Academic literature on the topic 'Animal products – Australia'
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Journal articles on the topic "Animal products – Australia"
1
E Dawson, Claire. "Anti-Brucella antibodies in pinnipeds of Australia." Microbiology Australia 26, no. 2 (2005): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma05087.
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Brucella are Gram-negative intracellular bacteria capable of infecting a range of species including man. Currently divided into six species based mainly on differences in pathogenicity and host preference, the infections produced are characteristically localised in the reproductive organs and may cause abortions in some species. Exposure occurs through contact with infected animals and animal products such as unpasteurised dairy products and meat. The disease is endemic throughout many areas of the world.
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Devine, C. E. "International significance of Australian research on beef quality - a view from the periphery." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 7 (2001): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01004.
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Australia produces agricultural products, including meat, as major items for export as well as being consumed locally. It is no accident that Australia is one of the major exporters of meat to distant markets and the success is predicated on adapting animal production practices and processing to produce a highly desirable product that is safe to eat. Research plays a large part in this strategy, but one would have to say that for some time the view that ‘a prophet hath no honour in his own country’ has predominated. The Cattle and Beef CRC is designed to improve the profitability of the Australian beef industry by bringing in partners, some of whom were prominent in previous research endeavours to coordinate a research effort in order to benefit the whole industry — it is a unique and effective approach. It has taken some time to demonstrate that a ‘nice’ looking animal is not a predictor of meat quality — rather it needs to be processed correctly in order for it to meet the most critical consumer requirements. The researchers in Australia have in fact been the world leaders in advocating procedures such as electrical stimulation that have been taken up by the industry. There are still areas where the research results from Australia differ from that in other countries. CRC-based research in Australia in controlled studies using large numbers of animals with a wide genetic base, has shown that both cattle with a significant component from tropical genotypes and non-tropical genotypes, processed correctly, produce highly acceptable meat. To get further improvements, we merely need to identify the causes of outliers and this should not be difficult. This concept is of course important in the context of the relatively dry Australian climate that results in different problems from other countries. One important outcome of the CRC has been to show that sectors of the industry need to work together to use research and, if necessary, challenge current thinking imposed from outside. In other words, Australians should believe in themselves.
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Sodagari, Hamid Reza, Penghao Wang, Ian Robertson, Ihab Habib, and Shafi Sahibzada. "Non-Typhoidal Salmonella at the Human-Food-of-Animal-Origin Interface in Australia." Animals 10, no. 7 (July 14, 2020): 1192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10071192.
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Non-typhoidal Salmonella is a major zoonotic pathogen that plays a significant role in foodborne human salmonellosis worldwide through the consumption of contaminated foods, particularly those of animal origin. Despite a considerable reduction in human salmonellosis outbreaks in developed countries, Australia is experiencing a continuous rise of such outbreaks in humans. This review of the literature highlights the reported non-typhoidal Salmonella outbreaks in humans as well as the occurrence of the pathogen in foods from animal sources throughout Australia. Non-typhoidal Salmonella infections from food animals are more often associated with at-risk people, such as immunocompromised and aged people or children. Although several animal-sourced foods were recognised as the catalysts for salmonellosis outbreaks in Australia, egg and egg-based products remained the most implicated foods in the reported outbreaks. This review further highlights the antimicrobial resistance trends of non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates at the human–food interface, with a focus on clinically important antimicrobials in humans, by collating evidence from previous investigations in Australia. The rise in antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella, especially to antimicrobials commonly prescribed to treat human salmonellosis, has become a significant global public health concern. However, the overall prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Australia is considerably lower than in other parts of the world, particularly in terms of critically important antimicrobials for the treatment of human salmonellosis. The present review adds to our understanding of the global epidemiology of non-typhoidal Salmonella with emphasis on the past few decades in Australia.
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James, A. D. "Disease and Biosecurity." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200013661.
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There are large differences between the prices of animal products in regions with comparative advantage in livestock production and regions where production costs are higher. In particular, prices for many animal products are much higher in The European Union (EU) and The United States of America (USA) than in regions with extensive grazing areas or low-priced animal feed grains, e.g. Australia, South America and Southern Africa. These price differentials provide strong financial incentives for trade in animal products between these regions. However, trade is constrained by three main factors: 1.The perishability of many animal products, resulting in additional processing costs (e.g. freezing) which may also reduce the value of the product and higher transport costs.2.The fact that in many markets, high prices have been used as an element of agricultural support policy. These are partly maintained by levies on imported products.3.Zoosanitary restrictions to control the risk of introducing livestock and human disease agents in animal products.
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Hocking, Ailsa, Su-lin Leong, and John Pitt. "Ochratoxin A: a new challenge for Australia?s grape products industries?" Microbiology Australia 24, no. 3 (2003): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma03316.
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Ochratoxin A (OA) was first isolated from Aspergillus ochraceus in 1965 in a laboratory study searching for new toxic metabolites from moulds. At the time, there was no connection with any animal or human disease. OA was found as a natural contaminant of maize in 1969 in the USA and, about the same time, studies were being conducted in Scandinavia on a kidney disease in pigs which appeared to be related to mouldy feed. These studies showed that OA was the cause of the disease now known as porcine nephropathy.
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Squire, Michelle M., and Thomas V. Riley. "Clostridium difficile infection: the next big thing!" Microbiology Australia 33, no. 4 (2012): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma12163.
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Clostridium difficile causes infectious diarrhoea in humans and animals. It has been found in pigs, horses, and cattle, suggesting a potential reservoir for human infection, and in 20-40% of meat products in Canada and the USA, suggesting the possibility of food-borne transmission. It is likely that excessive antimicrobial exposure is driving the establishment of C. difficile in animals, in a manner analogous to human infection, rather than the organism just being normal flora of the animal gastrointestinal tract. Outside Australia, PCR ribotype 078 is the most common ribotype of C. difficile found in pigs (83% in one study in the USA) and cattle (up to 100%) and this ribotype is now the third most common ribotype of C. difficile found in humans in Europe. Human and pig strains of C. difficile are genetically identical in Europe confirming that a zoonosis exists. Rates of community-acquired C. difficile infection (CDI) are increasing world-wide, and a new community strain of unidentified origin has recently emerged in Australia. Environmental contamination may also play a role. C. difficile spores survive in treated piggery effluent, the by-products of which are used to irrigate crops and pasture and manufacture compost. There is abundant evidence that food products intended for human consumption contain toxigenic strains of C. difficile but food-borne transmission remains unproven. Thus there are four problems that require resolution: a human health issue, an animal health issue and the factors common to both these problems, environmental contamination and antimicrobial misuse.
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Bray, H. J., E. A. Buddle, and R. A. Ankeny. "What are they thinking? Consumer attitudes to meat production in Australia." Animal Production Science 57, no. 12 (2017): 2345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17361.
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Meat production has come under increasing scrutiny from consumers and citizens who feel that certain practices are unethical and negatively affect farm-animal welfare. Animal welfare can be viewed as both a scientific and social concept, and purchasing products with animal welfare claims can be considered an act of ‘ethical consumption’. The present paper reviews research that examines consumer attitudes to animal welfare and highlights tensions between consumer and citizen attitudes and behaviours, and assumptions that are made within these studies. We present our own research into motivations to purchase free-range eggs as an example of research that attempts to unpack these assumptions, in particular, that such purchases are made out of concern for animal welfare. We present a further example of our own research that attempts to identify how attitudes to meat production are socially constructed. We conclude with recommended strategies to engage the broader community in discussions about animal production, so as to improve industry–community communication about farm-animal welfare in meat-production industries.
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Monis, P. T., G. Mayrhofer, R. H. Andrews, W. L. Homan, L. Limper, and P. L. Ey. "Molecular genetic analysis ofGiardia intestinalisisolates at the glutamate dehydrogenase locus." Parasitology 112, no. 1 (January 1996): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000065021.
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SUMMARYSamples of DNA from a panel ofGiardiaisolated from humans and animals in Europe and shown previously to consist of 2 major genotypes–‘Polish’ and ‘Belgian’–have been compared with human-derived Australian isolates chosen to represent distinct genotypes (genetic groups I–IV) defined previously by allozymic analysis. Homologous 0·52 kilobase (kb) segments of 2 trophozoite surface protein genes (tsa417 and tsp11, both present in isolates belonging to genetic groups I and II) and a 1·2 kb segment of the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) gene were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and examined for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Of 21 ‘Polish’ isolates that were tested, all yieldedtsa417-like andtsp11-like PCR products that are characteristic of genetic groups I or II (15 and 6 isolates respectively) in a distinct assemblage ofG. intestinalisfrom Australia (Assemblage A). Conversely, most of the 19 ‘Belgian’ isolates resembled a second assemblage of genotypes defined in Australia (Assemblage B) which contains genetic groups III and IV. RFLP analysis ofgdhamplification products showed also that ‘Polish’ isolates-were equivalent to Australian Assemblage A isolates (this analysis does not distinguish between genetic groups I and II) and that ‘Belgian’ isolates were equivalent to Australian AssemblageB isolates. Comparison of nucleotide sequences determined for a 690 base-pair portion of thegdhPCR products revealed ≥ 99·0% identity between group I and group II (Assemblage A/‘Polish’) genotypes, 88·3–89·7% identity between Assemblage A and Assemblage B genotypes, and ≥ 98·4% identity between various Assemblage B/‘Belgian’ genotypes. The results confirm that theG. duodenalisisolates examined in this study (inclusive ofG. intestinalisfrom humans) can be divided into 2 major genetic clusters: Assemblage A (= ‘Polish’ genotype) containing allozymically defined groups I and II, and Assemblage B (= ‘Belgian’ genotype) containing allozymically defined groups III and IV and other related genotypes.
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Iovlev, G. A., V. V. Pobedinsky, V. S. Zorkov, T. B. Popova, and I. I. Goldina. "Opportunities for agricultural industry in Russia." E3S Web of Conferences 282 (2021): 07004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128207004.
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The principal global manufacturers of agricultural products are: on the American continent: the USA, Canada, Brazil, Mexico; on the European continent: France, Germany, Italy, Belgium; in Asia and Australia: China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, and Australia. Due to its large areas of farmland and arable land, Russia also occupies a leading position in the manufacture of the main types of agricultural products, both in crop and in animal husbandry. Russia is second only to China, India and the United States in terms of wheat performance. It makes 3.8% of the world's milk production, and it is second only to the United States and China in terms of meat production.
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Dougall, Annette M., Tim R. Brinkley, and Brian D. Clarke. "Imported biologicals: unforeseen biosecurity risks in the laboratory." Microbiology Australia 41, no. 3 (2020): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma20035.
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Imported biological products are ubiquitous necessities of modern life that can pose significant biosecurity risks to Australia. Products produced using animal material are used everywhere from enzymes in cleaning products, to cell lines and bacterial cultures used to produce vaccines and medicines. This article highlights adventitious agents of biologicals and provides an overview of the considerations and regulatory tools administered under the Biosecurity Act 2015 (Commonwealth) to manage these biosecurity risks whilst still facilitating imports of biologicals.
Books on the topic "Animal products – Australia"
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Dalton, Glenn. The Implications for Australian agriculture of changing demand for animal protein in Asia. Surrey Hills, N.S.W: Australian Farm Institute, 2007.
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Staff, Primary Industries Standing Committee (PISC). Standard for the Hygienic Production of Pet Meat: PISC Technical Report 88 - Amended 2009. CSIRO Publishing, 2009.
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Vincent, Barbara. Farming Meat Goats. CSIRO Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486306589.
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Goat meat is growing in popularity in Australia and is also an important export industry. It offers many opportunities for large- and small-scale farmers who need to diversify or seek alternative enterprises. Farming Meat Goats provides producers with comprehensive and practical information on all aspects of the goat meat industry. It covers selecting and preparing a property, choosing breeding stock, breeding, health care and nutrition, drought feeding, condition scoring and marketing.
This second edition of Farming Meat Goats has been updated throughout and contains new information about the National Livestock Identification System, current regulations for ovine Johne's disease and animal welfare during transportation, and information about marketing. It will allow farmers to produce animals to specification for targeted markets in Australia and overseas including: butchers; supermarkets; restaurants; on-farm live sales; sales to abattoirs that specialise in Halal kills; and breeding stock either as replacements or for improved herd genetics.
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Application of New Genetic Technologies to Animal Breeding. CSIRO Publishing, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643093003.
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The 16th Biennial Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Animal Breeding and Genetics (AAABG) gathers together scientists, extension workers, producers and industry personnel to review developments in the application of new technologies to animal breeding. Conference presentations include 30 invited reviews and papers, and 95 contributed papers. All papers are peer-reviewed, and cover session topics that focus on genetic evaluation systems, gene expression profiling, identification and manipulation of quantitative trait loci, progress in applied programs and advanced statistical and computing techniques.
Industry applications are discussed for improvement in production, health and reproduction of domestic livestock, aquaculture species and even crocodiles and ostriches. Institutions and industries in Australia, New Zealand, USA, South Africa, South-East Asia and Japan are represented with significant participation of major Cooperative Research Centres.
These proceedings contain the full text of all contributed papers and summaries of the invited reviews which are published separately in the Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture.
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Prentice, Michael B. Yersiniosis and plague. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0028.
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Disease in humans is caused mostly by Y.enterocolitica belonging to serotypes 03, 05, 27, 08 and 09 and by Y.pseudotuberculosis (Skurnik et al 2002, Perry and Fetherston, 2006). The clinical presentations include fever, diarrhoea, abdominal pain that may mimic appendicitis, and chronic arthritis. There are typically lesions of enteritis and mesenteric lymphadenitis. Yersiniosis occurs in all European countries, with highest prevalence in northern countries and Scandinavia, as well as Canada, the United States, Australia, and Japan. Transmission is mainly from contaminated animal products such as pork and milk, and rarely from person to person spread by the faecal-oral route. Control of yersiniosis can be achieved by careful handling and cooking of meats and by pasteurization of milk and other dairy products.
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Zborowski, Paul, and Ted Edwards. Guide to Australian Moths. CSIRO Publishing, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643094642.
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Moths are often thought of as the ugly cousins of butterflies, yet their colours can be just as remarkable and, with over 20,000 species in Australia, their biology and lifestyles are far more diverse.
With striking colour photographs of live moths in their natural habitat, this guide illustrates all the major moth families in Australia, including some rarely seen species. It provides many curious facts about the unusual aspects of moth biology, including details on day-flying species, camouflage, moths that mimic wasps, larvae with stinging hairs, and larvae that have gills. This easy-to-read book includes sections on the iconic Witjuti grubs, Bogong moths, the giant-tailed Hercules moths of northern Queensland (one of the largest moths in the world, with a wingspan of over 25 cm), moths that release hydrocyanic acid in their defence, and moths that produce ultrasonic calls that bats learn to associate with a bad taste.
A Guide to Australian Moths highlights the environmental role of moths, their relationships with other animals and plants, and their importance to humans. It provides a unique introduction to the extraordinary diversity of moths found in Australia.
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Lehane, Robert. Beating the Odds in a Big Country. CSIRO Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643100756.
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The implementation of the Brucellosis and Tuberculosis Eradication Campaign has been one of the most significant animal health achievements in the history of Australia and worldwide. The unprecedented technical and operational complexity of the campaign presented an enormous challenge to cattle producers, veterinarians, research scientists, field staff and administrators over the 25 years
of the project.
Beating the Odds in a Big Country captures the dynamism of the campaign and records the very real contribution in cash and kind made by the many producers whose herds were subject to eradication programs.
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Vincent, Barbara. Farming Meat Goats. CSIRO Publishing, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643093058.
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Goat meat is growing in popularity and is becoming an important export industry. It offers many opportunities for large- and small-scale farmers who need to diversify or seek alternative enterprises. This book deals specifically with the production of goats for meat and addresses all aspects of the industry that the producer is likely to encounter. It covers selecting and preparing a property, choosing the breeding stock, breeding, health care and nutrition, drought feeding, condition scoring and marketing.
One of the key benefits of Farming Meat Goats is that it will allow farmers to produce animals to specification for targeted markets in Australia and overseas including: butchers; supermarkets; restaurants; on-farm live sales; sales to abattoirs that specialise in Halal kills; and breeding stock either as replacements, or for improved herd genetics.
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Nuberg, Ian, Brendan George, and Rowan Reid, eds. Agroforestry for Natural Resource Management. CSIRO Publishing, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643097100.
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In its early days, agroforestry may have been viewed as the domain of the 'landcare enthusiast'. Today, integrating trees and shrubs into productive farming systems is seen as a core principle of sustainable agriculture. Agroforestry for Natural Resource Management provides the foundation for an understanding of agroforestry practice in both high and low rainfall zones across Australia.
Three major areas are discussed: environmental functions of trees in the landscape (ecosystem mimicry, hydrology, protection of crops, animals and soil, biodiversity, aesthetics); productive functions of trees (timber, firewood, pulp, fodder, integrated multi-products); and the implementation of agroforestry (design, evaluation, establishment, adoption, policy support).
The book also includes a DVD that features videos on forest measurement and harvesting, a Farm Forestry Toolbox and many regionally specific agroforestry resources.
Written by leading researchers and practitioners from around Australia, Agroforestry for Natural Resource Management will be an essential resource for students in agroforestry courses, as well as a valuable introduction to the field for professionals in related areas.
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Saint Patrick's College (Townsville, Qld.), ed. Nature's menu: A junior science project by indigenous students at St Patrick's College, Townsville 2003-2007. Townsville, Qld: St Patrick's College, 2008.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Animal products – Australia"
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Guo, Xiumei, Talia Raphaely, and Dora Marinova. "China's Growing Meat Demands." In Impact of Meat Consumption on Health and Environmental Sustainability, 221–31. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9553-5.ch011.
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The chapter examines China's growing meat demand and its implications. Australia and China are currently set to expand trade in meat and livestock facilitated by a government negotiated Free Trade Agreement. China is already the world's largest meat consumer and with the increasing consumerism and wealth of its rapidly growing middle and upper class, the demand for animal products is likely to grow. This country's unprecedented appetite for animal proteins has stimulated the Australian livestock and related sectors, potentially enabling vast growth and profitability within these industries. Chinese customers have strong purchasing power and are eager to buy imported frozen and locally slaughtered Australian meat. While Australian farmers are capitalising on these economic opportunities, only the animal welfare sector voices any concern. This chapter highlights the ignored health and environmental costs.
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Mayes, Xavier. "Livestock and Climate Change." In Natural Resources Management, 1216–46. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0803-8.ch059.
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A global shift away from diets dominated by meat, dairy and eggs to mainly plant-based diets is as necessary in mitigating anthropogenic climate change as the shift away from fossil fuels. Yet a large awareness gap exists about animal agriculture's contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. Recent studies in Australia and the United States show this issue is represented in less than 1 percent of all newspaper articles about climate change. This chapter examines the opportunities and barriers in addressing the livestock sector's impact on climate change. Policy recommendations in the literature are compared with the responses of governments, industry and the NGO sector. Australia's unique socioeconomic and cultural ties to livestock production and the consumption of animal products represent a significant barrier to demand-side mitigation. An analysis of newspaper articles mentioning animal agriculture's link to climate change in The Sydney Morning Herald between 2006 and 2014 provides insights into the facilitation and shaping of public awareness on the issue to date. The findings can inform strategies to increase future media coverage and encourage a more engaged discourse on demand-side mitigation.
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Mayes, Xavier. "Livestock and Climate Change." In Impact of Meat Consumption on Health and Environmental Sustainability, 75–105. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9553-5.ch005.
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A global shift away from diets dominated by meat, dairy and eggs to mainly plant-based diets is as necessary in mitigating anthropogenic climate change as the shift away from fossil fuels. Yet a large awareness gap exists about animal agriculture's contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. Recent studies in Australia and the United States show this issue is represented in less than 1 percent of all newspaper articles about climate change. This chapter examines the opportunities and barriers in addressing the livestock sector's impact on climate change. Policy recommendations in the literature are compared with the responses of governments, industry and the NGO sector. Australia's unique socioeconomic and cultural ties to livestock production and the consumption of animal products represent a significant barrier to demand-side mitigation. An analysis of newspaper articles mentioning animal agriculture's link to climate change in The Sydney Morning Herald between 2006 and 2014 provides insights into the facilitation and shaping of public awareness on the issue to date. The findings can inform strategies to increase future media coverage and encourage a more engaged discourse on demand-side mitigation.
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Sánchez Dávila, Fernando, and Gerardo Pérez Muñoz. "Reproduction in Small Ruminants (Goats)." In Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93481.
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The exploitation of small ruminants (goat and sheep) has always been linked to the development of human civilizations, where they have mainly fed on their derived products such as milk and meat. Currently, the sheep population is around 1 billion head concentrated above 50% in three countries, China, Australia, and New Zealand, contrary to goats with around 720 million heads, distributed mainly in Asia, Africa, and South America. Both species have similar characteristics in some anatomical aspects (a pair of nipples), gestation period (150 days), and presence of seasonal anestrus, differing in terms of magnitude and depth and presence of the male effect. However, they are completely different in feeding habits, nutrient needs, and grazing systems, with differences in terms of the female’s reproductive tract, among other characteristics. Currently, the study of reproduction has intensified over the years in the goats and its counterpart that is the buck. Therefore, in the following topics, the importance of global reproduction of the goat will be discussed, considering that progress has been made today in the application of third generation reproductive techniques and that today they are already consolidated and developed in the bovine species.
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Stanton, Rosemary. "Meat and Dietary Guidelines." In Impact of Meat Consumption on Health and Environmental Sustainability, 124–30. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9553-5.ch007.
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This chapter aims to describe how meat fits into recommended dietary guidelines. In Australia, meat is included in one of the five food groups. However, this food group should not be described as the ‘meat group' as it includes alternative choices. These include animal products such as seafood, poultry and eggs but also plant-based alternatives such as legumes, tofu, nuts and seeds. Choosing a range of foods from within this group contributes to a healthy dietary pattern with nuts, seeds and legumes providing extra benefits. Increasing plant-based choices also makes it easier for those who consume meat to keep to the weekly limit recommended to reduce the risk of health problems associated with a high consumption of red meat. Processed meats are not included in any of the five food groups and are now seen as ‘discretionary' foods.
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del Pilar Rodríguez Guzmán, María. "Soil Biodiversity and Root Pathogens in Agroecosystems." In Biodiversity of Ecosystems [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99317.
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Soil ecosystem is a living and dynamic environment, habitat of thousands of microbial species, animal organisms and plant roots, integrated all of them in the food webs, and performing vital functions like organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling; soil is also where plant roots productivity represent the main and first trophic level (producers), the beginning of the soil food web and of thousands of biological interactions. Agroecosystems are modified ecosystems by man in which plant, animal and microorganisms biodiversity has been altered, and sometimes decreased to a minimum number of species. Plant diseases, including root diseases caused by soil-borne plant pathogens are important threats to crop yield and they causes relevant economic losses. Soil-borne plant pathogens and the diseases they produce can cause huge losses and even social and environmental changes, for instance the Irish famine caused by Phytophthora infestans (1845–1853), or the harmful ecological alterations in the jarrah forests of Western Australia affected by Phytophthora cinnamomi in the last 100 years. How can a root pathogen species increase its populations densities at epidemic levels? In wild ecosystems usually we expect the soil biodiversity (microbiome, nematodes, mycorrhiza, protozoa, worms, etc.) through the trophic webs and different interactions between soil species, are going to regulate each other and the pathogens populations, avoiding disease outbreaks. In agroecosystems where plant diseases and epidemics are frequent and destructive, soil-borne plant pathogens has been managed applying different strategies: chemical, cultural, biological agents and others; however so far, there is not enough knowledge about how important is soil biodiversity, mainly microbiome diversity and soil food webs structure and function in the management of root pathogens, in root and plant health, in healthy food production, and maybe more relevant in the conservation of soil as a natural resource and derived from it, the ecosystem services important for life in our planet.
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Żołnierczyk, Anna K. "Nutritional Properties of Edible Insects." In Environmental, Health, and Business Opportunities in the New Meat Alternatives Market, 143–65. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7350-0.ch008.
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Insects are the biggest animal group on earth. They constitute as much as 80% of the animal kingdom. Over 2000 species of insects are consumed in Central and South America, Africa, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. Currently almost 1 billion people on this planet suffer from hunger, and we must strive to increase the efficiency of food production. One of the possible solutions is to use insects as a source of food. An important advantage of insect production is the high environmental safety compared to conventional livestock. Conventional animal husbandry is responsible for at least 18% of total greenhouse gas emissions and large consumption of drinking water. A much smaller amount of water is used to produce insect meat and insects require far less feed. Production of insect protein requires much less land and energy than the more widely consumed forms of animal protein. The nutritional usefulness of edible insects varies depending on the species, on the stage of development of the insect and the method of breeding and feeding. Insects have a high nutritional value. They are a rich source of protein which includes all eight essential amino acids (phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine). Edible insects contain on average 10-30% of fat in dry matter and they are good source of edible oil which contains more than 50% of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) desirable for nutritional and health reasons. The average energy value of edible insects is about 400-500 kcal/100g of dry matter. Insects also contain a variety of water soluble or lipophilic vitamins and minerals. Their consumption can build a well-balanced diet. Insects can be regarded as safe, if properly managed and consumed, but international food regulations are needed.
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Żołnierczyk, Anna K. "Nutritional Properties of Edible Insects." In Research Anthology on Food Waste Reduction and Alternative Diets for Food and Nutrition Security, 1187–209. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5354-1.ch061.
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Insects are the biggest animal group on earth. They constitute as much as 80% of the animal kingdom. Over 2000 species of insects are consumed in Central and South America, Africa, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. Currently almost 1 billion people on this planet suffer from hunger, and we must strive to increase the efficiency of food production. One of the possible solutions is to use insects as a source of food. An important advantage of insect production is the high environmental safety compared to conventional livestock. Conventional animal husbandry is responsible for at least 18% of total greenhouse gas emissions and large consumption of drinking water. A much smaller amount of water is used to produce insect meat and insects require far less feed. Production of insect protein requires much less land and energy than the more widely consumed forms of animal protein. The nutritional usefulness of edible insects varies depending on the species, on the stage of development of the insect and the method of breeding and feeding. Insects have a high nutritional value. They are a rich source of protein which includes all eight essential amino acids (phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine). Edible insects contain on average 10-30% of fat in dry matter and they are good source of edible oil which contains more than 50% of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) desirable for nutritional and health reasons. The average energy value of edible insects is about 400-500 kcal/100g of dry matter. Insects also contain a variety of water soluble or lipophilic vitamins and minerals. Their consumption can build a well-balanced diet. Insects can be regarded as safe, if properly managed and consumed, but international food regulations are needed.
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Furley, Peter A. "3. Savanna vegetation." In Savannas: A Very Short Introduction, 47–78. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198717225.003.0003.
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Why do savannas differ? Savannas have developed in an uneasy equilibrium over time with varying pressures, leading to an amalgamation of landscape patterns. They are also the product of disturbance and conversion from other ecosystems, especially tropical forests. Each continent has developed a unique collection of plants and animals with a particular environmental evolution and history of human occupation. As a result they have followed different evolutionary pathways leading to distinct landscapes and particular challenges for their futures. ‘Savanna vegetation’ considers the primary productivity of plants, the vegetation structure, and species richness across savannas in Africa, tropical America (including Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela), Central America and the Caribbean, and Australasia.
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Mitchell, Peter. "Why Donkeys?" In The Donkey in Human History. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198749233.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
Donkeys carried Christ into Jerusalem, transported the Greek god Dionysus to his childhood home on Mount Nysa and into battle against the Giants, and provided a mount for Muhammad, who supposedly used it to summon his companions. Long before the arrival of the horse, they were ridden by kings in the Near East, buried near Egypt’s first pharaohs, and sacrificed to ancient gods across the Fertile Crescent and as far beyond it as Baluchistan and Badajoz. Along with their hybrid offspring, the mule, donkeys formed—and in places still form—a core technology for moving goods at both local and international levels, especially in areas of rugged or mountainous terrain: agricultural produce throughout the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East, and beyond; tin and wool for Bronze Age merchants between Assyria and Anatolia; supplies for the Roman army; New World silver to Caribbean ports for shipment to Spain; salt in contemporary and medieval Ethiopia; household necessities and even the dead in the modern Moroccan city of Fez. Their muscles ground flour in the Classical Mediterranean, powered water wheels in Islamic Andalucía, and helped deliver stone columns from Egypt’s deserts to build the Pantheon in Rome. Today, they remain a critical resource for many of the world’s poor, their use promoted by numerous development projects. At the same time, conservation authorities in places as distant from each other as Australia and the United States seek to control the numbers of feral donkeys using means that pose impossible-to-resolve ethical questions. And yet, for most twenty-first-century individuals in the Western world, donkeys are among the least considered of the animals that people have domesticated. Tellingly, for example, a recent overview of the archaeology of animals completely omits them, while nevertheless including the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), a tree-nesting bird kept by Pre-Columbian Native Americans, in its table of ‘major domestic animals’. Rarely seen and even more rarely eaten, donkeys are perhaps met with on foreign holidays or encountered as unusual companion animals, participants in school Christmas celebrations, or seaside attractions for small children.
Conference papers on the topic "Animal products – Australia"
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Anderson, Peter, James Wonson, and W. John Dartnall. "Rigorous Design Process for a Groundwater Pump for Low-Yield Water Wells: A Case Study." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39557.
Full textAbstract:
Ground-water pumping in remote areas, such as Australian farms, was for many years traditionally done by wind pumps in order to satisfy the needs of stock. Since the 1980’s solar pumps of varying designs have become popular for pumping water from farm dams and tube wells. Wind pumps, solar pumps, engine or electric motor driven pumps and even animal/human powered pumps have a future in many remote situations in the world for stock watering, irrigation and for village water supply in developing countries. In these markets there is a wide-spread view that local manufacture of the pumps is preferable, as is well documented in the literature on village water supply in developing countries. Submersible pumps that are either of the multi-stage centrifugal class or that use the progressive cavity principle have increased in popularity in the low well yield environment. However, where well yields are extremely low the efficiency of these pumps also becomes low and oversized pumps of these kinds are often inappropriately applied. Quite often in the low yield situation, tube wells are also oversized in that they are drilled to large diameters and depths so as to provide storage in order to accommodate the water demand requirements of the user. This practice leads to unnecessary deterioration of both pump and well. Designing for low production volume manufacture presents unique challenges for the designer in attempting to design a robust, versatile but cost-effective product. The design challenges include, achievement of: - high efficiency, reliability, longevity, simplicity, versatility with a minimum parts count, and all this at a low cost. A case study is presented in this paper in which the design issues are outlined. A rigorous design process has been applied in this case study.