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Journal articles on the topic 'Animal physiology - biophysics'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Ravaeva, M. Yu, E. N. Chuyan, I. S. Mironyuk, I. V. Cheretaev, A. V. Pivovarchuk, V. V. Kolesnik, and T. V. Grishina. "THE INDICATORS OF THE CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF RATS UNDER THE ACTION OF ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID IN DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS." Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Biology. Chemistry 6(72), no. 1 (2020): 150–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1725-2020-6-1-150-161.

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The present study is devoted to revealing the peculiarities of the reaction of tissue microhemodynamics and cardiorespiratory system of animals the action acetylsalicylic acid in different concentrations on in rats. The study was carried out on the basis of the Center for collective use of scientific equipment «Experimental Physiology and Biophysics» of the Department of Human and Animal Physiology and Biophysics of the V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. The animals were divided into six groups of 10 animals. The first group was biological control; in the animals of this group, the microcirculation parameters were recorded by the laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) method. The second-sixth group of animals was registered parameters of microcirculation and cardiorespiratory system. The LDF-metry was performed with the help of the laser analyzer of the blood flow «LAZMA-MC». It was researched the action of 5, 10, 40, 80, and 120 mg/kg doses acetylsalicylic acid on cardiorespiratory parameters in rats. It was found that the effect of acetylsalicylic acid in all doses significantly decreased only heart rate. The maximum decrease in this indicator was registered in animals when acetylsalicylic acid was administered at a dose of 120 mg/kg by 24.4 % (p≤0.05) relative to the values in the control group of animals. When acetylsalicylic acid was administered in isolated doses, there was a significant change in the activity of almost all components of microvascular tone regulation. These changes were most pronounced when animals were administered acetylsalicylic acid at a dose of 80 mg/kg. Thus, the action of acetylsalicylic acid it was increased the endothelium-dependent vasodilation, blood flow to the nutritive microvasculars, improvement in venular outflow and decreased in peripheral resistance. The reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 20-33-70142.

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2

Duxbury, Zane, Chih-hang Wu, and Pingtao Ding. "A Comparative Overview of the Intracellular Guardians of Plants and Animals: NLRs in Innate Immunity and Beyond." Annual Review of Plant Biology 72, no. 1 (June 17, 2021): 155–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-080620-104948.

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Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) play important roles in the innate immune systems of both plants and animals. Recent breakthroughs in NLR biochemistry and biophysics have revolutionized our understanding of how NLR proteins function in plant immunity. In this review, we summarize the latest findings in plant NLR biology and draw direct comparisons to NLRs of animals. We discuss different mechanisms by which NLRs recognize their ligands in plants and animals. The discovery of plant NLR resistosomes that assemble in a comparable way to animal inflammasomes reinforces the striking similarities between the formation of plant and animal NLR complexes. Furthermore, we discuss the mechanisms by which plant NLRs mediate immune responses and draw comparisons to similar mechanisms identified in animals. Finally, we summarize the current knowledge of the complex genetic architecture formed by NLRs in plants and animals and the roles of NLRs beyond pathogen detection.

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3

Wolff, Jonas O. "Locomotion and kinematics of arachnids." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 207, no. 2 (March 2021): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-021-01478-2.

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AbstractA basic feature of animals is the capability to move and disperse. Arachnids are one of the oldest lineages of terrestrial animals and characterized by an octopodal locomotor apparatus with hydraulic limb extension. Their locomotion repertoire includes running, climbing, jumping, but also swimming, diving, abseiling, rolling, gliding and -passively- even flying. Studying the unique locomotor functions and movement ecology of arachnids is important for an integrative understanding of the ecology and evolution of this diverse and ubiquitous animal group. Beyond biology, arachnid locomotion is inspiring robotic engineers. The aim of this special issue is to display the state of the interdisciplinary research on arachnid locomotion, linking physiology and biomechanics with ecology, ethology and evolutionary biology. It comprises five reviews and ten original research reports covering diverse topics, ranging from the neurophysiology of arachnid movement, the allometry and sexual dimorphism of running kinematics, the effect of autotomy or heavy body parts on locomotor efficiency, and the evolution of silk-spinning choreography, to the biophysics of ballooning and ballistic webs. This closes a significant gap in the literature on animal biomechanics.

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Helmuth, B. "How do we Measure the Environment? Linking Intertidal Thermal Physiology and Ecology Through Biophysics." Integrative and Comparative Biology 42, no. 4 (August 1, 2002): 837–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/42.4.837.

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5

Hammarlund, Emma U. "Harnessing hypoxia as an evolutionary driver of complex multicellularity." Interface Focus 10, no. 4 (June 12, 2020): 20190101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2019.0101.

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Animal tissue requires low-oxygen conditions for its maintenance. The need for low-oxygen conditions contrasts with the idea of an evolutionary leap in animal diversity as a result of expanding oxic conditions. To accommodate tissue renewal at oxic conditions, however, vertebrate animals and vascular plants demonstrate abilities to access hypoxia. Here, I argue that multicellular organisms sustain oxic conditions first after internalizing hypoxic conditions. The ‘harnessing’ of hypoxia has allowed multicellular evolution to leave niches that were stable in terms of oxygen concentrations for those where oxygen fluctuates. Since oxygen fluctuates in most settings on Earth's surface, the ancestral niche would have been a deep marine setting. The hypothesis that ‘large life’ depends on harnessing hypoxia is illustrated in the context of conditions that promote the immature cell phenotype (stemness) in animal physiology and tumour biology and offers one explanation for the general rarity of diverse multicellularity over most of Earth's history.

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6

Chuyan, E. N., I. S. Mironyuk, M. Yu Ravaeva, I. V. Cheretaev, and T. V. Grishina. "INDICATORS OF THE RAT CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM UNDER THE ACTION OF ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID AND ITS COMPLEX COMPOUNDS WITH METALS." Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Biology. Chemistry 6(72), no. 2 (2020): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1725-2020-6-2-267-280.

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The paper researches the effect of cobalt (АСCo2+) and zinc (АСZn2+), nickel (Ni2+) and manganese (Mn2+) acetylsalicylates in doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg on the characteristics of the rats’ cardiorespiratory system. The study was carried out on the basis of the Center for collective use of scientific equipment «Experimental Physiology and Biophysics» of the Department of Human and Animal Physiology and Biophysics of the V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. The research of the biological effect of the acetylsalicylic acid, АСCo2+, АСZn2+ , АСNi2+, АСMn2+was carried out during their intraperitoneal injection into rats in doses of 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg. Simultaneously the following characteristics of all the groups’ animals were registered: heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The pulse pressure (PP) was calculated on the basis of the SBP and DBP indices difference. BP, HR and RR of the rats were registered with the help of the system NIBP200A («BiopacSystems, Inc.», USA). The results of the current research allowed to determine that the coordinating compounds of the acetylsalicylic acid with such metals as Co, Zn, Ni2+, Mn2+ not only have more pronounced biological effect in comparison with the acetylsalicylic acid, but demonstrate new properties; the most effect on the cardiorespiratory system was achieved by АСZn2+. Thus, the results of the current research allow us to claim that the salts of the acetylsalicylates, having the metal-complexing in its molecules’ composition, have more pronounced and qualitatively new properties in comparison with the acetylsalicylic acid precursor’s properties; this makes the further search for biological and pharmaceutical activity of these coordinating compounds more perspective, as well as it makes the technology of complexingan inexpensive and highly efficient approach to the creation of new medicines. The reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 20-33-70142

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7

Gonzalez C, Carlos A., Orlando Zuñiga E, and Luis E. Padilla. "Detection of animal tissue thickness using simple vertical electric sounding (VES)." Physiological Measurement 18, no. 1 (February 1, 1997): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/18/1/007.

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8

McCafferty, D. J., G. Pandraud, J. Gilles, M. Fabra-Puchol, and P.-Y. Henry. "Animal thermoregulation: a review of insulation, physiology and behaviour relevant to temperature control in buildings." Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 13, no. 1 (December 28, 2017): 011001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/aa9a12.

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9

Chuyan, E. N., I. S. Mironyuk, E. A. Biryukova, A. I. Pridatkо, M. Yu Ravaeva, T. V. Grishina, E. R. Asanova, and A. R. Asanova. "INDICATORS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM OF RATS UNDER THE ACTION OF ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID AND ITS COMPLEX COMPOUNDS WITH METALS." Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Biology. Chemistry 7 (73), no. 3 (2022): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1725-2021-7-3-271-288.

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The effect of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and its complex compounds with the metals lithium (Li+), potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+) and calcium (Ca2+) with a single intraperitoneal injection at doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg on cardiovascular system (CVS) of rats (blood pressure, heart rate, indicators of heart electrocardiogram). The structure-effect analysis showed that the coordination compounds of ASA, in which, in addition to the ligand with bioactive properties, a metal-microelement is present, caused multidirectional changes in the CVS indices. Those changes depended both on the metal included in the compound and on the dose of the administered substance. The study was carried out on the basis of the Center for collective use of scientific equipment «Experimental Physiology and Biophysics» (Department of Human and Animal Physiology and Biophysics, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University). The research of the biological effect of the acetylsalicylic acid, SLi+, SK+, SMg2+, SCa2+ was carried out during their intraperitoneal injection into rats in doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg. Simultaneously the following characteristics of all the groups’ animals were registered: heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and electrocardiogram indicators. The pulse pressure (PP) was calculated on the basis of the SBP and DBP indices difference. BP, HR and RR of the rats were registered with the help of the system NIBP200A («Biopac Systems, Inc.», USA). The experimental data obtained in our studies confirm the literature data, which show that in the process of complexation there is not only an increase or decrease in certain effects that are characteristic of precursor molecules-salicylates, but also the appearance of new properties of derived substances. Тhe obtained data confirm the cardiotropic effectiveness of new coordination compounds, show the dose dependence of these effects and open up the prospects for further studies of their biological action when used repeatedly in chronic experiments.

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10

Chuyan, E. N., I. S. Mironyuk, I. V. Cheretaev, M. Yu Ravaeva, T. V. ,. Grishina, and R. N. Ablaeva. "DOSE-DEPENDENT CARDIOTROPIC EFFECTS OF ACETYLSALICYLATES." Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Biology. Chemistry 6(72), no. 4 (2021): 175–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1725-2020-6-4-175-196.

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The effect of acetylsalicylic acid and its complex compounds with the metals cobalt (Co2+), zinc (Zn2+), nickel (Ni2+) and manganese (Mn2+) at doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg on the parameters of the rat cardiorespiratory system was studied. It is shown that in the process of complexation of acetylsalicylic acid with bimetals, there is not only an increase or decrease in certain effects inherent in the precursor molecule – acetylsalicylic acid, but also the appearance of new properties, the manifestation of which is dose-dependent. The study was carried out on the basis of the Center for collective use of scientific equipment «Experimental Physiology and Biophysics» of the Department of Human and Animal Physiology and Biophysics of the V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. The research of the biological effect of the acetylsalicylic acid, АСCo2+, АСZn2+, АСNi2+, АСMn2+was carried out during their intraperitoneal injection into rats in doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg. Simultaneously the following characteristics of all the groups’ animals were registered: heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The pulse pressure (PP) was calculated on the basis of the SBP and DBP indices difference. BP, HR and RR of the rats were registered with the help of the system NIBP200A («BiopacSystems, Inc.», USA). The experimental data obtained in our studies confirm the literature data, which show that in the process of complexation there is not only an increase or decrease in certain effects that are characteristic of precursor molecules-salicylates, but also the appearance of new properties of derived substances. This suggests that certain biological effects of salicylates may be associated with interaction with metalloenzymes. Thus, the obtained data confirm the cardiotropic effectiveness of new coordination compounds, show the dose dependence of these effects and open up the prospects for further studies of their biological action when used repeatedly in chronic experiments.

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11

González-Mariscal, L., B. Chávez de Ramirez, A. Lázaro, and M. Cereijido. "Establishment of tight junctions between cells from different animal species and different sealing capacities." Journal of Membrane Biology 107, no. 1 (January 1989): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01871082.

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12

Yamamoto, Takahiko, Kohji Koshiji, and Akiko Fukuda. "Development of test fixture for measurement of dielectric properties and its verification using animal tissues." Physiological Measurement 34, no. 9 (August 23, 2013): 1179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/34/9/1179.

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13

Woffendin, Clive, and Peter G. W. Plagemann. "Interaction of [3H]dipyridamole with the nucleoside transporters of human erythrocytes and cultured animal cells." Journal of Membrane Biology 98, no. 1 (February 1987): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01871048.

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14

Vaghefi, Ehsan, Beau Pontre, Paul J. Donaldson, Peter J. Hunter, and Marc D. Jacobs. "Visualization of transverse diffusion paths across fiber cells of the ocular lens by small animal MRI." Physiological Measurement 30, no. 10 (September 9, 2009): 1061–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/30/10/007.

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15

Kong, Wei, Jian Huang, Dennis L. Rollins, Raymond E. Ideker, and William M. Smith. "A semi-implantable multichannel telemetry system for continuous electrical, mechanical and hemodynamical recordings in animal cardiac research." Physiological Measurement 28, no. 3 (February 9, 2007): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/28/3/002.

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16

Armianinova, D. K., D. S. Karpov, M. S. Kotliarova, and A. V. Goncharenko. "Genetic Engineering in Mycobacteria." Molecular Biology 56, no. 6 (December 2022): 830–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0026893322060036.

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Abstract Genetic tools for targeted modification of the mycobacterial genome contribute to the understanding of the physiology and virulence mechanisms of mycobacteria. Human and animal pathogens, such as the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, which causes tuberculosis, and M. leprae, which causes leprosy, are of particular importance. Genetic research opens up novel opportunities to identify and validate new targets for antibacterial drugs and to develop improved vaccines. Although mycobacteria are difficult to work with due to their slow growth rate and a limited possibility to transfer genetic information, significant progress has been made in developing genetic engineering methods for mycobacteria. The review considers the main approaches to changing the mycobacterial genome in a targeted manner, including homologous and site-specific recombination and use of the CRISPR/Cas system.

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17

Vildbrad, Mads Dam, Asger Andersen, Thomas Krarup Andersen, Sofie Axelgaard, Sarah Holmboe, Stine Andersen, Steffen Ringgaard, and Jens Erik Nielsen-Kudsk. "Limitations and pitfalls in measurements of right ventricular stroke volume in an animal model of right heart failure." Physiological Measurement 36, no. 5 (April 9, 2015): 925–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/36/5/925.

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18

Saier, Milton H., Gregory A. Daniels, Paula Boerner, and Joan Lin. "Neutral amino acid transport systems in animal cells: Potential targets of oncogene action and regulators of cellular growth." Journal of Membrane Biology 104, no. 1 (August 1988): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01871898.

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19

Hedrick, Tyson L., Stacey A. Combes, and Laura A. Miller. "Recent developments in the study of insect flight." Canadian Journal of Zoology 93, no. 12 (December 2015): 925–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0196.

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Here we review recent contributions to the study of insect flight, in particular those brought about by advances in experimental techniques. We focus particularly on the following areas: wing flexibility and deformation, the physiology and biophysics of asynchronous insect flight muscle, the aerodynamics of flight, and stability and maneuverability. This recent research reveals the importance of wing flexibility to insect flight, provides a detailed model of how asynchronous flight muscle functions and how it may have evolved, synthesizes many recent studies of insect flight aerodynamics into a broad-reaching summary of unsteady flight aerodynamics, and highlights new insights into the sources of flight stability in insects. The focus on experimental techniques and recently developed apparatus shows how these advancements have occurred and point the way towards future experiments.

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20

Bodenstein, Marc, Hemei Wang, Stefan Boehme, Andreas Vogt, Robert Kwiecien, Matthias David, and Klaus Markstaller. "Influence of crystalloid and colloid fluid infusion and blood withdrawal on pulmonary bioimpedance in an animal model of mechanical ventilation." Physiological Measurement 33, no. 7 (June 27, 2012): 1225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/33/7/1225.

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21

Payne, Jonathan L., Aviv Bachan, Noel A. Heim, Pincelli M. Hull, and Matthew L. Knope. "The evolution of complex life and the stabilization of the Earth system." Interface Focus 10, no. 4 (June 12, 2020): 20190106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2019.0106.

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The half-billion-year history of animal evolution is characterized by decreasing rates of background extinction. Earth's increasing habitability for animals could result from several processes: (i) a decrease in the intensity of interactions among species that lead to extinctions; (ii) a decrease in the prevalence or intensity of geological triggers such as flood basalt eruptions and bolide impacts; (iii) a decrease in the sensitivity of animals to environmental disturbance; or (iv) an increase in the strength of stabilizing feedbacks within the climate system and biogeochemical cycles. There is no evidence that the prevalence or intensity of interactions among species or geological extinction triggers have decreased over time. There is, however, evidence from palaeontology, geochemistry and comparative physiology that animals have become more resilient to an environmental change and that the evolution of complex life has, on the whole, strengthened stabilizing feedbacks in the climate system. The differential success of certain phyla and classes appears to result, at least in part, from the anatomical solutions to the evolution of macroscopic size that were arrived at largely during Ediacaran and Cambrian time. Larger-bodied animals, enabled by increased anatomical complexity, were increasingly able to mix the marine sediment and water columns, thus promoting stability in biogeochemical cycles. In addition, body plans that also facilitated ecological differentiation have tended to be associated with lower rates of extinction. In this sense, Cambrian solutions to Cambrian problems have had a lasting impact on the trajectory of complex life and, in turn, fundamental properties of the Earth system.

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22

Geoffrey Chase, J., Bernard Lambermont, Christina Starfinger, Christopher E. Hann, Geoffrey M. Shaw, Alexandre Ghuysen, Philippe Kolh, Pierre C. Dauby, and Thomas Desaive. "Subject-specific cardiovascular system model-based identification and diagnosis of septic shock with a minimally invasive data set: animal experiments and proof of concept." Physiological Measurement 32, no. 1 (November 22, 2010): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/32/1/005.

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23

Guerquin-Kern, J. L., M. Gautherie, G. Peronnet, L. Jofre, and J. C. Bolomey. "Active microwave tomographic imaging of isolated, perfused animal organs." Bioelectromagnetics 6, no. 2 (1985): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250060206.

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24

Kilpinen, O., and J. Storm. "Biophysics of the subgenual organ of the honeybee, Apis mellifera." Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology 181, no. 4 (September 9, 1997): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050117.

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25

Bhati, P., D. Singla, and M. E. Hussain. "Resistance training and modulation of cardiac autonomic control in animal models: a systematic review." Comparative Exercise Physiology 15, no. 1 (February 21, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep180033.

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The purpose of the present review is to systematically evaluate the existing literature on the effects of resistance training (RT) on cardiac autonomic control in animal models. Electronic search was conducted in Pubmed, PEDro and Scopus databases from inception till June 2018. Randomised controlled trials and quasi-experimental trials which investigated the effects of RT (for at least 4 weeks) on cardiac autonomic control (assessed either by heart rate variability, baroreflex sensitivity or post-exercise heart rate recovery) in animal models were included. Out of the total 3,442 studies retrieved by the electronic search, 9 were found to be suitable as per the eligibility criteria and were included in this review. The majority of these studies (6 out of 9) demonstrated improvement in cardiovascular autonomic control after RT in animals; however, three studies did not illustrate any significant change. Standardised mean differences (SMD) showed a significant effect of RT on root mean square of successive differences between adjacent inter-beat (R-R) intervals (RMSSD) [SMD (confidence interval (CI)) = 4.56 (2.89, 6.23); P<0.0001] and bradycardic response to change in arterial blood pressure [SMD (CI)=-2.27 (-4.50, -0.03; P=0.05)] whereas no significant change was observed for other variables of cardiac autonomic control post-RT. The present systematic review do not give a clear conclusion regarding the effect of RT on cardiac autonomic control in animal models and thus highlight the need for good quality research in future.

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26

Maruvada, P. S., S. M. Harvey, P. Jutras, D. Goulet, and R. Mandeville. "A magnetic field exposure facility for evaluation of animal carcinogenicity." Bioelectromagnetics 21, no. 6 (2000): 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-186x(200009)21:6<432::aid-bem3>3.0.co;2-x.

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27

Choi, Woorak, Hye Mi Kim, Sungho Park, Eunseop Yeom, Junsang Doh, and Sang Joon Lee. "Variation in wall shear stress in channel networks of zebrafish models." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no. 127 (February 2017): 20160900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0900.

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Physiological functions of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) vary depending on wall shear stress (WSS) magnitude, and the functional change affects the pathologies of various cardiovascular systems. Several in vitro and in vivo models have been used to investigate the functions of ECs under different WSS conditions. However, these models have technical limitations in precisely mimicking the physiological environments of ECs and monitoring temporal variations of ECs in detail. Although zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) has several strategies to overcome these technical limitations, zebrafish cannot be used as a perfect animal model because applying various WSS conditions on blood vessels of zebrafish is difficult. This study proposes a new zebrafish model in which various WSS can be applied to the caudal vein. The WSS magnitude is controlled by blocking some parts of blood-vessel networks. The accuracy and reproducibility of the proposed method are validated using an equivalent circuit model of blood vessels in zebrafish. The proposed method is applied to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated zebrafish as a typical application. The proposed zebrafish model can be used as an in vivo animal model to investigate the relationship between WSS and EC physiology or WSS-induced cardiovascular diseases.

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28

Emenecker, Ryan J., Alex S. Holehouse, and Lucia C. Strader. "Biological Phase Separation and Biomolecular Condensates in Plants." Annual Review of Plant Biology 72, no. 1 (June 17, 2021): 17–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-081720-015238.

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A surge in research focused on understanding the physical principles governing the formation, properties, and function of membraneless compartments has occurred over the past decade. Compartments such as the nucleolus, stress granules, and nuclear speckles have been designated as biomolecular condensates to describe their shared property of spatially concentrating biomolecules. Although this research has historically been carried out in animal and fungal systems, recent work has begun to explore whether these same principles are relevant in plants. Effectively understanding and studying biomolecular condensates require interdisciplinary expertise that spans cell biology, biochemistry, and condensed matter physics and biophysics. As such, some involved concepts may be unfamiliar to any given individual. This review focuses on introducing concepts essential to the study of biomolecular condensates and phase separation for biologists seeking to carry out research in this area and further examines aspects of biomolecular condensates that are relevant to plant systems.

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29

Blanchard, J. P., D. E. House, and C. F. Blackman. "Evaluation of whole-animal data using the ion parametric resonance model." Bioelectromagnetics 16, no. 4 (1995): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250160402.

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30

Birmingham, J. T. "Neuromodulation in invertebrate sensory systems: from biophysics to behavior." Journal of Experimental Biology 206, no. 20 (October 15, 2003): 3541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.00601.

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31

Nour, Sayed, Guifu Wu, Zheng Zhensheng, Juan C. Chachques, Alain Carpentier, and Didier Payen. "The Forgotten Driving Forces in Right Heart Failure: New Concept and Device." Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals 17, no. 5 (October 2009): 525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0218492309348638.

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Background: Right heart failure is a frequent hemodynamic disturbance in pediatric cardiac patients. Besides inotropic and chronotropic drugs, fluid administration and inhaled nitric oxide, right ventricular mechanical assistance remains difficult to perform. A circulatory assist device adapted for the right heart biophysics and physiology might be more efficient. Materials and Methods: We are developing a prototype of a non-invasive cardiac assist device (CAD) for neonates and pediatrics. It is based on a pulsatile suit device covering and affecting all territories of the right heart circuit. It will be tested in a neonatal animal model of right ventricular (RV) failure. Experimental models will be matched and compared with control and sham groups. Expected results would be immediate hemodynamic improvement due to synchronized diastolic reduction of stagnant venous capacitance, increasing preload and contractility. On long term, increased shear stress with changing intrathoracic pressure in a phasic way would improve and remodel the pulmonary circulation. Future studies will be focused on: hemodynamic, biochemistry, endothelium function test, and angiogenesis. Comments: A non-invasive CAD guarantees better hemodynamics and endothelial function preservation with low morbidity and mortality. This is a physiological approach, cost-effective method, and particularly interesting in neonates and pediatrics with RV failure.

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Wilson, Bary W., Antonio Faraone, David Sheen, Mays Swicord, Walter Park, Joseph Morrissey, Jeffrey Creim, and Larry E. Anderson. "Space efficient system for small animal, whole body microwave exposure at 1.6 GHz." Bioelectromagnetics 23, no. 2 (January 23, 2002): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.105.

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33

Rodgers, R. J., B. J. Cao, A. Dalvi, and A. Holmes. "Animal models of anxiety: an ethological perspective." Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 30, no. 3 (March 1997): 289–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-879x1997000300002.

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Liu, Yuzheng, Zhihong Yang, Yuyang You, Wenjing Shan, and WeiKang Ban. "An attention-based temporal convolutional network for rodent sleep stage classification across species, mutants and experimental environments with single-channel electroencephalogram." Physiological Measurement 43, no. 8 (August 3, 2022): 085002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/ac7b67.

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Abstract Objective. Sleep perturbation by environment, medical procedure and genetic background is under continuous study in biomedical research. Analyzing brain states in animal models such as rodents relies on categorizing electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. Traditionally, sleep experts have classified these states by visual inspection of EEG signatures, which is laborious. The heterogeneity of sleep patterns complicates the development of a generalizable solution across different species, genotypes and experimental environments. Approach. To realize a generalizable solution, we proposed a cross-species rodent sleep scoring network called CSSleep, a robust deep-learning model based on single-channel EEG. CSSleep starts with a local time-invariant information learning convolutional neural network. The second module is the global transition rules learning temporal convolutional network (TRTCN), stacked with bidirectional attention-based temporal convolutional network modules. The TRTCN simultaneously captures positive and negative time direction information and highlights relevant in-sequence features. The dataset for model evaluation comprises the single-EEG signatures of four cohorts of 16 mice and 8 rats from three laboratories. Main results. In leave-one-cohort-out cross-validation, our model achieved an accuracy of 91.33%. CSSleep performed well on generalization across experimental environments, mutants and rodent species by using single-channel EEG. Significance. This study aims to promote well-standardized cross-laboratory sleep studies to improve our understanding of sleep. Our source codes and supplementary materials will be disclosed later.

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Lang, F., and N. Elsner. "Leg movement and hearing: biophysics and electrophysiology of the tympanal organ in Locusta migratoria." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 175, no. 2 (August 1994): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00215120.

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Stahl, John S. "Eye Movements of the Murine P/Q Calcium Channel MutantRocker, and the Impact of Aging." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 5 (May 2004): 2066–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01068.2003.

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Mutations in the gene encoding the ion pore of the P/Q voltage-activated calcium channel (CACNA1A) are predicted to alter synaptic transmission and dendritic excitability within cerebellar granule and Purkinje cells. Determining the relationships between these alterations, neuronal activity, and behavior may yield insight into the relationship between neuronal intrinsic properties and signal processing within the ocular motor system. Toward this end, we compared ocular motor performance in the CACNA1A mutant rocker and C57BL/6 controls. Average vertical eye position was abnormally elevated in the mutants, a finding that may be analogous to downbeat nystagmus seen in human cerebellar disorders. Fast phases of vestibular nystagmus were slowed by approximately 18% of control values. The angular vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) in darkness and light (visual VOR, or VVOR), assessed at 0.1–1.6 Hz, exhibited subnormal gains at the highest stimulus frequencies and increased phase leads at the lowest stimulus frequencies. Horizontal optokinetic responses to constant velocity drum rotation of ±2.5–40°/s exhibited minimally reduced gains. Attempts to increase VOR gain by concomitant optokinetic and vestibular stimulation were confounded by the tendency of the mice to habituate to repetitive vestibular stimulation, but attempts to induce coupling of vertical eye movements to horizontal vestibular stimulation (cross-axis adaptation) generated rapid plastic changes in controls and little effect in mutants. With the notable exceptions of the vertical elevation and optokinetic gains, the ocular motor abnormalities were stable over a broad range of animal age, a result compatible with the abnormalities arising as direct consequences of the inborn alteration in calcium channel biophysics.

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Cooper, Christine Elizabeth, and Philip Carew Withers. "Physiological responses of a rodent to heliox reveal constancy of evaporative water loss under perturbing environmental conditions." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 307, no. 8 (October 15, 2014): R1042—R1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00051.2014.

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Total evaporative water loss of endotherms is assumed to be determined essentially by biophysics, at least at temperatures below thermoneutrality, with evaporative water loss determined by the water vapor deficit between the animal and the ambient air. We present here evidence, based on the first measurements of evaporative water loss for a small mammal in heliox, that mammals may have a previously unappreciated ability to maintain acute constancy of total evaporative water loss under perturbing environmental conditions. Thermoregulatory responses of ash-grey mice ( Pseudomys albocinereus) to heliox were as expected, with changes in metabolic rate, conductance, and respiratory ventilation consistent with maintaining constancy of body temperature under conditions of enhanced heat loss. However, evaporative water loss did not increase in heliox. This is despite our confirmation of the physical effect that heliox augments evaporation from nonliving surfaces, which should increase cutaneous water loss, and increases minute volume of live ash-grey mice in heliox to accommodate their elevated metabolic rate, which should increase respiratory water loss. Therefore, mice had not only a thermoregulatory but also a hygroregulatory response to heliox. We interpret these results as evidence that ash-grey mice can acutely control their evaporative water loss under perturbing environmental conditions and suggest that hygroregulation at and below thermoneutrality is an important aspect of the physiology of at least some small mammals.

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Minetti, Alberto E. "The mathematical description (Lissajous contour) of the 3D trajectory of the body centre of mass: A locomotor ‘signature’ for the physiology, biomechanics and pathology of human and animal gaits." Gait & Posture 30 (November 2009): S153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2009.08.230.

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Alves, J., A. Santos, P. Brites, and G. Ferreira-Dias. "Evaluation of physical fitness in police dogs using an incremental exercise test." Comparative Exercise Physiology 8, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2012): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep12027.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using blood lactate (BL), heart rate (HR) and rectal temperature (RT) to evaluate the physical fitness of police dogs using a treadmill incremental exercise test. The animals (n=20) were exercised using a protocol that consisted of five stages of six minutes each at increasing speeds of 9.66, 11.27, 12.87, 14.48 and 16.09 km/h with a slope adjusted to 10%. The test ended when the animal completed the five steps or when exhaustion was reached, either during or between steps. BL from the marginal ear vein, HR and RT were measured on the police dogs at rest (T0), after each step (T1 to T5) and after a recovery period of 20 minutes (T6). The mean duration of exercise was 19 min 17 s (standard deviation ± 5 min 30 s), with only one animal completing all five stages. In the case of BL, no differences were found when comparing consecutive stages, but when compared to the values at rest (T0), a significant increase was found in T2 (P<0.05), T3, T4 and T6 (P<0.001). When the RT was considered, an increase was found between T0 and T3 (P<0.05). HR was the parameter in which the largest variations were observed, between T1 and T2 (P<0.05), and T1, T4 and T6 when compared to the stage immediately before (P<0.01). When compared to T0, all stages showed differences (P<0.001). However, no correlation was found between the parameters evaluated in this test. This study showed the feasibility of evaluating the physical fitness of police dogs using a blood sample from the marginal ear vein and a lactate portable measuring device. It was also found that the values recorded in animals previously familiarised with the treadmill were similar to those that were not. This work provides data that can be used in training and testing of dogs that perform this kind of work, and can be the basis for further studies.

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Moraes, R. C. M., N. A. R. Sá, V. M. S. Neto, M. C. C. Martins, G. V. Portari, V. M. Ceccatto, and A. S. M. Ferraz. "Experimental training by swimming or running: influence of body composition in aerobic performance in a ovariectomised model of obesity." Comparative Exercise Physiology 12, no. 3 (September 15, 2016): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep160006.

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The most commonly used aerobic training models for experimental research on animals are running and swimming exercises with moderate intensities and with fixed volumes. In models that mimic human menopause, the omission or simple contempt of body composition and fat redistribution can falsify results in terms of performance and training effects. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the effect of body composition on the performance of rats submitted to swimming and running training. We used 24 twelve-week old virgin, female Wistar rats and divided them into 4 groups: ovariectomised swimmers (OV-ST) and runners (OV-RT); and sham surgery swimmers (SH-ST) and runners (SH-RT). All animals performed 4 weeks of training in accordance with their respective group. After the experimental period, the ovariectomised animals exhibited an increased relative weight and fat mass compared to SH groups, but their gain of performance data were different according to the kind of training they received; the OV-ST group had a higher performance compared to the OV-RT and SH-RT groups. It is likely that the higher body weight gain of the OV-ST group animals is a consequence of training with lighter loads, resulting from the higher buoyancy in animals with greater adiposity, reducing the effect of exercise on the control of body composition and weight. Accordingly, we conclude that the swimming training, as well as the maximum stress tests in the water, do not seem to be the best training option in animals prone to obesity. We show that body composition influences the results of animal performance and workload in water. Thus, body composition must be considered and overload methods in water must be adjusted to achieve desired training results.

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Bader, M. "Transgenic animal models for the functional analysis of vasoactive peptides." Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 31, no. 9 (September 1998): 1171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-879x1998000900011.

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Woelders, Henri, Agnes de Wit, Alexander Lourens, Norbert Stockhofe, Bas Engel, Ina Hulsegge, Dirkjan Schokker, et al. "Study of potential health effects of electromagnetic fields of telephony and Wi-Fi, using chicken embryo development as animal model." Bioelectromagnetics 38, no. 3 (January 16, 2017): 186–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.22026.

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Michael Conn, P., and F. T. Rantin. "Ethical research as the target of animal extremism: an international problem." Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 43, no. 2 (January 22, 2010): 124–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-879x2010005000006.

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del Corsso, C., and A. C. Campos de Carvalho. "Cell therapy in dilated cardiomyopathy: from animal models to clinical trials." Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 44, no. 5 (May 2011): 388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500047.

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Liu, Y. J., Z. Y. Yang, L. L. Tan, H. Li, and Y. Z. Zhang. "An animal experimental study of porous magnesium scaffold degradation and osteogenesis." Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 47, no. 8 (August 2014): 715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1414-431x20144009.

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Wang, Lingyan, Dexue Li, and Ziyi Li. "Changes in the reciprocal position of the first polar body and oocyte chromosome set in golden hamsters." Bioscience Reports 29, no. 5 (June 25, 2009): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bsr20080104.

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The golden hamster is an attractive model organism for studying reproductive physiology, oncology, genetics and virology. In an effort to establish experimental protocols necessary for cloning golden hamsters, we examined changes in the reciprocal position of the FPB (first polar body) and chromosome set of MII (the second meiotic metaphase) oocytes of golden hamsters. Oocytes were collected under three different conditions: (i) oocyte direct recovery from the oviduct of hormonally treated donor; (ii) oocyte recovery from the oviduct of hormonally treated donor followed by 5 h/10 h in vitro culture; and (iii) oocyte recovery from ovaries of hormonally treated donors and in vitro maturation. Then oocyte recovery was performed from the oviduct of hormonally treated donors, followed by 5 h in vitro culture with colchicine and/or CB (cytochalasin B). Denuded oocytes were stained with Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide and evaluated under a microscope. Our results demonstrate that the change in FPB position in relation to the MII oocyte chromosome set increases with age of in vivo-matured oocytes. Cumulus cells can protect the FPB of in vitro-cultured oocytes from degeneration but do not significantly affect its repositioning, and in vitro-matured oocytes age slower. The colchicine has a stronger effect on cytoplasmic protrusions of golden hamster oocytes when compared with CB. These results define conditions for changes in FPB position relative to the MII oocyte chromosome set. Early ovulated oocytes, in vitro-matured oocytes and oocytes treated with colchicine should improve the effectiveness of the cloning procedure in golden hamsters as an animal model for human diseases.

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Wang, X. M., S. J. Gao, X. F. Guo, W. J. Sun, Z. Q. Yan, W. X. Wang, Y. Q. Xu, and D. Lu. "CIAPIN1 gene silencing enhances chemosensitivity in a drug-resistant animal model in vivo." Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 47, no. 4 (March 21, 2014): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1414-431x20133356.

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Stone, S. A., M. E. Bibens, A. B. Jones, and K. S. Curtis. "Running longer, running stronger: a brief review of endurance exercise and oestrogen." Comparative Exercise Physiology 10, no. 3 (January 1, 2014): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep140007.

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Athletic performance in endurance exercise is determined by an interplay among many physiological factors. Body fluid regulation, influenced by both hormonal and osmotic stimuli, is particularly important for maximising performance in endurance sports, as dehydration markedly decreases endurance. Oestrogen has a broad range of effects on the regulation of body fluid balance, as well as on aerobic capacity, metabolism, and other factors that impact endurance exercise performance, yet the role of oestrogen in endurance exercise performance has not been thoroughly examined. This review discusses the effects of oestrogen on compensatory hormonal and behavioural responses to dehydration, such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation and thirst, that restore body fluid balance and thereby affect exercise performance. Oestrogen-mediated effects and their potential consequences for endurance performance are also evaluated in the context of thermoregulation and aerobic capacity, as well as substrate utilisation during exercise. In addressing the role of oestrogen in endurance exercise, this review will examine human and animal models of endurance exercise and discuss similarities, differences, and limitations. Our aim is to integrate research from neuroscience, physiology, and exercise science to advance understanding of how oestrogen may impact exercise. Such understanding will have particularly important implications for female endurance athletes experiencing the hormonal fluctuations that occur during the reproductive cycle.

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Johnson, I. R., D. F. Chapman, V. O. Snow, R. J. Eckard, A. J. Parsons, M. G. Lambert, and B. R. Cullen. "DairyMod and EcoMod: biophysical pasture-simulation models for Australia and New Zealand." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 5 (2008): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07133.

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DairyMod and EcoMod, which are biophysical pasture-simulation models for Australian and New Zealand grazing systems, are described. Each model has a common underlying biophysical structure, with the main differences being in their available management options. The third model in this group is the SGS Pasture Model, which has been previously described, and these models are referred to collectively as ‘the model’. The model includes modules for pasture growth and utilisation by grazing animals, water and nutrient dynamics, animal physiology and production and a range of options for pasture management, irrigation and fertiliser application. Up to 100 independent paddocks can be defined to represent spatial variation within a notional farm. Paddocks can have different soil types, nutrient status, pasture species, fertiliser and irrigation management, but are subject to the same weather. Management options include commonly used rotational grazing management strategies and continuous grazing with fixed or variable stock numbers. A cutting regime simulates calculation of seasonal pasture growth rates. The focus of the present paper is on recent developments to the management routines and nutrient dynamics, including organic matter, inorganic nutrients, leaching and gaseous nitrogen losses, and greenhouse gases. Some model applications are presented and the role of the model in research projects is discussed.

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Vitral, C. L., C. F. T. Yoshida, and A. M. C. Gaspar. "The use of non-human primates as animal models for the study of hepatitis viruses." Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 31, no. 8 (August 1998): 1035–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-879x1998000800003.

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