Relevant bibliographies by topics / Animal physiology-systems

Academic literature on the topic 'Animal physiology-systems'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 September 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Animal physiology-systems"

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Van Der Horst, Dick J. "Insects as Model Systems for Animal Physiology." Netherlands Journal of Zoology 44, no. 1-2 (1993): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854294x00105.

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Samsel, R. W., G. A. Schmidt, J. B. Hall, L. D. Wood, S. G. Shroff, and P. T. Schumacker. "Cardiovascular physiology teaching: computer simulations vs. animal demonstrations." Advances in Physiology Education 266, no. 6 (June 1994): S36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advances.1994.266.6.s36.

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The roots of physiology lie in laboratory observation, and physiology courses continue to rely on laboratory observation to provide students with practical information to correlate with their developing base of conceptual knowledge. To this end, animal laboratories provide a functioning example of interactions among organ systems and a source of data for student analysis. However, there are continuing objections to using animals for teaching, and animal labs are costly in time and effort. As an alternative laboratory tool, computer software can simulate the operation of multiple organ systems: responses to interventions illustrate intrinsic organ behavior and integrated systems physiology. Advantages of software over animal studies include alteration of variables that are not easily changed in vivo, repeated interventions, and cost-effective hands-on student access. Nevertheless, simulations miss intangible aspects of experimental physiology, and results depend critically on the assumptions of the model. We used both computer and animal demonstrations in teaching cardiovascular physiology to first-year medical students. The students rated both highly, but the computer-based session received a higher rating. We believe that both forms of teaching have educational merit. At the introductory level, the computer appears to provide an effective alternative.
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Loor, Juan J., Massimo Bionaz, and James K. Drackley. "Systems Physiology in Dairy Cattle: Nutritional Genomics and Beyond." Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 1, no. 1 (January 2013): 365–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-031412-103728.

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Eisthen, Heather L., and Kevin R. Theis. "Animal–microbe interactions and the evolution of nervous systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1685 (January 5, 2016): 20150052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0052.

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Animals ubiquitously interact with environmental and symbiotic microbes, and the effects of these interactions on animal physiology are currently the subject of intense interest. Nevertheless, the influence of microbes on nervous system evolution has been largely ignored. We illustrate here how taking microbes into account might enrich our ideas about the evolution of nervous systems. For example, microbes are involved in animals' communicative, defensive, predatory and dispersal behaviours, and have likely influenced the evolution of chemo- and photosensory systems. In addition, we speculate that the need to regulate interactions with microbes at the epithelial surface may have contributed to the evolutionary internalization of the nervous system.
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Fröhlich, Eleonore. "Replacement Strategies for Animal Studies in Inhalation Testing." Sci 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci3040045.

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Animal testing is mandatory in drug testing and is the gold standard for toxicity and efficacy evaluations. This situation is expected to change in the future as the 3Rs principle, which stands for the replacement, reduction, and refinement of the use of animals in science, is reinforced by many countries. On the other hand, technologies for alternatives to animal testing have increased. The need to develop and use alternatives depends on the complexity of the research topic and also on the extent to which the currently used animal models can mimic human physiology and/or exposure. The lung morphology and physiology of commonly used animal species differs from that of human lungs, and the realistic inhalation exposure of animals is challenging. In vitro and in silico methods can assess important aspects of the in vivo effects, namely particle deposition, dissolution, action at, and permeation through, the respiratory barrier, and pharmacokinetics. This review discusses the limitations of animal models and exposure systems and proposes in vitro and in silico techniques that could, when used together, reduce or even replace animal testing in inhalation testing in the future.
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Blair, K. L., and P. A. V. Anderson. "Physiology and pharmacology of turbellarian neuromuscular systems." Parasitology 113, S1 (January 1996): S73—S82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000077908.

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SUMMARYOur understanding of the neurobiology of the Platyhelminthes has come in large part from free-living turbellarians. In addition to providing considerable information about the capabilities of the rudimentary nervous system present in all members of the phylum, turbellarians have provided the most definitive information about the variety of ion channels present in the membranes of neurones and muscle cells, and about the physiology and pharmacology of those channels. Furthermore, preparations of single, viable muscle cells have provided some of the most conclusive evidence about the variety of transmitters present, and the types of response they evoke. Here, we review what is known about the physiology and pharmacology of the turbellarian neuromuscular system. Particular attention is given to the triclad flatworm Bdelloura Candida, the best studied species in this respect, but other species are included where relevant.
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Jin, Hengyu, Jianxin Liu, and Diming Wang. "Antioxidant Potential of Exosomes in Animal Nutrition." Antioxidants 13, no. 8 (August 8, 2024): 964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080964.

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This review delves into the advantages of exosomes as novel antioxidants in animal nutrition and their potential for regulating oxidative stress. Although traditional nutritional approaches promote oxidative stress defense systems in mammalian animals, several issues remain to be solved, such as low bioavailability, targeted tissue efficiency, and high-dose by-effect. As an important candidate offering regulation opportunities concerned with cellular communication, disease prevention, and physiology regulation in multiple biological systems, the potential of exosomes in mediating redox status in biological systems has not been well described. A previously reported relationship between redox system regulation and circulating exosomes suggested exosomes as a fundamental candidate for both a regulator and biomarker for a redox system. Herein, we review the effects of oxidative stress on exosomes in animals and the potential application of exosomes as antioxidants in animal nutrition. Then, we highlight the advantages of exosomes as redox regulators due to their higher bioavailability and physiological heterogeneity-targeted properties, providing a theoretical foundation and feed industry application. Therefore, exosomes have shown great potential as novel antioxidants in the field of animal nutrition. They can overcome the limitations of traditional antioxidants in terms of dosage and side effects, which will provide unprecedented opportunities in nutritional management and disease prevention, and may become a major breakthrough in the field of animal nutrition.
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Cassar-Malek, I., B. Picard, C. Bernard, and J. F. Hocquette. "Application of gene expression studies in livestock production systems: a European perspective." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 7 (2008): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08018.

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In the context of sustainable agriculture and animal husbandry, understanding animal physiology remains a major challenge in the breeding and production of livestock, especially to develop animal farming systems that respond to the new and diversified consumer demand. Physiological processes depend on the expression of many genes acting in concert. Considerable effort has been expended in recent years on examining the mechanisms controlling gene expression and their regulation by biological and external factors (e.g. genetic determinants, nutritional factors, and animal management). Two main strategies have been developed to identify important genes. The first one has focussed on the expression of candidate genes for key physiological pathways at the level of both the transcripts and proteins. An original strategy has emerged with the advent of genomics that addresses the same issues through the examination of the molecular signatures of all genes and proteins using high-throughput techniques (e.g. transcriptomics and proteomics). In this review, the application of the gene expression studies in livestock production systems is discussed. Some practical examples of genomics applied to livestock production systems (e.g. to optimise animal nutrition, meat quality or animal management) are presented, and their outcomes are considered. In the future, integration of the knowledge gained from these studies will finally result in optimising livestock production systems through detection of desirable animals and their integration into accurate breeding programs or innovative management systems.
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Greenwood, Paul L., Igor Kardailsky, Warwick B. Badgery, and Gregory J. Bishop-Hurley. "381 Smart Farming for Extensive Grazing Ruminant Production Systems." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.257.

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Abstract Smart farming for extensive grazing systems includes applications linking environment and supply-chain, including metrics for climate, soils, pastures, animals and animal products to enhance management, optimization and predictions. Technological developments for remote monitoring in extensive systems have varied in their success and remain limited in uptake, and include: In-field, fixed-device monitoring of livestock numbers, water, photosynthesis and greenhouse gas emissions; body composition and physiology assessments using devices fixed to handling facilities; ground- or aerial-based livestock, water, pasture, invasive weeds and/or soil monitoring using photogrammetry or technologies including LiDAR; multi-channel, satellite-based spectrometry coupled with weather and soil grids to model and predict pasture biomass components; automated in-field liveweight measurement and drafting; virtual fencing; on- and in-animal devices to monitor location, activity, behaviors and physiology; GPS to monitor asset and personnel location. These technologies target productivity, efficiency, health and welfare of ruminants, including genetic improvement, and more efficient, sustainable resource use, including soils, pastures and water, to improve individual ruminants and grazing systems. We have developed and validated technologies for remote, in-field determination of animal behaviors, pasture characteristics including availability and disappearance mapping for calibration and validation of satellite images, and pasture intake under varying grazing conditions. Examples of our R&D include experimental on-animal sensor devices to classify and monitor behaviors in extensive systems, and development of a GrazingApp linking satellite imagery, weather and soil information to model and predict animal production. Development of these technologies has required analytical methods for big data, including machine learning and artificial intelligence. These and other applications that function in near to real-time are enhanced by management and aggregation of enormous amounts of data generated by sensors and other devices into useful metrics before transmission using wireless networks. These metrics are the basis for data-driven management decisions that reduce risk and enhance profit for grazing enterprises.
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Watanabe, Yuuki Y., and Yannis P. Papastamatiou. "Biologging and Biotelemetry: Tools for Understanding the Lives and Environments of Marine Animals." Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 11, no. 1 (February 15, 2023): 247–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-050322-073657.

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Addressing important questions in animal ecology, physiology, and environmental science often requires in situ information from wild animals. This difficulty is being overcome by biologging and biotelemetry, or the use of miniaturized animal-borne sensors. Although early studies recorded only simple parameters of animal movement, advanced devices and analytical methods can now provide rich information on individual and group behavior, internal states, and the surrounding environment of free-ranging animals, especially those in marine systems. We summarize the history of technologies used to track marine animals. We then identify seven major research categories of marine biologging and biotelemetry and explain significant achievements, as well as future opportunities. Big data approaches via international collaborations will be key to tackling global environmental issues (e.g., climate change impacts), and curiosity about the secret lives of marine animals will also remain a major driver of biologging and biotelemetry studies.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Animal physiology-systems"

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Ortiz, de Janon Xavier Alejandro. "A Comprehensive Analysis of Novel Dairy Cooling Systems, Their Cooling Efficiency and Impact on Lactating Dairy Cow Physiology and Performance." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/604863.

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Cooling systems used to reduce heat stress in dairy operations require high energy, water usage, or both. Steady increases in electricity costs and reduction of water availability and an increase in water usage regulations require evaluation of passive cooling systems to cool cows and reduce use of water and electricity. A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of heat exchangers buried as components in a conductive system for cooling cows. In the first experiment six cows were housed in environmentally controlled rooms with tiestall beds, which were equipped with a heat exchanger and filled with 25 cm of either sand or dried manure. Beds were connected to supply and return lines and individually controlled. Two beds (one per each kind of bedding material) constituted a control group (water off), and the other 4 (2 sand and 2 dried manure) used water at 7°C passing through the heat exchangers (water on). The experiment was divided in 2 periods of 40 d, and each period involved 3 repetitions of 3 different climates (hot and dry, thermo neutral, and hot and humid). Each cow was randomly assigned to a different treatment after each repetition was over. Sand bedding remained cooler than dried manure bedding in all environments and at all levels of cooling (water on or off). Results from this experiment demonstrated that bed temperatures were lower and heat flux higher during the bed treatment with sand and water on. We also detected a reduction in core body temperatures, respiration rates, rectal temperatures, and skin temperatures of those cows during the sand and water on treatment. Feed intake and milk yield numerically increased during the bed treatment with sand and water on for all climates. No major changes were observed in the lying time of cows or the composition of the milk produced. The efficiency of conductive cooling as a heat abatement technique in dairy production is highly correlated with the distance between the cooling system and the skin of the cow and the type of bedding material used. A second experiment was conducted to identify possible improvements in the utilization of conductive cooling for cooling cows. Heat exchangers buried 12.7 cm below the surface as components in a conductive system ware evaluated in this study. Six cows were housed in environmentally controlled rooms with tie-stall beds, which were equipped with a heat exchanger and filled with 12.7 cm of either sand or dried manure. Beds were connected to supply and return lines and individually controlled. Two beds (one per bedding material type) constituted a control group (water OFF), and the other four (two sand and two dried manure) used water at 7°C passing through the heat exchangers (water ON). The experiment was divided into two periods of 40 days and each period involved three repetitions of three different climates hot dry (HD), thermo neutral(TN) and hot humid (HH). Each cow was randomly assigned to a different treatment after each repetition was over. The sand and water on treatment was the most efficient treatment under heat stress conditions (humid or dry heat). Cows in stalls with the sand and water on treatment demonstrated lower rectal temperatures, respiration rates, skin surface temperatures and core body temperatures compared to the other three treatments. Additionally, the sand and water on treatment increased milk yield and resting time of cows under heat stress. Also, the sand and water on treatment had the lowest bed surface temperatures and highest heat exchange compared to the other treatments. From these two experiments we confirm that heat exchangers are a viable heat abatement technique that could reduce the heat load of heat stressed cows; however, this system should be paired with additional cooling systems (e.g. fans and or misters) to most efficiently reduce the negative effects of heat stress on dairy production. Additionally, Sand was superior to dried manure as a bedding material in combination with heat exchangers. To make further recommendations of the use of heat exchangers in commercial dairy farm, a third study was developed. Based on the data obtained in the previous experiments, a comprehensive energy balance was developed to fully understand conductive cooling in two different environments (HD and HH), two bedding materials (sand and dried manure) and two depths between cows and the heat exchangers (25 vs. 12.5 cm). The energy balance estimates indicated that sand is the most efficient bedding material when utilized as bedding material with conductive cooling in both hot dry and hot humid environments. In the hot-dry environment there was an increase in the conductive heat exchanged with the reduction in bedding depth to 12.5 cm, however this did not result in a reduction in the heat storage of cows. In the hot-humid environment when heat exchangers were placed 12.5 cm from the top of the bed there was an increase in both the conductive heat loss and heat storage of cows when compared to 25 cm. Additionally, results demonstrated that the efficiency of heat exchangers as measured by heat flux was improved when heat exchangers were at a depth of 12.5 cm. The sensibility analysis indicated that a reduction in the depth and/or an increase in the thermal conductivity of both bedding materials would maximize conductive heat exchange. These results should be utilized as recommendations for the utilization of heat exchangers and conductive cooling in commercial dairy farms. Evaporative cooling is widely used in dairy farms located in arid environments. Even though, these cooling systems have been shown to effectively reduce the heat stress of lactating dairy cows, a growing shortage of water and rising cost of electricity compromise its future usage. An experiment was developed to compare two evaporative cooling systems, their interaction with lactating dairy cows and their usage of natural resources. The efficacy of 2 evaporative cooling systems (Korral Kool, KK, Korral Kool Inc., Mesa, AZ; FlipFan dairy system, FF, Schaefer Ventilation Equipment LLC, Sauk Rapids, MN) was estimated utilizing 400 multiparous Holstein dairy cows randomly assigned to 1 of 4 cooled California-style shade pens (2 shade pens per cooling system). Each shaded pen contained 100 cows (days in milk = 58 ± 39, milk production = 56 ± 18 kg/d, and lactation = 3 ± 1). Production data (milk yield and reproductive performance) were collected during 3 months (June–August, 2013) and physiological responses (core body temperature, respiration rates, surface temperatures, and resting time) were measured in June and July to estimate responses of cows to the 2 different cooling systems. Water and electricity consumption were recorded for each system. Cows in the KK system displayed slightly lower respiration rates in the month of June and lower surface temperatures in June and July. However, no differences were observed in the core body temperature of cows, resting time, feed intake, milk yield, services/cow, and conception rate between systems. The FF system used less water and electricity during this study. In conclusion, both cooling systems (KK and FF) were effective in mitigating the negative effects of heat stress on cows housed in arid environments, whereas the FF system consumed less water and electricity and did not require use of curtains on the shade structure. Results of this research indicate that effective use of conductive cooling in combination with efficient evaporative cooling systems offer opportunities to reduce both water and electricity consumption on dairy farms under both hot dry and hot humid environments.
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Fan, Li 1967. "Interactions of renin-angiotensin and natriuretic peptide systems in control of blood pressure during ovine pregnancy." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39904.

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This thesis focuses on the renin-angiotensin system and atrial natriuretic factors (ANF) two hormonal systems which are stimulated and which may exert important antagonizing actions on the regulation of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and body fluid homeostasis during pregnancy. All experiments were conducted in healthy nonpregnant and/or pregnant (gestational age of 105 to 140 days, term = 145 days) mixed breed ewes, using a facility designed for studies of large animals. Findings from the first study with unilateral denervated kidneys provide evidence that renal nerves are a necessary component in the control of renin secretion in both nonpregnant and pregnant ewes. The second study demonstrates that angiotensin II (AngII) and ANF do not account for the dramatic suppression of renin secretion in response to the reduction of renal perfusion pressure in sheep with bilateral renal denervation. The data from these two studies suggest that the renal baroreceptors influence renin secretion indirectly through activation of renal afferents rather than by a direct action on the juxtaglomerular apparatus. In order to study the possible effects of increased plasma AngII on ANF production during pregnancy, four doses of AngII (0.5, 5, 20, 40 ng/kg/min) and nitroprusside were simultaneously infused to separate indirect hemodynamic actions on ANF secretion from direct hormonally mediated effects on ANF secretion by AngII. The data clearly show that AngII increases plasma ANF in a dose-dependent manner but: only in the presence of the AngII pressor effect. A striking finding was the demonstration that the natriuretic and diuretic responses to intrarenal artery infusion of three doses of ANF (0.3, 1.5, 3.0 pmol/kg/min) are increased during ovine pregnancy and these responses are solely limited to actions on the distal part of the nephron without altering renal vascular or glomerular function. Finally, a study with 10 days of intrarenal artery infusion of low dose AngII (1 ng/kg/m
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Mohtat, Nadereh. "Study of magnetic field effects on radical reactions and of the mobility of transients in microheterogeneous systems." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ28361.pdf.

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Hu, Keli. "Signal transduction systems involved in ischemic preconditioning and ATP-sensitive K+ channels." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0002/NQ44456.pdf.

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Correa-Calderon, Abelardo. "Production, physiological, and hormonal responses of Holstein and Brown Swiss heat-stressed dairy cows to two different cooling systems." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282866.

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To evaluate the effect of two different cooling systems on production, physiological, and hormonal responses, 37 Holstein and 26 Brown Swiss dairy cows were allotted to three treatments. A control group of cows had access to only shade (C). A second group was cooled with spray and fan (S/F) and the third group was under an evaporative cooling system called Korral Kool&circR; (KK). The trial lasted from May to September with a daily maximum temperature-humidity index from 73 to 85. Milk production differences in Holstein cows were significantly increased by KK and S/F. No treatment differences in milk production were observed in Brown Swiss cows. Protein percentages were higher in C group compared to Korral Kool group only in Brown Swiss cows, while fat percentage were similar among treatments in Holstein cows. Rectal temperatures and respiration rates of the C group were higher than S/F and KK in both Holstein and Brown Swiss cows. Triiodothyronine levels in milk were significantly higher in KK group compared to S/F and C groups, while cortisol levels were lower in C group than S/F and KK. Similar differences were observed in body weight and body condition score changes between treatments in Holstein or Brown Swiss cows. Pregnancy rate was increased in the groups under the cooling systems in Holstein cows, however this effect was not observed in Brown Swiss cows where C group had a higher pregnancy rate than cooled groups. The cows under cooling systems spend more time eating and outside of the shade in the early afternoon (12:00 to 15:00) than control group. Cows injected with bST (bovine somatotropin) increased milk yield significantly only in Brown Swiss cows, whereas respiration rates were increased in both breeds by bST but rectal temperatures were similar between bST and non-bST cows. These results demonstrate that both cooling systems are an alternative to increase productive and reproductive performance and comfort of Holstein cows during summer in hot-dry climates. The physiological responses of Brown Swiss cows indicated a better adaptation to a hot climate, however their milk production was lower than in Holstein cows.
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Koulnis, Miroslav. "Dynamics of Erythropoietic Survival Pathways In Vivo: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2011. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/555.

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Erythropoiesis maintains stable tissue oxygenation in the basal state, while accelerating red cell production in anemia, blood loss or high altitude. The principal regulator of erythropoiesis is the hormone erythropoietin (Epo). In response to hypoxic stress, Epo can increase a 1000-fold, driving erythropoietic rate by up to 10-fold. It’s been suggested that survival pathways activated by the Epo receptor (EpoR) underlie its regulation of erythropoietic rate. A number of apparently redundant EpoR survival pathways were identified in vitro, raising the possibility of their functional specialization in vivo. Here I assessed the roles of three survival pathways activated by EpoR in erythroblasts in-vivo: the suppression of cell-surface Fas and FasL, the suppression of the pro-apoptotic regulator Bim, and the induction of the anti-apoptotic regulator Bcl-xL. I used the novel CD71/Ter119 flow-cytometric method of identifying erythroblast maturation stages in vivo to measure these apoptotic pathways in fetal liver and adult erythropoietic tissues. I found that these pathways differ markedly in their regulation of erythropoietic rate. Using mouse genetic models, I found that apoptosis mediated by interaction between erythroblasts that co-express cell-surface Fas and FasL plays a key autoregulatory role in stabilizing the size of the erythroblast pool in the basal state. Further, mice mutant for Fas or FasL showed a delayed erythropoietic response to hypoxia or high Epo. This suggests that Fas and FasL accelerate the stress response by providing an apoptotic ‘cell reserve’ that can be rescued by Epo in stress. I also examined the in-vivo behavior of two cell-intrinsic apoptotic regulators, Bcl-xL and Bim, previously unexamined in stress. The induction of Bcl-xL was rapid but transient, whilst the suppression of Bim was slower but persistent. My data suggest that Bcl-xL is a key mediator of EpoR’s anti-apoptotic signal very early in the stress response, before Bim and Fas are suppressed. Bcl-xL adaptation to high Epo occurs through inhibition of Stat5 activation, and resets it for the next acute stress. My findings suggest that in vivo, Epo regulates erythropoietic rate through erythroblast apoptosis, and that various apoptotic regulators play distinct and unique roles in this process. My work provides new molecular insights into erythropoiesis that are relevant to cytokine biology and to clinical approaches of disease treatment.
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Stevens, Elliot Thomas. "The persistently infected bovine viral diarrhea virus individual : prevalence, viral survival, and impact within commercial feeding systems." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/2159.

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(8795681), Aparna R. Biswas. "PHYSIOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF BASIL IN VITRO AND IN VIVO." Thesis, 2020.

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In this research we observed the effects of basil on stress modulation and immune response in vertebrates in vitro and in vivo.

The in vitro study was done on mice spleen cell cultured with Holy basil and Thai basil to observe their proliferation stimulation to spleen cells and spleen T cell. The study was done in presence and absence of Concanavalin A (Con A)- a mitogen known as a T cell proliferation stimulator. A single cell suspension of mice spleen cells was incubated with four different dilutions of Holy and Thai basil (1:1, 1:5, 1:25, and 1:125). No significant differences have been found between control groups (cells without factor) and treatments suggesting the basils did not show any stimulation to spleen cell or spleen T cell proliferation.

The in vivo study was conducted with tilapia reared in aquaponics system to observe the stress modulating property of Holy basil. The physiological and immunological responses and growth performances of stressed and basil fed tilapia have been observed. There were four groups of fish- Control (unstressed) fish fed with commercial feed, Stressed fish fed with commercial feed, Control (unstressed) fish fed with basil-supplemented commercial feed, and Stressed fish fed with basil-supplemented commercial feed. The experiment was six weeks long. The parameters which have been recorded were- serum cortisol, packed cell volume, plasma protein, hepatosomatic index, spleen-somatic index, lysozyme activity, macrophage phagocytic capacity, length, weight, and condition factor. The results did not suggest any effects of basil on stress response. But the harmful effect of stress on fish growth and immune response was evident, as the stress groups showed significantly lower length, weight and condition factor.

The aquaponics system used in this study was also investigated for its production of the crops. Total fish production after eight weeks of placing the fingerlings in the aquaponics system were as follows- Control group: 6.00 g/L, Stressed group: 3.98 g/L. It suggests that stress can result in far less profit in aquaponics production.

Total plant production after 5 months is 6,521.10 g/sq. m (leaf with stem of marketable size) for Holy basil and 7219.73 g/sq. m for Thai Basil. This result suggests that basils are a viable crop in aquaponics and Thai basil would be more productive as the plant crop than Holy basil when grown on aquaponics.

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Edwards, A. "Steroids and Reproductive Biology in the Blotched Blue-tongued Lizard, Tiliqua nigrolutea." Thesis, 2000. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/667/1/front_matter_ashley.pdf.

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This thesis documents the annual profiles of the primary reproductive steroids testosterone (T), 17beta-oestradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), in the reproductive cycles of male and female blue-tongued lizards, Tiliqua nigrolutea. Data collected from a large captive population over three consecutive reproductive seasons are included. Reproductive cycles are discussed in the context of other viviparous squamate reptiles, while a broader comparative approach is used to consider patterns of steroid biosynthesis and peripheral metabolism. The annual patterns of circulating concentrations of T, E2 and P4 have been characterised for both sexes. In males, peak plasma T (10.9 +/- 3.00 ng ml-1) and E2 (778.0 +/- 120.00 pg ml-1) concentrations occur coincident with late spermatogenesis and observations of mating, respectively. Plasma P4 concentrations remain basal (< 1.2 ng ml-1) throughout the annual reproductive cycle. In females, increasing plasma E2 concentrations (275.2 +/- 33.87 pg ml-1 - 715.1 +/- 106.68 pg ml-1) are associated with vitellogenesis and plasma T peaks (6.3 +/- 0.63 ng ml-1) in the mating and peri-ovulatory period. In pregnant females, plasma P4 concentrations are elevated for the first two thirds of gestation, peaking in the second trimester at 12.7 +/- 1.27 ng ml-1 and falling rapidly prior to parturition. Concurrently, plasma P4 concentrations in non-reproductively active adult females remain basal (1 - 2 ng ml-1) throughout the year. There is good circumstantial evidence for a multiennial reproductive cycle in females. Parturition occurs late in the active season, presumably leaving little time for females to store sufficient fat reserves to become vitellogenic in the following spring: reproductive opportunities are effectively missed in at least one year following a reproductive effort. Observed reproductive behaviours, including agonistic male - male interactions, mating, and parturition, are documented. An investigation of gonadal steroid biosynthetic pathways in this viviparous squamate is presented. This compares variation in the relative contributions of the delta-4 and delta-5 steroidogenic pathways according to sex and reproductive condition. The delta-4 pathway predominates in both sexes, aligning this species phylogenetically with other reptiles. However, there are clear differences between sexes and with changing reproductive condition in the patterns of production of pathway intermediates and end-products. Additionally, detection of a possibly novel polar steroid as a major end-product of steroid biosynthesis in both sexes is reported. Peripheral (extragonadal) metabolism of T and E2 in a number of reproductively relevant steroid target tissues is compared at times of year chosen to represent three clearly distinctive reproductive conditions in each sex. There are differences both between sexes, between tissue types and with changing reproductive condition in the relative proportions of steroid conjugates and non-conjugated derivatives produced. Biosynthetic pathway activity and peripheral steroid metabolism both appear to be plastic in response to changing reproductive condition in Tiliqua nigrolutea. With a comprehensive database of information about the reproductive endocrinology and physiology of Tiliqua nigrolutea, this species is now available as a model to further examine selected aspects of the steroid hormone control of reproductive physiology and behaviour in a cool temperate, viviparous reptile.
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Edwards, A. "Steroids and Reproductive Biology in the Blotched Blue-tongued Lizard, Tiliqua nigrolutea." 2000. http://eprints.utas.edu.au/667.

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This thesis documents the annual profiles of the primary reproductive steroids testosterone (T), 17beta-oestradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), in the reproductive cycles of male and female blue-tongued lizards, Tiliqua nigrolutea. Data collected from a large captive population over three consecutive reproductive seasons are included. Reproductive cycles are discussed in the context of other viviparous squamate reptiles, while a broader comparative approach is used to consider patterns of steroid biosynthesis and peripheral metabolism. The annual patterns of circulating concentrations of T, E2 and P4 have been characterised for both sexes. In males, peak plasma T (10.9 +/- 3.00 ng ml-1) and E2 (778.0 +/- 120.00 pg ml-1) concentrations occur coincident with late spermatogenesis and observations of mating, respectively. Plasma P4 concentrations remain basal (< 1.2 ng ml-1) throughout the annual reproductive cycle. In females, increasing plasma E2 concentrations (275.2 +/- 33.87 pg ml-1 - 715.1 +/- 106.68 pg ml-1) are associated with vitellogenesis and plasma T peaks (6.3 +/- 0.63 ng ml-1) in the mating and peri-ovulatory period. In pregnant females, plasma P4 concentrations are elevated for the first two thirds of gestation, peaking in the second trimester at 12.7 +/- 1.27 ng ml-1 and falling rapidly prior to parturition. Concurrently, plasma P4 concentrations in non-reproductively active adult females remain basal (1 - 2 ng ml-1) throughout the year. There is good circumstantial evidence for a multiennial reproductive cycle in females. Parturition occurs late in the active season, presumably leaving little time for females to store sufficient fat reserves to become vitellogenic in the following spring: reproductive opportunities are effectively missed in at least one year following a reproductive effort. Observed reproductive behaviours, including agonistic male - male interactions, mating, and parturition, are documented. An investigation of gonadal steroid biosynthetic pathways in this viviparous squamate is presented. This compares variation in the relative contributions of the delta-4 and delta-5 steroidogenic pathways according to sex and reproductive condition. The delta-4 pathway predominates in both sexes, aligning this species phylogenetically with other reptiles. However, there are clear differences between sexes and with changing reproductive condition in the patterns of production of pathway intermediates and end-products. Additionally, detection of a possibly novel polar steroid as a major end-product of steroid biosynthesis in both sexes is reported. Peripheral (extragonadal) metabolism of T and E2 in a number of reproductively relevant steroid target tissues is compared at times of year chosen to represent three clearly distinctive reproductive conditions in each sex. There are differences both between sexes, between tissue types and with changing reproductive condition in the relative proportions of steroid conjugates and non-conjugated derivatives produced. Biosynthetic pathway activity and peripheral steroid metabolism both appear to be plastic in response to changing reproductive condition in Tiliqua nigrolutea. With a comprehensive database of information about the reproductive endocrinology and physiology of Tiliqua nigrolutea, this species is now available as a model to further examine selected aspects of the steroid hormone control of reproductive physiology and behaviour in a cool temperate, viviparous reptile.
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Books on the topic "Animal physiology-systems"

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1967-, Kell Robert Thomas, ed. Human physiology: From cells to systems. Toronto: Nelson Education, 2009.

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(Firm), Cengage Learning, ed. Human physiology: From cells to systems. 7th ed. Australia: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, 2010.

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Sherwood, Lauralee. Human physiology: From cells to systems. 7th ed. Australia: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, 2010.

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Sherwood, Lauralee. Human physiology: From cells to systems. St. Paul: West Pub. Co., 1989.

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Sherwood, Lauralee. Human physiology: From cells to systems. 7th ed. Australia: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, 2010.

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Sherwood, Lauralee. Human physiology: From cells to systems. 3rd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Pub. Co., 1997.

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(Firm), Cengage Learning, ed. Human physiology: From cells to systems. 7th ed. Australia: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, 2010.

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1948-, Al-Rubeai Mohamed, ed. Cell engineering. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1999.

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M, Weinberger Norman, McGaugh James L, Lynch Gary, University of California, Irvine. Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory., and Conference on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (2nd : 1984 : Irvine, Calif.), eds. Memory systems of the brain: Animal and human cognitive processes. New York: Guilford Press, 1985.

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P, Schreibman Martin, and Scanes C. G, eds. Development, maturation, and senescence of neuroendocrine systems: A comparative approach. San Diego: Academic Press, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Animal physiology-systems"

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Vailati-Riboni, Mario, Ahmed Elolimy, and Juan J. Loor. "Nutritional Systems Biology to Elucidate Adaptations in Lactation Physiology of Dairy Cows." In Systems Biology in Animal Production and Health, Vol. 2, 97–125. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43332-5_5.

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Rees, Paul A. "Nutrition and food presentation." In Key questions in zoo and aquarium studies: a study and revision guide, 84–100. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249002.0005.

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Bannink, André, James France, and Jan Dijkstra. "Modeling Approaches to Link Various Levels of Organization in Animal Physiology." In Systems Biology and Livestock Science, 191–214. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470963012.ch8.

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Hill, Richard W., Daniel J. Cavanaugh, and Margaret Anderson. "Nervous System Organisation and Biological Clocks." In Animal Physiology. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780197553602.003.00017.

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This chapter examines the correlation between the organisation of the nervous system and biological clocks. It cites how the organisation of behavioural adaptation results from the function of the nervous system. The organisation of neurons into functional nervous systems allows for the complexity of neural control of animal physiology and behaviour. The chapter cites the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) as the major division in the nervous system in most animals. It explains how biological clocks endow animals with an intrinsic temporal organisation, which is a timed pattern of change in physiology or behaviour independent from a change in environment.
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Hill, Richard W., Daniel J. Cavanaugh, and Margaret Anderson. "External Respiration." In Animal Physiology. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780197553602.003.0026.

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This chapter considers the physiology of breathing. It explains how tunas breathe with their gills to illustrate the general principle of a single type of breathing system exhibiting a wide range of evolutionary refinements in various species. In all animals, the systems used to exchange respiratory gases with the environment consist of a gas-exchange membrane or respiratory-exchange membrane that separates the internal tissues of the animal from the environmental medium (air or water). External respiration or breathing is the process by which gas is transported to and away from the gas-exchange membrane from the environmental medium. The chapter details the principles of gas exchange by active ventilation.
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Lavery, Mark. "Animal cell fermentation." In Fermentation, 205–20. Oxford University PressOxford, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199630448.003.0009.

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Abstract In recent years, interest in the in vitro cultivation of animal cells has increased because of the need for production of interferon, monoclonal antibodies, various hormones, vaccines, and other cell products with potential human and veterinary applications. This has prompted research into basic biology and physiology of the cell which has seen the development of a variety of systems for the in vitro growth of animal cells. Some are a result of modifications or extensions to microbial stirred tank reactors (STR). Others have seen the emergence of air-lift reactors for submerged fermentation of animal cells. Further developments have involved intensification of the process, allowing fermentations to be operated at high cell densities. Newcomers to animal cell fermentation may find it difficult to select a system from the vast range available. It is not the intention of this chapter to recommend one manufacturer’s system over another but rather to describe the operation of those that are currently available and to guide the beginner towards successful animal cell fermentation.
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Touhey, Samantha, and Mary Heenan. "Cell culture." In Essential Cell Biology, 1–34. Oxford University PressOxford, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199638314.003.0001.

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Abstract Until animal cell culture emerged as a valuable research tool in the 1940s and 1950s, experimental approaches to the study of cellular physiology were limited to either studies in the whole animal or short-term studies with isolated cells or slices from various tissues. The development of cell culture led to a new experimental approach to cellular physiology in which isolated, functionally differentiated cells could be maintained in culture under conditions that allowed direct manipulations of the environment and measurement of the resulting changes in the function of a single cell type. Today many aspects of research and development involve the use of animal cells as in vitro model systems, substrates for virus replication, and in the production of diagnostic and therapeutic products.
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Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo R. "Morphological diversification." In The Process of Animal Domestication, 169–202. Princeton University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691217666.003.0007.

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This chapter examines several morphological novelties and trends that result from selective breeding, providing examples that are given from a few of the many organ systems that could be compared. The extent of morphological diversity generated by domestication is reminiscent in many cases of what is recorded across species in macroevolution. The chapter looks at changes brought about by the initial phase or non-intensive domestication that can be more subtle and concern the so-called domestication syndrome. It explains how domestic animals differ significantly in morphology, physiology, and behavior from their stem forms, noting considerable variation in the extent and composition of those differences. In some features, domestication is not about the odd innovation but about preservation of the odd.
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Butler, Patrick J., J. Anne Brown, D. George Stephenson, and John R. Speakman. "Cardiovascular systems." In Animal Physiology. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780199655458.003.0018.

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This chapter discusses the cardiovascular systems of animals. Most invertebrates have an open circulatory system, although decapod crustaceans and some species of non-cephalopod molluscs have an incompletely closed system. Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system: all blood vessels are lined with endothelium. In water-breathing invertebrates, the ventricle propels the blood around the body and then through the gills for gas-exchange. The chapter then looks at the structure and function of blood vessels. In vertebrates, blood vessels consist of three layers: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa. The rate of flow of a fluid through a long straight rigid tube is described by Poiseuille's equation. The major factor affecting the resistance to blood flow is the radius of a blood vessel.
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Butler, Patrick J., J. Anne Brown, D. George Stephenson, and John R. Speakman. "Respiratory systems." In Animal Physiology. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780199655458.003.0016.

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This chapter highlights respiratory systems of animals. Gas exchange occurs across the general body surface, gills, lungs or tracheoles. There are four basic types of gas-exchanger: infinite pool exchangers, countercurrent exchangers, ventilated pool gas-exchangers, and cross-current exchangers. Some species of animals that live in water but have access to air may use lungs in addition to their skin and/or gills for gas-exchange. Animals that can breathe both water and air are known as bimodal breathers. The chapter then looks at the tracheal system of insects. The gas-exchange systems of insects, millipedes and centipedes do not rely to any great extent on a circulatory system to transport the respiratory gases between the environment and the metabolizing cells. The respiratory gases are transported through air-filled tubes called tracheae, which divide into smaller branches and eventually give rise to the tracheoles, where gas-exchange occurs.
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Conference papers on the topic "Animal physiology-systems"

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Dreher, Rachel, Ryan Power, and Binil Starly. "Biofabrication of Multi-Material 3D Neural Constructs Embedded With Patterned PC12 Neural Cell Lines." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14249.

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In Vitro models are being used as a bridge between animal and human studies. Being able to reproduce specific tissue-like structures, functions and responses in a way that is more physiologically relevant allows for huge advantages for tissue engineering, pharmaco-toxicology and food research. These systems are not designed to be directly implanted into patients, but can be used to study human tissue physiology and pathophysiology in vitro. In vitro models are based on human cells, which can capture the responses of the human body, particularly those that are species specific. Models of tissues and organs can give enhanced predictive power, particularly for large-scale screening assays and to understand complex disease pathology.
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Marshall, Lauren, Andra Frost, Tim Fee, and Joel Berry. "Assembly and Characterization of 3D, Vascularized Breast Cancer Tissue Mimics." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14199.

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Drug development platforms such as two-dimensional (2D) in vitro cell culture systems and in vivo animal studies do not accurately predict human in vivo effectiveness of candidate therapeutics [1]. Cell culture systems have limited similarities to primary human cells and tissues as only one cell type is employed and animal studies have a generally limited ability to recapitulate human drug response as different species have differences in metabolism, physiology, and behavior. Mike Leavitt, a former U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services, has stated that “currently, nine out of ten experimental drugs fail in clinical studies because we cannot accurately predict how they will behave in people based on laboratory and animal studies” [2]. Therefore, this research project is focused on developing an in vitro platform to test candidate therapeutics for more efficacious predictions of human response. We have fabricated a three-dimensional (3D) breast cancer tissue volume containing a vascular network. This vascular network is necessary because current in vitro systems (e.g., rotating bioreactors, suspension of spheroids, and growth on a porous scaffold) are limited in size (1–2 mm) by their absence of micrometer-scale blood flow micro-channels that allow for oxygen and nutrient diffusion into the tissue [4]. The extracellular matrix scaffold has been developed to mimic the native extracellular matrix and includes relevant cell types (e.g., human breast cancer epithelial cells and human breast fibroblasts) along with the prefabricated vascular network (prevascularization). These systems are intended to support long-term growth, recapitulate physiological tissue function, and accurately model response to treatment. It is hypothesized that the development of reproducible tissue volumes will transform breast cancer drug development by providing reliable, cost-effective models that can more accurately predict therapeutic efficacy than current preclinical in vivo and in vitro models.
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Milivojević, Nevena, David Caballero, Mariana Carvalho, Marko Živanović, Nenad Filipovic, Rui Reis, and Joaquim Oliveira. "ENGINEERING A MICROFLUDIC PLATFORM AS A PRE-CLINICAL MODEL FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS." In 1st INTERNATIONAL Conference on Chemo and BioInformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac,, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi21.259m.

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Further technological advances are in great need for improving our understanding about critical biological and fundamental pathological processes, such as tissue development and cancer progression, or for the discovery and screening of novel pharmacological drugs. Preclinical experimentation demands for highly reliable and physiologically-relevant systems capable of recapitulating the complex human physiology. Traditional in vitro models, albeit widely employed, fail to reproduce the complexity of the native scenario with cells displaying aberrant gene expressions. Similarly, in vivo animal models, such as mice, poorly mimic the human condition and are ethically questionable. During the last decades, a new paradigm in preclinical modelling has emerged aiming to solve the limitations of the aforementioned methods. The combination of advanced tissue engineering, nanotechnology, and cell biology has resulted in the development of cutting-edge microfluidics-based models with an unprecedented ability to recreate within a microfluidic device the native habitat of cells within a microengineered chip. A diverse variety of micro- and bio-fabrication techniques is available for the development of microfluidic devices. Among all them, UV-photolithography and soft lithography is the considered the gold-standard method for the fabrication of chips due to its simplicity, versatility, and rapid prototyping. In this work, we describe the step-by-step fabrication procedure of a microfluidic chip by UV-photolithography and replica molding and discuss about their potential applications in the biomedical field.
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Yerdon, Valarie. "The Songbird and the Robotic Self-Awakening." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001459.

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The songbird sings a beautiful melody when there is no ecological need, and the imagination and curiosity are fueled for investigation with biological models of cognitive mechanisms of animal communication. Many animal sensory signals remain a mystery to the logical reasoning of science. Through the evolutionary game theory in ecological cognitive science, predictions are made regarding the signal cost, circumstances, and the individual agent’s state, about which signals (continuous or discrete) should be valued in certain circumstances, but not the details of signal design nor any clue as to why the signals are so diverse in form. In this, investigations have the what, when/where, but not the why. This is reflective of where the debate on robotic consciousness sits. A robot can be programmed to decide to carry out an action in an “if-then” case and use logical algorithms to ensure the calculations can be made to match the possibilities of situations, but to act randomly as an expression of feelings, emotions, passions, or just for the sake of the act, is beyond a calculation. It is the “why” of an existent consciousness, in the “just because” reasoning for the feeling, thought, emotion, passion, or compassion that occurred for the act to come to fruition. A sentient act from emotion or passion may not be a programmable option, as it comes from the identity and free will of the conscious self. The question to be discussed in this paper is whether robots could someday possess a level of consciousness and sentience, to match that of a living human being. This paper will investigate the position that robots will reach a level of sentience and consciousness through the intelligent learning systems of AI. There is strong support for the position that there is a way for electronic networks to become more like human neural networks. The nano and biotechnology grow and the understanding of the human physiology will increase, throughout the smallest of details with neurons, networks, and into the compatibility of neural with electronic systems. AI systems have begun to find support and integration with biotechnology with nanotechnology (West, 2000).
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Cham, Jorge G., Sean A. Bailey, and Mark R. Cutkosky. "Robust Dynamic Locomotion Through Feedforward-Preflex Interaction." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2398.

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Abstract Unlike most legged robotic systems built to date, even simple animals have the ability to quickly and robustly traverse through rough terrain and over large obstacles and gaps. Recent evidence from insect physiology research indicates that arthropods achieve this fast robust locomotion largely without relying on sensory feedback or reflex response. Instead, locomotion is the result of the interaction between a basic feedforward motor pattern and the visco-elastic properties of the mechanical system, termed “preflexes.” In this paper, we consider the implications of this control hypothesis for the design of small running robots for uncertain environments. We present working prototypes that show how robust dynamic locomotion can be achieved without the use of sensory feedback. We then discuss modeling approaches for these kinds of systems and present results from simulations of representative models.
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Reports on the topic "Animal physiology-systems"

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Singh, Anjali. What Is Optogenetics and How Does It Work? ConductScience, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55157/cs20220704.

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Optogenetics is a biotechnological method that combines optical systems and genetic engineering to control and monitor the functions of cells, tissues, and organisms. It involves using light-sensitive proteins called opsins to manipulate specific cells or regions with precision. This technique has revolutionized neuroscience, allowing researchers to study neural circuits and behavior by turning cells on and off. Opsins are categorized into microbial and animal types, each with specific functions. Optogenetic experiments require opsins, suitable plasmids or viral vectors, and a light source. This method has broad applications in neurology, animal behavior, and physiology, providing insights into various biological processes. It is used to map neural circuits, study diseases, and understand behaviors.
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