaccine can exacerbate the problem. In addition, cattle vaccinated against B. abortus are not protected against B. melitensis supporting the need for an improved vaccine. A safe vaccine used in adult animals to produce herd resistance to infection and a vaccine that can be distinguished from virulent infection is needed. A rough Rev1 vaccine would be less virulent than the parental smooth strain and permit serologic distinction between vaccinated and infected animals. Advantages of the Rev1 vaccine foundation are: 1) Rev1 vaccination of sheep and goats against B. melintensisis approved; therefore, vaccines derived from the Rev1 foundation may be readily accepted by licensing agencies as well as commercial companies, and 2) considerable data exists on Rev1vaccination and Rev1 proteins. Therefore, a post-genomic vaccine against B. melitensis based on the Rev1 foundation would provide a great advantage. Major conclusions from our work are: 1) We have determined that mutant 710 is highly attenuated in macrophages compared to virulent field strain 16M and mutant 444. 2) We have confirmed that mutant 710 is highly attenuated in guinea pigs and mice. 3) We have determined immune responses induced by mutant 710 in animals. 4) We have determined in vivo protection of mice and guinea pigs provided by mutants 444 and 710 compared to Rev1, and importantly, mutant 710 provides a high level of protection against challenge with virulent B. melitensis 16M. Thus, our data support the goals of the grant and provide the foundation for a future vaccine useful against B. melitensis in Israel. Because of patent considerations, many of our findings with 444 and 710 have not yet been published. Scientific and Agricultural Implications: Our findings support the development of a vaccine against B. melitensis based on the mutant 710. Because strain 710 is a mutant of the Elberg Rev1 vaccine, commercialization is more likely than development of an entirely new, uncharacterized Brucella mutant or strain.
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Boisclair, Yves R., and Arieh Gertler. Development and Use of Leptin Receptor Antagonists to Increase Appetite and Adaptive Metabolism in Ruminants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697120.bard.

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Objectives The original project had 2 major objectives: (1) To determine the effects of centrally administered leptin antagonist on appetite and adaptive metabolism in the sheep; (2) To develop and prepare second-generation leptin antagonists combining high binding affinity and prolonged in vivo half-life. Background Periods of suboptimal nutrition or exaggerated metabolic activity demands lead to a state of chronic energy insufficiency. Ruminants remain productive for a surprisingly long period of time under these circumstances by evoking adaptations sparing available energy and nutrients. The mechanism driving these adaptations in ruminant remains unknown, but could involve a reduction in plasma leptin, a hormone acting predominantly in the brain. In laboratory animals, reduced leptin signaling promotes survival during nutritional insufficiency by triggering energy sparing adaptations such as reduced thyroid hormone production and insulin resistance. Our overall hypothesis is that similar adaptations are triggered by reduced leptin signaling in the brain of ruminants. Testing of this hypothesis in ruminants has not been possible due to inability to block the actions of endogenous leptin and access to ruminant models where leptin antagonistic therapy is feasible and effective. Major achievements and conclusions The Israeli team had previously mutated 3 residues in ovine leptin, with no effect on receptor binding. This mutant was renamed ovine leptin antagonist (OLA) because it cannot activate signaling and therefore antagonizes the ability of wild type leptin to activate its receptor. To transform OLA into an effective in vivo antagonist, the Israeli made 2 important technical advances. First, it incorporated an additional mutation into OLA, increasing its binding affinity and thus transforming it into a super ovine leptin antagonist (SOLA). Second, the Israeli team developed a method whereby polyethylene glycol is covalently attached to SOLA (PEG-SOLA) with the goal of extending its half-life in vivo. The US team used OLA and PEG-SOLA in 2 separate animal models. First, OLA was chronically administered directly into the brain of mature sheep via a cannula implanted into the 3rdcerebroventricule. Unexpectedly, OLA had no effect of voluntary feed intake or various indicators of peripheral insulin action but reduced the plasma concentration of thyroid hormones. Second, the US team tested the effect of peripheral PEG-SOLA administration in an energy sensitive, rapidly growing lamb model. PEG-SOLA was administered for 14 consecutive days after birth or for 5 consecutive days before sacrifice on day 40 of life. Plasma PEG-SOLA had a half-life of over 16 h and circulated in 225- to 288-fold excess over endogenous leptin. PEG-SOLA administration reduced plasma thyroid hormones and resulted in a higher fat content in the carcass at slaughter, but had no effects on feed intake, body weight, plasma glucose or insulin. These results show that the team succeeded in developing a leptin antagonist with a long in vivo half-life. Moreover, in vivo results show that reduced leptin signaling promotes energy sparing in ruminants by repressing thyroid hormone production. Scientific and agricultural implications The physiological role of leptin in ruminants has been difficult to resolve because peripheral administration of wild type leptin causes little effects. Our work with leptin antagonists show for the first time in ruminants that reduced leptin signaling induces energy sparing mechanisms involving thyroid hormone production with little effect on peripheral insulin action. Additional work is needed to develop even more potent leptin antagonists, to establish optimal administration protocols and to narrow down phases of the ruminant life cycle when their use will improve productivity.
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McCarthy, Noel, Eileen Taylor, Martin Maiden, Alison Cody, Melissa Jansen van Rensburg, Margaret Varga, Sophie Hedges, et al. Enhanced molecular-based (MLST/whole genome) surveillance and source attribution of Campylobacter infections in the UK. Food Standards Agency, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ksj135.

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This human campylobacteriosis sentinel surveillance project was based at two sites in Oxfordshire and North East England chosen (i) to be representative of the English population on the Office for National Statistics urban-rural classification and (ii) to provide continuity with genetic surveillance started in Oxfordshire in October 2003. Between October 2015 and September 2018 epidemiological questionnaires and genome sequencing of isolates from human cases was accompanied by sampling and genome sequencing of isolates from possible food animal sources. The principal aim was to estimate the contributions of the main sources of human infection and to identify any changes over time. An extension to the project focussed on antimicrobial resistance in study isolates and older archived isolates. These older isolates were from earlier years at the Oxfordshire site and the earliest available coherent set of isolates from the national archive at Public Health England (1997/8). The aim of this additional work was to analyse the emergence of the antimicrobial resistance that is now present among human isolates and to describe and compare antimicrobial resistance in recent food animal isolates. Having identified the presence of bias in population genetic attribution, and that this was not addressed in the published literature, this study developed an approach to adjust for bias in population genetic attribution, and an alternative approach to attribution using sentinel types. Using these approaches the study estimated that approximately 70% of Campylobacter jejuni and just under 50% of C. coli infection in our sample was linked to the chicken source and that this was relatively stable over time. Ruminants were identified as the second most common source for C. jejuni and the most common for C. coli where there was also some evidence for pig as a source although less common than ruminant or chicken. These genomic attributions of themselves make no inference on routes of transmission. However, those infected with isolates genetically typical of chicken origin were substantially more likely to have eaten chicken than those infected with ruminant types. Consumption of lamb’s liver was very strongly associated with infection by a strain genetically typical of a ruminant source. These findings support consumption of these foods as being important in the transmission of these infections and highlight a potentially important role for lamb’s liver consumption as a source of Campylobacter infection. Antimicrobial resistance was predicted from genomic data using a pipeline validated by Public Health England and using BIGSdb software. In C. jejuni this showed a nine-fold increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones from 1997 to 2018. Tetracycline resistance was also common, with higher initial resistance (1997) and less substantial change over time. Resistance to aminoglycosides or macrolides remained low in human cases across all time periods. Among C. jejuni food animal isolates, fluoroquinolone resistance was common among isolates from chicken and substantially less common among ruminants, ducks or pigs. Tetracycline resistance was common across chicken, duck and pig but lower among ruminant origin isolates. In C. coli resistance to all four antimicrobial classes rose from low levels in 1997. The fluoroquinolone rise appears to have levelled off earlier and among animals, levels are high in duck as well as chicken isolates, although based on small sample sizes, macrolide and aminoglycoside resistance, was substantially higher than for C. jejuni among humans and highest among pig origin isolates. Tetracycline resistance is high in isolates from pigs and the very small sample from ducks. Antibiotic use following diagnosis was relatively high (43.4%) among respondents in the human surveillance study. Moreover, it varied substantially across sites and was highest among non-elderly adults compared to older adults or children suggesting opportunities for improved antimicrobial stewardship. The study also found evidence for stable lineages over time across human and source animal species as well as some tighter genomic clusters that may represent outbreaks. The genomic dataset will allow extensive further work beyond the specific goals of the study. This has been made accessible on the web, with access supported by data visualisation tools.
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Morrison, Mark, Joshuah Miron, Edward A. Bayer, and Raphael Lamed. Molecular Analysis of Cellulosome Organization in Ruminococcus Albus and Fibrobacter Intestinalis for Optimization of Fiber Digestibility in Ruminants. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586475.bard.

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Improving plant cell wall (fiber) degradation remains one of the highest priority research goals for all ruminant enterprises dependent on forages, hay, silage, or other fibrous byproducts as energy sources, because it governs the provision of energy-yielding nutrients to the host animal. Although the predominant species of microbes responsible for ruminal fiber degradation are culturable, the enzymology and genetics underpinning the process are poorly defined. In that context, there were two broad objectives for this proposal. The first objective was to identify the key cellulosomal components in Ruminococcus albus and to characterize their structural features as well as regulation of their expression, in response to polysaccharides and (or) P AA/PPA. The second objective was to evaluate the similarities in the structure and architecture of cellulosomal components between R. albus and other ruminal and non-ruminal cellulolytic bacteria. The cooperation among the investigators resulted in the identification of two glycoside hydrolases rate-limiting to cellulose degradation by Ruminococcus albus (Cel48A and CeI9B) and our demonstration that these enzymes possess a novel modular architecture specific to this bacterium (Devillard et al. 2004). We have now shown that the novel X-domains in Cel48A and Cel9B represent a new type of carbohydrate binding module, and the enzymes are not part of a ceiluiosome-like complex (CBM37, Xu et al. 2004). Both Cel48A and Cel9B are conditionally expressed in response to P AA/PPA, explaining why cellulose degradation in this bacterium is affected by the availability of these compounds, but additional studies have shown for the first time that neither PAA nor PPA influence xylan degradation by R. albus (Reveneau et al. 2003). Additionally, the R. albus genome sequencing project, led by the PI. Morrison, has supported our identification of many dockerin containing proteins. However, the identification of gene(s) encoding a scaffoldin has been more elusive, and recombinant proteins encoding candidate cohesin modules are now being used in Israel to verify the existence of dockerin-cohesin interactions and cellulosome production by R. albus. The Israeli partners have also conducted virtually all of the studies specific to the second Objective of the proposal. Comparative blotting studies have been conducted using specific antibodies prepare against purified recombinant cohesins and X-domains, derived from cellulosomal scaffoldins of R. flavefaciens 17, a Clostridium thermocellum mutant-preabsorbed antibody preparation, or against CbpC (fimbrial protein) of R. albus 8. The data also suggest that additional cellulolytic bacteria including Fibrobacter succinogenes S85, F. intestinalis DR7 and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens Dl may also employ cellulosomal modules similar to those of R. flavefaciens 17. Collectively, our work during the grant period has shown that R. albus and other ruminal bacteria employ several novel mechanisms for their adhesion to plant surfaces, and produce both cellulosomal and non-cellulosomal forms of glycoside hydrolases underpinning plant fiber degradation. These improvements in our mechanistic understanding of bacterial adhesion and enzyme regulation now offers the potential to: i) optimize ruminal and hindgut conditions by dietary additives to maximize fiber degradation (e.g. by the addition of select enzymes or PAA/PPA); ii) identify plant-borne influences on adhesion and fiber-degradation, which might be overcome (or improved) by conventional breeding or transgenic plant technologies and; iii) engineer or select microbes with improved adhesion capabilities, cellulosome assembly and fiber degradation. The potential benefits associated with this research proposal are likely to be realized in the medium term (5-10 years).
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Rahimipour, Shai, and David Donovan. Renewable, long-term, antimicrobial surface treatments through dopamine-mediated binding of peptidoglycan hydrolases. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597930.bard.

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There is a need for renewable antimicrobial surface treatments that are semi- permanent, can eradicate both biofilms and planktonic pathogens over long periods of time and that do not select for resistant strains. This proposal describes a dopamine binding technology that is inexpensive, bio-friendly, non-toxic, and uses straight-forward commercially available products. The antimicrobial agents are peptidoglycanhydrolase enzymes that are non-toxic and highly refractory to resistance development. The goal of this project is to create a treatment that will be applicable to a wide variety of surfaces and will convey long-lasting antimicrobial activity. Although the immediate goal is to create staphylolytic surfaces, the technology should be applicable to any pathogen and will thus contribute to no less than 3 BARD priorities: 1) increased animal production by protecting animals from invasive and emerging diseases, 2) Antimicrobial food packaging will improve food safety and security and 3) sustainable bio- energy systems will be supported by coating fermentation vats with antimicrobials that could protect ethanolic fermentations from Lactobacillus contamination that reduces ethanol yields. The dopamine-based modification of surfaces is inspired by the strong adhesion of mussel adhesion proteins to virtually all types of surfaces, including metals, polymers, and inorganic materials. Peptidoglycanhydrolases (PGHs) meet the criteria of a surface bound antimicrobial with their site of action being extracellular peptidoglycan (the structural basis of the bacterial cell wall) that when breached causes osmotic lysis. As a proof of principle, we will develop technology using peptidoglycanhydrolase enzymes that target Staphylococcus aureus, a notoriously contagious and antimicrobial-resistant pathogen. We will test for susceptibility of the coating to a variety of environmental stresses including UV light, abrasive cleaning and dessication. In order to avoid resistance development, we intend to use three unique, synergistic, simultaneous staphylococcal enzyme activities. The hydrolases are modular such that we have created fusion proteins with three lytic activities that are highly refractory to resistance development. It is essential to use multiple simultaneous activities to avoid selecting for antimicrobial resistant strains. This strategy is applicable to both Gram positive and negative pathogens. We anticipate that upon completion of this award the technology will be available for commercialization within the time required to achieve a suitable high volume production scheme for the required enzymes (~1-2 years). We expect the modified surface will remain antimicrobial for several days, and when necessary, the protocol for renewal of the surface will be easily applied in a diverse array of environments, from food processing plants to barnyards.
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Leitner, Gabriel, and Naomi Balaban. Novel Immunotherapeutic Agent for the Treatment and Prevention of Staphylococcal Mastitis in Dairy Cows. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7709880.bard.

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Staphylococci are the most common and costly mammary disease of dairy cattle worldwide. TRAP, a membrane associated 167AA protein, is highly conserved among staphylococci. The aims of this study were to test the safety and efficacy of recombinant TRAP (rTRAP) vaccine in dairy animals. The vaccine was safe as 2-3 subcutaneous injections of rTRAP (54–100μg) with adjuvant ISA 206 to cows and goats did not lead to any abnormal symptoms of sensitivity to the vaccine. The rTRAP vaccine was immunogenic and caused the induction of a humoral immune response that remained high for at least 160 days post second immunization. rTRAP vaccine also elicited a cell-mediated immune response (memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells), as determined by lymphocyte proliferation assays. The rTRAP vaccine was efficacious as at parturition, only 13.5% heifers in the immunized group were infected with Staphylococcus chromogenes as compared to 42.9% in the non immunized group. Additionally, when cows were immunized in mid-lactation, the difference between somatic cell count (SCC) in immunized and control animals was profound (45±7 vs. 470±194, respectively). At the same time, the difference in milk yield was also evident (48.3±1.4 vs. 44.3±0.9 l/day, respectively). Put together, these studies indicate the value of the rTRAP vaccine in preventing new udder infections by staphylococci, which significantly lead to lowered SCC and some increase in milk yield. TRAP is conserved among all strains and species and is constitutively expressed in any strain of S. aureus or CNS tested so far, including those isolated from cows. TRAP may thus serve as a universal anti-staphylococcus vaccine.
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Leitner, Gabriel, and Naomi Balaban. Novel Immunotherapeutic Agent for the Treatment and Prevention of Staphylococcal Mastitis in Dairy Cows. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7695866.bard.

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Staphylococci are the most common and costly mammary disease of dairy cattle worldwide. TRAP, a membrane associated 167AA protein, is highly conserved among staphylococci. The aims of this study were to test the safety and efficacy of recombinant TRAP (rTRAP) vaccine in dairy animals. The vaccine was safe as 2-3 subcutaneous injections of rTRAP (54–100μg) with adjuvant ISA 206 to cows and goats did not lead to any abnormal symptoms of sensitivity to the vaccine. The rTRAP vaccine was immunogenic and caused the induction of a humoral immune response that remained high for at least 160 days post second immunization. rTRAP vaccine also elicited a cell-mediated immune response (memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells), as determined by lymphocyte proliferation assays. The rTRAP vaccine was efficacious as at parturition, only 13.5% heifers in the immunized group were infected with Staphylococcus chromogenes as compared to 42.9% in the non immunized group. Additionally, when cows were immunized in mid-lactation, the difference between somatic cell count (SCC) in immunized and control animals was profound (45±7 vs. 470±194, respectively). At the same time, the difference in milk yield was also evident (48.3±1.4 vs. 44.3±0.9 l/day, respectively). Put together, these studies indicate the value of the rTRAP vaccine in preventing new udder infections by staphylococci, which significantly lead to lowered SCC and some increase in milk yield. TRAP is conserved among all strains and species and is constitutively expressed in any strain of S. aureus or CNS tested so far, including those isolated from cows. TRAP may thus serve as a universal anti-staphylococcus vaccine.
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Gal-On, Amit, Shou-Wei Ding, Victor P. Gaba, and Harry S. Paris. role of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 in plant virus defense. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597919.bard.

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Objectives: Our BARD proposal on the impact of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 (RDR1) in plant defense against viruses was divided into four original objectives. 1. To examine whether a high level of dsRNA expression can stimulate RDR1 transcription independent of salicylic acid (SA) concentration. 2. To determine whether the high or low level of RDR1 transcript accumulation observed in virus resistant and susceptible cultivars is associated with viral resistance and susceptibility. 3. To define the biogenesis and function of RDR1-dependent endogenous siRNAs. 4. To understand why Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) can overcome RDR1-dependent resistance. The objectives were slightly changed due to the unique finding that cucumber has four different RDR1 genes. Background to the topic: RDR1 is a key plant defense against viruses. RDR1 is induced by virus infection and produces viral and plant dsRNAs which are processed by DICERs to siRNAs. siRNAs guide specific viral and plant RNA cleavage or serve as primers for secondary amplification of viral-dsRNA by RDR. The proposal is based on our preliminary results that a. the association of siRNA and RDR1 accumulation with multiple virus resistance, and b. that virus infection induced the RDR1-dependent production of a new class of endogenous siRNAs. However, the precise mechanisms underlying RDR1 induction and siRNA biogenesis due to virus infection remain to be discovered in plants. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: We found that in the cucurbit family (cucumber, melon, squash, watermelon) there are 3-4 RDR1 genes not documented in other plant families. This important finding required a change in the emphasis of our objectives. We characterized 4 RDR1s in cucumber and 3 in melon. We demonstrated that in cucumber RDR1b is apparently a new broad spectrum virus resistance gene, independent of SA. In melon RDR1b is truncated, and therefore is assumed to be the reason that melon is highly susceptible to many viruses. RDR1c is dramatically induced due to DNA and RNA virus infection, and inhibition of RDR1c expression led to increased virus accumulation which suggested its important on gene silencing/defense mechanism. We show that induction of antiviral RNAi in Arabidopsis is associated with production of a genetically distinct class of virus-activated siRNAs (vasiRNAs) by RNA dependent RNA polymerase-1 targeting hundreds of host genes for RNA silencing by Argonaute-2. Production of vasiRNAs is induced by viruses from two different super groups of RNA virus families, targeted for inhibition by CMV, and correlated with virus resistance independently of viral siRNAs. We propose that antiviral RNAi activate broad-spectrum antiviral activity via widespread silencing of host genes directed by vasiRNAs, in addition to specific antiviral defense Implications both scientific and agricultural: The RDR1b (resistance) gene can now be used as a transcription marker for broad virus resistance. The discovery of vasiRNAs expands the repertoire of siRNAs and suggests that the siRNA-processing activity of Dicer proteins may play a more important role in the regulation of plant and animal gene expression than is currently known. We assume that precise screening of the vasiRNA host targets will lead in the near future for identification of plant genes associate with virus diseases and perhaps other pathogens.
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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age.  Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v  Landscapes and regions:  Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change?  Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial.  Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth.  Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs.  Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully.  Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people.  The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world
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