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1
Fichet, Élisabeth, and Michel Pascal. "Marquage collectif de rongeurs sauvages au moyen de fluoromarqueurs vitaux des tissus calcifiés." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 847–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-125.
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To evaluate the efficiency of collective marking of riparian populations of rodents in the field, baits coated with either fluorescein (0.5 g/kg) or xylenol orange (2 g/kg), two vital fluorochromes of bones, were distributed on a 1.5 km riverbank. A system of traps was monitored for 20 consecutive days after marking. A total of 98 Myocastor coypus, 26 Ondatra zibethicus, 13 Arvicola sapidus, 3 Rattus norvegicus, 5 Apodemus sylvaticus, and 2 Microtus arvalis were trapped. Examination of thin cross sections of the mandibula and the incisor (I1) of all trapped rodents showed that specimens of all species but one, M. arvalis, were labelled. The phalanx, easily taken without killing the animal, was rarely marked. However, analysis of marking topography on the incisor and knowledge of its growth seem to indicate that marking diagnosis without killing the animal is possible by simple removal of a fragment of the tooth. In M. coypus and O. zibethicus, the analysis of marking rate in relation to trapping schedule and animal age showed that the marking method is usable with these species and that young animals are more frequently and clearly labeled than older animals. Moreover, the two species proved to have an entirely different strategy with respect to the trapping schedule, which leads us to question the reliability of a trapping schedule in the study of dispersion phenomena in rodents. The possibility of using this collective marking method to address certain problems in population biology is discussed.
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Larochelle, Andre, Uimook Choi, Nora Naumann, Josh R. Clevenger, Harry L. Malech, and Cynthia E. Dunbar. "Methylguanine Methyltransferase-Based In Vivo Selection Results in Only Transient Improvement in Long-Term Marking after Autologous Transplantation of Transduced Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Rhesus Macaques." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 3272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.3272.3272.
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Abstract In vivo selective survival advantage of transduced cells contributed to clinically beneficial levels of genetic correction of lymphocytes following X-SCID gene therapy. For most blood disorders there will be no constitutive selective advantage of the gene-corrected cells. Alternatively, a selectable gene incorporated into the vector may provide selective survival advantage. The P140K mutant of human O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT*) is a candidate mammalian selectable gene for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy. AMD3100-mobilized CD34+ cells from 5 rhesus macaques were transduced daily from day 2 to 4 of culture using oncoretroviral (n=2 animals) or lentiviral (n=3 animals) vectors encoding the gp91phox-IRES-MGMT* cassette or the GFP-MGMT* fusion protein, respectively. Transduced CD34+ cells were selected after (in vivo, n=4) or before (ex vivo, n=1) autologous transplantation in rhesus macaques using the BG (120mg/m2)/TMZ 400 mg/m2 combination for in vivo selection and the BG (5uM)/BCNU (7.5uM) combination for ex vivo selection. Marking of peripheral blood (PB) cells was evaluated by FACS and/or real-time PCR. Bulk CD34+ cells were marked at 27–58% after transduction with oncoretroviral or lentiviral vectors. Four animals were transplanted with transduced non-selected CD34+ cells. Small fractions of cultured cells not transplanted were exposed to BG/BCNU resulting in an increase of marking to 88–97% in each case, confirming the in vitro survival advantage. Cells from animals #1 and #2 were transduced with oncoretroviral vectors and steady-state marking of 3.5% was obtained in PB. Animal #1 received BG/TMZ infusions at 3 and 6 months post-transplant. Marking declined to 3.3% and 1.1% after BG/TMZ treatment 1 and 2, respectively. Animal #2 received one cycle of BG/TMZ at 4 months post-transplant. Full hematopoietic recovery was not achieved and the animal died of infectious complications one month after treatment. Marking of 2% was detected in the PB at the time of death. Cells from animals #3 and #4 were transduced with lentiviral vectors. Animal #3 received 4 monthly infusions of BG/TMZ starting 5 months after transplantation. Marking increased from 0.1% at steady-state to 1.8% in PB after the first cycle but rapidly declined to 0.2%. Despite significant myelosuppression, additional cycles of BG/TMZ resulted in no significant improvement in marking. Animal #4 received 4 monthly infusions of BG/TMZ starting 3 months after transplantation. Marking increased from 3.3% at steady-state to 29.2% after the first cycle but rapidly declined to 6.2%. Each additional cycle of BG/TMZ resulted in a transient increase in marking with a peak increase gradually declining with each cycle. Animal #5 was transplanted with CD34+ cells transduced with lentiviral vector expressing GFP-MGMT* and exposed to BG/BCNU ex vivo before transplantation. At the time of reinfusion, 55% of the cells were vector positive. Stable hematopoietic recovery required one month, compared to an average recovery of 2 weeks in animals transplanted with transduced cells without ex vivo selection. Steady state marking in PB of only 0.7% was detected. These data combined with the theoretic concern that the use of cytotoxic drugs could increase the risk of leukemogenesis in the setting of drug-resistance gene therapy, raise concerns for the clinical applicability of this approach.
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Webster, S. D., and A. R. Jones. "The behavioural and heart rate response of slaughter weight pigs to handling, weighing and slap-marking." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1997 (1997): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200595556.
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On approaching slaughter weight it is common practice to weigh pigs and they are very often slap-marked prior to transport to the abattoir. Weighing involves handling and temporary isolation of the animal. Slap-marking involves hitting the animal, usually on the shoulder, with a series of needles covered in tattooing ink. Both weighing and slap-marking are potentially stressful. This study measured the behavioural and heart rate response of animals to these procedures as they occured on a commercialy run pig unit. These were compared to the responses of animals to weighing and an open-field test in an experimental procedure.
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Jemrešić, Lorena. "Coronaviruses – viruses marking the 21st century." Veterinarska stanica 51, no. 3 (May 18, 2020): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46419/vs.51.3.1.
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Coronaviruses are causative agents of respiratory, gastrointestinal and neurological infections in mammals and birds. The main characteristic of coronaviruses is a high mutation rate, resulting in possible changes in their pathogenicity, tissue tropism or in their host. Even though they have been known causes of disease for decades, they became interesting in the 21st century due to outbreaks of large epidemics in humans and causing serious economic losses in the animal production sector, primarily the pig industry. The outbreaks of the highest concern emerged in 2002 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ‒ SARS) and in 2012 (Middle-East Respiratory Syndrome ‒ MERS). Both diseases are of animal origin, and manifested with severe pneumonia in humans and a lethality of 11% and 36%, respectively. Today we are confronted with one of the largest epidemics in the history of humankind, the COVID-19 pandemic. It is caused by a variant of the SARS coronavirus and transmitted through person to person contact, with no known animal vector. Until the time of press of this article the infection has been detected in over 4.8 million people and has been the cause of over 320,000 deaths. In Croatia, due to protective measures imposed by the National Civil Protection Headquarters, COVID-19 is still within linear case growth. This review provides insight into known coronavirus infections in animals and humans and shows that novel coronaviruses have already marked the 21st century and likely changed the world, as we know it, forever.
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Kucevic, Denis, S. Trivunovic, M. Plavsic, S. Stankovski, and G. Ostojic. "Modern aspects of marking of animals." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 25, no. 1-2 (2009): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0902153k.
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The conventional marking and identification of animals can be done in several different ways. With the application of modern informatics and electronics solutions, it is possible to substitute conventional ways with the different types of the electronic marking and identification. All types of electronic identification for transferring data are using the technology of the radio frequency (RFDI). With application of electronic marking, it is possible to achieve a great number of advantages of which the most important are the high precision of reading the data, individual supervision for every animal, automatic input of data, processing and keeping the information as a permanent actualization of data base. It is necessary to remove all existing defects and in future to work on the improvement of existing types of the electronic marking of animals. .
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Ivanović, Katarina. "Analysis of animal names in Serbian and English regarding their gender." Reci Beograd 12, no. 13 (2020): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/reci2013042i.
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This paper represents the comparison of animal names in Serbian and English considering their gender. Some basic characteristics of gender as a grammatical category in both languages are given, and a comparative analysis is made afterwards. Names denoting animal species are divided into several groups according to the area they inhabit, and, within each subcategory, the author analyzed the existence or nonexistence of separate lexemes denoting male and female animals of a certain species. The paper also considers the reasons for the (non)existence of separate lexemes for marking male and female animals in both languages. The main conclusion drawn from the comparison is that there are significant similarities in the analyzed languages. Different names for male and female animals are used for the species that people use in their households for different purposes or for the species that are specific because of the considerable physical differences between males and females. The analysis is also made according to grammatical criteria in order to determine the morphological processes used for marking males and females. As expected, inflection was used more often in the Serbian language, whereas suppletion was dominant in the English language.
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Blair, Seth S. "Single cell marking and cell lineage in animal development." Trends in Neurosciences 10, no. 3 (March 1987): 133–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(87)90060-9.
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HOGAN, JACQUI M., and GORDON R. STEELE. "DYE-MARKING SLUGS." Journal of Molluscan Studies 52, no. 2 (1986): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/52.2.138.
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Larochelle, Andre, Cynthia L. Perez, Allen Krouse, Mark Metzger, Simon Fricker, Gary Bridger, Donald Orlic, Robert E. Donahue, Janis L. Abkowitz, and Cynthia E. Dunbar. "Mobilization as a Preparative Regimen for Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC) Transplantation in Rhesus Macaques." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.1709.1709.
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Abstract The myeloablative conditioning regimens currently used for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Alternative strategies to promote engraftment of infused HSCs with increased safety warrant investigation. In a murine model, we previously demonstrated that, in absence of irradiation, mobilization with AMD3100 (a CXCR4 antagonist) before marrow transplantation vacated microenvironmental niches and resulted in higher levels of engraftment of transplanted HSCs compared to controls (no AMD3100 treatment before transplantation) (Abkowitz JL et al., Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts)104 (11): 1187, 2004). In this study, we hypothesized that AMD3100 mobilization before transplantation could also promote HSC engraftment in a large animal model, eliminating the need for toxic myeloablative conditioning. Peripheral blood cells from two rhesus macaques were collected by apheresis 3 hours after administration of a single dose of AMD3100 1mg/Kg. CD34+ cells were enriched and transduced for four days in the presence of cytokines and fibronectin with non-expression Moloney murine leukemia virus-derived retroviral vectors (G1PLI) that carry a bacterial neomycin phosphotransferase resistance gene (neoR). The neoR-marked CD34+ cells were reinfused in the non-myeloablated animals, immediately after AMD3100 mobilization and apheresis repeated on the day of transplantation. NeoR-marking levels of approximately 0.1% were detected in both peripheral blood MNC and granulocytes at two months (animal 2RC102) and four months (animal RQ4791) after transplantation. Previous transplantation studies performed without prior myeloablative conditioning or mobilization preparative regimen resulted in no long-term in vivo gene marking. We mathematically confirmed that this observed level of gene marking is what can be expected when AMD3100 mobilization is used as a conditioning regimen. Previous studies have estimated the number of long-term repopulating HSCs at 6 per 105 CD34+ cells (Abkowitz JL et al, Blood96: 3399, 2000). In animal RQ4791, approximately 4.5X107 CD34+ cells, and therefore 2700 HSCs, were mobilized after AMD3100 administration. The total number of HSCs per animal is thought to be conserved in mammals and has been estimated at 11,000 to 22,000 (Abkowitz JL et al, Blood100: 2665, 2002). Hence, 12–24% of HSCs were mobilized after a single dose of AMD3100, consequently opening 12–24% of microenvironmental niches for engraftment. If 1% of engrafted HSCs are marked, 0.12–0.24% long-term marking levels are expected, correlating well with the observed marking level of 0.1%. These results imply that the number of available niches in large animals, as in murine models, regulates the number of HSCs that engraft. As importantly, mobilization with AMD3100 could provide a non-toxic preparative approach in large mammals, including humans, to improve HSC engraftment in transplantation for genetic and other nonmalignant disorders.
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Stępniak, Kinga M., Natalia Niedźwiecka, Maciej Szewczyk, and Robert W. Mysłajek. "Scent marking in wolves Canis lupus inhabiting managed lowland forests in Poland." Mammal Research 65, no. 4 (June 13, 2020): 629–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13364-020-00514-x.
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Abstract In wolves Canis lupus, scent marking plays an important role in territory defence. In Europe, studies on patterns of scent marking in wolves have mostly been conducted in mountains or primeval forests, but since these areas are characterised by low human activity, the impact of people on this behaviour has been neglected. We conducted a study that combined genetic methods with an analysis of the spatial distribution of wolf territory markings in lowland managed forests with high human activity. We found that scent markings are deposited by all members of wolf family groups. Wolves most intensively marked crossroads and their vicinity, especially on roads only accessible for four-wheel drive cars. Our study provides further evidence that crossroads of forest roads play a crucial role in wolf scent marking. The results of our study may be useful during inventories of wolf populations based on collecting indirect signs of their presence or non-invasive genetic sampling.
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An, Dong Sung, Robert P. Wersto, Brian A. Agricola, Mark E. Metzger, Stephanie Lu, Rafael G. Amado, Irvin S. Y. Chen, and Robert E. Donahue. "Marking and Gene Expression by a Lentivirus Vector in Transplanted Human and Nonhuman Primate CD34+Cells." Journal of Virology 74, no. 3 (February 1, 2000): 1286–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.3.1286-1295.2000.
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ABSTRACT Recently, gene delivery vectors based on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been developed as an alternative mode of gene delivery. These vectors have a number of advantages, particularly in regard to the ability to infect cells which are not actively dividing. However, the use of vectors based on human immunodeficiency virus raises a number of issues, not the least of which is safety; therefore, further characterization of marking and gene expression in different hematopoietic lineages in primate animal model systems is desirable. We use two animal model systems for gene therapy to test the efficiency of transduction and marking, as well as the safety of these vectors. The first utilizes the rhesus animal model for cytokine-mobilized autologous peripheral blood CD34+ cell transplantation. The second uses the SCID-human (SCID-hu) thymus/liver chimeric graft animal model useful specifically for human T-lymphoid progenitor cell reconstitution. In the rhesus macaques, detectable levels of vector were observed in granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, and, in one animal with the highest levels of marking, erythrocytes and platelets. In transplanted SCID-hu mice, we directly compared marking and gene expression of the lentivirus vector and a murine leukemia virus-derived vector in thymocytes. Marking was observed at comparable levels, but the lentivirus vector bearing an internal cytomegalovirus promoter expressed less efficiently than did the murine retroviral vector expressed from its own long terminal repeats. In assays for infectious HIV type 1 (HIV-1), no replication-competent HIV-1 was detected in either animal model system. Thus, these results indicate that while lentivirus vectors have no apparent deleterious effects and may have advantages over murine retroviral vectors, further study of the requirements for optimal use are warranted.
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Prade, Juliane. "Not Coming to Terms: Nonhuman Animals and the Edge of Theory." Society & Animals 22, no. 3 (April 22, 2014): 309–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341335.
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AbstractIn the emerging field of animal studies, criticism turns to questions of ethics and animal rights by reading representations of nonhuman animals in philosophy and literature. A rhetoric of coming to terms often shapes such readings and points to a lack of satisfactory answers to two questions: why read nonhuman animals, and why now? These questions are crucial to animal studies but can only be answered by understanding this critical approach as an element of the anthropological discourse, fundamental to philosophy. Examining Aristotle’s and Heidegger’s approaches to thinking about the human-animal relation, it seems that the interest in reading how animals are presented in philosophy is not in coming to definitive terms with this relation or in correcting earlier theories. Rather, it appears to lie in reading the concept of the Animal as marking a limit of terminological language, and thus of theory. The Animal marks the point at which philosophy touches on poetry and withdraws. Criticism is concerned with animals now because the concept of “the animals” keeps casting doubt on theoretical conceptions of the Human and of human language.
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Pereira, A. M., and J. Chaud-Netto. "Hymenoptera marking technique." Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases 14, no. 1 (2008): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-91992008000100014.
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Larochelle, Andre, Allen Krouse, Donald Orlic, Robert E. Donahue, Cynthia E. Dunbar, and Peiman Hematti. "AMD3100-Mobilized CD34+ Cells Are Phenotypically Different and Better Targets for Retroviral Transduction Than G-CSF-Mobilized CD34+ Cells in Rhesus Macaques." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 2686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.2686.2686.
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Abstract AMD3100 (AMD) has recently been shown to rapidly mobilize primitive hematopoietic cells in mice and humans, but little is known about the properties of cells mobilized with this agent. We initiated a study to determine retroviral (RV) in vivo gene marking efficiency in AMD-mobilized CD34+ cells in rhesus macaques. CD34+ cells collected 3 hours after administration of AMD to 2 animals were transduced using RV vectors containing the NeoR gene. Animals were irradiated and cells reinfused immediately after transduction. By molecular analysis, the levels of PB MNC and granulocyte NeoR gene marking at steady-state (up to 12 months post-transplantation) was 1–2% in animal RC909 and 30–40% in RQ2851. In two additional rhesus macaques, CD34+ cells were collected from steady-state BM and from the PB after mobilization with AMD or G-CSF (G). The two PB populations from each animal were transduced with one of two distinguishable NeoR vectors and simultaneously reinfused into irradiated animals. In animal RQ3590, 2% in vivo gene marking at steady-state (up to 4 months post-transplantation) was derived from AMD-mobilized cells compared to 0.05% from the G-mobilized fraction. Animal RQ3636 showed 10% in vivo marking from the AMD-mobilized fraction and no detectable marking from the G-mobilized cells. We also compared phenotypic and functional characteristics of CD34+ cells from BM, AMD-PB and G-PB. An average of 31% of the AMD-mobilized cells were in the Go phase of the cell cycle, compared to 79% of G-mobilized cells (p=0.02), and 45% for the BM fraction (p=0.24). In contrast, 64% AMD-mobilized cells were in G1 compared to 17% of G-mobilized cells (p=0.03) and 44% for the BM fraction (p=0.15). Flow cytometry showed CXCR4 expression on 59% AMD-mobilized cells, in comparison to 11% G-mobilized cells (p=0.02) and 22% BM cells (p=0.07). Similar results were obtained when comparing VLA-4 expression. The increased expression of CXCR4 on AMD-mobilized CD34+ cells correlated with their increased ability to migrate towards SDF-1α in vitro (45%) compared to G-mobilized cells (8%, p=0.01) and BM cells (17%, p=0.08). Our data indicate efficient long-term in vivo gene marking in the rhesus macaque model, validating the ability of AMD to induce mobilization of true long-term repopulating HSCs. AMD-mobilized PB HSCs represent an alternative source of HSCs amenable to genetic manipulation with integrating RV vectors, with potential applications in gene therapy approaches for patients with sickle cell anemia; documented complications have precluded mobilization using G or G/SCF in these patients. Also, cell cycle status and surface phenotype of AMD-mobilized CD34+ cells are more comparable to steady-state BM cells than G-mobilized PB HSCs. AMD-mobilized CD34+ cells are more actively cycling than G-mobilized CD34+ cells, correlating with the increased efficiency of replication-dependent retrovirus-mediated gene transduction. The increased expression of the adhesion receptors CXCR4 and VLA-4 on primitive AMD-mobilized cells compared to G-mobilized cells suggests fundamental differences in the mechanisms of AMD-mediated and cytokine-mediated stem cell mobilization.
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Gosselin, Louis A. "A Method For Marking Small Juvenile Gastropods." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 73, no. 4 (November 1993): 963–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400034834.
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Methods used to identify individual organisms consistently over time have been invaluable tools in ecological studies, enabling reliable assessments of time-dependent parameters such as growth and mortality, and an accurate determination of their variance. These methods have proved to be particularly amenable to gastropods owing to the presence of an external shell on which marks or tags can be applied with little or no adverse effects on the animal. Marking and tagging techniques have enabled the study of several ecological parameters in adult marine gastropods, including growth (Frank, 1965; Hughes, 1972; Palmer, 1983; Gosselin & Bourget, 1989), mortality (Frank, 1965; Hughes, 1972), movements (Frank, 1965; Chapman, 1986), and foraging behaviour (Menge, 1974; Hugheset al., 1992). Small organisms, however, can pose considerable problems for individual marking (Southwood, 1978). As a result, marking and tagging methods have seldom been applied to newly hatched or recently settled juvenile marine gastropods. Several methods have been developed for simultaneously labelling large numbers of invertebrate larvae (Levin, 1990), and some of these methods may be applicable to juvenile gastropods. The usefulness of these methods, however, is limited because all animals receive the same label and, consequently, individual animals cannot be recognized. To my knowledge, no method of individually marking very small juvenile marine gastropods has been documented. In fact, it is sometimes perceived that small juveniles cannot be individually marked due to their small size and sensitivity (Frank, 1965; Palmer, 1990). The object of this paper is to present a simple method of marking early juvenile gastropods, which consists of applying colour codes to the shells of individuals as small as 0·9 mm in length.
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Ellers, Olaf, and Amy S. Johnson. "Polyfluorochrome marking slows growth only during the marking month in the green sea urchinStrongylocentrotus droebachiensis." Invertebrate Biology 128, no. 2 (April 2009): 126–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2008.00159.x.
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Elwell, Emily J., David Walker, and Stefano Vaglio. "Sexual Dimorphism in Crowned Lemur Scent-Marking." Animals 11, no. 7 (July 14, 2021): 2091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11072091.
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Primates are traditionally considered to have a poor sense of smell. However, olfaction is important for non-human primates as demonstrated by conspicuous scent-marking behaviours in lemurs. We studied two pairs (n = 4) of crowned lemurs (Eulemur coronatus) housed at Colchester and Twycross zoos (UK) by combining behavioural observations and chemical analyses of scent-marks and glandular swabs. We recorded observations of olfactory behaviours for 201 h using instantaneous scan sampling. We investigated the volatile compounds of ano-genital odour secretions (n = 16) using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Males scent-marked most frequently, displaying ano-genital marking for allomarking, head marking for countermarking and wrist marking in specific areas of the enclosure. Females displayed ano-genital marking, predominantly on feeding devices. We detected a total of 38 volatile components in all male ano-genital scent-marks and 26 in all female samples of ano-genital odour secretions, including a series of esters, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, terpenes, volatile fatty acids and hydrocarbons that have been identified in odour profiles of other primates. In conclusion, we found sexual dimorphism in crowned lemur scent-marking. Male head and wrist marking behaviours might play defensive territorial functions, while ano-genital marking would be related to socio-sexual communication as chemical mate-guarding. Female ano-genital marking might be involved in resource defense.
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Kim, Sanggu, Robert E. Donahue, Aylin Bonifacino, Mark Metzger, Cynthia E. Dunbar, and Irvin Chen. "Long-Term, Clonal Tracking Comparing Autologous Transplantation of G-CSF/SCF-Primed Bone Marrow CD34+ Cells with G-CSF/SCF-Mobilized Peripheral Blood CD34+ Cells in Rhesus Macaques." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 4524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-117047.
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Abstract Introduction : Although autologous transplantation of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) - mobilized with a combination of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and stem cell factor (SCF) - has been well characterized, the efficacy of G-CSF/SCF-primed bone marrow stem cell (BMSC) transplantation, however, remains unclear and controversial. In our previous lentiviral vector-mediated PBSC and BMSC transplantation study, we reported efficient and long-term hematopoietic reconstitution by PBSC but not by BMSC - the later being associated with the gradual decline of vector markings in two BMSC-transplanted animals, with a loss of marking occurring in most lineages by 26 or 32 weeks after transplant. Follow-up analysis indicated that low-level yet consistent repopulation by BMSC continued in these animals for a longer period. Here we have compared peripheral blood (PB) markings and vector integration sites (VIS) in PBSC- and BMSC-transplanted animals for up to 12 years and 6 years, respectively. Methods : Young adult rhesus macaques were treated with G-CSF (10 mg/kg of body weight/day) and SCF (200 mg/kg/day) four days before the cell harvest for transplant. Mobilized PB leukapheresis cell products from five rhesus macaques (95E132, 2RC003, RQ5427, RQ3570, and 96E035) were harvested using a CS3000 Plus blood cell separator. Bone marrow (BM) cells from two animals (95E131 and 96E041) were surgically harvested from their femurs and iliac crests under anesthesia. After harvest, PBSC and BMSC were isolated by Ficoll-Hypaque density centrifugation followed by immunoselection of CD34+ cells, and transduced with HIV-based self-inactivating lentiviral vectors expressing EGFP. Vector-marked cells were then autologously transplanted into the host after total body irradiation (10 Gy). No further priming treatment was provided after transplant. PB from the 5 PBSC- and 2 BMSC-transplanted animals were serially collected over time and cryo-preserved for PCR, flow cytometry, and VIS analyses. Results: Both PBSC- and BMSC-transplanted animals showed long-term repopulation for lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, platelets, and red blood cells. PBSC animals showed an average EGFP marking that ranged from 0.32 % to 10.24 %. From these animals, a total of 141 to 4,858 VIS were recovered. We found that the total number of VIS in each animal was proportional to the average EGFP marking in the same animals, and that both of these in turn were linearly correlated with the number of EGFP+ CD34+ cells initially transplanted (1.4 x106 - 28.8 x106 per animal). BMSC-transplanted animals did not show any such patterns. In two BMSC animals, the average EGFP marking levels remained at 0.05 % and 0.10 % until the end point (5 and 6 years) despite the fact that a comparatively large number of EGFP+ CD34+ cells had been transplanted (5.2 x106 and 17.7x106)and a large number of VIS recovered (793 and 680 VIS) in these animals. Temporal VIS analysis of PBSC animals showed that different groups of a large number of PBSC clones repopulated sequentially and reached a point of maximum repopulation at different time points, with some gradually declining after this. BMSC animals also showed a wave-like sequential repopulation similar to the patterns seen in PBSC animals. Unlike PBSC, however, nearly all BMSC clones were detected at a low frequency and at a single time point, except a few larger ones that were detected at multiple time points in a rising and falling pattern. There was no notable difference between the genomic features of VIS in PBSC- and BMSC-repopulating cells. Conclusions : Our data suggest that both the BMSC and PBSC consist of highly heterogeneous stem/progenitor cells that can provide long-term polyclonal repopulation through wave-like, sequential repopulation. Unlike PBSC, however, BMSC transplant was inefficient in PB repopulation resulting in only barely detectable markings in PB. The BMSC clonal profiles reflected the clonal patterns seen in PBSC animals, aside from BMSC animals having primarily low-frequency clones. We have previously shown significant differences in immunophenotype and cell cycle status between PBSC and BMSC, where BMSC were significantly lower in Thy-1 expression and had a higher percentage of cells in the S+G2/M phase of the cell cycle than PBSC. These differences may account for the inefficient differentiation and proliferation capabilities of BMSC compared to PBSC shown in this study. Disclosures Dunbar: National Institute of Health: Research Funding.
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Mellado, Breno, Lucas de Oliveira Carneiro, Marcelo Rodrigues Nogueira, and Leandro Rabello Monteiro. "The impacts of marking on bats: mark-recapture models for assessing injury rates and tag loss." Journal of Mammalogy 103, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyab153.
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Abstract The individual identification of animals is essential for long-term population ecology studies. Injuries and tag loss can negatively impact animal welfare and parameter estimates. We used time-to-failure curves and multistate mark-recapture models to estimate injury rates, body condition decline, tag loss and survival probabilities associated with two tags commonly used in bats: metallic arm bands and steel ball chain collars. We monitored two colonies of Carollia perspicillata at União Biological Reserve, southeastern Brazil, from 2013 to 2019. Every other month, we marked individuals with arm bands, collars or both. Collars did not cause noticeable injuries, but were lost at a higher rate than arm bands (1.5–2.5 times). The arm band-related injury probability between captures was ~ 0.2, and after 17 months half the marked animals developed injuries. Animals marked as juveniles were less likely to get injured than adults. Injuries were associated with a lower body condition in females. Body condition was positively associated with apparent survival; however, a direct effect of arm band injuries on survival estimates was not observed. The tag loss rates caused a negative bias in survival estimates. Mark-recapture studies should evaluate the efficacy of the marking technique, accounting for potential animal injury, tag loss, and bias in parameter estimation. Marking individuals should be limited to studies that monitor species with high recapture probability, using the least harmful tags possible, and balancing the burden to the animals with the potential to generate knowledge.
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Tapley, Benjamin. "The use of visible implant elastomer to permanently identify caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)." Herpetological Bulletin, no. 150, Winter 2019 (December 31, 2019): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/hb150.1822.
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Identifying individual animals is important for studying populations and for the optimal management of individual animals in captivity. In the absence of natural markings that discriminate individuals, such identification may require animals to be marked by researchers. Amphibians are challenging subjects to mark due to their small size and sensitive, permeable and frequently shed skin. Visible Implant Elastomer (VIE) has been widely used to mark amphibians, but no long-term study has validated this technique in caecilian amphibians. We anaesthetised and attempted to VIE mark seven Herpele squalostoma and one Microcaecilia unicolor held at ZSL London Zoo. No specimens suffered ill effects of anaesthesia or VIE injection, but mean persistence of marks was 191 days in H. squalostoma suggesting that this marking technique is not suitable for identifying individuals of this species in the long-term. We were unable to inject VIE into the M. unicolor and/or the elastomer was not visible through the darkly pigmented skin. Further research is required to develop methods for long-term marking of a diversity of caecilians.
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Uchida, Naoya, Phillip W. Hargrove, Kareem Washington, Coen J. Lap, Matthew M. Hsieh, Aylin C. Bonifacino, Sandra D. Price, et al. "A Modified HIV1-Based Lentiviral Vector Can Transduce Rhesus Hematopoietic Repopulating Cells as Efficiently as An SIV Vector in An Autologous Transplantation Model." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.692.692.
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Abstract Abstract 692 HIV1-based vectors transduce rhesus hematopoietic stem cells poorly due to a species specific block by restriction factors, such as TRIM5αa which target HIV1 capsid proteins. The use of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-based vectors can circumvent this restriction, yet use of this system precludes the ability to directly evaluate HIV1-based lentiviral vectors prior to their use in human clinical trials. To address this issue, we previously developed a chimeric HIV1 vector (χHIV vector) system wherein the HIV1-based lentiviral vector genome is packaged in the context of SIV capsid sequences. We found that this allowed χHIV vector particles to escape the intracellular defense mechanisms operative in rhesus hematopoietic cells as judged by the efficient transduction of both rhesus and human CD34+ cells. Following transplantation of rhesus animals with autologous cell transduced with the χHIV vector, high levels of marking were observed in peripheral blood cells (J Virol. 2009 Jul. in press). To evaluate whether χHIV vectors could transduce rhesus blood cells as efficiently as SIV vectors, we performed a competitive repopulation assay in two rhesus macaques for which half of the CD34+ cells were transduced with the standard SIV vector and the other half with the χHIV vector both at a MOI=50 and under identical transduction conditions. The transduction efficiency for rhesus CD34+ cells before transplantation with the χHIV vector showed lower transduction rates in vitro compared to those of the SIV vector (first rhesus: 41.9±0.83% vs. 71.2±0.46%, p<0.01, second rhesus: 65.0±0.51% vs. 77.0±0.18%, p<0.01, respectively). Following transplantation and reconstitution, however, the χHIV vector showed modestly higher gene marking levels in granulocytes (first rhesus: 12.4% vs. 6.1%, second rhesus: 36.1% vs. 27.2%) and equivalent marking levels in lymphocytes, red blood cells (RBC), and platelets, compared to the SIV vector at one month (Figure). Three to four months after transplantation in the first animal, in vivo marking levels plateaued, and the χHIV achieved 2-3 fold higher marking levels when compared to the SIV vector, in granulocytes (6.9% vs. 2.8%) and RBCs (3.3% vs. 0.9%), and equivalent marking levels in lymphocytes (7.1% vs. 5.1%) and platelets (2.8% vs. 2.5)(Figure). Using cell type specific surface marker analysis, the χHIV vector showed 2-7 fold higher marking levels in CD33+ cells (granulocytes: 5.4% vs. 2.7%), CD56+ cells (NK cells: 6.5% vs. 3.2%), CD71+ cells (reticulocyte: 4.5% vs. 0.6%), and RBC+ cells (3.6% vs. 0.9%), and equivalent marking levels in CD3+ cells (T cells: 4.4% vs. 3.3%), CD4+ cells (T cells: 3.9% vs. 4.6%), CD8+ cells (T cells: 4.2% vs. 3.9%), CD20+ cells (B cells: 7.6% vs. 4.8%), and CD41a+ cells (platelets: 3.5% vs. 2.2%) 4 months after transplantation. The second animal showed a similar pattern with higher overall levels (granulocytes: 32.8% vs. 19.1%, lymphocytes: 24.4% vs. 17.6%, RBCs 13.1% vs. 6.8%, and platelets: 14.8% vs. 16.9%) 2 months after transplantation. These data demonstrate that our χHIV vector can efficiently transduce rhesus long-term progenitors at levels comparable to SIV-based vectors. This χHIV vector system should allow preclinical testing of HIV1-based therapeutic vectors in the large animal model, especially for granulocytic or RBC diseases. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Morales-González, Ana, Héctor Ruíz-Villar, Arpat Ozgul, Nino Maag, and Gabriele Cozzi. "Group size and social status affect scent marking in dispersing female meerkats." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 6 (August 2, 2019): 1602–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz124.
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Abstract Many animal species use scent marks such as feces, urine, and glandular secretions to find mates, advertise their reproductive status, and defend an exclusive territory. Scent marking may be particularly important during dispersal, when individuals emigrate from their natal territory searching for mates and a new territory to settle and reproduce. In this study, we investigated the scent-marking behavior of 30 dispersing female meerkats (Suricata suricatta) during the three consecutive stages of dispersal—emigration, transience, and settlement. We expected marking patterns to differ between dispersal stages, depending on social circumstances such as presence of unrelated mates and social status of the individuals within each dispersing coalition and also to be influenced by water and food availability. We showed that defecation probability increased with group size during the settlement stage, when newly formed groups are expected to signal their presence to other resident groups. Urination probability was higher in subordinate than in dominant individuals during each of the three dispersal stages and it decreased overall as the dispersal process progressed. Urine may, thus, be linked to advertisement of the social status within a coalition. Anal marking probability did not change across dispersal stages but increased with the presence of unrelated males and was higher in dominants than in subordinates. We did not detect any effect of rain or foraging success on defecation and urination probability. Our results suggest that feces, urine, and anal markings serve different communication purposes (e.g., within and between-group communication) during the dispersal process.
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García-Vázquez, Uri Omar, Carlos J. Pavón-Vázquez, Jean Cristian Blancas-Hernández, Epifanio Blancas-Calva, and Eric Centenero-Alcalá. "A new rare species of the Rhadinaea decorata group from the Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero, Mexico (Squamata, Colubridae)." ZooKeys 780 (August 8, 2018): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.780.25593.
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A new species of theRhadinaeadecoratagroup is described based on two specimens from the Sierra Madre del Sur, Guerrero, Mexico. The new species differs from all other members of the genusRhadinaeaby having: eight supralabials; 149–151 (male) ventrals; 63–77 (male) subcaudals; two large pale nuchal blotches, forming an incomplete collar that occupies two scales laterally and is bissected along the dorsal midline; a postocular pale marking consisting of a well-defined, narrow line beginning behind the upper posterior margin of the eye and extending posteriorly nearly horizontally until connecting with the nuchal blotches; and the dark ground color of the flanks extending to the lateral portion of the ventrals. The large nuchal blotches distinguish the new species from the other members of theR.decoratagroup, except forR.cuneataand some individuals ofR.hesperia(pale nuchal marking one-scale wide inR.marcellae, absent in the other species). The condition of the postocular pale marking distinguishes it fromR.cuneataandR.hesperia(postocular pale marking wedge-shaped inR.cuneata, not connected with the pale post-cephalic markings inR.hesperia). Furthermore, the number of subcaudals and the coloration of the lateral portion of the ventrals distinguish it fromR.omiltemanaandR.taeniata, the remaining congeners found in Guerrero (85–90 in males ofR.omiltemanaand 91–121 inR.taeniata; dark color of the flanks not reaching ventrals in the former species, occasionally and faintly inR.taeniata). Additionally, a new combination forR.stadelmaniis proposed. The new species is the first described in the genusRhadinaeain more than 40 years.
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Hinterberger, Amy. "Regulating Estrangement: Human–Animal Chimeras in Postgenomic Biology." Science, Technology, & Human Values 45, no. 6 (December 26, 2016): 1065–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243916685160.
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Why do laws and regulations marking boundaries between humans and other animals proliferate amid widespread proclamations of the waning of the species concept and the consensus that life is a continuum? Here I consider a recent spate of new guidelines and regulations in the United Kingdom and United States that work to estrange human bodies from other animals in biomedicine. Using the idea of a bioconstitutional moment to understand how state institutions deliberate over “human–animal chimeras,” I address how nations differently establish separations between humans and other animals. New chimeric entities, containing human hereditary material, have consecrated regulatory ground and signify increased attention to fields of research that have long used interspecies mixing. Regulators and policy makers now find themselves in a curious position. On the one hand, they continue to regulate the estrangement between humans and other animals, but on the other, they support the creation of chimeric life––a form of life that draws into question the very basis of such separations.
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Ferron, Jean, and Jean-Pierre Ouellet. "Behavioural context and possible function of scent marking by cheek rubbing in the red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 7 (July 1, 1989): 1650–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-236.
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A contextual analysis of scent marking by cheek rubbing in wild red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), based on the study of behavioural time budgets and sequences, is presented. Scent-marking rates do not differ significantly between adult males and females. Comparison of the relative frequency of occurrence of each behaviour pattern in a scent-marking context with the relative frequency of these patterns in all other contexts reveals that locomotion, alertness, grooming, food carrying, and gnawing have a higher probability of occurrence when there is cheek rubbing. These results concur with earlier findings in captivity. Contextual analysis in the wild clearly indicates low association of cheek rubbing with social context and greater use of this behaviour at grooming and resting sites and along the path used by the marking animal. This suggests that cheek rubbing is mainly self-oriented to maintain the animal's familiarity with its home range. This scent-marking behaviour may also be used to advertise occupancy of a given territory to conspecifics.
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Cuthbertson, Tom. "‘Behaviour: Marking’: Charlotte Prodger’s territoriality." Moving Image Review & Art Journal (MIRAJ) 10, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 10–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/miraj_00061_1.
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This article analyses single-channel videos by the Turner Prize-winning artist Charlotte Prodger (b.1974), identifying in these works very particular forms of territoriality. As part of the broader drive towards accumulation found in Prodger’s autobiographical filmmaking, these videos continually collect new territories: characterized by a restless spatial mobility, they move repeatedly from location to location, amassing huge amounts of spatial information. This information is arranged in an ever-expanding matrix ‐ a grid-like structure that allows Prodger to bring the very different spaces she assembles into active conversation, amongst themselves and with her. As she fosters deeply subjective dialogues and connections between these spaces, Prodger marks them, leaving traces behind in ways that deliberately mimic recognizably animal territorial practices and patterns of behaviour. Merging human and non-human behaviours, Prodger investigates the disruptive possibilities of what Jack Halberstam has presented as a queer form of ‘wildness’, and unsettles categories of gender and sexuality along with the spatialized mechanisms of sexual difference that support them. By marking territory in such ‘wild’ ways, Prodger proposes other modes of knowing and understanding, found at the meeting point of the subjective, the social and the environmental. In so doing, Prodger challenges the rules dictating which bodies, lives and behaviours belong where, as well as who is allowed to occupy and lay claim to certain spaces.
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Paquet, Paul C. "Scent-marking behavior of sympatric wolves (Canis lupus) and coyotes (C. latrans) in Riding Mountain National Park." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 1721–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-240.
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The objectives of this study were to describe the scent-marking behavior of sympatric wolves and coyotes, and determine whether scent marking has an interspecific behavioral significance and, if so, whether it is involved in maintaining ecological separation of the two species. The hypotheses tested were that coyotes travelling within active wolf areas reduce their frequency of marking and avoid wolf scent marks, and that wolves react to sympatric coyotes as transgressing conspecifics, and increase their scent marking. Marking by the two species was similar, both canids using the same scent mounds. Coyotes did not avoid areas marked by wolves, nor did they minimize evidence of their own activity. Coyotes increased their marking significantly in response to wolves. Wolves, however, did not respond to marks by coyotes.
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Kimura, Rikako. "Volatile substances in feces, urine and urine-marked feces of feral horses." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 81, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a00-068.
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The identity and amount of volatile substances in the feces, urine and feces scent-marked with urine (i.e., feces mixed with urine) of feral horses was determined by acid/steam distillation and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The frequency of excretion and scent marking, as evaluated in the breeding and non-breeding seasons, showed clear evidence of seasonal behavioral differences. The concentration of each substance (fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, amines and alkanes) in the feces differed according to maturity, sex and stage in the reproductive process. They had a characteristic chemical fingerprint. Although the levels of tetradecanoic and hexadecanoic acids in the feces of estrous mares were significantly higher than the respective levels in the feces of non-estrous mares, in the case of scent-marked feces by stallions, the levels of them in the feces from estrous mares had decreased to levels similar to those in non-estrous mares. The concentration of these substances in mares were not significantly different. The presence of a high concentration of cresols in the urine of stallions in the breeding season suggests that one role of scent marking by stallions is masking the odor of the feces produced by mares. Key words: Odors (volatile), excrement, scent-marking, masking, horse (feral), (releaser) pheromone
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Jung, Chul W., Julia C. Morris, Brian Beard, Tobias Neff, Kate Beebe, and Hans-Peter Kiem. "Direct Intramarrow Injection of CD34+ Cells May Improve Long-Term Engraftment in Nonhuman Primates." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 2103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.2103.2103.
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Abstract Recent studies in the NOD/SCID model have shown improved engraftment of SCID-repopulating cells and higher levels of engraftment in the secondary transplantation when cells were administered by intramarrow (IM) versus intravenous (IV) injection suggesting that direct injection into the marrow cavity may be beneficial for stem cell engraftment in a clinical setting. To study whether IM injection was feasible and would result in improved engraftment in a clinically relevant large animal model, we compared IM vs IV injection in our competitive repopulation assay in baboons. Enriched CD34+ cells were split into 2 equal fractions and transduced with either a GFP- or YFP-expressing vector. Pretransplant transduction efficiencies and expansion of CD 34+ cells were similar in both fractions. One fraction was then infused into the marrow cavity of the right femur and the other fraction was given intravenously. Three baboons received gene-modified CD34+ enriched autologous bone marrow cells after myeloablative radiation. Peripheral blood granulocyte marking levels showed peaks at 2–3 weeks after transplantation and decreased thereafter. In all three monkeys, marking levels of IM injected cells (GFP) were lower than marking levels of IV injected cells (YFP) early after transplantation up to 7 weeks. However, in two of the three monkeys, GFP marking increased steadily after 2 months resulting in higher marking levels from IM injected cells. The trend sustained up to the last follow-up of nine months after transplantation, marking levels being 25.5% and 7.4% from IM and IV injected cells, respectively, in M00228. This pattern was recapitulated in the marking of bone marrow cells of the two animals. GFP (IM) and YFP (IV) marking levels of bone marrow cells from non-injected bone were 24.2% and 33.9%, respectively, at 1 month, 7.9% and 4.6% at 3 months, 19.1% and 12.6% at 6 months after transplantation in M00228. In addition, the GFP marking of the bone marrow cells from the injected bone was higher than that of the BM cells from non-injected bone while YFP marking level was similar. In conclusion, our data suggest that direct intramarrow injection of CD34+ cells may lead to improved engraftment of long-term repopulating cells. Clonal analysis is currently under way to determine the clonal pattern of the differentially marked repopulating cells.
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Giuggioli, L., J. R. Potts, and S. Harris. "Predicting oscillatory dynamics in the movement of territorial animals." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 72 (January 18, 2012): 1529–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2011.0797.
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Understanding ecological processes relies upon the knowledge of the dynamics of each individual component. In the context of animal population ecology, the way animals move and interact is of fundamental importance in explaining a variety of observed patterns. Here, we present a theoretical investigation on the movement dynamics of interacting scent-marking animals. We study how the movement statistics of territorial animals is responsible for the appearance of damped oscillations in the mean square displacement (MSD) of the animals. This non-monotonicity is shown to depend on one dimensionless parameter, given by the ratio of the correlation distance between successive steps to the size of the territory. As that parameter increases, the time dependence of the animal's MSD displays a transition from monotonic, characteristic of Brownian walks, to non-monotonic, characteristic of highly correlated walks. The results presented here represent a novel way of determining the degree of persistence in animal movement processes within confined regions.
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Oliveira, M. H. V., J. M. Oliveira, D. H. B. Domingues, F. M. Hosken, G. Tarôco, L. G. Gaya, F. N. A. Ferreira, et al. "Behavioral activities of white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari, Link, 1795) in a semi-intensive farming system in Brazil." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 72, no. 5 (September 2020): 1965–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-11998.
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ABSTRACT This study aimed to describe the main behaviors of white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) expressed in a semi-intensive production system in Brazil. The behavioral activities of two groups of peccaries allocated in two paddocks were assessed, totaling 17 adult animals and eventual pups in different developmental stages. The animals were visually observed using the ad libitum sampling and scan sample methods during the adaptation and experimental phases, respectively. The animals were evaluated in the morning, afternoon, and at night. The behavioral activities observed by ad libitum sampling comprised feeding, pool contact, moving, staying inside the handling area, resting, mud bathing, mutual rubbing, rubbing, aggression, sexual behavior, copulation, foraging, breastfeeding, sleeping, territorial marking, interactions, birthing, gnawing, and other behaviors. All behaviors observed by the ad libitum sampling method were confirmed in the experimental period by scan sample, except for territorial marking and birthing. The effects of time of day were statistically significant (p <0.05) for eating, pool contact, movement, staying inside the handling area, resting, mud bathing and sleeping. These results contribute to the understanding of instinctive animal habits and to the development of nutritional, environmental and health management protocols that meet the requirements of peccaries.
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BRASHARES, JUSTIN S., and PETER ARCESE. "Scent marking in a territorial African antelope: II. The economics of marking with faeces." Animal Behaviour 57, no. 1 (January 1999): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1998.0942.
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Burn, Charlotte C., Nur H. B. Mazlan, Natalie Chancellor, and Dominic J. Wells. "The Pen Is Milder Than the Blade: Identification Marking Mice Using Ink on the Tail Appears More Humane Than Ear-Punching Even with Local Anaesthetic." Animals 11, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): 1664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061664.
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Identification marking mice commonly involves ear-punching with or without anaesthetic, or tail-marking with ink. To identify which is most humane, we marked weanling male BALB/c mice using ear-punching (EP), ear-punching with anaesthetic EMLATM cream (EP+A), or permanent marker pen (MP). We compared marked mice, unmarked cagemates, and control mice (n = 12–13/group) for 5 weeks, reapplying MP weekly. Treatment-blind observations following marking showed that EP and EP+A mice were allogroomed (p < 0.001) and sniffed (p < 0.001) by their cagemates more than MP and control mice were. EP+A mice groomed themselves (p < 0.001) and their ears (p < 0.001) ~5 times more than most other mice; their cagemates also increased self-grooming (p < 0.001). Unmarked MP cagemates (p = 0.001), and possibly EP+A mice (p = 0.034; a nonsignificant trend), grimaced the most. The following day, half the EP+A mice showed hyponeophagia versus no MP and control mice (p = 0.001). Over the 5 weeks, EP mice approached the handler significantly less than unmarked cagemates did (p < 0.001). Across weeks, defecation during marking of MP mice decreased (p < 0.001). Treatment showed no effects on immediate responses during marking, aggression, bodyweight, plus-maze behaviour or corticosterone. MP mice showed no differences from controls, whilst EP and EP+A mice showed altered behaviour, so ink-marking may be the more humane identification method.
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ZIMMERLING, J. RYAN, G. EOIN CRAIGIE, and ANDREA E. ROBINSON. "A COMPARISON OF TECHNIQUES FOR MARKING PASSERINE NESTLINGS." Wilson Bulletin 116, no. 3 (September 2004): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/04-029.
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Elmberg, Johan. "Knee-tagging - a new marking technique for anurans." Amphibia-Reptilia 10, no. 2 (1989): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853889x00133.
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AbstractFrom 1979 to 1987 637 common frogs Rana temporaria have been marked by knee-tagging in a population in east-central Sweden. A small coloured and numbered plastic tag is tied to the knee with a stretchable thread allowing for limb growth. The loss rate of the tags after one year was estimated to be less than 10%. Properly applied tags have lasted for at least four years.
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Freeland, WJ, and K. Fry. "Suitability of Passive Integrated Transponder Tags for Marking Live Animals for Trade." Wildlife Research 22, no. 6 (1995): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9950767.
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Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags were subject to a series of experimental manipulations designed to simulate conditions operating during the course of trade in animals. Experiments were designed to determine the effects of tag-wand angle of orientation, various barriers between tags and wands and different wand-readers on the distance at which a reading could be made. The distances at which readings can be made are subject to influences by all three variables. The effect of tag-wand angle of orientation is likely to be trivial under most circumstances. Of more importance to the utility of PIT tags for animal trade is environmental interference, particularly that due to metallic barriers (plate or mesh). Different wand-readers produce idiosyncratic results in relation to orientation of the tag and wand and type of barrier. Implantation of tags in cane toads (Bufo marinus) indicates that tags are long lived and reliable. Loss of tags from the toads was relatively rare and probably due to error during the insertion of tags. PIT tags proved resistant to preservation in formalin or ethanol, and to the decomposition of animals in which they had been inserted. Tags inserted into 14 species of Australian mammal provided reliable identification of individuals, and were lost only from species that fly (bats) or are arboreal and glide (a petaurid marsupial). PIT tags are outstandingly reliable and provide for rapid identification of individual animals. Limitations to the use of PIT tags in trade in animals are the inability to conduct readings from a distance (>50mm), and their vulnerability to environmental interference. Technological improvements in taglscannerlreader design may improve the distance from which readings may be made, and cages could possibly be designed in ways that minimise environmental interference. Until these developments have occurred, the PIT tag does not provide cost-effective improvements in the ability to identify animals used in trade.
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McGuire, Betty, Kentner Fry, Destiny Orantes, Logan Underkofler, and Stephen Parry. "Sex of Walker Influences Scent-marking Behavior of Shelter Dogs." Animals 10, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040632.
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Interactions with humans influence the behavior and physiology of other animals, and the response can vary with sex and familiarity. Dogs in animal shelters face challenging conditions and although contact with humans typically reduces stress and behaviors associated with stress, evidence indicates that shelter dogs react differently to unfamiliar men and women. Given that some aspects of canine scent-marking behavior change under fearful conditions, we examined whether sex of an unfamiliar walker would influence scent-marking behavior of 100 shelter dogs during leash walks. Male dogs urinated at higher rates when walked by unfamiliar women than when walked by unfamiliar men; female dogs urinated at similar rates when walked by unfamiliar women and unfamiliar men. Sex of walker influenced urinary posture in male dogs, but not in female dogs. Both male and female dogs were more likely to defecate when walked by unfamiliar women than by unfamiliar men. Based on our findings that shelter dogs behave differently in the presence of unfamiliar men and women, we suggest that researchers conducting behavioral studies of dogs record, consider in analyses, and report the sex of observers and handlers as standard practice. We also recommend recording the sex of shelter staff present at behavioral evaluations because the results of these evaluations can impact dog welfare.
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Manieri, Antonio. "The Law on Stables and Pastures: an Annotated Translation of the Kyūmokuryō (Sect. 23 of Yōrōryō)." Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques 73, no. 2 (July 26, 2019): 277–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asia-2019-0011.
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Abstract This article proposes a translation of the Kyūmokuryō, or Law on Stables and Pastures, which is included in the Yōrō Era Code (718). It is the oldest extant text to systematically address only bovine and equine species, illustrating how the state protected, promoted, and enhanced their well-being. The Law provides the knowledge required to manage stables and pastures, from the allocation of tasks and duties of staff to feeding modalities (quantity, quality, and times of foraging, consumption of grass, salt, etc.), from annual animal marking and recording procedures to the treatment of illness, loss (and finding), death, mating, and calving/foaling, as well as how private animals may be exploited and the use of animals for military purposes. Historical commentaries and dictionaries have been a valuable resource in preparing the translation, and elements of animal welfare that are regarded as good practice even today are highlighted.
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Heath, Joel P., Donald W. McKay, Mac O. Pitcher, and Anne E. Storey. "Changes in the reproductive behaviour of the endangered Newfoundland marten (Martes americana atrata): implications for captive breeding programs." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-192.
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Behavioural changes associated with reproduction were studied in captive Newfoundland martens (Martes americana atrata), an endangered species. Patterns of scent-marking and behavioural interactions were recorded before and after a male was introduced to two females. After introduction of the male, marking by the receptive female increased, whereas the nonreceptive female marked less and became less active. Activity and marking bouts were significantly correlated throughout the day for the male and the receptive female, and they often marked in the same locations. The male marked more frequently when the receptive female was active and the female's marking was often associated with behavioural interactions. These findings suggest a major female influence on male marking and activity and suggest that marking may facilitate social interaction. In the spring following this study, the receptive female successfully whelped a litter, the first to be conceived and born in this captive breeding program. The results of this study may help establish successful protocols for captive breeding programs, and thus aid efforts to conserve this endangered species.
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Paquet, Matthieu, Jean-François Le Galliard, Samuel Perret, and Zorica Pantelic. "Effects of miniature transponders on physiological stress, locomotor activity, growth and survival in small lizards." Amphibia-Reptilia 32, no. 2 (2011): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/017353710x552371.
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AbstractThe marking of small animals for long-term ecological studies requires unambiguous and permanent techniques that cause minimal harm. Toe-clipping is frequently used to identify small lizards in the field, but it has been suggested that passive integrated transponders (PIT tags) should be preferred. Here, we evaluate the costs and benefits of new miniature PIT tags to mark the common lizard (Zootoca vivipara). Our protocol enables permanent marking of lizards as small as 1.3 grams with maximal implantation success in the abdominal cavity. Tag injection caused no observable increase in plasma corticosterone levels over five days and no negative effects on long-term growth and survival. However, tag injection had negative effects on locomotor activity during at least 7 days, possibly implying pain. Continuous research to improve tag implantation is needed because negative effects may be caused by anaesthesia and injection rather the tag retention itself. This study demonstrates the utility of combining physiological, behavioural and life history measurements to assess marking stress and pain in animals.
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Neff, Tobias, Brian C. Beard, Laura J. Peterson, Ponni Anandakumar, Jesse Thompson, and Hans-Peter Kiem. "Polyclonal chemoprotection against temozolomide in a large-animal model of drug resistance gene therapy." Blood 105, no. 3 (February 1, 2005): 997–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-08-3169.
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AbstractIncorporation of drug resistance genes into gene vectors has 2 important roles in stem cell gene therapy: increasing the proportion of gene-corrected cells in vivo (ie, in vivo selection) and marrow protection to permit higher or more tightly spaced doses of chemotherapy in the treatment of malignant diseases. We studied in a clinically relevant canine model of gene therapy the P140K mutant of the drug resistance gene methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT), which encodes a DNA-repair enzyme that confers resistance to the combination of the MGMT inhibitor O6-benzylguanine (O6BG) and nitrosourea drugs such as carmustine and methylating agents such as temozolomide. Two dogs received MGMT(P140K)–transduced autologous CD34+-selected cells. After stable engraftment, gene marking in granulocytes was between 3% and 16% in the 2 animals, respectively. Repeated administration of O6BG and temozolomide resulted in a multilineage increase in gene-modified repopulating cells with marking levels of greater than 98% in granulocytes. MGMT(P140K) overexpression prevented the substantial myelosuppression normally associated with this drug combination. Importantly, hematopoiesis remained polyclonal throughout the course of the study. Extrahematopoietic toxicity was minimal, and no signs of myelodysplasia or leukemia were detected. These large-animal data support the evaluation of MGMT(P140K) in conjunction with O6BG and temozolomide in clinical trials.
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Kohli, Kristen L., and Michael H. Ferkin. "Over-marking and Adjacent Marking are Influenced by Sibship in Male Prairie Voles, Microtus ochrogaster." Ethology 105, no. 1 (January 1999): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1999.tb01216.x.
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Rafiq, Kasim, Neil R. Jordan, Carlo Meloro, Alan M. Wilson, Matthew W. Hayward, Serge A. Wich, and John W. McNutt. "Scent-marking strategies of a solitary carnivore: boundary and road scent marking in the leopard." Animal Behaviour 161 (March 2020): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.12.016.
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Özkan Gülzari, Şeyda, Grete Helen Meisfjord Jørgensen, Svein Morten Eilertsen, Inger Hansen, Snorre Bekkevold Hagen, Ida Fløystad, and Rupert Palme. "Measuring Faecal Glucocorticoid Metabolites to Assess Adrenocortical Activity in Reindeer." Animals 9, no. 11 (November 18, 2019): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110987.
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Several non-invasive methods for assessing stress responses have been developed and validated for many animal species. Due to species-specific differences in metabolism and excretion of stress hormones, methods should be validated for each species. The aim of this study was to conduct a physiological validation of an 11-oxoaetiocholanolone enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for measuring faecal cortisol metabolites (FCMs) in male reindeer by administration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH; intramuscular, 0.25 mg per animal). A total of 317 samples were collected from eight male reindeer over a 44 h period at Tverrvatnet in Norway in mid-winter. In addition, 114 samples were collected from a group of reindeer during normal handling and calf marking at Stjernevatn in Norway. Following ACTH injection, FCM levels (median and range) were 568 (268–2415) ng/g after two hours, 2718 (414–8550) ng/g after seven hours and 918 (500–6931) ng/g after 24 h. Levels were significantly higher from seven hours onwards compared to earlier hours (p < 0.001). The FCM levels at Stjernevatn were significantly (p < 0.001) different before (samples collected zero to two hours; median: 479 ng/g) and after calf marking (eight to ten hours; median: 1469 ng/g). Identification of the faecal samples belonging to individual animals was conducted using DNA analysis across time. This study reports a successful validation of a non-invasive technique for measuring stress in reindeer, which can be applied in future studies in the fields of biology, ethology, ecology, animal conservation and welfare.
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Mertl-Millhollen, Anne S., Patricia A. Goodmann, and Erich Klinghammer. "Wolf scent marking with raised-leg urination." Zoo Biology 5, no. 1 (1986): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430050103.
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Trivedi, K., C. Patel, and A. Desai. "Scent rubbing in carnivore species at Gavier Lake, Gujarat, India." TAPROBANICA 11, no. 2 (November 22, 2022): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47605/tapro.v11i2.291.
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Scents are one of the most common means of animal communication. Some animals use scent communication for many purposes including determining age and sex, marking their territories, and finding mates. Scent rubbing is a poorly understood way of marking in which animals rub their bodies against a variety of surfaces, many of which have intense odours. Individuals collapse their forelegs then push forward with their hind legs, rubbing their face, neck, and back onto the destination of the scent in the most well-known occurrences among carnivores. Most commonly, they put their own scent on the object while infusing the object’s scents onto their bodies. Faeces of other animals, meat, intestinal contents and insecticide are among the substances that elicit scent-rubbing. As a result, the subject's pelages are infused with the odour of these substances. Odours produced by sweat glands, urine, faeces and vaginal secretions often induce this behaviour, which is prominent in carnivore species. They scent rub as an olfactory communication method, releasing chemical odours to increase the chances of being recognised by conspecifics. Canids and other carnivores are well known for rubbing themselves on various scents, while smaller carnivores have been shown to increase caution and alter their feeding behaviour when exposed to the scent of larger carnivores.
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Fornasiero, Sara, Antonio Atzori, Federica Berti, Matteo Tamburini, Tommaso Cencetti, and Marco Zuffi. "Advances in methodologies of sexing and marking less dimorphic gekkonid lizards: the study case of the Moorish gecko, Tarentola mauritanica." Amphibia-Reptilia 28, no. 3 (2007): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853807781374719.
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AbstractNovelties in systems of sexing and marking less dimorphic species of gekkonid lizards are described and first results are presented on the Moorish gecko, Tarentola mauritanica, used as target and model species. Inspection of cloacal opening and tail basis to detect hemipenes has been done with a small probe and with laser light. Behavioural response to tail basis touch was typical of adult males. Permanent marking has been performed along with the removal of some subdigital scales. Sexing was suitable and feasible on all individuals larger than 45 mm snout to vent length.
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Bowyer, R. Terry, Victor Van Ballenberghe, and Karen R. Rock. "Scent marking by Alaskan moose: characteristics and spatial distribution of rubbed trees." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 12 (December 1, 1994): 2186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-292.
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We studied scent marking (rubbing of trees) in Alaskan moose (Alces alces gigas) in interior Alaska during 1989. Pole-sized trees were stripped of bark and rubbed by adult female and adult male moose; marking by females occurred during the peak of rut (late September – early October) when most females were in estrus, whereas marking by males was in late rut (mid-October – November). Moose selected white spruce (Picea glauca) as well as trees with particular physical characteristics for marking. The tops of 18.5% of 54 trees marked by moose were dead, whereas only 0.5% of 201 trees available for marking had dead tops. The distribution of scent-marked trees on rutting grounds was not spatially clumped. We hypothesize that rubbing of trees by females advertises their estrus, and that rubbing by males late in rut serves to attract females not successfully bred early in rut and may help prime estrus in these females.
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Orbach, D. N., J. M. Packard, S. Piwetz, and B. Würsig. "Sex-specific variation in conspecific-acquired marking prevalence among dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 93, no. 5 (May 2015): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2014-0302.
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Despite logistical challenges that limit direct observations of behavior for some species, physical scars can provide indirect evidence of aggression. Dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus (Gray, 1828)) off Kaikoura, New Zealand, derive most of the notches and scars on their dorsal fins from conspecifics. However, aggressive encounters have rarely been observed in this sexually monomorphic species. If injurious interactions are associated with intrasexual competition among males but not females, we predicted males would have more conspecific-acquired markings than females. High-quality dorsal fin photographs of dolphins of known sex (n = 79) were collected during boat-based surveys off Kaikoura. We measured three quantitative variables (notch height ratio, notch depth ratio, and dorsal fin rake direction) and one qualitative variable that scored the overall prevalence of markings (notches and scars). All four measures yielded consistent results. Males had significantly more conspecific-acquired markings than females. We reject the hypothesis that there is no difference between the sexes in marking prevalence. We propose that brief events of direct competition are missed by observers but recorded in accumulated patterns of conspecific-acquired markings that differ between the sexes.
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Sladen., W. J. L. "NOTES ON METHODS OF MARKING PENGUINS." Ibis 94, no. 3 (April 3, 2008): 541–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1952.tb01861.x.
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