Relevant bibliographies by topics / Animal populations

Academic literature on the topic 'Animal populations'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 March 2023

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Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Animal populations":

1

Gilpin, Michael. "Minimum animal populations." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 192, no. 1 (October 1995): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(95)90052-7.

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Nunney, Leonard. "Minimum animal populations." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10, no. 3 (March 1995): 134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(00)89016-3.

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Andrew Edwards, Todd. "Monitoring Plant and Animal Populations." Pacific Conservation Biology 8, no. 3 (2002): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc020219.

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ELZINGA et al. have brought together a wealth of experience from their employment in private, governmental, educational and voluntary organizations to produce Monitoring Plant and Animal Populations. This knowledgeable book is intended to assist a range of audiences, from students to experienced wildlife biologists, encouraging them to produce high-quality population monitoring studies, with adaptations for community monitoring.
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McDonald, Lyman L. "Estimating Animal Abundance: Closed Populations." Ecology 84, no. 9 (September 2003): 2517–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[2517:eaacp]2.0.co;2.

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Fewster, Rachel M. "Estimating Animal Abundance: Closed Populations." Journal of the American Statistical Association 99, no. 466 (June 2004): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1198/jasa.2004.s326.

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Noon, Barry R. "Radio Tracking and Animal Populations." Auk 119, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 580–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/119.2.580.

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Hu, J., and R. D. H. Barrett. "Epigenetics in natural animal populations." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 30, no. 9 (July 20, 2017): 1612–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13130.

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van Oirschot, J. T. "Vaccination in food animal populations." Vaccine 12, no. 5 (January 1994): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-410x(94)90117-1.

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Fisher, David N., and Jonathan N. Pruitt. "Insights from the study of complex systems for the ecology and evolution of animal populations." Current Zoology 66, no. 1 (April 23, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoz016.

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Abstract Populations of animals comprise many individuals, interacting in multiple contexts, and displaying heterogeneous behaviors. The interactions among individuals can often create population dynamics that are fundamentally deterministic yet display unpredictable dynamics. Animal populations can, therefore, be thought of as complex systems. Complex systems display properties such as nonlinearity and uncertainty and show emergent properties that cannot be explained by a simple sum of the interacting components. Any system where entities compete, cooperate, or interfere with one another may possess such qualities, making animal populations similar on many levels to complex systems. Some fields are already embracing elements of complexity to help understand the dynamics of animal populations, but a wider application of complexity science in ecology and evolution has not occurred. We review here how approaches from complexity science could be applied to the study of the interactions and behavior of individuals within animal populations and highlight how this way of thinking can enhance our understanding of population dynamics in animals. We focus on 8 key characteristics of complex systems: hierarchy, heterogeneity, self-organization, openness, adaptation, memory, nonlinearity, and uncertainty. For each topic we discuss how concepts from complexity theory are applicable in animal populations and emphasize the unique insights they provide. We finish by outlining outstanding questions or predictions to be evaluated using behavioral and ecological data. Our goal throughout this article is to familiarize animal ecologists with the basics of each of these concepts and highlight the new perspectives that they could bring to variety of subfields.
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Bogdanovic, V., R. Djedovic, P. Perisic, and M. M. Petrovic. "Breeding strategy in small and closed livestock populations." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 23, no. 5-6-1 (2007): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0701269b.

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This paper reviews the main characteristics of small and/or closed livestock populations. Although the emphasis during the realization of the genetic improvement in animal breeding is put on commercial breeding programmes, autochthonous breeds, races, strains, even herds of domestic animas, at the same time represent a potentially important segment for achieving the maintenance of the overall livestock production. These programmes are particularly important for the improvement of populations of animal genetic resources, as well as for the improvement of production in rural marginal areas. One of the main parameters for determining the size, and also the potential danger of a population is a so called effective size of the population (Ne). This parameter is determined according to the available number of male and female head of breeding stock in the population or in the herd and it varies under the influence of the sexes, changes in the size of the families, changes in the size of the population during time, as well as overlapping of the generations. Apart from the improvement of the economically important traits, the breeding programmes in small populations first of all must provide the increase of the effective size of the population aiming to limit or decrease the inbreeding, as well as the decrease of the variance in the size of the family. This is mainly achieved with so called "circular breeding plans" the sires being replaced by sons in the reproduction, and dams by daughters. The shortage of the generation interval by the change of the presence of some age categories i.e. larger number of young animals and animals that are at the peak of production comparing to a small number of older animals, can additionally influence on the genetic improvement of the traits.
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Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Animal populations":

1

Brännström, Åke. "Modelling animal populations." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Matematik och matematisk statistik, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-205.

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This thesis consists of four papers, three papers about modelling animal populations and one paper about an area integral estimate for solutions of partial differential equations on non-smooth domains. The papers are: I. Å. Brännström, Single species population models from first principles. II. Å. Brännström and D. J. T. Sumpter, Stochastic analogues of deterministic single species population models. III. Å. Brännström and D. J. T. Sumpter, Coupled map lattice approximations for spatially explicit individual-based models of ecology. IV. Å. Brännström, An area integral estimate for higher order parabolic equations. In the first paper we derive deterministic discrete single species population models with first order feedback, such as the Hassell and Beverton-Holt model, from first principles. The derivations build on the site based method of Sumpter & Broomhead (2001) and Johansson & Sumpter (2003). A three parameter generalisation of the Beverton-Holtmodel is also derived, and one of the parameters is shown to correspond directly to the underlying distribution of individuals. The second paper is about constructing stochastic population models that incorporate a given deterministic skeleton. Using the Ricker model as an example, we construct several stochastic analogues and fit them to data using the method of maximum likelihood. The results show that an accurate stochastic population model is most important when the dynamics are periodic or chaotic, and that the two most common ways of constructing stochastic analogues, using additive normally distributed noise or multiplicative lognormally distributed noise, give models that fit the data well. The latter is also motivated on theoretical grounds. In the third paper we approximate a spatially explicit individual-based model with a stochastic coupledmap lattice. The approximation effectively disentangles the deterministic and stochastic components of the model. Based on this approximation we argue that the stable population dynamics seen for short dispersal ranges is a consequence of increased stochasticity from local interactions and dispersal. Finally, the fourth paper contains a proof that for solutions of higher order real homogeneous constant coefficient parabolic operators on Lipschitz cylinders, the area integral dominates the maximal function in the L2-norm.
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Brännström, Åke. "Modelling animal populations : tools and techniques /." Umeå : Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-205.

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Alston, Robert David. "The statistical analysis of animal populations." Thesis, University of Kent, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294317.

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Campana, Michael Gray. "Diachonic DNA analyses of animal breeds and populations." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/236764.

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Humans are dependent on the animals they raise and breed for food and secondary products. Archaeological and genetic investigations can provide critical insights into the history and development of these breeds and help understand human activities in the past. Furthermore, many well-adapted breeds are endangered and archaeological and genetic data can help inform future breed conservation choices. Utilising ancient DNA data could potentially permit detailed diachronic analyses of the development of animal breeds. Ancient DNA analyses have typically focussed on large-scale biogeographic patterns in time and space, such as the spread of domesticates or the movements of peoples. Few studies have attempted fine-scale diachronic analysis within single animal populations or breeds. This is largely due to restricted sample availability and the limited phylogenetic resolution provided by the mitochondrial genome, the most commonly used ancient DNA marker. In this thesis, I demonstrate that fine-scale diachronic analyses within single animal populations and breeds over short time scales are feasible. First, in order to address the limitations of sample size, I assessed three sample screening methods’ abilities (maximum mitochondrial DNA amplicon length, NanoDrop® spectrometry and collagen preservation) to select samples in which DNA was preserved and analysed the utility of parchment as a novel source of ancient and historic DNA. None of the screening methods accurately predicted DNA preservation, but collagen preservation was able to weed out extremely poorly preserved samples from further analysis. All but one of the tested parchments produced multiple sequences matching several different species. Parchment therefore was not appropriate for fine-scale diachronic analyses. Next, I assessed whether analysing the nuclear genome could permit fine-resolution diachronic genetic studies. Since single nucleotide polymorphisms are ideal candidate nuclear markers for diachronic DNA analyses, I assessed the accuracy of the nuclear SNP-typing methodology, SNaPshot™, by genotyping three coat colour markers for a sample of historic Thoroughbred horses for which both phenotypic and correct genotypic information were known from pedigree information in the General Stud Book. The SNaPshot™ protocol was found to provide accurate genotypic information in all cases. Finally, as a proof of method, I compared the diachronic information provided by the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in Icelandic and Thoroughbred horses. Specifically, in the Icelandic horse, I analysed the mitochondrial D-loop and three coat colour genes in modern and historic populations. In the Icelandic horse, I found statistically significant evidence for genetic change in the mitochondrial genome over the last 150 years. I found no evidence for change in coat colour allele frequencies. Conversely, in the biased and small historic Thoroughbred dataset, the mitochondrial genome was insufficient to provide population-level information, but I was able to show that allele frequencies in the nuclear MSTN gene, a gene previously shown to influence racing performance, have changed significantly in the past century.
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Laine, Kari. "Long-term variations in plant quality and quantity in relation to cyclic microtine rodents at Kilpisjärvi, Finnish Lapland." Oulu, Finland : University of Oulu, 1988. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/18696609.html.

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Waldick, Ruth. "Assessing the status of the endangered North Atlantic right whale using genetic and demographic data." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ66244.pdf.

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Okell, Claire Natasha. "Animal health in arid lands and recommendations for strategic animal health service provision in mobile populations." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.731270.

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Simonis, Molly C. "Monitoring Ohio Bat Communities and Populations Using Mobile Acoustics." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1532278749872479.

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Koons, David Nelson Grand James Barry. "Transient population dynamics and population momentum in vertebrates." Auburn, Ala, 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2005/SPRING/Forestry_and_Wildlife_Sciences/Dissertation/KOONS_DAVID_55.pdf.

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Samaranayaka, Ari, and n/a. "Environmental stochasticity and density dependence in animal population models." University of Otago. Department of Mathematics & Statistics, 2006. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20060907.114616.

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Biological management of populations plays an indispensable role in all areas of population biology. In deciding between possible management options, one of the most important pieces of information required by population managers is the likely population status under possible management actions. Population dynamic models are the basic tool used in deriving this information. These models elucidate the complex processes underlying the population dynamics, and address the possible consequences/merits of management actions. These models are needed to guide the population towards desired/chosen management goals, and therefore allow managers to make informed decisions between alternative management actions. The reliability that can be placed on inferences drawn from a model about the fate of a population is undoubtedly dependent on how realistically the model represents the dynamic process of the population. The realistic representation of population characteristics in models has proved to be somewhat of a thorn in the side of population biologists. This thesis focuses in particular on ways to represent environmental stochasticity and density dependence in population models. Various approaches that are used in building environmental stochasticity into population models are reviewed. The most common approach represents the environmental variation by changes to demographic parameters that are assumed to follow a simple statistical distribution. For this purpose, a distribution is often selected on the basis of expert opinion, previous practice, and convenience. This thesis assesses the effect of this subjective choice of distribution on the model predictions, and develops some objective criteria for that selection based on ecological and statistical acceptability. The more commonly used distributions are compared as to their suitability, and some recommendations are made. Density dependence is usually represented in population models by specifying one or more of the vital rates as a function of population density. For a number of reasons, a population-specific function cannot usually be selected based on data. The thesis develops some ecologically-motivated criteria for identifying possible function(s) that could be used for a given population by matching functional properties to population characteristics when they are known. It also identifies a series of properties that should be present in a general function which could be suitable for modelling a population when relevant population characteristics are unknown. The suitability of functions that are commonly chosen for such purposes is assessed on this basis. I also evaluate the effect of the choice of a function on the resulting population trajectories. The case where the density dependence of one demographic rate is influenced by the density dependence of another is considered in some detail, as in some situations it can be modelled with little information in a relatively function-insensitive way. The findings of this research will help in embedding characteristics of animal populations into population dynamics models more realistically. Even though the findings are presented in the context of slow-growing long-lived animal populations, they are more generally applicable in all areas of biological management.
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Books on the topic "Animal populations":

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Remmert, Hermann, ed. Minimum Animal Populations. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78214-5.

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Hermann, Remmert, ed. Minimum animal populations. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1994.

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Ebert, Thomas A. Plant and animal populations: Methods in demography. San Diego: Academic Press, 1999.

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J, Millspaugh Joshua, ed. Radio tracking and animal populations. San Diego: Academic Press, 2001.

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Borchers, D. L. Estimating animal abundance: Closed populations. London: Springer, 2002.

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Andrew, Cockburn. Social behaviour in fluctuating populations. London: Croom Helm, 1988.

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van der Werf, Julius, Hans-Ulrich Graser, Richard Frankham, and Cedric Gondro, eds. Adaptation and Fitness in Animal Populations. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9005-9.

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A, Maineri Sarah, Daniel Kathryn S, and Delta Education (Firm), eds. Plant and animal populations: Teacher's guide. 3rd ed. Hudson, NH: Delta Education, 2004.

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DeVos, James C. Natural mortality in wildlife populations. Washington, D.C: International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, 1995.

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Caughley, Graeme. Analysis of vertebrate populations. Caldwell, N.J: Blackburn Press, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Animal populations":

1

Remmert, H. "Introduction." In Minimum Animal Populations, 1–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78214-5_1.

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Klaus, S. "To Survive or To Become Extinct: Small Populations of Tetraonids in Central Europe." In Minimum Animal Populations, 137–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78214-5_10.

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Ryan, P. G., and W. R. Siegfried. "The Viability of Small Populations of Birds: an Empirical Investigation of Vulnerability." In Minimum Animal Populations, 3–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78214-5_2.

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Bezzel, E. "Small World Populations in Birds: An Attempt of a Brief General Survey." In Minimum Animal Populations, 23–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78214-5_3.

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Korn, H. "Genetic, Demographic, Spatial, Environmental and Catastrophic Effects on the Survival Probability of Small Populations of Mammals." In Minimum Animal Populations, 33–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78214-5_4.

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Villwock, W. "On Micropopulations in Fish and Their Effects on Differentiation and Speciation." In Minimum Animal Populations, 51–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78214-5_5.

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Wissel, C., T. Stephan, and S. H. Zaschke. "Modelling Extinction and Survival of Small Populations." In Minimum Animal Populations, 67–103. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78214-5_6.

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Haffer, J. "“Very Small” Bird Populations in Amazonia." In Minimum Animal Populations, 105–17. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78214-5_7.

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Bujalska, G. "Minimum Population of Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber 1780)." In Minimum Animal Populations, 119–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78214-5_8.

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Grüm, L. "Minimum Populations of Carabid Beetles (Col., Carabidae)." In Minimum Animal Populations, 131–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78214-5_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Animal populations":

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Iovenko, V. M., K. V. Skrepets, H. O. Yakovchuk, and H. I. Rukavnikova. "The polymorphism of gene quantitative signs in the Ascanian selection sheep populations." In Current problems of modern animal husbandry. �������� ������������ �������� ������ "������-����" - ������������ ����������-���������� ����� � ���������, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33694/978-966-1550-33-8-2021-0-0-81-83.

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Rusdin, Muh, La Ode Nafiu, Takdir Saili, Achmad Selamet Aku, Rahman, and Rusli Badaruddin. "The Analysis of Morphometric Index of Four Buffaloes Populations in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia." In International Conference on Improving Tropical Animal Production for Food Security (ITAPS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220309.011.

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Molchanov, Vladimir, and Anna Popova. "VARIATIONS OF ACORN MORPHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN THE VORONEZH REGION." In Modern problems of animal and plant ecology. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mpeapw2021_50-55.

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The acorn morphometric analysis was carried out. Acorns of Quercus robur collected in populations of the Shilovo, Krasnolesnyy, BSSC «Maklok», Shipov forest. The indicators of acorn were weight, in g., acorn length and width, in cm. The widest limits of variation in weight, length, and diameter are observed in acorns from the experimental territory «Shipov forest»: from 0.55 to 10.43 g, from 1.52 to 4.7 cm, and from 0.86 to 2.31 cm, respectively. The smallest differences between the maximum and minimum weight (from 1.53 to 5.48 g) and the diameter (from 1.1 to 1.69 cm) are observed in the experimental territory «Krasnolesny», and the minimum variation in length was observed in acorns from the experimental territory of «Shilovo» from 2.29 to 3.36 cm.
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STANKEVIČIŪTĖ, Jolanta, Solveiga Marija BARKAUSKAITĖ, and Gediminas BRAZAITIS. "DETECTION OF XENOBIOTIC SUBSTANCES IN MUTE SWANS’ (CYGNUS OLOR) BLOOD." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.064.

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During recent years the attention towards the effects of xenobiotic substances on wild nature has been steadily increasing. Literature reviews have revealed that active hormone-disintegrating substances might affect the reproduction of some wild animal species. Research shows anomalies of reproduction and development in various animal groups such as birds, fish, invertebrates and reptiles. Species inhabiting water and its surroundings cause the highest concern. Due to insufficient baseline information it is difficult to determine the extent of the problem in these wild populations on an ecological scale. The research described in this article is the first attempt to analyse xenobiotic substances and evaluate possible accumulation of pharmaceuticals in animals higher up in the food chain in Lithuania. This research tests new methods for to analyse for xenobiotics substances, which might be used in the future. Blood samples of 7 swans were examined using liquid chromatography, however, no xenobiotics were detected. Negative results do not eliminate the necessity for further investigate of larger samples, other species or to search for non-pharmaceutical xenobiotics.
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Bobeck, Elizabeth. "Bioactive lipids and related nutrients in companion animal and poultry diets for reducing inflammation and improving immunity." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/vqxl3869.

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Beyond meeting nutritional requirements for growth and maintenance, select dietary ingredients can have additional effects, intended or not, on animal physiology and immune function. Diets can be enriched to benefit the animal, and a dual benefit can be achieved in the case of enriching animal products for the downstream human consumer. Many immune-altering nutrients are fat-soluble, including Vitamin E and D. Importantly, dietary lipids themselves can impact immune function; therefore, a focused and intentional selection of specific dietary fats, specifically omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), is one method to alter inflammatory cascades in animals consuming the diet. Examples of other related ingredients to which the immune system is responsive include zinc and probiotics. While work in human, livestock, and companion animal models is working to identify therapeutic inclusion rates for these nutrients and ingredients, it should be noted that physiological alterations are seen in both over and under-inclusion and are nutrient-specific. For example, inclusion above currently recommended levels may optimize immune function and reduce inflammation in the case of vitamin D or omega-3 PUFA, while for zinc, additional pharmacological supplementation above requirements may inhibit immune function. Importantly, when a diet is formulated to reduce overall systemic inflammation, it must be considered that important “background” functions of the immune system, including monitoring for and clearing pathogenic microbial populations, may be down-regulated due to a general reduction in immune reactivity. Continued work to understand how diet and nutrition impact immunity, and how to balance inflammation through nutrition, is an area of active research and will inform downstream users how to best use data to impact consumers of that feed in desirable ways.
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"Percolation on a spatial network with individual heterogeneity as a model for disease spread among animal host populations." In 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2011.b2.davis.

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Junqueira, V. S., G. S. Campos, and F. F. Cardoso. "357. INTERGEN: an efficient and flexible tool for large-scale genetic evaluation of complex animal and plant populations." In World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-940-4_357.

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Powell, Tracy A., Rouzbeh Amini, Alina Oltean, Vincent A. Barnett, Kevin D. Dorfman, Yoav Segal, and Victor H. Barocas. "Elasticity of the Lens Capsule as Measured by Osmotic Swelling." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19487.

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Basement membranes are planar extracellular matrices ubiquitous within tissues and serve roles in the organization, support and regulation of resident cell populations. The ocular lens capsule is experimentally accessible accounting for its wide use as a model in studies of basement membrane mechanics [1–3]. Optical tracking of passive osmotic swelling, unlike previously employed methods of determining the elasticity of the lens capsule, involves minimal manipulation of the lens, which is desirable when using smaller animal models, such as the mouse.
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Al-Khalaifah, Hanan, Mohammad Al-Otaibi, and Abdulaziz Al-Ateeqi. "SARS-COV-2 CORONAVIRUS: NOMENCLATURE, CLASSIFICATION, STRUCTURE, HISTORY, SYMPTOMS EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, ETIOLOGY, DIAGNOSES, TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/22.

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With the onset of the coronavirus pandemic in December 2019 in China, and the alarming rate at which it has spread across the world has unleashed not only fear, but has taken a toll on social, economic, health, and governing capabilities of the various countries infected with the virus. The pandemic is affecting all aspects of life, including industries such as the animal production industry all over the world. This includes plant, livestock and poultry production. Food security is accordingly impacted, as these industries are vital elements that are contributing to securing food to populations worldwide. In this review, light is shed on the origin of coronaviruses with special emphasis on COVID-19. It also includes introduction of symptoms, epidemiology and pathogenesis, etiology, and prevention. As the disease progresses, scientists are working around the clock in the hope of an effective vaccine, and they managed to introduce some to the worldwide populations. The world faces challenges on a day-to-day basis until most people are vaccinated.
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Vadasz, Peter, and Alisa S. Vadasz. "Impact of Metabolic Mass Transfer on Monotonic Growth of Micro-Organisms." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59569.

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A proposed Neoclassical growth theory of micro-organisms is shown to apply in a much wider variety of cases, from micro-level organisms via animal and human cell growth and up to the macro-level populations encountered in ecology. Including the metabolic mass transfer effects, that are an essential ingredient of the Neoclassical Theory, allows for the recovery of substantial and distinct phenomena observed experimentally. The proposed theory identifies the mechanism controlling the Lag phase, a result that holds impressive future potential in diverse applications. Different theoretical results are presented and compared with experimental data to substantiate the claim that the model based on the Neoclassical Growth Theory is the only available model that produces results, which are consistent with all experimental evidence.

Reports on the topic "Animal populations":

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Loehle, C. S. Social and behavioral barriers to pathogen transmission in wild animal populations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/666220.

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Weller, Joel I., Harris A. Lewin, and Micha Ron. Determination of Allele Frequencies for Quantitative Trait Loci in Commercial Animal Populations. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586473.bard.

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Individual loci affecting economic traits in dairy cattle (ETL) have been detected via linkage to genetic markers by application of the granddaughter design in the US population and the daughter design in the Israeli population. From these analyses it is not possible to determine allelic frequencies in the population at large, or whether the same alleles are segregating in different families. We proposed to answer this question by application of the "modified granddaughter design", in which granddaughters with a common maternal grandsire are both genotyped and analyzed for the economic traits. The objectives of the proposal were: 1) to fine map three segregating ETL previously detected by a daughter design analysis of the Israeli dairy cattle population; 2) to determine the effects of ETL alleles in different families relative to the population mean; 3) for each ETL, to determine the number of alleles and allele frequencies. The ETL on Bostaurusautosome (BT A) 6 chiefly affecting protein concentration was localized to a 4 cM chromosomal segment centered on the microsatellite BM143 by the daughter design. The modified granddaughter design was applied to a single family. The frequency of the allele increasing protein percent was estimated at 0.63+0.06. The hypothesis of equal allelic frequencies was rejected at p<0.05. Segregation of this ETL in the Israeli population was confirmed. The genes IBSP, SPP1, and LAP3 located adjacent to BM143 in the whole genome cattle- human comparative map were used as anchors for the human genome sequence and bovine BAC clones. Fifteen genes within 2 cM upstream of BM143 were located in the orthologous syntenic groups on HSA4q22 and HSA4p15. Only a single gene, SLIT2, was located within 2 cM downstream of BM143 in the orthologous HSA4p15 region. The order of these genes, as derived from physical mapping of BAC end sequences, was identical to the order within the orthologous syntenic groups on HSA4: FAM13A1, HERC3. CEB1, FLJ20637, PP2C-like, ABCG2, PKD2. SPP, MEP, IBSP, LAP3, EG1. KIAA1276, HCAPG, MLR1, BM143, and SLIT2. Four hundred and twenty AI bulls with genetic evaluations were genotyped for 12 SNPs identified in 10 of these genes, and for BM143. Seven SNPs displayed highly significant linkage disequilibrium effects on protein percentage (P<0.000l) with the greatest effect for SPP1. None of SNP genotypes for two sires heterozygous for the ETL, and six sires homozygous for the ETL completely corresponded to the causative mutation. The expression of SPP 1 and ABCG2 in the mammary gland corresponded to the lactation curve, as determined by microarray and QPCR assays, but not in the liver. Anti-sense SPP1 transgenic mice displayed abnormal mammary gland differentiation and milk secretion. Thus SPP 1 is a prime candidate gene for this ETL. We confirmed that DGAT1 is the ETL segregating on BTA 14 that chiefly effects fat concentration, and that the polymorphism is due to a missense mutation in an exon. Four hundred Israeli Holstein bulls were genotyped for this polymorphism, and the change in allelic frequency over the last 20 years was monitored.
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Gove, Jeffrey H., Ernst Linder, and Walter M. Tzilkowski. Some results on the combined removal and signs-of-activities estimators for sampling closed animal populations. Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-gtr-199.

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Gove, Jeffrey H., Ernst Linder, and Walter M. Tzilkowski. Some results on the combined removal and signs-of-activities estimators for sampling closed animal populations. Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-gtr-199.

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Kumban, Wannisa, Anoma Santiworakul, and Salila Cetthakrikul. The effect of Animal Assisted Therapy on physical activity in elderly. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.9.0049.

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Review question / Objective: What are the effect of Animal Assisted Therapy on physical activity in elderly. PICOs P: Elderly; I: Animal Assisted Therapy; C: Compare; O: Physical activity, physical fitness, health-related fitness; S: experimental study/ compare between group/ pre-post test. Eligibility criteria: Inclusion criteria comprised any studies that provided experimental study design or observational data on cross-sectional comparisons between groups. The outcome analyzed in this review was the effect of animal assisted or pet or human-animal interaction on physical activity that was studied in all elderly populations (age > 60 years), in any setting e.g., home, community-based, or hospital. The articles were published in English full-text articles only between 2012 and 2022.
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Duffield, John, and Chris Neher. Incorporating wildlife passive use values in collision mitigation benefit-cost calculations. Nevada Department of Transportation, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2019.09.

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This document is a task report for a larger Wildlife Vehicle Collision (WVC) Reduction and Habitat Connectivity pooled fund study. It addresses the potential use of passive use economic values for wildlife to inform the mitigation of wildlife-vehicle collisions. Passive use, also known as non-use values, are the values individuals place on the existence of a given animal species or population as well as the bequest value of knowing that future generations will also benefit from preserving the species. This report provides a summary of the current literature of wildlife passive use value estimates and provides per-animal passive use values for selected species and populations. Additionally, an example of applying these values to a Montana road segment is outlined. Finally, a discussion of regional economic impacts of mitigation structure spending is outlined.
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Cahaner, Avigdor, Susan J. Lamont, E. Dan Heller, and Jossi Hillel. Molecular Genetic Dissection of Complex Immunocompetence Traits in Broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586461.bard.

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Objectives: (1) Evaluate Immunocompetence-OTL-containing Chromosomal Regions (ICRs), marked by microsatellites or candidate genes, for magnitude of direct effect and for contribution to relationships among multiple immunocompetence, disease-resistance, and growth traits, in order to estimate epistatic and pleiotropic effects and to predict the potential breeding applications of such markers. (2) Evaluate the interaction of the ICRs with genetic backgrounds from multiple sources and of multiple levels of genetic variation, in order to predict the general applicability of molecular genetic markers across widely varied populations. Background: Diseases cause substantial economic losses to animal producers. Emerging pathogens, vaccine failures and intense management systems increase the impact of diseases on animal production. Moreover, zoonotic pathogens are a threat to human food safety when microbiological contamination of animal products occurs. Consumers are increasingly concerned about drug residues and antibiotic- resistant pathogens derived from animal products. The project used contemporary scientific technologies to investigate the genetics of chicken resistance to infectious disease. Genetic enhancement of the innate resistance of chicken populations provides a sustainable and ecologically sound approach to reduce microbial loads in agricultural populations. In turn, animals will be produced more efficiently with less need for drug treatment and will pose less of a potential food-safety hazard. Major achievements, conclusions and implications:. The PI and co-PIs had developed a refined research plan, aiming at the original but more focused objectives, that could be well-accomplished with the reduced awarded support. The successful conduct of that research over the past four years has yielded substantial new information about the genes and genetic markers that are associated with response to two important poultry pathogens, Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and Escherichia coli (EC), about variation of immunocompetence genes in poultry, about relationships of traits of immune response and production, and about interaction of genes with environment and with other genes and genetic background. The current BARD work has generated a base of knowledge and expertise regarding the genetic variation underlying the traits of immunocompetence and disease resistance. In addition, unique genetic resource populations of chickens have been established in the course of the current project, and they are essential for continued projects. The US laboratory has made considerable progress in studies of the genetics of resistance to SE. Microsatellite-marked chromosomal regions and several specific genes were linked to SE vaccine response or bacterial burden and the important phenomenon of gene interaction was identified in this system. In total, these studies demonstrate the role of genetics in SE response, the utility of the existing resource population, and the expertise of the research group in conducting such experiments. The Israeli laboratories had showed that the lines developed by selection for high or low level of antibody (Ab) response to EC differ similarly in Ab response to several other viral and bacterial pathogens, indicating the existence of a genetic control of general capacity of Ab response in young broilers. It was also found that the 10w-Ab line has developed, possibly via compensatory "natural" selection, higher cellular immune response. At the DNA levels, markers supposedly linked to immune response were identified, as well as SNP in the MHC, a candidate gene responsible for genetic differences in immunocompetence of chickens.
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Lamont, Susan J., E. Dan Heller, and Avigdor Cahaner. Prediction of Immunocompetence and Resistance to Disease by Using Molecular Markers of the Major Histocompatibility Complex. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568780.bard.

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This project utilized two live-animal populations in an integrated research program to identify molecular markers for immune response and disease resistance. The populations each had their foundation from meat-type commercial breeder chicken lines of their respective countries. Investigations effectively used unique availability of resources in each country to study commercial-type environments in Israel and line-crosses with diverse inbred lines in the US. Two bacterial systems were investigated to cover both respiratory and gastrointestinal, and primary and secondary, infections. Individual experimental groups of animals were evaluated for combinations of vaccine antibody levels, response to pathogen challenge, growth parameters, genetic background and molecular markers. The positive association of antibody level with resistance to disease was confirmed. Effectiveness of genetic selection for vaccine antibody response level was demonstrated. Molecular markers, both inside and outside the MHC region, were associated with antibody response and resistance to disease. Markers were shown to have a generalized effect, by association with multiple traits of immune response and disease resistance. The impact of genetic background on marker effect was shown to be important. The overall results demonstrate the effectiveness of selection on vaccine antibody response and the potential of molecular marker-assisted selection to improve efficiency of production of meat-type chickens by reducing genetic susceptibility to disease.
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Brosh, Arieh, Gordon Carstens, Kristen Johnson, Ariel Shabtay, Joshuah Miron, Yoav Aharoni, Luis Tedeschi, and Ilan Halachmi. Enhancing Sustainability of Cattle Production Systems through Discovery of Biomarkers for Feed Efficiency. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592644.bard.

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Feed inputs represent the largest variable cost of producing meat and milk from ruminant animals. Thus, strategies that improve the efficiency of feed utilization are needed to improve the global competitiveness of Israeli and U.S. cattle industries, and mitigate their environmental impact through reductions in nutrient excretions and greenhouse gas emissions. Implementation of innovative technologies that will enhance genetic merit for feed efficiency is arguably one of the most cost-effective strategies to meet future demands for animal-protein foods in an environmentally sustainable manner. While considerable genetic variation in feed efficiency exist within cattle populations, the expense of measuring individual-animal feed intake has precluded implementation of selection programs that target this trait. Residual feed intake (RFI) is a trait that quantifies between-animal variation in feed intake beyond that expected to meet energy requirements for maintenance and production, with efficient animals being those that eat less than expected for a given size and level of production. There remains a critical need to understand the biological drivers for genetic variation in RFI to facilitate development of effective selection programs in the future. Therefore, the aim of this project was to determine the biological basis for phenotypic variation in RFI of growing and lactating cattle, and discover metabolic biomarkers of RFI for early and more cost-effective selection of cattle for feed efficiency. Objectives were to: (1) Characterize the phenotypic relationships between RFI and production traits (growth or lactation), (2) Quantify inter-animal variation in residual HP, (3) Determine if divergent RFIphenotypes differ in HP, residual HP, recovered energy and digestibility, and (4) Determine if divergent RFI phenotypes differ in physical activity, feeding behavior traits, serum hormones and metabolites and hepatic mitochondrial traits. The major research findings from this project to date include: In lactating dairy cattle, substantial phenotypic variation in RFI was demonstrated as cows classified as having low RMEI consumed 17% less MEI than high-RMEI cows despite having similar body size and lactation productivity. Further, between-animal variation in RMEI was found to moderately associated with differences in RHP demonstrating that maintenance energy requirements contribute to observed differences in RFI. Quantifying energetic efficiency of dairy cows using RHP revealed that substantial changes occur as week of lactation advances—thus it will be critical to measure RMEI at a standardized stage of lactation. Finally, to determine RMEI in lactating dairy cows, individual DMI and production data should be collected for a minimum of 6 wk. We demonstrated that a favorably association exists between RFI in growing heifers and efficiency of forage utilization in pregnant cows. Therefore, results indicate that female progeny from parents selected for low RFI during postweaning development will also be efficient as mature females, which has positive implications for both dairy and beef cattle industries. Results from the beef cattle studies further extend our knowledge regarding the biological drivers of phenotypic variation in RFI of growing animals, and demonstrate that significant differences in feeding behavioral patterns, digestibility and heart rate exist between animals with divergent RFI. Feeding behavior traits may be an effective biomarker trait for RFI in beef and dairy cattle. There are differences in mitochondrial acceptor control and respiratory control ratios between calves with divergent RFI suggesting that variation in mitochondrial metabolism may be visible at the genome level. Multiple genes associated with mitochondrial energy processes are altered by RFI phenotype and some of these genes are associated with mitochondrial energy expenditure and major cellular pathways involved in regulation of immune responses and energy metabolism.
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Gottlieb, Yuval, Bradley Mullens, and Richard Stouthamer. investigation of the role of bacterial symbionts in regulating the biology and vector competence of Culicoides vectors of animal viruses. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7699865.bard.

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Symbiotic bacteria have been shown to influence host reproduction and defense against biotic and abiotic stressors, and this relates to possible development of a symbiont-based control strategy. This project was based on the hypothesis that symbionts have a significant impact on Culicoides fitness and vector competence for animal viruses. The original objectives in our proposal were: 1. Molecular identification and localization of the newly-discovered symbiotic bacteria within C. imicola and C. schultzei in Israel and C. sonorensis in California. 2. Determination of the prevalence of symbiotic bacteria within different vector Culicoides populations. 3. Documentation of specific symbiont effects on vector reproduction and defense: 3a) test for cytoplasmic incompatibility in Cardinium-infected species; 3b) experimentally evaluate the role of the symbiont on infection or parasitism by key Culicoides natural enemies (iridescent virus and mermithid nematode). 4. Testing the role(s) of the symbionts in possible protection against infection of vector Culicoides by BTV. According to preliminary findings and difficulties in performing experimental procedures performed in other insect symbiosis systems where insect host cultures are easily maintained, we modified the last two objectives as follows: Obj. 3, we tested how symbionts affected general fitness of Israeli Culicoides species, and thoroughly described and evaluated the correlation between American Culicoides and their bacterial communities in the field. We also tried alternative methods to test symbiont-Culicoides interactions and launched studies to characterize low-temperature stress tolerances of the main US vector, which may be related to symbionts. Obj. 4, we tested the correlation between EHDV (instead of BTV) aquisition and Cardinium infection. Culicoides-bornearboviral diseases are emerging or re-emerging worldwide, causing direct and indirect economic losses as well as reduction in animal welfare. One novel strategy to reduce insects’ vectorial capacity is by manipulating specific symbionts to affect vector fitness or performance of the disease agent within. Little was known on the bacterial tenants occupying various Culicoides species, and thus, this project was initiated with the above aims. During this project, we were able to describe the symbiont Cardinium and whole bacterial communities in Israeli and American Culicoides species respectively. We showed that Cardinium infection prevalence is determined by land surface temperature, and this may be important to the larval stage. We also showed no patent significant effect of Cardinium on adult fitness parameters. We showed that the bacterial community in C. sonorensis varies significantly with the host’s developmental stage, but it varies little across multiple wastewater pond environments. This may indicate some specific biological interactions and allowed us to describe a “core microbiome” for C. sonorensis. The final set of analyses that include habitat sample is currently done, in order to separate the more intimately-associated bacteria from those inhabiting the gut contents or cuticle surface (which also could be important). We were also able to carefully study other biological aspects of Culicoides and were able to discriminate two species in C. schultzei group in Israel, and to investigate low temperature tolerances of C. sonorensis that may be related to symbionts. Scientific implications include the establishment of bacterial identification and interactions in Culicoides (our work is cited in other bacteria-Culicoides studies), the development molecular identification of C. schultzei group, and the detailed description of the microbiome of the immature and matched adult stages of C. sonorensis. Agricultural implications include understanding of intrinsic factors that govern Culicoides biology and population regulation, which may be relevant for vector control or reduction in pathogen transmission. Being able to precisely identify Culicoides species is central to understanding Culicoides borne disease epidemiology.

To the bibliography