Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Animal Production'
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Johnston, Steven Dale. "The effects of genotype production and nutrition on lamb production." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295395.
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Healy, Sally. "Australian Consumers' Awareness of Animal Production." Thesis, Griffith University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/382024.
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Changes in animal production over the last several decades, whilst enabling a reliable supply of animal-based protein, have caused concern among consumers and stakeholders within the food industry regarding the impacts of farming on animal welfare, the environment, and human health. Many people consider animal welfare a public good, yet the role of government intervention to protect it is limited and therefore market forces are currently acting as the major driver of improvements to welfare standards. It is important to understand consumer attitudes towards animal welfare and whether concerns and preferences are directly translated into purchasing behaviours and demand for higher welfare products. Consumers receive information about animal welfare from a wide range of sources yet the capacity for information to change attitudes, beliefs, and purchasing behaviours remains undetermined.
This dissertation presents an examination into consumer awareness of, and attitudes towards, farm animal welfare in Australia. Through questionnaires, a quasi-experimental study, and stakeholder interviews, I collected quantitative and qualitative data to inform an analysis of consumer and stakeholder perspectives of the farm animal welfare issues resulting from intensive production.
A questionnaire completed by 894 people (chapter three) was utilised to determine the current level of awareness that consumers have of farming in Australia among other variables of interest such as concern for animal welfare, product preferences, attitudes, and social climate. Responses were collected using online and mail sampling. The quasi-experimental component of this dissertation (chapter four) analysed the change in key variables pertaining to consumer decision-making over time across a sample of 106 participants. The participants were provided information on the labelling standards, animal welfare, and environmental and health impacts of modern farming systems. Subsequently, they provided feedback on the effect of this information both directly and indirectly. In the final phase of data collection (chapter five), nine stakeholder representatives from the farming industry, retailers, and advocacy groups were interviewed and their perspectives on farming were interpreted using content analysis.
The findings from the research presented in this dissertation show that consumers generally lack awareness of livestock production and its implications for the welfare of animals. Consumers are familiar with some welfare issues and indicate concern for the ethical dimensions of modern food production but experience confusion over suitable alternatives to intensively farmed foods and the meanings behind product labels. The stakeholder interviews furthered this conclusion by affirming that an improvement in farm animal welfare requires effective communication between producers, retailers and consumers whilst ensuring animal welfare legislation is comprehensive, enforceable and made clear to consumers.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environment and Sc
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Fontana, I. "SOUND TECHNOLOGY IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY TO ASSESS ANIMAL WELFARE, BEHAVIOUR AND PRODUCTION." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/340793.
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This thesis describes a methodology of Precision Livestock Farming, to investigate animal health and welfare, through the monitoring of animal behaviours and vocalisations using image and sounds analysis instead of the visual observation methods. The main purpose of PLF is to improve the production efficiency, increasing animal and human health and welfare, through the application of advanced information and technologies, to control the entire production process. This thesis was particularly dedicated to the importance of using new technologies and methodologies to improve animal health, welfare and production.
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Glass, Margaret. "Animal production systems in neolithic Central Europe /." Oxford : Tempus reparatum, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb366774234.
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Marchesi, G. "IMPROVING ANIMAL WELFARE, ANIMAL PRODUCTION QUALITY AND FOOD SAFETY WITH ADVANCED SENSOR SYSTEMS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/217452.
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The livestock production main purpose is to satisfy the customer requirements at a price that enables the producer to make a profit. This trend moved the farm concept to the new control and monitoring technology system to support its operations. This new idea of the farm takes the name of “Precision farming technology” (PFT). The objective of the researches described in this thesis is to study and evaluate different type of technologies used in the PFT. To achieve this objective, six different trials were done; in the first trial, it was evaluated the use of an electronic system for automatic calving detection; in the second trial, it was designed, developed and tested a GPS/GSM birth alarm for cattle-grazing; in the third trial, it was evaluated the oestrus detection in a dairy cattle farm with the Herd Navigator™; in the fourth trial, it was analysed the reproduction and economical performances in a dairy cattle farm with the Herd Navigator™; in the fifth trial, it was designed and tested a low cost GPS/GPRS collar to combat cattle rustling; in the sixth trial, it was studied a GPS collar to trace the epidemiological issues in a flock.
In the first study, the technical performance of the C6 birth control system® was analysed. The C6 birth control system® is an electronic device that detects the time of the expulsion phase during the calving. A number of 53 Holstein was fitted on the day 280±5 of gestation with the C6 birth control system®, which was left in place until confirmation of calving. Sensitivity and positive predictive value of the system were calculated as 100% and 95%, respectively. The partum events occurring at the group fitted with the system were compared with the analogous occurred at 59 animals without device. When alarmed by the system the farm staffs were in the calving barn during the expulsion phase in the 100% of the cases. On the contrary the cows without the device were assisted only in 17% of the cases (P<0.001).
The aim of the second trial was the development of a GPS/GSM birth alarm for cattle-grazing (GPS-CAL). At the expulsion phase, during the calving, the system sent a Short message Service (SMS) to the farmer’s phone. In the SMS there were indicated the GPS coordinates where the cow was calving. Three tests were done: a) laboratory test to evaluate the battery life and the GPS’s accuracy; b) field test in a commercial dairy farm with small pasture; c) field test in a commercial cattle farm in the Apennines. The laboratory tests showed a battery life of one month. The GPS accuracy was 1,237 m. In field “b” were tested 18 calving. In field “c” were tested 8 calving. In the total of 26 calving the GPS-CAL sent the SMS with the correct cow calving position.
The third study was related to the Herd Navigator™ monitoring of cows reproduction performances. The Herd Navigator™ is a system that automatically programs the analysis of milk progesterone samples from selected specific cows of the herd. In a commercial dairy farm, the same 156 cows were monitored with both a Herd Navigator™ and a DeLaval® activity system. Sensitivity and positive predictive value of the systems were calculated as 100% and 96% for Herd Navigator™, and as 49% and 70% for activity meter. The test definitely, demonstrates a significant difference (P<0.001) between the two-oestrus detection systems both for sensitivity and positive predictive value, with higher performances for the Herd Navigator™ system.
The aim of the fourth trial was verify the Herd Navigator™ benefits on the reproduction management in a commercial dairy farm - with automatic milking system - located in mountain areas. Reproductive and economical data were recorded before and one year after the Herd Navigator™ installation. The number of days open (DO) was reduced from 166 to 103 days. The same reduction has been identified in the number of days between the first and the second insemination that was passed from 45 days before the Herd Navigator™ introduction, to 28 days.. Another important value was the 80% reduction in the number of days required to identify an abortion (from 31 to 6 days). The preliminary results obtained confirm the usefulness of the system for the reproduction management. A model was developed using literature and commercial data to evaluate the potential economic benefits of the introduction of this technology. The model considers the benefits deriving from the decrease of reproduction problems and the reduction of days open. Considering the effects related to the above aspects, in a case study involving 70 dairy cows a 5 year time of investment return has been calculated.
In the fifth trial, it was developed a low-cost GPS/GSM collar, using commercial hardware and implementing specific software, to track animals’ movements within a grazing area and get alert from animals’ trespassing of virtual fences. A Phase I study was conducted from September 2008 to June 2009 to build the GPS/GSM collar, while a Phase II study was conducted in July 2009 to test the GPS collar under real operating conditions. The GPS/GSM collar production costs did not exceed € 1.000, including software and labour required for its construction. Field tests highlighted the potentiality of the GPS/GSM collar as anti-theft system. Battery life was the most limiting factor of the system due to the high power consumption of the GPS receiver and the high frequency GPS sampling (30-s intervals) required by anti-theft monitoring.
The aims of the last trial were study and evaluate a new system for the epidemiological monitoring in a flock. The OVItrace collar was a GPS / GPRS device connected to the management software. The system tracks and traces the path of the flock in real time. An OVItrace collar was placed onto a donkey in a flock. During the test stability and functionality of the system were verified. In particular, a number of 1563 location data has been recorded, with the exact definition of the location and the flock identification. Position requests were sent either via software (web-app) or via smartphone. In both cases the collar has promptly sent the position, ensuring a quick test for the field epidemiological analysis. However the OVItrace gives a number of further information in real time of the flock’s path. The OVItrace collar use can be considered a good system for the epidemiological monitoring.
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Ogino, Akifumi. "Life cycle assessment of Japanese animal production systems." Kyoto University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/136678.
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Castelo, Daniela Pio Quinto. "Physiological constraints on sound production in Lusitanian toadfish." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/10460.
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Mestrado em Biologia AplicadaO Sucesso reprodutivo dos machos territoriais do xarroco dependem da sua capacidade vocal. Para a produção de vocalizações são utilizados músculos sónicos intrínsecos à parede da bexiga-natatória, cuja frequência de contração pode atingir valores superiores a 100 Hz e são por isso conhecidos como os músculos mais rápidos entre todos os vertebrados. Com este estudo pretendese averiguar se a capacidade fisiológica de produção de som é diferente no inverno e na época reprodutiva, assim como entre juvenis e adultos. Para este efeito estimulámos o nervo sónico de indivíduos jovens e adultos, no inverno e na época reprodutiva, com uma sequência de sirenes artificiais simulando a frequência, duração e taxa de vocalizações naturais. O movimento de contração do músculo sónico foi registado recorrendo a um transdutor de força e, simultaneamente foi registado o som produzido. Esperávamos que machos adultos de verão produzissem sons de maior amplitude e fossem mais resistentes à fadiga do que machos adultos de Inverno. Não esperávamos encontrar estas diferenças sazonais em juvenis pré-reprodutivos. No entanto, esperávamos que machos juvenis no geral produzissem sons de menor amplitude e fossem menos resistentes à fadiga. Em paralelo à estimulação do nervo sónico para produção de som, foi realizada a caracterização histológica e histoquímica das fibras do músculo sónico para cada um destes grupos de modo a procurar eventuais diferenças estruturais que justificassem as diferenças esperadas. Machos de verão, tanto adultos como juvenis demonstraram ter uma melhor performance vocal em termos amplitude de som. A fadiga muscular parece não variar com a estação do ano mas é, no entanto, mais acentuada em juvenis. Os resultados referentes ao movimento de contração do músculo sónico mostram que, para além da contração rápida correspondente à frequência de estimulação, este músculo apresenta uma contração lenta e sustida não descrita para outras espécies deste género. Os cortes histológicos apresentam uma distribuição heterogénea das fibras. Machos de verão apresentam mais sarcoplasma na época reprodutiva que os indivíduos de inverno, fêmeas e juvenis. Machos de inverno e verão apresentam fibras de maior diâmetro que juvenis. As fibras do músculo sónico têm uma forma poligonal e um centro de sarcoplasma rodeado de miofibrilhas. A presença de fibras em remodelação e possível divisão em xarrocos adultos nunca tinha sido descrita nesta espécie. Machos adultos de inverno, assim como machos adultos de verão que não apresentam uma alta taxa de vocalizações naturais, aparentam ter fibras mais lentas que machos adultos de verão com grande performance vocal. Não foi possível determinar o mecanismo responsável pela contração lenta e sustida do músculo sónico. No entanto, postulamos que este fenómeno terá um papel importante na ampliação e radiação do som produzido.
Male territorial Lusitanian toadfish depend on their vocal capability for reproductive success. Sound is produced by a pair of sonic muscles intrinsic to the swimbladder walls, which contract as fast as 100Hz. and are therefore considerate to be among the fastest muscles in vertebrates. In this study we aimed to investigate if the physiological ability for sound production is different in the winter and in the breeding season, as well as in juveniles and adults. In that vein we have stimulated the sonic nerve of both adults and juveniles, during the winter and breading season, with sequences of artificial boatwhistles simulating the frequency, duration and rate of natural calls. The sonic muscle contraction movement was recorded using a force transducer. Simultaneously, we have recorded the produced sound. We expected that the breading adult males would be able to produce sound of higher amplitude and to be more resistant to fatigue then the non reproductive winter adult males, however we didn’t expect to find seasonal differences in pre-reproductive juveniles males. However, it was expected for juvenile males to produce sounds of lower amplitude and to be less resistant to fatigue than adult males in general. We have also examined the histology and histochemistry of sonic muscle fibers to search for eventual morphological differences between these groups in order to justify the expected differences in physiological ability for muscle contractions. Summer males, both adults and juveniles, showed a better performance in terms of a higher sound amplitude. The muscle fatigue didn’t seem to change between seasons but is more pronounced in juveniles than adults. The contraction movement of the sonic muscle results shows the expected fast contractions that follow the stimulation frequency and also a slow and sustained contraction that hasn’t been described in any other toadfish specie. Histological sections of the sonic muscle show fibers that are arranged in several orientations. Summer males sonic muscle fibers have higher sarcoplasm area than winter individuals, females and juveniles. Winter and summer males showed a larger sonic muscle fibers diameter than juveniles. The fibers were found to have a polygonal shape and a central core of sarcoplasm surrounded by myofibrils. The presence of remodeling and possible division fibers in sonic muscle in adult males has never been described in this species. The sonic muscle of both winter and summer adult males that did not vocalize at high rates in a natural environment presented slower fibers than summer adult males that were previously found to be strongly vocal. It was not possible to determinate the mechanism responsible for the slow and sustained contraction of the sonic muscle but we postulate that this phenomenon has an important role in sound amplitude and radiation.
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Gonzalez, Esquivel Carlos Ernesto. "Evaluation of suitability in dairy cattle production systems." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286689.
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Welchman, D. de B. "The production, health and welfare of veal calves." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373858.
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Ibrahim, Sami Balla. "Modified poultry diets : an approach to sustainable animal production." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25070.pdf.
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Amos, B. "Dialysis culture in animal cell growth and protein production." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1995. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5350/.
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Hybridoma cells were grown in dialysis perfusion culture using a stirred reactor within which a tubular membrane was suspended. Nutrient and product flows occurred by diffusion processes alone, and were both to and from the culture environment A mathematical model of the transfer and reaction allowed prediction of steady state cell and metabolite concentrations. Steady states in cell concentration were observed for a range of perfusion rates and membrane areas. However the model could not be applied to predict steady state cell concentrations between changes in the medium. The perfusate consisted of basal medium only. Serum addition to the reactor itself resulted in decreased steady state cell densities except when it relieved a glucose limitation. Antibody was accumulated to high concentrations and yields on both basal medium and serum were many times those achieved in standard batch cultures. Cell viability fell to 30-50% but product quality did not appear to be adversely affected by the low viability. Recombinant CHO-320 cells also grew successfully under dialysis conditions and produced 7-interferon. Cell concentrations and viabilities were higher than those seen with the hybridoma. The insect cell line SF9 did not grow during dialysis perfusion, but post infection with a recombinant Baculovirus permitted the yield of \(\beta\)-galactosidase to double in dialysis culture.
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MARIANI, ELENA. "NUTRITION AS A TOOL TO MODULATE PRODUCTION ANIMAL HEALTH." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/626377.
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Nutrition plays an important role in maintaining a good health status of animals as nutrients can modulate oxidative status, immune and inflammatory response. Moreover, there is a need of innovative additives and feeds that can improve organism defences against diseases.
The aim of this work was to monitor different markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in production animals in response to different feed additives.
In this study, first, the activation of Nuclear factor-E2 related factor 2 in transgenic mice fed different sources and amount of fatty acids was monitored. Inducing the transcription of genes involved in oxidative stress response, Nrf2 represents one of the main actor in the organism defence against oxidative stress. In this phase, we used an innovative technique of in vivo imaging that allowed us to follow the experimental subject in time and in vivo. reducing significantly animal stress.
Secondly, an evaluation of different oxidative and inflammatory markers was carried on post-weaning piglets fed with melon pulp concentrate. The double aim of this trial was to validate melon pulp concentrate as a feed additives to improve immune response in challenged pigs and to monitor the trends of commonly used markers during LPS challenge.
Then, as the effectiveness of new feed additives are under investigation and their effect on intestinal health need to be demonstrated, is essential to turn attention to intestinal health biomarkers, non- or minimally invasive. For this reason, the main aim of the last study was to develop and validate a new sandwich ELISA test for the quantification of Pacreatitis Associated Protein in pig faecal samples.
Finally, an observational study on a new Oxidative Stress Index (OSi) was conducted on dairy cows during the transition period. The driving hypothesis was that a composed index, as OSi, predicts more accurately the oxidative status than the evaluation of reactive oxygen species or serum antioxidant capacity separately. Furthermore, the relationship between indexes of oxidative status and markers of energy balance as blood free fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate, was determined.
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Bates, Katherine M. "Protein Production in the Milk of Genetically Engineered Animals." DigitalCommons@USU, 1998. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3980.
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There are numerous proteins that have potential uses in commercial and scientific applications that are not utilized to their full potential. this is partly because it is not economically feasible to isolate some of these proteins from their natural sources or to produce them using bacterial fermentation methods. The purpose of this research was to target recombinant protein expression to the mammary glands of genetically engineered or transgenic animals. Foreign protein expression has been achieved in the mammary glands of rabbits, sheep, cows, and swine. By using a strong mammary gland promoter and signal peptide fused to the protein, it was hypothesized at the beginning of the study that the two proteins of this study would be secreted into the milk.
To test this approach for protein production, expression vectors for two different plant proteins were made. The proteins targeted for expression were thaumatin and brazzein, proteins that have sweetener or flavor altering properties. The regulatory portion of the expression vector used exons and introns from the milk β-casein gene. Four and a half kilobases of the 5' region of the bovine β-casein gene was isolated, which contained the promoter sequence and other regulatory sequences for gene expression in mammary tissue. A size of 2.2 kilobases of the 3' region of the β-casein gene contained further regulatory sequences as well as a polyadenylation signal. The gene sequence for the protein was modified by using codons commonly used for casein and was generated using synthetic oligonucleotides. Additionally, the signal peptide from the alpha S-1 casein gene was used to transport the protein into the mammary milk vesicle. The DNA expression vectors were subsequently injected into murine and caprine embryos for the production of transgenic animals. Transgenic mice and a goat were identified that contained the thaumatin transgene. Preliminary analysis of mouse milk by capillary gel electrophloresis indicated the expression of thaumatin protein. This protein expression system is intended to utilize large dairy animals as bioreactors for efficient, non-toxic protein production with a view to being applied to different proteins as the technology advances.
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Lloyd, Ruth Marie. "Fungal mycelium from penicillin and G production : an alternative protein source for animal production?" Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247903.
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Moss, Angela R. "The effect of diet composition on methane production by sheep." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243640.
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Maghin, F. "NATURAL EXTRACTS IN ANIMAL NUTRITION: ANIMAL WELL¿BEING AND PRODUCTS QUALITY." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/488996.
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The main objective of this thesis was to have a deeper knowledge about the influence of feeding strategies with several natural plants extracts on pig performance and meat quality in different phases of pig production. To achieve this objective, a set of 4 studies were performed (chapter 2-6).
The first study evaluated the effect of dietary supplementation with a mixture of algae plus polyphenols (AM) in lactating sow on maternal and piglets performance and sows reproductive data until the subsequent farrowing. This study showed that integration of AM in sow diet decreased the fat mobilization during lactation. Moreover, dietary AM inclusion in lactating sows positively affected body weight and average daily gain in piglets at 21 days. Moreover, sows that received AM had more total number of piglets born at the subsequent farrowing.
Regarding the effects of plant extracts on meat and product quality, two different studies were performed. In the second study of the thesis, the impact of dietary integration with vitamin E and verbascoside (AOX) in pigs, on carcass characteristics, meat quality, shelf life of pork under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) was evaluated. This study demonstrated the positive effects of plant extracts as antioxidant. Particularly, highlighted that dietary AOX positively affected carcass dressing percentage and pork oxidative and colour stability. Moreover, sensory analysis revealed that, at 15 days under MAP, meat from AOX was comparable with fresh meat in appearance and aroma.
In the same way, the third study showed that vitamin E and verbascoside (AOX) also affected the quality of derived product like smoked cured ham. Results relieved infact that the AOX dietary inclusion affected the seasoning losses and influenced the consumers' preference of smoked cured ham, without affecting other quality parameters.
Finally, the fourth experimental trial examined the impact of 3 % hydrolysable tannins (HT) from chestnut extract and two levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in the diets on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality and boar taint compounds in entire males. Results showed that dietary HT reduced the feed efficiency but not feed intake and the pigs final weight. These results show that performance, carcass composition and meat quality traits are not affected by dietary 3% chestnut extract supplementation in entire male. The boar taints compounds like androstenone, skatole and indole tended to be lower in HT group. The cytochrome mRNA expression in the liver and colon mucosa was not affected by the diet. No evident relationship between dietary PUFA level and boar taint compound levels was observed.
Overall, these results contribute to improve the knowledge regarding beneficial effects of plant extracts. The inclusion of bioactive components contained in natural extracts can be considered an innovative approach to improve pig wellbeing and pork quality without negative effects on animal production.
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Koep, Karin Sarah Coles. "Production of salami from meat of aquatic and terrestrial mammals." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1073.
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Webb, Megan Jean. "Influence of Production System on Animal Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Meat Quality, Environmental Impacts, Production Economics, and Consumer Preference for Beef." Thesis, South Dakota State University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10748940.
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The overall objective of this study was to determine if the level of growth promotant technology used among production systems influence animal and carcass performance, meat quality, production economics, the environmental impact, and determine consumer preferences and perception. Angus Х Simmental steer calves (n =120) were stratified by birth date, birth weight, and dam age in a completely randomized design and assigned to one of four treatments: 1) no antibiotics (NA, receiving no technology); 2) non-hormone treated (NHTC, fed monensin and tylosin); 3) implant (IMPL, administered a series of three implants), and 4) implant plus fed a beta-agonist (IMBA, administered the same implant strategy as IMPL plus, fed ractopamine-HCI for the last 30 d prior to harvest). Animal weight, production expenses, and environmental factor data were collected from the production segments including: cow-calf, backgrounding, and finishing. During the finishing segment, animal feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), and efficiency was obtained. Carcass meat quality and yield performace was assessed. Striploins were collected for analyses post fabrication. Steaks were designated to specific postmortem aging periods, utilized for Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), crude fat, and consumer sensory analyses. The consumer analyses evaluated beef production system information undisclosed and disclosed or simiply, without and later with information to assess palatability only, perception only, and perception plus palatability among untrained consumer panelists.
IMPL had the greatest (P < 0.01) ADG and gain to feed (G:F). The final calculated body weight and hot carcass weight was similar (P > 0.05) and heavier (P < 0.01) for IMPL and IMBA in comparison to NA and NHTC, which were similar (P > 0.05). The actual branded carcass value was similar ( P > 0.01) for NA and IMPL and greater (P < 0.05) than NHTC and IMBA, which was similar (P > 0.05). Excluding the cost of the calf, production costs were similar (P > 0.05) and lowest (P < 0.05) for NA and IMPL, NHTC was intermediate (P < 0.05), and IMBA had the greatest ( P < 0.05) production cost. Net return was similar (P > 0. 01) between NA and IMPL, which was greater (P < 0.01) than NHTC and IMBA, which were similar (P > 0.01). In the environmental analysis, IMPL reduced GHG (CO2e/kg HCW) emissions by 8%, energy use (MJ/kg HCW) by 6%, water use (kg H2O/kg HCW) by 6%, and reactive N loss (g N/kg HCW) by 6%. The IMBA reduced GHG emissions by 7%, energy use by 3%, and reactive N loss by 1%.
Meat quality analyses for marbling score and crude fat among NA and NHTC did not differ (P > 0.05) but were greater (P < 0.05) than IMPL and IMBA, which were similar (P > 0.05) and lower in crude fat. Steaks from NA and NHTC did not differ (P > 0.05) for WBSF though were more tender (P ≤ 0.05) than IMPL and IMBA, which were similar (P ≤ 0.05) and tougher (P ≤ 0.05). During the Undisclosed without Meat panel, NA was most preferred (P ≤ 0.05) and IMBA was least preferred (P ≤ 0.05) while NHTC and IMPL were intermediate and similar (P > 0.05). All samples differed (P ≤ 0.05) during the Disclosed with Meat panel where, NHTC was most preferred followed by NA, IMPL, and IMBA. Despite improvements from use of monensin, tylosin, growth promoting implants with and without ractopamine HCl, cattle within IMPL and IMBA resulted in greater animal and carcass weights, were most effective at minimizing the environmental impact, and improved producer net return (IMPL only). However, consumers may have detected reductions in tenderness and palatability as IMPL and IMBA were least preferred. Consumers preferred the palatability of meat raised with judicious use of antimicrobials and antibiotics to ensure animal health when production information was disclosed (NHTC).
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Rind, Muhammad Ismail. "Social effects on the feeding behaviour and production of dairy cows." Thesis, Bangor University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240136.
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Birnie, Jonathan William. "Factors affecting the fasting heat production of non-lactating dairy cattle." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301773.
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Miotello, Silvia. "ORGANIC ANIMAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND QUALITY OF PRODUCTS FROM RUMINANTS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426989.
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This research activity aimed at investigating cow and goat milk and cheese quality, organic beef quality in mountain areas. Experimental trials were set-up to evaluate the chemical, technological, and nutritional characteristics of products obtained in organic and conventional farms located in the Veneto region. From the first study on the quality of milk from organic and conventional farms in mountain areas the milk was found to be substantially similar for chemical composition and technological properties despite two production systems were used. The fatty acid profile, instead was viewed favorably from a nutritional point of view for milk obtained form organic farming. Based on the trial carried out on cheese made from organic and conventional milk the differences in fatty acid profiles were confirmed, once again in favor of organic cheeses. It is possible to use some of the fatty acid profile parameters (saturated, mono-unsaturated, poly-unsaturated fatty acids, and ratio for some fatty acids of nutritional interest), to distinguish cheese based on the production system used and period of production. Special interest is paid for poly-unsaturated fatty acids, n3 and CLA fatty acids, which are found in cheeses produced in summer from organic milk. Organic cheese is more yellow and brighter in colour than conventional cheese because it is richer in a-tocopherols. From the sensory analysis no distinctive characteristics resulted for organic cheeses, so it is not possible to distinguish them from conventional ones through taste trials. In the third study, the investigation carried out on organic dairy goat farms in the Veneto region has shown great variability in feed management in farms. Regarding the fatty acid profile for goat milk, the study has revealed better results when grazing was possible; particularly high concentrations of CLA were found in farms where grazing was allowed in the summertime. In the fourth study, organic calf farming results in leaner animals, with lower cholesterol content, compared to conventionally farmed calves. The quantity of haeminic iron in organic meat almost doubles that found in conventional meat, which causes organic meat to be darker. This aspect is viewed negatively form a commercial point of view: darker meat is not appreciated by consumers who expect it to be slightly pink in colour (“white meat”).
Overall, with this thesis it was possible to affirm that organic-farming mountain livestock could be exemplified as the method to use for increase the value of productions and sustainable farming.Questa attività di ricerca ha avuto come obiettivo quello di investigare la qualità del latte bovino e caprino, di formaggi e di carne di vitello ottenuto da allevamenti biologici in zona montana. Sono state impostate quattro prove sperimentali che hanno valutato le caratteristiche chimiche, tecnologiche e nutrizionali di prodotti ottenuti da allevamenti biologici e convenzionali localizzati nella Regione Veneto. Il primo studio sulla qualità del latte ottenuto da allevamenti biologici e convenzionali di vacche da latte in zona montana ha evidenziato una sostanziale similitudine nella composizione chimica e nelle caratteristiche tecnologiche del latte ottenuto con i due diversi sistemi di produzione. Il profilo acidico del grasso del latte, invece, è risultato più favorevole dal punto di vista nutrizionale nel latte ottenuto da allevamenti biologici. Nel secondo studio sui formaggi ottenuti con latte biologico e convenzionale sono state confermate le differenze relative al profilo acidico, risultato ancora una volta più favorevole nei formaggi biologici. E’ stato possibile utilizzare alcuni parametri del profilo acidico per poter discriminare formaggi ottenuti con sistemi di produzione diversi e in mesi diversi. In particolare la quantità di acidi grassi polinsaturi, il contenuto di acidi grassi della serie n3 e i CLA, sono risultati più elevati nei formaggi estivi di produzione biologica. L’elevato contenuto di a-tocoferolo rilevato nel formaggio biologico ha portato a una colorazione brillante e più gialla rispetto ai formaggi convenzionali. Dall’analisi sensoriale non sono emerse particolari caratteristiche del formaggio ottenuto con latte biologico che quindi non è possibile discriminare rispetto ai convenzionali con prove di degustazione. Nel terzo studio, l’indagine riguardante le aziende biologiche di capre da latte presenti nella Regione Veneto, ha evidenziato una grande variabilità nella gestione alimentare delle aziende. Il lavoro ha rilevato concentrazioni elevate di CLA nelle aziende che hanno effettuato pascolo per tutti i mesi estivi. Nel quarto studio la carne di vitello ottenuta con metodo biologico è risultata più magra e con un più basso contenuto di colesterolo rispetto alla carne di vitello convenzionale. Il quantitativo di ferro eminico nella carne biologica è risultato quasi il doppio rispetto alla carne convenzionale causando una colorazione più rossa della carne biologica. Questo aspetto può penalizzare la commerciabilità del prodotto in quanto una colorazione rossa della carne di vitello non è apprezzata dal consumatore che desidera una carne rosata (carne “bianca”). Nel complesso questa attività di ricerca ha permesso di affermare che la zootecnia biologica in montagna si può proporre come metodo per la valorizzazione di alcune produzioni e la sostenibilità degli allevamenti.
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Wilkie, Rhoda. "Sentient commodities : human-livestock relations from birth to slaughter in commercial and hobby production." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2002. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=165516.
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This thesis is a sociological exploration of how people involved in commercial and hobby livestock production, in Northeast Scotland, make sense of their relations with livestock, from birth to slaughter. I carried out an ethnographic study that combines fieldwork and unstructured interviewing to elicit how mart workers, auctioneers, vets, farmers, stockmen, hobby farmers and slaughter workers regard and interact with livestock. Although livestock are the raw materials of production, I show that the commodity status of livestock is variable and that people's relationships with livestock are complex, dynamic and ambiguous. One of the main reasons for ambiguity is that livestock are sentient and social begins: they have the capacity to engage in social relations with each other and with those who work closest with them. In effect, livestock are commodified sentient beings but to draw attention to people's difficulty in classifying and relating to them, I suggest they are sentient commodities. I argue that people's attitude, feeling and behaviour, towards livestock is systematically related to the place they, and their animals, occupy in the commercial and non-commercial production process. For instance, breeding animals are more likely to be regarded as individuals whilst slaughter animals are anonymously processed as part of a de-individualised batch. Similarly, people attend to express varying degrees of emotional attachment to livestock at the breeding end of the process and varying degrees of emotional detachment towards livestock destined for slaughter. Any animals, however, that requires additional handling or deviates from the routine is included to stand out from the herd, will acquire more meaning for the worker, and will become more than 'just an animal'. People who work with livestock are therefore faced with the challenge of negotiating the contradictory demands of being empathetic carers and economic producers of livestock.
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Bouchet, Hélène. "Relation entre variabilité du répertoire vocal et système social : étude comparative chez les cercopithécinés (Cercocebus torquatus, Cercopithecus campbelli, Cercopithecus neglectus)." Rennes 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1S035.
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La communication est essentielle au fonctionnement social. Aussi les pressions sociales pourraient jouer un rôle majeur dans l’évolution des capacités communicatives. Nous avons étudié, en captivité, trois espèces de primates non-humains qui diffèrent par leurs systèmes sociaux : le mangabé à collier (Cercocebus torquatus), la mone de Campbell (Cercopithecus campbelli) et le singe de Brazza (Cercopithecus neglectus). Nos résultats dénotent d’un lien fort entre variabilité vocale et facteurs sociaux. Le rôle social d’un individu se reflète dans la composition, la richesse de son répertoire et dans sa loquacité. La fonction d’un type de cri influence son degré de variabilité et son potentiel à transmettre un message identitaire. Enfin, un lien a pu être établi entre la taille, la diversité du répertoire, l’activité vocale et le degré de complexité du système social de l’espèce. Ainsi, notre étude comparative soutient l’hypothèse d’une coévolution social-vocal dans la lignée PrimatesCommunication is essential to the social functioning. Therefore social pressures may have a major role on the evolution of communicative abilities. We studied, in captivity, three non-human primate species which differed by their social systems : the red-capped mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus), the Campbell's monkey (Cercopithecus campbelli) and the de Brazza's monkey (Cercopithecus neglectus). Our results highlight a strong link between vocal variability and social factors. The individual's social role is reflected in its repertoire's composition and diversity, and in its loquaciousness. The function of a call type influences its degree of acoustic variability and its potential to convey an identitary message. Finally, we were able to establish a link between size, diversity of the repertoire, vocal activity and degree of complexity of the species' social system. Thus, our comparative study supports the hypothesis of a social-vocal co-evolution in the Primate lineage
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Keister, Zola Oscar. "Methods for improvement of production efficiency in thermal stressed dairy cows." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290590.
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Multiple studies were conducted to evaluate management options for cows in a thermal stress environment. Those options included cooling to enhance cow comfort, recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST; Posilac®) to potentially increase milk production, and reproductive hormone scheduling to theoretically coordinate follicular growth leading to ovulation. In the first series of trials measuring the effects of cooling and rbST on milk yield, reproductive performance, and health in Jersey cows during two summer of thermal stress, cows were divided into on of two pens. Both Year 1 and Year 2 control cows (n = 143 and n = 183, respectively) were housed in a pen with no cooling other than shade. The cooled treatment cows each year (n = 142, n = 180) were housed in a pen utilizing the Universal Fog cooling system. One half of the cows in each group was assigned to receive rbST on d 63 postpartum (pp). Cows were assigned to the trial at various days pp, but no cow was assigned prior to d 63, coincident with commencement of rbST injections. The main effect for cooling in combination with rbST increased milk yield compared to no cooling and no rbST for 1999 and 2000 (25.5 vs 21.8 kg/d, and 23.7 vs 20.5, respectively; P < 0.05). Cooling and rbST effects on milk yield were additive the first year, but had a synergistic interaction the second year. Incidences of mastitis (8 vs 17; P < 0.05) for both years and laminitis (2 vs 7; P < 0.05) for Year 1 were both reduced. Reproductive performance was improved in cows given access to cooling (126 pregnant and 6 abortions) vs shade only (112 pregnant vs 13 abortions) in Year 1 (P < 0.05). Additional income over cooling cost was 67¢/cow per day for Year 1 and 52¢/cow per day for Year 2. In the second series of experiments, Holstein and Brown Swiss cows at 56 ± 3.5 d pp were used to evaluate ovulation rates over three seasons, including two summers when half the cows were cooled. All cows received rbST beginning d 63 ± 3.5 pp regardless of treatment. For Exp.1, 58 cows were assigned at calving, beginning June 1, 1999, to either a cooled (Korral Kool™) or non-cooled (shade only, control) pen. At d 56 ± 3.5 pp, all cows commenced a hormonal program coined Select Synch, comprised of an injection of GnRH (100 μg) agonist (Factrel®) followed 7 d later with an injection of PGF₂α (25 mg In-Synch™), at which time ultrasonography was initiated and continued until ovulation or follicular turnover. Experiment 2 was conducted the same as Exp. 1, with the assignment of cows starting Nov. 1, 1999. In Exp.3, all cows were assigned the same as Exp. 1 and 2 beginning June 1, 2000. At d 56 ± 3.5 pp, cows were scheduled to commence Ovsynch, which was identical to Select Synch, except a second Factrel® injection was administered 33 h after 35 mg Lutalyse®. Ultrasonography was the same as described above. Ovsynch led to a higher frequency of ovulations for the non-cooled and cooled cows (77.3 and 69.6%, respectively), than Select Synch for the non-cooled, cooled, and winter treatments (27.6, 24.1 and 29.4%, respectively). Ovulation frequencies were related more to hormonal programming rather than the season.
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Barber, Sarah Ann. "Growth, carcass composition and meat quality of Angora goats reared for fibre production." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2704.
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The effects of age and plane of nutrition on the body and carcass composition and mohair fibre yield and quality of British Angora wether goats slaughtered at six, 12, 18 and 24 months of age were investigated. Carcass yield, composition and conformation improved with increasing age and plane of nutrition. Greasy fleece weight also increased with increasing age and plane of nutrition but fibre quality declined since the increase in mass was achieved by means of increased fibre diameter with no effect of age or plane of nutrition on the fibre elongation rate. There was a constant relationship between the increase in fibre diameter with age and fleece mass which was not affected by plane of nutrition. Similarly there was no significant effect of plane of nutrition on the relationships between fibre diameter and the weight of various body and carcass components. A strong relationship between fibre diameter and the weight of fat in the body or carcass suggested that the increase in fibre diameter with age of the goat was influenced by cumulative feed intake rather than by fat-free body size. The allometric growth patterns of the body and carcass of the Angora goat conformed with the patterns established for other domestic species, with early maturity of the external offal and vital organs, later maturity of the carcass and body fat, and a centripetal pattern of development. There was no effect of plane of nutrition on the allometric growth patterns of the fat-free body or carcass, but decreasing the plane of nutrition resulted in a uniform retardation of all body parts and carcass tissues and a significant effect on the relative growth rate of body and carcass fat. Regression equations were formulated to predict the half carcass composition of Angora wether goats using sample joint dissection data. The most accurate predictions were achieved with data from the leg and the best end of neck combined in multiple regression equations. A second experiment to investigate the effects of long term undernutrition followed by realimentation on the growth rate and composition of empty body weight gain revealed no evidence of compensatory liveweight gain in the Angora goat.
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Mayo, Susan L. "Non-invasive Antibody Production in the Chicken." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Försöksdjursvetenskap, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-102072.
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The production of antibodies for analytical purposes using invasive procedures on small mammals is common practice in biomedical research. The aim of this study was to develop an efficient method for non-invasive antibody production in the chicken. This thesis presents an alternative method that eliminates the discomfort, pain and distress invoked by traditional immunization procedures on mammals by instead harvesting antibodies (IgY) from the yolk of eggs laid by orally immunized hens. An efficient oral immunization regime was developed by first trying out a suitable non-aggressive oral adjuvant with Bovine Serum Albumine (BSA) as the model antigen. It was found that the pegylated mono/diglyceride RhinoVax® (Softigen®) at a concentration of 20% (v/v) produced a good humoral antibody response in chickens as well as development of IgY antibodies in the egg yolk. The age of the chicken is important in order to have a proper humoral immune response. We found that chicken older than 22 days produced circulating immunospecific anti BSA-antibodies of of IgG, IgM and IgA class when orally immunized with BSA alone, whereas chickens 15 days old only produced IgM and IgA antibodies. This is the first report of oral immunizations with a high dose (250–300mg) of BSA in 20% RhinoVax® consisting of 3 or 5 consecutive daily doses resulting in high concentrations of immunospecific IgY antibodies in the yolk. Using this technique of three consecutive daily doses repeated after 7 weeks and after 18 weeks, a booster effect was induced after the third immunization. This is the first demonstration of a clear anamnestic immune response in orally immunized chickens. The results suggest that it may be possible to further increase the concentration of immunospecific IgY antibodies by modifying the immunization regime. It seems plausible to develop a procedure where the immunogen can be fed to the chickens as in an ordinary egg producing farm thus making antibody production not classified as an animal experiment.
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Fry, Christopher Lee. "A source-filter model of birdsong production /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9913150.
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PAIK, InKee. "Nutritional Management to Control Environmental Impact in the Sustainable Animal Production." 名古屋大学農学国際教育協力研究センター, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/8925.
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Robbins, Jesse Andrew. "Societal unease with modern agricultural production : the case of animal welfare." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/61770.
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Agricultural intensification has created a great deal of public skepticism. One major area of concern has been the welfare of animals. This thesis explores a diversity of issues centering on perceptions of the welfare of animals. Chapter 1 begins by reviewing the literature on theories of welfare in both humans and animals. After highlighting several challenges for contemporary theorizing about animal welfare, I conclude that philosophical progress on these problems can be enhanced via experimental research. Chapter 2 describes what such an approach might look like by testing the prominent view that animal welfare consists entirely of how an animal feels. Chapter 3 then examines the empirical support for the popular view that there is a negative relationship between farm size and animal welfare. Using a broad conception of welfare, I conclude that farm size and animal welfare exhibit no consistent relationship. Chapter 4 explores how perceived openness and trust affects perceptions of farm animal welfare. I found evidence that attempts to restrict the ability to monitor a farm’s inner-workings (operational transparency) diminished trust, led to more negative perceptions of animal welfare and greater support for legislative and regulatory restrictions governing animal care. Chapter 5 is a case study describing the attitudes of different stakeholders regarding the common practice of dehorning dairy calves. After describing the level of support among different stakeholders in my sample, I explore the barriers to adopting pain mitigation strategies by focusing primarily on the reasons given by participants opposed to providing pain relief.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Mamo, Yoseph Shiferaw. "Economic and nutritional importance of small animal production in central Ethiopia." Berlin Köster, 2007. http://d-nb.info/987049771/04.
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Mamo, Yoseph Shiferaw. "Economic and nutritional importance of small animal production in Central Ethiopia /." Berlin : Köster, 2008. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3054626&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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McLoughlin, Eimear Maureen. "Time series analysis and modelling of diseases in production animal populations." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334509.
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Leitão, André Direito Goulart. "Production of microbubbles for the food industry using animal protein sources." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6076.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaMicrobubbles (MBs) are highly stable air-filled bubbles with mean diameters between 0.1 and 100 μm. As interest in their application in food science grows (e.g. to bring textural or functionality benefits to food products), it is becoming increasingly important to understand the mechanisms behind their formation. This thesis addresses the factors influencing the production of protein-coated microbubbles, using whey protein and egg-white protein mixtures as surfactants, by a process of emulsification followed by the cross-linking of protein molecules under high-intensity ultrasound. Five commercially available whey protein isolates were tested and only one generated microbubbles (Volac®), which led us to produce our own whey protein concentrate (SPC) from raw milk, by utrafiltration. Yield and size of the microbubbles were determined for both Volac and SPC mixtures, as a function of various experimental parameters – pH, protein concentration, incubation temperature and sonication time – and the best conditions were selected by calculating the amount of air incorporated. SPC produced more bubbles, which were also more stable, resisting for at least one month at ambient temperature. Protein composition of the mixtures was determined and compared by SDS-PAGE and HPLC. Commercial and self-made whey proteins showed some differences in the amount of the three most predominant proteins in whey (β-LG, α-LAC and BSA) as well as in glycomacropeptides, which could explain the differences in ability of the proteins to adsorb at the interface. Finally, scanning electron microscopy gave some insights about the way whey and egg-white proteins arranged at the interface, analyzed in terms of shell thickness and surface smoothness.
RESUMO - PRODUÇÃO DE MICROBOLHAS PARA A INDÚSTRIA ALIMENTAR UTILIZANDO PROTEÍNAS DE ORIGEM ANIMAL - Microbolhas (MBs) são bolhas de ar altamente estáveis com diâmetros médios entre 0,1 e 100 μm. À medida que o interesse da sua aplicação em ciência alimentar vai aumentando (e.g. para melhorar a textura ou a funcionalidade dos produtos), torna-se cada vez mais importante perceber os mecanismos responsáveis pela sua formação. Esta tese estuda os factores que influenciam a produção de microbolhas revestidas por proteínas, utilizando como surfactantes misturas de proteínas do soro de leite e da clara de ovo. Esta produção foi levada a cabo por um processo de emulsificação seguido de interligação das moléculas proteicas submetidas a ultrasonificação. Foram testadas um total de cinco misturas de proteínas de soro de leite adquiridas comercialmente e apenas uma (Volac®) gerou microbolhas, pelo que um concentrado de proteínas do soro (SPC) foi obtido através de leite de vaca cru, por um processo de ultrafiltração. Para ambas as misturas, o rendimento e o tamanho das microbolhas foram determinados, em função de variados parâmetros experimentais – pH, concentração de proteína, temperatura de incubação e tempo de sonificação – e as condições ideais foram determinadas calculando o volume de ar incorporado. A mistura SPC produziu um maior número de bolhas, que por sua vez se revelaram mais estáveis, resistindo pelo menos um mês à temperatura ambiente. A composição proteica das misturas foi determinada e comparada por SDS-PAGE e HPLC. As misturas de proteínas do soro adquiridas comercialmente e produzidas por ultrafiltração revelaram algumas diferenças na quantidade das três proteínas predominantes (β-lactoglobulina, α-lactoalbumina e albumina do soro bovino) assim como em glicomacropéptidos, o que poderia explicar diferenças na capacidade de adsorção das proteínas da mistura na interface com o ar. Finalmente, ensaios de microscopia electrónica de varrimento forneceram alguns esclarecimentos acerca da forma como as proteínas se dispõem nas microbolhas, quando analisados em termos de espessura e textura do revestimento proteico.
http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6076
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Clark, Beth. "Production diseases and farm animal welfare : what do the public think?" Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3994.
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The intensification of animal production has been associated with an increased incidence of production diseases, which can negatively impact upon farm animal welfare (FAW). While there is considerable research focused on public attitudes towards improved FAW, it is not clear whether this relates specifically to a reduction in diseases related to animal production systems. This research therefore seeks to establish public attitudes towards FAW with a specific focus on production diseases, and whether the incidence of diseases and interventions associated with these represent a barrier to their increased use. Systematic review methodology combined with evidence synthesis was applied to integrate existing knowledge regarding consumer willingness-to-pay (WTP) for, and attitudes, towards FAW with a specific focus on the reduced incidence of animal production diseases. Four databases were searched and screened and identified 54 studies evaluating WTP and 80 studies investigating attitudes. Meta-regression based on random effects meta-analysis explored heterogeneity in WTP whilst a thematic analysis was used to explore attitudes towards FAW. An evidence-gap was highlighted in relation to attitudes towards and WTP for production diseases associated with the intensification of production, with only 7% of WTP and 26% of attitudes studies investigating aspects in relation to this, primarily in relation to antibiotic use. This evidence gap was used to inform a European survey (n=2,330) exploring risk-benefits associated with and acceptability of production diseases and associated interventions in intensive pig and poultry production systems. Several risks and benefits of both the systems and the interventions were identified, relating to both human and animal health concerns, with the most preferred interventions being those that were perceived as being more natural. Whilst legislation will ensure that these interventions will deliver safe food the results highlight the need for effective communication of the risks and benefits of the management practices within these systems.
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Walker, Sara Elizabeth. "Effect of selection for testosterone production on testicular morphology and daily sperm production in pigs." NCSU, 2003. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04092003-115030/.
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The objective of this study was to determine effects of divergent selection for testosterone on testicular morphology and daily sperm production. Duroc boars from lines divergently selected for testosterone production in response to GnRH challenge for 10 generations followed by random selection were used. In generation 21 endogenous testosterone in the high testosterone line (H, n=54) and low testosterone line (L, n=44) averaged 490 ng/ml and 278 ng/ml (P < 0.01), respectively. Plasma FSH concentrations did not differ between lines (P < 0.3). Body weight, testicular weight, and epididymal weight were recorded for boars from H (n=82) and L (n=44) castrated at an average age of 211 d and 97 kg. Testicular tissues were sampled from animals castrated in generation 20 (H, n=46 and L, n=13). Volume densities for Leydig cells, seminiferous tubules, and Sertoli cells were estimated along with sperm production. After adjustment for body weight, average paired testicular weights for H and L were 417 g and 457 g (P < 0.01), respectively. Adjusted epididymal weights also differed between lines (P < 0.02), with H having larger epididymal weights. Line H (n=46) had greater volume densities of Leydig cells than L (n=13) (P < 0.02). Volume density of seminiferous tubules tended to differ between lines (P < 0.07), and Sertoli cell volume densities did not differ (P < 0.27). Sperm production traits, adjusted for age, did not significantly differ between lines. Selection for testosterone production in response to a GnRH challenge was an effective method of changing testosterone levels, testicular size, epididymal weight, and volume density of Leydig cells and seminiferous tubules. However, daily sperm production per gram of testes was unchanged. At this time, selection for testosterone in order to increase sperm production is not recommended.
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Lees, J. A. "Influence of level and source of dietary protein on milk production in dairy cows." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370564.
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Romero-Prada, Jaime-Ricardo. "An appraisal of cattle production service utilisation in Colombia using the stakeholder analysis approach." Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269645.
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Hsia, Ariane. "Inositol phosphate production in normal and Hyp renal cultures." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq29717.pdf.
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Garcia, Taylor Jacob. "Reduce Reuse Re-rumen| Repurposing Ruminal Waste for Sustainable Livestock Production." Thesis, Tarleton State University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10977321.
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Animals with multi-compartmented stomachs, also known as ruminants, are adapted to digest cellulosic materials, which constitute the primary expense on ranches and dairies. Industrial byproducts can be repurposed for livestock diets to decrease these costs. Therefore, finding alternative feedstuffs may benefit the economics of livestock production. The goal of this project was to evaluate alternative uses of ruminal waste from commercial abattoirs. This project addressed two primary objectives. First, ruminal fiber as a potential dietary fiber source was evaluated. Second, the potential for preservation of ruminal fluid for later use was assessed. Results for the first objective indicated harvesting rumen waste from slaughterhouses could be beneficial for sustainable livestock production, while reducing the environmental threat posed by disposal of ruminal waste. Nutritional values of rumen waste in relation to other common livestock roughages sources commonly found in ruminant diets are numberical , such as coastal Bermuda grass hay (Cynodon dactylon ) and alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) and crude protein (CP) values were 68.1%, 39.9%, 10.9% and 15%, respectively. Contribution to variance for NDF, ADF, ADL and CP were 97.2%, 97.9%, 95.4% and 19.1%, respectively. In vitro true digestibility (IVTD) and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD) were 46.2% and 21.6%, respectively. Results from the second objective showed lower degradation of feeds when frozen or lyophilized rumen fluid was used rather than fresh inoculum; however, differences in IVTD and IVNDFD suggest that, in the absence of fresh inocula, preserved rumen fluid may be a viable option. Implications from this study show rumen content could provide nutrients if fed to livestock and rumen microbes preserved (frozen or lyophilized) are still viable and able to degrade feedstuffs. Therefore, further research is needed to assess the consistency of using inoculum from slaughtered cattle and improve the preservation process.
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Cromie, Andrew Robert. "Genotype by environment interaction for milk production traits in Holstein Friesian dairy cattle in Ireland." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287404.
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Giles, Jacqueline. "The underwater acoustic repertoire of the long-necked, freshwater turtle Chelodina oblonga." Thesis, Giles, Jacqueline (2005) The underwater acoustic repertoire of the long-necked, freshwater turtle Chelodina oblonga. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/39/.
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The major question addressed by this project was to determine if the long-necked, freshwater turtle Chelodina oblonga, vocalise underwater and whether their vocal activity could be related to behavioural or ecological aspects of their lives. These turtles often live in wetlands where visibility is restricted due to habitat complexity or light limitation caused by factors such as tannin-staining, or turbidity. For many aquatic animals, sound is a useful means of communication over distances beyond their visual acuity. This thesis gives the first detailed account of the underwater vocal repertoire of C. oblonga.
In total, over 230 days were spent in the field and more than 500 hours of tape recordings were made for this research. Initially, a number of recordings took place in three wetlands known to support turtle populations: Blue Gum Lake; Glen Brook Dam; and Lake Leschenaultia in Perth, Western Australia; in order to determine the nature of the freshwater sound field and place turtle vocalisations into the context in which they were vocalising. The wetlands differed in terms of degree of enrichment, substrate material, water depth and habitat complexity. Recordings were made over a four-week period in the last month of summer and the first week of autumn (Feb-Mar 2003). Invertebrate sweeps were also taken over a two-week period at each recording site to determine if invertebrate distributions were related to patterns of sonic activity. To determine the influence of wind on ambient noise; recordings were undertaken on winter mornings (June-August, 2003) at Blue Gum Lake and Glen Brook Dam at locations north, south, west and east for four different wind speeds - Beaufort Wind Scale (BWS) 0,1,2 and 3.
There were seven distinctive calls recognised in the recordings. The frequency bandwidth most utilised by organisms was between 3 kHz up to around 14 kHz, with the exception of the 'bird-like song'; which extended from 500 Hz up to around 10 kHz. Blue Gum Lake contained a more diverse and abundant assemblage of invertebrates than Lake Leschenaultia and Glen Brook Dam. Correspondingly, a greater diversity of calls was recorded at Blue Gum Lake, as well as the presence of chorus activity, which was not heard at the two less-enriched sites. The periods of greatest diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrates was synonymous with the increased sonic activity at dusk and midnight with noise levels greatest at dusk in particular, and to a lesser extent at midnight. There was no difference in ambient noise at Blue Gum Lake or Glen Brook Dam at wind speeds of Beaufort Wind Scale 0, 1 and 2.
Turtles from three populations were recorded in artificial environments: consisting of round, plastic, above-ground ponds (1.8m dia. x 0.65m depth), which were set up to recreate small wetlands. Recordings occurred from September to October, 2003 and from February to December, 2004 as well as January, 2005. Seven hatchling and five juvenile turtles (CL < 10cm) were also recorded in order to ascertain whether very young turtles vocalised. Hatchlings were recorded in a glass aquarium (35.5cm length x 20cm width x 22.0cm depth) and juveniles were placed into a below-ground outdoor pond (1m length x 0.5m width x 0.4m depth). Recordings occurred from as early as 4.30am (dawn recordings) to as late as 1.30am (evening recordings).
The recordings revealed that turtles utilise an underwater acoustic communication system (calling at the water's surface was also noted but these were not recorded or a part of this research) involving a repertoire of both complex and percussive sounds with short, medium and potentially long-range propagation characteristics. Complex structures included harmonically related elements (richly or sparsely) and different rates of frequency modulation. Frequency use extended beyond the in-air auditory sensitivity known for a single species of turtle studied from the family Chelidae; with calls ranging from around 100 Hz in some of the percussive displays, to as high as 3.5 kHz in some complex calls, with 'clicks' extending beyond the 20 kHz upper limit of the recording system. However, most of C. oblonga's vocalisations had dominant frequencies below 1 kHz. Turtles were intermittent callers with an extensive vocal repertoire of seventeen (17) vocal categories - highly suggestive of complex social organisation. Vocalisations included: a) clacks; b) clicks; c) squawks; d) hoots; e) short chirps; f) high short chirps; g) medium chirps; h) long chirps; i) high calls; j) cries or wails; k) cat whines; l) grunts; m) growls; n) blow bursts; o) staccatos; p) a wild howl; and q) drum rolling. Also, two sustained 'pulse-bouts' were recorded during the breeding months, hypothesised to function as acoustic advertisement displays - possibly 'calling songs'. Hatchling turtles were not heard to vocalise within the audible range. Only a single complex vocalisation was heard produced by the juvenile turtles, with a number of percussive calls.
Preliminary playback trials were conducted under free-field conditions and within an artificial environment, which consisted of a below ground rectangular tank (2.4m length x 0.8m width x 0.6m deep). A number of turtle calls recorded in the artificial ponds were selected for playback. A UW 30 speaker was used for broadcast of calls. The free-field playbacks occurred at Mabel Talbot Lake and Blue Gum Lake during the months of April and May, 2005. Playback using 14 seconds of an artificially constructed sequence from the sustained 'pulse-bout' occurred in the artificial channels. This sequence consisted of some of the first phase pulses followed by a section of the 'vibrato'.
The preliminary free-field playback trials indicated that turtles had some interest in the calls being played by responding with an 'alert posture'. Turtles were shown to remain in the alert posture for a significantly longer time than when no sound was played or when white noise was played. The extensive repertoire and initial responses to the free-field playbacks indicated that sound has some biological importance for C. oblonga, although results of playbacks under artificial conditions were inconclusive.
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Giles, Jacqueline. "The underwater acoustic repertoire of the long-necked, freshwater turtle Chelodina oblonga." Giles, Jacqueline (2005) The underwater acoustic repertoire of the long-necked, freshwater turtle Chelodina oblonga. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/39/.
Full textAbstract:
The major question addressed by this project was to determine if the long-necked, freshwater turtle Chelodina oblonga, vocalise underwater and whether their vocal activity could be related to behavioural or ecological aspects of their lives. These turtles often live in wetlands where visibility is restricted due to habitat complexity or light limitation caused by factors such as tannin-staining, or turbidity. For many aquatic animals, sound is a useful means of communication over distances beyond their visual acuity. This thesis gives the first detailed account of the underwater vocal repertoire of C. oblonga.
In total, over 230 days were spent in the field and more than 500 hours of tape recordings were made for this research. Initially, a number of recordings took place in three wetlands known to support turtle populations: Blue Gum Lake; Glen Brook Dam; and Lake Leschenaultia in Perth, Western Australia; in order to determine the nature of the freshwater sound field and place turtle vocalisations into the context in which they were vocalising. The wetlands differed in terms of degree of enrichment, substrate material, water depth and habitat complexity. Recordings were made over a four-week period in the last month of summer and the first week of autumn (Feb-Mar 2003). Invertebrate sweeps were also taken over a two-week period at each recording site to determine if invertebrate distributions were related to patterns of sonic activity. To determine the influence of wind on ambient noise; recordings were undertaken on winter mornings (June-August, 2003) at Blue Gum Lake and Glen Brook Dam at locations north, south, west and east for four different wind speeds - Beaufort Wind Scale (BWS) 0,1,2 and 3.
There were seven distinctive calls recognised in the recordings. The frequency bandwidth most utilised by organisms was between 3 kHz up to around 14 kHz, with the exception of the 'bird-like song'; which extended from 500 Hz up to around 10 kHz. Blue Gum Lake contained a more diverse and abundant assemblage of invertebrates than Lake Leschenaultia and Glen Brook Dam. Correspondingly, a greater diversity of calls was recorded at Blue Gum Lake, as well as the presence of chorus activity, which was not heard at the two less-enriched sites. The periods of greatest diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrates was synonymous with the increased sonic activity at dusk and midnight with noise levels greatest at dusk in particular, and to a lesser extent at midnight. There was no difference in ambient noise at Blue Gum Lake or Glen Brook Dam at wind speeds of Beaufort Wind Scale 0, 1 and 2.
Turtles from three populations were recorded in artificial environments: consisting of round, plastic, above-ground ponds (1.8m dia. x 0.65m depth), which were set up to recreate small wetlands. Recordings occurred from September to October, 2003 and from February to December, 2004 as well as January, 2005. Seven hatchling and five juvenile turtles (CL < 10cm) were also recorded in order to ascertain whether very young turtles vocalised. Hatchlings were recorded in a glass aquarium (35.5cm length x 20cm width x 22.0cm depth) and juveniles were placed into a below-ground outdoor pond (1m length x 0.5m width x 0.4m depth). Recordings occurred from as early as 4.30am (dawn recordings) to as late as 1.30am (evening recordings).
The recordings revealed that turtles utilise an underwater acoustic communication system (calling at the water's surface was also noted but these were not recorded or a part of this research) involving a repertoire of both complex and percussive sounds with short, medium and potentially long-range propagation characteristics. Complex structures included harmonically related elements (richly or sparsely) and different rates of frequency modulation. Frequency use extended beyond the in-air auditory sensitivity known for a single species of turtle studied from the family Chelidae; with calls ranging from around 100 Hz in some of the percussive displays, to as high as 3.5 kHz in some complex calls, with 'clicks' extending beyond the 20 kHz upper limit of the recording system. However, most of C. oblonga's vocalisations had dominant frequencies below 1 kHz. Turtles were intermittent callers with an extensive vocal repertoire of seventeen (17) vocal categories - highly suggestive of complex social organisation. Vocalisations included: a) clacks; b) clicks; c) squawks; d) hoots; e) short chirps; f) high short chirps; g) medium chirps; h) long chirps; i) high calls; j) cries or wails; k) cat whines; l) grunts; m) growls; n) blow bursts; o) staccatos; p) a wild howl; and q) drum rolling. Also, two sustained 'pulse-bouts' were recorded during the breeding months, hypothesised to function as acoustic advertisement displays - possibly 'calling songs'. Hatchling turtles were not heard to vocalise within the audible range. Only a single complex vocalisation was heard produced by the juvenile turtles, with a number of percussive calls.
Preliminary playback trials were conducted under free-field conditions and within an artificial environment, which consisted of a below ground rectangular tank (2.4m length x 0.8m width x 0.6m deep). A number of turtle calls recorded in the artificial ponds were selected for playback. A UW 30 speaker was used for broadcast of calls. The free-field playbacks occurred at Mabel Talbot Lake and Blue Gum Lake during the months of April and May, 2005. Playback using 14 seconds of an artificially constructed sequence from the sustained 'pulse-bout' occurred in the artificial channels. This sequence consisted of some of the first phase pulses followed by a section of the 'vibrato'.
The preliminary free-field playback trials indicated that turtles had some interest in the calls being played by responding with an 'alert posture'. Turtles were shown to remain in the alert posture for a significantly longer time than when no sound was played or when white noise was played. The extensive repertoire and initial responses to the free-field playbacks indicated that sound has some biological importance for C. oblonga, although results of playbacks under artificial conditions were inconclusive.
43
Campos, Labbé Mónica. "The economics of technologies in Swedish pig production /." Uppsala : Dept. of Economics, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a436.pdf.
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Kose, Sevim. "Investigation into toxins and pathogens implicated in fish meal production." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1993. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/15366.
Full textAbstract:
The major toxins and pathogens in fish meal were investigated because of food industry, public and animal health concerns. The effect of processing, the type of raw material used and storage conditions on the main toxin, histamine which causes gizzard erosion in poultry, and its formation in fish meal were investigated. The results showed that histamine and histamine-like amines in fish meal varied in levels between batches depending on the quality of raw material and type of fish used. The relationship between histamine and histamine-like amines levels was unclear. During laboratory processing of fish meal it was found that most histamine concentrated in the stickwater which had implications for the use of stickwater meal in feeds. Interestingly, histamine was detected in the stickwater meal of cod as well as mackerel. A decrease in histamine in mackerel meal and cod meal during processing was observed with respect to levels in raw material. The decrease maybe originated after the cooking stage especially in the stickwater meal (probably due to bacterial recontamination or enzymatic reactions). The decrease could be due to histamine either adhering to the equipment used or breakdown to its metabolites or derivitising to gizzerosine. Since very low levels of histamine were observed from meals produced from reasonably fresh fish, the control of histamine therefore is best achieved at the raw material stage of production. During storage trials, there was no increase in histamine levels but a decrease occurred gradually with time at 15°C, 70% RH. Rapid loss occurred at 25 and 30°C, 80% RH and heavy mould growth was also observed, although no mycotoxins were detected in analysed samples. Routine analytical methods were studied and compared for the requirements of the fish meal industry and poultry farmers. Problems occurred with the colorimetric method when applied to fish meal and fish samples containing bones due to the presence of calcium. It was modified for routine histamine analysis. Thin Layer Chromatography was the second alternative. Although High Performance Liquid Chromatography was suitable for analysing histamine and histamine-like amines together, it did lack in meeting industrial requirements. Since the modified colorirnetric method was labour intensive, despite its other advantages, there was still a need for a simpler and quicker method of analysis. For this reason, research work was carried out to develop an immunoassay for histamine analysis. The results showed that it was possible to raise antibody against histamine and suggested future research potential. Hygienic conditions of laboratory scale fish meal production were investigated. The presence of Salmonella, which leads to human salmonellosis, and E. coli 0157:H7 which also cause human food poisoning were studied. The results showed that the critical control point of fish meal production was after cooking, since recontamination can occur. Salmonella was present in several batches of commercial and laboratory processed samples, but no E. coli 0157:H7 was detected in analysed samples. Three rapid methods were compared to traditional method for Salmonella analysis particularly in fish meal. The immunoassay method introduced by Institute of Food Research, Norwich was found the most suitable because it was sensitive, specific and took about one day to complete.
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Kabuga, Joseph Dabien. "Sources of variation in voluntary feed intake and nutrient utilization for milk production of dairy cows." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28319.
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Araghi, Mohammad. "The genetic analysis of a Suffolk group breeding scheme nucleus flock selected for lean meat production." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244058.
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Lanier, Christian Lynn. "Feed Intake Patterns in Crossbred Pigs and their Relationship to Production Traits." NCSU, 2006. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08082006-232135/.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this research was to evaluate line and sex differences in swine feeding behavior traits. Barrows and gilts used in the study were from three sire lines and two dam lines. Data were provided by PIC in Franklin, KY. Feeding behavior traits considered were average daily feed intake (ADFI), average occupation time/day (AOTD), average feed intake/visit (AFIV), average number of visits/day (ANVD), average feeding rate/visit (AFRV), average occupation time/visit (AOTV), and residual average daily feed intake (RADFI). Electronic feeders were used to measure feeding behavior traits on two pens per feeder. Use of the feeder alternated between the two pens weekly. Feeding behavior traits differed by line and sex. Production traits that were used in the study included: average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), backfat (BF), loin depth (LD), percent lean (% LEAN), and average daily feed intake (ADFI). For this study, ADFI was treated as both a feeding behavior and performance trait. Feeding behavior traits were used to calculate principal components. Principal components were then treated as traits in terms of statistical analysis.
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Mackinnon, Michael R. "Animal production and consumption in Roman Italy, the zooarchaeological and textual evidence." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ46880.pdf.
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Aryee, Alberta. "Immobilization of lipase and biodiesel production from fishery and animal processing waste." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110391.
Full textAbstract:
Biodiesel (BD) is conventionally produced by the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with a monohydric alcohol and base catalyst, and known for its many technical and environmental advantages over petrodiesel. However, these oils are not economically viable feedstock due to their value as edible oils. Alternative, inexpensive feedstocks with minimal to no food value such as the large quantities of fishery and animal processing by-products which are often discarded as waste were explored in this project. Lipase was investigated as an alternative to chemical catalyst due to the tolerance of the former to a wide variety of feedstocks and simpler post-production processes among other advantages. Approximately 23.32-61.53% (on dry weight basis) of salmon skin oil (SSO) was recovered by the various solvent extraction systems evaluated. The quality of SSO stored at 25, 4, -18, and -80oC were assessed over time (1- 45 days) with respect to changes in the fatty acid profile, free fatty acid (FFA) content, peroxide value, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. A Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic method was assessed as an alternative to the conventional AOCS titrimetric method for the determination of FFA content. With modifications, the new method was found to be capable of responding linearly to oleic acid (0-6.5%) addition, producing a FFA calibration equation with a S.D. of ±0.014% FFA. Based on the results from the initial assessment of the effects of temperature (25-65oC), oil:alcohol molar ratio (1:1-1:6), alcohol type (ethanol/methanol), and time (8-120 h) on Lipozyme®-IM-catalyzed transesterification of the recovered SSO, a commercial blend of yellow grease and rendered animal fat, and olive oil to fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) for use as BD, the process was considered for optimization. In three experiments, the linear, quadratic, and bilinear effects of the reaction variables on FAEE yield were assessed with response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite rotatable design (CCRD). In each experiment, second-order polynomial models fitted to FAEE yield provided response surfaces at the various reaction times (8-48 h). These models were generally significant and produced reliable and stable predictions. The optimum conditions were found to be close to the centre point of the reaction variables. A high performance liquid chromatography unit equipped with a size exclusion column, and a refractive index detector was used for the simultaneous separation, identification, and quantitation of the reaction components; FAEE, unreacted triacylglycerol, residual diacyl- and monoacylglycerol, and alcohol as well as FFA. The transesterified oils were also tested for various fuel properties. To expand the uses of lipase recovered from fish processing discards to include catalyst for BD production, lipase from crude preparations of delipidated grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) viscera were isolated on para-aminobenzamidine agarose and immobilized on octyl Sepharose CL-4B (o-Sep). A signal in the amide I absorption region of the FTIR spectrum was attributed to the protein layer on o-Sep. Immobilized grey mullet lipase (GMLi) had a 10°C higher optimum temperature compared to the free enzyme (GML) for the hydrolysis of para-nitrophenyl palmitate. Immobilization lowered the enthalpy of activation (ΔH*), and free energy of activation (ΔG*) by more than 313 and 1315 cal/mol, respectively, while it enhanced the reusability, thermal, storage, and organic solvent stabilities of GML.Le biodiesel (BD), ou des esters d'alkyle, est classiquement produit par la transestérification d'huiles végétales ou de graisses animales avec un monoalcool et un catalyseur de base, et est également connu pour ses nombreux avantages techniques et environnementaux par rapport au pétrodiesel. Toutefois, ces huiles BD ne sont pas des matières premières économiquement viables en raison de leur valeur principale en tant qu'huiles comestibles. Ce projet a exploré des matières premières de substitution, peu coûteuses avec peu ou pas de valeur alimentaire telle que les grandes quantités de sous-produits detransformation du poisson et de sous-produits animaux qui sont souvent jetés avec les déchets. La lipase a été étudiée comme une alternative aux catalyseurs chimiques en raison de la tolérance de la lipase à une grande variété de matières premières ainsi que son processus de post-production beaucoup plus simple entre autres avantages. Environ 23,32 et 61,53% (sur la base du poids sec) de l'huile de peau de saumon (SSO) a été récupéré selon les différents systèmes de solvants évalués. Pour la détermination de la teneur en FFA, une méthode de spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier (FTIR) a été évaluée comme une alternative au procédé AOCS conventionnel. Avec des modifications, la nouvelle méthode a été jugée capable de répondre de façon linéaire à l'addition d'acide oléique (0 à 6,5%), avec la production d'une équation d'étalonnage FFA avec une SD de ±0,014% FFA. Sur la base des résultats de l'évaluation initiale des effets de la température de réaction (25-65°C), un rapport l'huile:alcool molaire (1:1-1:6), le type d'alcool (éthanol ou méthanol), et le temps de réaction (8-120 h) sur du la transestérification catalysée Lipozyme®-IM, un mélange commercial de graisse animale jaune et de graisses fondues (RC), et d'huile d'olive (OO) à ester éthylique d'acide gras (EEAG) pour une utilisation comme BD, le procédé a été considéré pour optimisation. Dans trois expériences, les effets linéaires, quadratiques et bilinéaires des variables de la réaction sur le rendement EEAG ont été évalués avec la méthode de réponse de surface (RSM) basée sur la conception centrale composite rotative (CCRD). Dans chaque expérience, des modèles polynomiaux du second ordre équipés d'EEAG ont modelé le rendement des surfaces de réponse fournis aux divers temps de réaction (8-48 h). Ces modèles sont généralement importants et produisent des prévisions fiables et stables. Les conditions optimales ont été trouvées être proche du point de centre des variables de réaction (50°C, charge de l'enzyme 39.06 U, et l'huile:rapport molaire de l'alcool 1:2), et simultanément identifiés, et quantifiés. Les différents composants de la réaction (par exemple: EEAG, triacylglycérol n'ayant pas réagi (TAG), diacyle et résiduelle monoacyle-glycérol (DAG et MAG), et l'alcool ainsi que la FFA), ont été séparés, identifiés et quantifiés en utilisant la chromatographie liquide à haute performance équipé d'unité de colonne d'exclusion de taille, et un détecteur par indice de réfraction. Pour élargir les usages de la lipase récupérée à partir de rejets de transformation du poisson pour inclure un catalyseur pour la production de BD, de la lipase à partir de préparations brutes de délipidé mulet (Mugil cephalus) les viscères ont été isolées sur le para-aminobenzamidine agarose (p-ABA) et immobilisées sur Sepharose CL-octyle 4B (o-Sep). Un signal dans la région d'absorption amide I du spectre FTIR a été attribué à la couche de protéine sur o-Sep. La lipase de mulet immobilisée (GMLi) a eu une température optimale de 10°C plus élevée par rapport à l'enzyme libre (GML) pour l'hydrolyse de para-nitrophényl palmitate (p-NPP). L'immobilisation a abaissé l'enthalpie d'activation (AH*), et l'énergie libre d'activation (AG*) de plus de 313 et 1315 cal/mol, respectivement, alors qu'alla améliorer la capacité thermique, la, réutilisabilité, et la stabilité des solvants des GML.
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Xie, Rongjing. "Animal manures and urea as nitrogen sources for corn production in Québec." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64482.
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