Academic literature on the topic 'Animal glands'
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Journal articles on the topic "Animal glands"
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Zakrevska, M. V., and A. M. Tybinka. "Histological characteristics of accessory adrenal glands of rabbits with different types of autonomous tonus." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology 21, no. 93 (April 2, 2019): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet9322.
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For the purposes of the adrenal gland’s study, 27 four months old male rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) of Termond White breed were selected. Based on electrocardiography and variation pulsometry results, three types of autonomous tonus were determined in animals: sympathicotonia (ST), normotonia (NT) and parasympathicotonia (PS), which formed the basis for the division of animals into three groups. All rabbits were subjected to euthanasia and histological preparations were made from their adrenal glands. Apart from the main adrenal gland, accessory adrenal gland was detected in five purposes animals, including three ST rabbits, one NT rabbit and one PS rabbit. Also, four accessory adrenal glands were revealed in one ST rabbit simultaneously. In fact, these accessory adrenal glands became the main object of the further morphological research. The obtained historical indicators accessory adrenal glands were compared to the ones from various animal groups (CT with NT and CT with PS), as well as to the indicators of the main adrenal gland in each group. Statistical analysis of the received data was performed only in the group of ST animals. Accessory adrenal gland of ST rabbits is represented by two zones: zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata, the area of which is 52% and 48% respectively. In PS and NT rabbits, the glands are formed by zona glomerulosa only. Investigating the accessory adrenal gland’s cellular component, it was found that NT rabbits have the largest cell area in zona glomerulosa, while PS rabbits have the smallest one. At the same time, the area of nucleus has the largest values in ST animals and the smallest ones in PS animals likewise. Сomparing zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata in ST rabbits, it was found that cell size differs significantly, while the area of nucleus is almost identical. The nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio in zona glomerulosa cells is the largest for PS rabbits. The smallest ratio values were detected among the NT rabbits. Obviously, ST rabbits occupy an intermediate position. Unlike the main adrenal gland, the cells of accessory adrenal gland are of a smaller size and а denser location of cells in all groups of animals. The conducted studies allow concluding that the typological features of the autonomous tonus affect the morphology of accessory adrenal gland.
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Crossley, David A. "Animal salivary glands." Journal of Small Animal Practice 41, no. 9 (September 2000): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2000.tb03238.x.
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Spencer, Thomas E., Andrew M. Kelleher, and Frank F. Bartol. "Development and Function of Uterine Glands in Domestic Animals." Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 7, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 125–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115321.
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All mammalian uteri contain glands that synthesize or transport and secrete substances into the uterine lumen. Uterine gland development, or adenogenesis, is uniquely a postnatal event in sheep and pigs and involves differentiation of glandular epithelium from luminal epithelium, followed by invagination and coiling morphogenesis throughout the stroma. Intrinsic transcription factors and extrinsic factors from the ovary and pituitary as well as the mammary gland (lactocrine) regulate uterine adenogenesis. Recurrent pregnancy loss is observed in the ovine uterine gland knockout sheep, providing unequivocal evidence that glands and their products are essential for fertility. Uterine gland hyperplasia and hypertrophy during pregnancy are controlled by sequential actions of hormones from the ovary and/or pituitary as well as the placenta. Gland-derived histotroph is transported by placental areolae for fetal growth. Increased knowledge of uterine gland biology is expected to improve pregnancy outcomes, as well as the health and productivity of mothers and their offspring.
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Grundmann, O., G. C. Mitchell, and K. H. Limesand. "Sensitivity of Salivary Glands to Radiation: from Animal Models to Therapies." Journal of Dental Research 88, no. 10 (September 25, 2009): 894–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034509343143.
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Radiation therapy for head and neck cancer causes significant secondary side-effects in normal salivary glands, resulting in diminished quality of life for these individuals. Salivary glands are exquisitely sensitive to radiation and display acute and chronic responses to radiotherapy. This review will discuss clinical implications of radiosensitivity in normal salivary glands, compare animal models used to investigate radiation-induced salivary gland damage, address therapeutic advances, and project future directions in the field.
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Dworzyńska, Agnieszka, Katarzyna Paduszyńska, and Lech Pomorski. "Autogenous transplants of adrenal fragments in an animal model." Polish Journal of Surgery 90, no. 4 (June 13, 2018): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.8178.
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Introduction Adrenal insufficiency is a typical complication after surgical treatment of adrenal tumors, especially after the removal of both adrenal glands. Human beings are not able to survive without adrenal glands and without proper hormonal substitution. Autotransplantation of a fragment of the adrenal gland may prevent this complication. This can be done by transplanting the entire adrenal glands or its fragment, such as the adrenal cortex cells. In the case of adrenal tumors, the entire adrenal gland can not be transplanted. However, it is possible to transplant cells from the tumor-free part. Succesful adrenal autografts may result in a new treatment of adrenal insufficiency. Materials and Methods: Autograft transplantation was performed on 3 groups of Sprague Dawley rats. In the first group, physiological corticosterone concentrations were determined. These animals were not operated. In the second group, both adrenal glands were removed. Corticosterone concentrations were determined after bilateral adrenalectomy. The third group was divided into two parts. In the first subgroup, bilateral adrenalectomy was performed simultaneosly with adrenal transplant into the omentum. In the second subgroup, right adrenalectomy was performed simultaneosly with and adrenal transplant into the omentum followed a month later by left adrenalectomy. During the experiment, corticosterone concentrations were measured at 4 time points. Results. The statistical difference between corticosterone concentrations in rats after two timed adrenalectomies and rats after bilateral adrenalectomy was statistically different, but these results were far from physiological concentrations.
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Cowan, F. Brian M. "Does the lachrymal salt gland of Malaclemys terrapin have a significant role in osmoregulation?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 7 (July 1, 1990): 1520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-225.
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Several reptiles possess glands capable of secreting fluids with sodium chloride as the major solute. Almost all studies have measured total sodium chloride secreted by these glands, not the concentration of ions. Thus, it has been difficult to evaluate the role of these glands in osmoregulation. The results reported herein on a large sample of Malaclemys terrapin indicate the lachrymal gland is capable of secreting tears with concentrations of sodium chloride exceeding 500 mM. However, the absolute amount of sodium chloride secreted and the generation of "free water" is relatively low, and the response to salt loading is somewhat inconsistent. Furthermore, the lachrymal gland responds consistently to the presence of irritating fumes not apparently related to osmo- or iono-regulation. The ionic and organic contents of the tears resulting from ionic and nonionic stimuli are similar, suggesting that the lachrymal gland is not a dedicated salt gland, but a gland differentiated to serve some other role, as in many other animals. The gland may be adapted to carry out that role with minimal water loss, as expected in euryhaline animal. The evidence indicates that the control of the lachrymal gland in M. terrapin is considerably more complex than that of other known salt glands.
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Wang, Yanli, Sihai Zhao, Liang Bai, Jianglin Fan, and Enqi Liu. "Expression Systems and Species Used for Transgenic Animal Bioreactors." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/580463.
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Transgenic animal bioreactors can produce therapeutic proteins with high value for pharmaceutical use. In this paper, we compared different systems capable of producing therapeutic proteins (bacteria, mammalian cells, transgenic plants, and transgenic animals) and found that transgenic animals were potentially ideal bioreactors for the synthesis of pharmaceutical protein complexes. Compared with other transgenic animal expression systems (egg white, blood, urine, seminal plasma, and silkworm cocoon), the mammary glands of transgenic animals have enormous potential. Compared with other mammalian species (pig, goat, sheep, and cow) that are currently being studied as bioreactors, rabbits offer many advantages: high fertility, easy generation of transgenic founders and offspring, insensitivity to prion diseases, relatively high milk production, and no transmission of severe diseases to humans. Noticeably, for a small- or medium-sized facility, the rabbit system is ideal to produce up to 50 kg of protein per year, considering both economical and hygienic aspects; rabbits are attractive candidates for the mammary-gland-specific expression of recombinant proteins. We also reviewed recombinant proteins that have been produced by targeted expression in the mammary glands of rabbits and discussed the limitations of transgenic animal bioreactors.
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González-León, Ezequiel, and Martha Patricia Ramírez-Pinilla. "The mental gland of Bolitoglossa nicefori (Caudata: Plethodontidae)." Amphibia-Reptilia 30, no. 4 (2009): 561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853809789647013.
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AbstractThe mental gland of the plethodontid salamander Bolitoglossa nicefori was examined by macroscopic observation and light microscopy and compared with morphological descriptions of other species of Plethodontidae. The mental gland is an oval shaped pad which develops exclusively in reproductive males. It is composed of 255 to 710 simple glands of merocrine secretion arranged in a dorso-ventral disposition. The outlets of the glands are spindle-shaped or fusiform. Negative stain reaction for AB and PAS is consistent with results of the glandular components of mental glands from other Plethodontidae. Males of this species produce sperm continuously throughout the year: all examined adult males showed conspicuous mental glands. However, an evident and significant increase in the surface area of the mental gland pad, in the density of the glands, and in the number of tubular glands was observed in the males collected during the breeding season. At the histological level, a slight variation was observed among males in the height and diameter of the simple tubular glands, and significant variation was found in the diameter of the secretory granules. This variation may reflect the fact that, although males potentially can mate during all months of the year, females oviposit seasonally. During this defined season, the hypertrophy of the mental gland is the greatest.
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Ness, Anthony, Doris Zeng, Alsu Kuznetsova, Alicia Otero, Chiye Kim, Kelsey Saboraki, Susan Lingle, et al. "Chronic wasting disease prions in mule deer interdigital glands." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 3, 2022): e0275375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275375.
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Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a geographically expanding, fatal neurodegenerative disease in cervids. The disease can be transmitted directly (animal-animal) or indirectly via infectious prions shed into the environment. The precise mechanisms of indirect CWD transmission are unclear but known sources of the infectious prions that contaminate the environment include saliva, urine and feces. We have previously identified PrPC expression in deer interdigital glands, sac-like exocrine structures located between the digits of the hooves. In this study, we assayed for CWD prions within the interdigital glands of CWD infected deer to determine if they could serve as a source of prion shedding and potentially contribute to CWD transmission. Immunohistochemical analysis of interdigital glands from a CWD-infected female mule deer identified disease-associated PrPCWD within clusters of infiltrating leukocytes adjacent to sudoriferous and sebaceous glands, and within the acrosyringeal epidermis of a sudoriferous gland tubule. Proteinase K-resistant PrPCWD material was amplified by serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) from soil retrieved from between the hoof digits of a clinically affected mule deer. Blinded testing of interdigital glands from 11 mule deer by real-time quake-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) accurately identified CWD-infected animals. The data described suggests that interdigital glands may play a role in the dissemination of CWD prions into the environment, warranting future investigation.
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Luna, María Celeste, Carlos Roberto Vásquez-Almazán, Julian Faivovich, and Andrés Eduardo Brunetti. "Gland composition in sexually dimorphic skin structures of two species of Hylid frogs: Plectrohyla guatemalensis and Ptychohyla hypomykter." Amphibia-Reptilia 40, no. 4 (2019): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-20191221.
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Abstract Secondary sexual characters form a diverse group of traits widely spread in amphibians. Within anurans, the Hylini tribe represents an interesting group to examine the evolution of this type of characters because it has different skin structure modifications, including ventrolateral glands, nuptial pads, and unique swollen upper lips. We analysed the skin gland composition in the upper lip of Plectrohyla guatemalensis and the ventrolateral gland of Ptychohyla hypomykter (Hylidae: Hylinae: Hylini). Each of these species is characterized by a different type of sexually dimorphic skin gland; specialized mucous glands (SMGs) in Pl. guatemalensis and specialized serous glands (SSGs) in Pt. hypomykter. The SMGs conform to the general type of sexually dimorphic skin glands in amphibians, whereas SSGs are very rare. Because SMGs are likely involved in the production of sexual pheromones, their distinctive location and their co-occurrence with other secondary sexual characters like long and pointed maxillary and premaxillary teeth in Pl. guatemalensis suggests that the system used for their delivery may be a distinguishing behavioral feature in this species. The presence of both types of glands in Pt. hypomykter (SMGs in nuptial pads, and SSGs in ventrolateral glands) suggests a different or, at least, a complementary role of these two types of glands during reproduction.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Animal glands"
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Ferreira, Joana Isabel da Silva. "Alterações nas glândulas salivares provocadas por hiperleptinémia em modelo animal." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/14788.
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Nos últimos anos têm surgido estudos sugerindo uma participação de péptidos e hormonas na regulação da secreção salivar. A leptina é um péptido codificado pelo gene ob responsável pela indução de saciedade.
Não se sabe se a ação da leptina nas glândulas salivares é direta ou indireta, mas a existência de recetores para este péptido nas glândulas salivares, aponta no sentido de uma possível regulação direta das glândulas por parte da leptina.
Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo avaliar a existência de alterações nas glândulas salivares induzidas por níveis elevados de leptina circulante. Observaram-se diminuições das áreas dos ácinos serosos e aumentos da atividade enzimática de amílase em individuos hiperleptinémicos. A expressão de recetores de leptina, aparentemente, aumentou nas glândulas submandibulares, com a administração de leptina. Assim, a hiperleptinemia provoca alterações nas glândulas salivares, apontando para um possível papel da leptina na regulação destas estruturas; Changes in salivary glands caused by hyperleptinemia in animal model
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In recent years there some studies suggested an involvement of peptides and hormones in the regulation of salivary secretion. Leptin is a peptide encoded by the ob gene responsible for inducing satiety.
It is unknown whether the action of leptin in the salivary glands is direct or indirect, but the existence of receptors for this peptide in the salivary glands points towards a possible direct regulation of the glands by the leptin.
This work aimed to evaluate the existence of changes in the salivary glands induced by high levels of circulating leptin. Decreases in the areas of serous acini and increases in the enzymatic activity of amylase in hyperleptinemic individuals have been observed. Expression of leptin receptors was increased in the submandibular glands of the animals to which leptin was administered. Thus, hyperleptinemia causes changes in salivary glands, indicating a possible role of leptin in the regulation of these structures.
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Roarty, Kevin Patrick. "The role of TGF-ß and Wnt5a in mammary gland development and tumorigenesis." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2008p/roarty.pdf.
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Persson, Arne. "Mastitis in sows : clinical, bacteriological and cytological examinations in assessing udder health during early lactation and at weaning /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1997. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1997/91-576-5241-4.gif.
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Scott, Gary Terri. "The role of micro-organisms in the production of semiochemicals in the interdigital secretion of the bontebok, Damaliscus pygargus pygargus." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53774.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Bontebok, Damaliscus pygargus pygargus, formerly classified as D. dorcas dorcas, are territorial animals with interdigital glands between the toes of the forelegs. Males regularly defecate on dung heaps, on which they often lie, to communicate with other members of their species. They also communicate by means of visual displays, scent marking and occasionally with scraping or pawing of dung heaps. It is assumed that scent marking with the interdigital secretion serves to define territories frequented by these antelope. These glands secrete a complex mixture of volatile and non-volatile compounds and the volatile compounds in the secretion serve as a chemical signal for other bontebok. It has been suggested that the interdigital secretion is not produced in its final composition by the interdigital gland alone, but that microbial activity is responsible for many of the compounds present in the secretion. In general, many compounds can be attributed to the by-products of microbial hydrolysis of triglycerides, a common characteristic of sebum. It is well documented that micro-organisms inhabit the deep recesses of sebaceous glands and the presence of micro-organisms has been found to be consistent in all antelope exocrine glandular areas. This study involved the chemical characterisation of the volatile metabolites produced in vitro by micro-organisms from the interdigital cavity of the bontebok. Various comparative studies were made, one of which was comparison of the metabolites produced by the individual microbial species as well as the total community of bacteria incubated in different media. A comparison of the compounds identified in the interdigital secretion and the metabolites produced by the micro-organisms in the different media was also made. The volatile metabolite extracts of the individual bacterial species and of the total community were chemically characterised by low-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Classes of compounds identified from the volatile metabolite extracts include: • Acids - Aliphatic (saturated and unsaturated) • Alcohols - Aliphatic (saturated and unsaturated) • Aldehydes - Aliphatic (saturated and unsaturated) • Aromatic compounds • Ketones - Aliphatic (saturated and unsaturated) • Pyrazines • Dimethyldisulphide • Squalene and cholesterol Several qualitative differences were found between the compounds identified in the volatile metabolite extracts of the micro-organisms when incubated in tryptic soy broth (TSB) and minimal salt medium (MSM). In particular, when the microbes were incubated in TSB medium a number of pyrazines were found that were not present when utilising MSM as a medium. Additional qualitative differences were found between the compounds identified in the metabolite extracts of the individual bacterial species and the total community of bacteria, when incubated in both TSB and MSM media. A comparison of the interdigital secretion and the metabolite extracts of the microbial communities incubated in TSB and MSM revealed that many compounds produced in MSM corresponded to the compounds identified in the interdigital secretion. These corresponding compounds were found to be saturated and unsaturated acids, aldehydes and squalene. Furthermore, there was only one corresponding compound in the case of TSB as medium.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die bontebok, Damaliscus pygargus pygargus, voorheen geklassifiseer as D. dorcas dorcas, is 'n territoriale dier met interdigitale kliere tussen die kloutjies van die voorpote. Ramme ontlas gereeld op mishope, waarop hulle dikwels lê, om met ander lede van die spesie te kommunikeer. Hulle kommunikeer ook deur middel van visuele seine, reukmerking en soms deur mishope met die voorpote te kap of te skraap. Reukmerking met die interdigitale afskeiding dien klaarblyklik om gebiede wat deur hierdie diere bewoon word, af te baken. Die interdigitale kliere skei 'n komplekse mengsel van vlugtige en nie-vlugtige verbindings af en die vlugtige verbindings dien as chemiese sein vir ander bontebokke. Die vermoede bestaan dat die interdigitale klier nie alleen verantwoordelik is vir die finale samestelling van die interdigitale afskeiding nie, maar dat mikrobiese aktiwiteit bydra tot die produksie van baie van die verbindings wat in die afskeiding aanwesig is. Sekere verbindings kan in die algemeen toegeskryf word aan die vorming van die neweprodukte van mikrobiese hidrolise van trigliseriede, 'n algemene eienskap van sebum. Dit is bekend dat die diep holtes van vetkliere 'n goeie teelaarde is vir mikroorganismes en daar is gevind dat mikroorganismes feitlik deurgaans voorkom in alle anteloop eksokriene klierareas. Hierdie studie behels die chemiese karakterisering van die vlugtige metaboliete wat in vitro deur mikroorganismes van die interdigitale klierholte van die bontebok geproduseer word. Verskeie vergelykende studies is uitgevoer waarvan een die vergelyking was van die metaboliete wat deur die individuele mikrobiese spesies sowel as die totale gemeenskap van bakterieë geproduseer word tydens inkubasie in verskillende media. Vergelyking van die verbindings wat in die interdigitale afskeiding geïdentifiseer is met die metaboliete wat in verskillende media geproduseer is, het ook deel van die studie uitgemaak. Die vlugtige metaboliet ekstrakte van die individuele bakteriese spesies en van die totale gemeenskap is chemies gekarakteriseer deur middel van laeresolusie gaschromatografie-massaspektrometrie. Die volgende groepe verbindings is onder andere in die vlugtige metaboliet ekstrakte geïdentifiseer: • Sure - Alifaties (versadig en onversadig) • Alkohole - Alifaties (versadig en onversadig) • Aldehiede - Alifaties (versadig en onversadig) • Aromatiese verbindings • Ketone - Alifaties (versadig en onversadig) • Pirasiene • Dimetieldisulfied • Skwaleen en cholesterol Verskeie kwalitatiewe verskille is gevind tussen die verbindings wat geïdentifiseer is in die vlugtige metaboliet ekstrakte van die mikroorganismes onderskeidelik in TSB medium en MSM geïnkubeer. Opvallend was byvoorbeeld die voorkoms van pirasiene in gevalle waar mikroorganismes in TSB medium geïnkubeer is, terwyl hierdie groep verbindings afwesig was wanneer MSM gebruik is. Onderlinge kwalitatiewe verskille is ook gevind tussen die verbindings wat geïdentifiseer is in die metaboliet ekstrakte van die individuele bakteriese spesies en die totale gemeenskap van bakterieë, wanneer in TSB medium sowel as in MSM geïnkubeer is. Vergelyking van die verbindings in die interdigitale afskeiding en in die metaboliet ekstrakte van die mikrobiese gemeenskappe, het getoon dat 'n aantal verbindings wat in MSM geproduseer is, ooreenstem met verbindings wat in die interdigitale afskeiding geïdentifiseer is. Daar is gevind dat hierdie verbindings versadigde en onversadigde sure en aldehiede en skwaleen is. Met TSB as medium was daar slegs een ooreenstemmende verbinding.
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Zabaras, Regina, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and of Science Food and Horticulture School. "The evolution of semiochemicals in Australian marsupials." THESIS_CSTE_SFH_Zabaras_R.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/759.
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The aim of this project was to study the nature and relative proportion of the volatile components in the sternal-gland secretions obtained from a wide range of Australian marsupials.The results obtained were then used to investigate the evolution of semiochemicals in Australian marsupials by using the current phylogenetic tree as a template.The initial part of the study was dedicated to the investigation of some of the techniques available for the sampling and analysis of gland secretions. Individuals from 8 families within the Marsupialia and 1 family from the Monotremata were sampled over an 18 month period.The obtained results were then subjected to multivariate statistical analysis followed by cladistic analysis.In several species the secretion composition was found to be affected by the breeding status of individuals for both genders.Many other factors such as animal-age, hierarchical status, diet,and lifestyle were also observed to affect the secretion composition. Finally, cladistic analysis demonstrated the differences in the levels of divergence at the species, familial and ordinal levels and highlighted secretion components that could be used to differentiate between super families, species and even sexual status of individuals.Master of Science (Hons)
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Zabaras, Regina. "The evolution of semiochemicals in Australian marsupials." Thesis, View thesis View thesis, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/759.
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The aim of this project was to study the nature and relative proportion of the volatile components in the sternal-gland secretions obtained from a wide range of Australian marsupials.The results obtained were then used to investigate the evolution of semiochemicals in Australian marsupials by using the current phylogenetic tree as a template.The initial part of the study was dedicated to the investigation of some of the techniques available for the sampling and analysis of gland secretions. Individuals from 8 families within the Marsupialia and 1 family from the Monotremata were sampled over an 18 month period.The obtained results were then subjected to multivariate statistical analysis followed by cladistic analysis.In several species the secretion composition was found to be affected by the breeding status of individuals for both genders.Many other factors such as animal-age, hierarchical status, diet,and lifestyle were also observed to affect the secretion composition. Finally, cladistic analysis demonstrated the differences in the levels of divergence at the species, familial and ordinal levels and highlighted secretion components that could be used to differentiate between super families, species and even sexual status of individuals.
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Flores, Demetrio Laruta. "Biochemical Components in the Secretion of the Bulb Urethral Glands of Llama (Lama Glama) in Three Ages." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2002. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5361.
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The present study was performed in the Zoo-Technical Engineering department of the Tiahuanaco Rural Academic Unit of the Bolivian Catholic University. The biochemical components of the secretions produced by the bulb urethral glands of male llama that were studied are glucose, inorganic phosphorus, creatinine, total proteins, albumin, total lipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Spectrophotometer standardized techniques were used in nine animals of three, four, and five years of age from communities of the Ingavi province. Groups comprised of three animals each were selected by age criteria. After dissecting and separating the pelvic urethra, gland secretion was obtained by finger pressure. The process was made after beneficiating the animals. The bulb urethral gland secretions present a white color and a hard viscous consistency. The results of biochemical analysis in the three ages are as follows : glucose 535.79 mg/dl; inorganic phosphorus 30.67 mg/dl; creatinine 25.34 mg/dl; total proteins 11.78 g/dl; albumin, 8.596 g/dl; total lipids 1022.55 mg/dl; cholesterol 168.83 mg/dl; and triglycerides, 605.10 mg/dl. Animal age significantly influences on the concentrations of glucose, creatinine, and total lipids with a probability of (p>= 0.05). Animal age has no influence over the concentrations of inorganic phosphorus, total proteins, albumin, cholesterol, and triglycerides with a probability of (p<= 0.05).
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Hedengran, Faulds Malin. "Estrogen receptor signalling in mammary epithelial cells /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7349-936-6/.
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Teshima, Tathyane Harumi Nakajima. "Investigação da atividade apoptótica na abertura luminal dos ductos das glândulas salivares: análise comparativa entre modelo animal e humano." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23139/tde-24052016-164518/.
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As glândulas salivares são estruturas essenciais para a manutenção da homeostase da cavidade oral pela síntese e secreção do fluido salivar. A disfunção ou perda permanente das glândulas salivares causadas por radioterapia, doenças inflamatórias ou desordens congênitas elevam principalmente o risco de infecções da mucosa oral e de estruturas dentárias, além de potencialmente prejudicar funções fisiológicas como fala, mastigação e paladar, diretamente interferindo na qualidade de vida dos indivíduos afetados. Os tratamentos atualmente disponíveis são apenas paliativos, ressaltando a necessidade de se compreender melhor os processos embriogênicos a fim de desenvolver novas estratégias terapêuticas capazes de regenerar as glândulas salivares. O princípio da formação das glândulas salivares baseia-se na coordenação de diversos processos morfogenéticos, e este trabalho foca particularmente em investigar a formação do espaço luminal do sistema de ductos, uma vez que a adequada abertura dos lumens é um processo essencial para a secreção salivar. Relata-se que a remoção das células centrais dos cordões sólidos epiteliais por morte celular apoptótica é o principal mecanismo de abertura do espaço luminal dos futuros ductos glandulares em camundongos. Porém, pouco se sabe sobre o controle temporal da apoptose durante o desenvolvimento glandular e sobre seu comportamento em glândulas salivares humanas. Neste trabalho, o perfil de expressão de diversas proteínas envolvidas na cascata apoptótica em glândulas salivares fetais humanas foi analisado de acordo com cada estágio morfogenético por imunoistoquímica (Bax, Bak, Bad, Bid, Bcl-2, Bcl-x, Bcl-xL, caspase-3 clivada, caspases-6, -7 e -9, apaf-1, survivina e citocromo c). As análises semi-qualitativas resultaram em negatividade apenas para as proteínas Bcl-2, Bad, Bid e caspase-3 clivada em todas as fases de desenvolvimento. A expressão nuclear de Bax e Bak foi identificada em presumidos espaços luminais em estágios precoces, enquanto Bcl-xL foi o fator antiapoptótico da família Bcl-2 que exibiu expressão nuclear mais importante. Caspases-6, -7 e -9 foram positivas em todas as fases, e a ausência de caspase-3 clivada sugere caspase-7 como principal caspase efetora da apoptose em desenvolvimento de glândulas salivares humanas. Ambos os componentes do complexo apoptossomo foram positivos durante o desenvolvimento glandular, e o inibidor survivina demonstrou mais positividade nuclear em estágios mais avançados. Ao observar a expressão de reguladores apoptóticos durante o desenvolvimento glandular humano, foram realizados experimentos funcionais com culturas de tecido glandular de camundongos para avaliar o papel das caspases durante a formação desta estrutura. Inicialmente detectou-se a atividade apoptótica em glândulas salivares de camundongos albinos no centro dos cordões epiteliais primários a partir de estágios precoces de desenvolvimento através de TUNEL e caspase-3 clivada. A partir disso, foi realizada a inibição apoptótica funcional in vitro durante o mesmo período, que resultou em ductos significativamente mais amplos e em defeitos morfológicos importantes nas estruturas luminal e acinar. Este trabalho evidenciou portanto atividade apoptótica durante a formação de glândulas salivares humanas e de camundongo, expressando-se em fases mais precoces do que reportadas anteriormente. Além disso, a ausência de Bad e Bid indica que a via intrínseca está mais ativa que a extrínseca, e distintos perfis de expressão da maioria das moléculas sugere adicionais funções não-apoptóticas durante a morfogênese glandular.Salivary glands are essential structures for the maintenance of homeostasis of the oral cavity by synthesizing and secreting saliva. Permanent dysfunction or loss of salivary glands caused by radiotherapies, inflammatory diseases or congenital disorders increase mainly the risk of infections of the oral mucosa and tooth surface, also impairing physiological functions as speech, mastication and taste, directly interfering in quality of life. Current treatments are only palliative-based, which highlights the need of having a better understanding of embryonic processes to develop therefore new therapeutic strategies able to regenerate salivary glands. The development of glandular secretory units and ductal system involves the coordination of several morphogenetic processes, and this study particularly focuses in investigating the formation of the lumenal space of the ductal system, as the proper lumen opening is an essential step for the salivary secretion. The clearance of the central cells of developing solid epithelial stalks by apoptotic cell death is the main mechanism of lumen space opening within presumptive ducts in mouse salivary glands. However little is known about its temporal regulation and its function in human salivary glands. Here we analysed the profile expression of several apoptosis-related proteins during human salivary gland development in correlation to each morphogenetic stage by immunohistochemistry (Bax, Bak, Bad, Bid, Bcl-2, Bclx, Bcl-xL, cleaved caspase-3, caspases-6, -7 e -9, apaf-1, survivin e citocromo c). Immunohistochemical results were analysed semi-qualitatively, and proteins Bcl-2, Bad, Bid and cleaved caspase-3 were considered completely negative at all stages of development. The nuclear expression of Bax and Bak were observed within the presumptive luminal spaces at early stages, while Bcl-xL was the antiapoptotic factor of Bcl-2 family that showed more prominent nuclear expression. Caspases-6, -7 and -9 were positive at all stages, and the absence of cleaved caspase-3 suggests caspase-7 as the main effector caspase during human salivary gland development. Both components of the apoptosome complex were also positive through all development, and the inhibitor of apoptosis survivin has shown more nuclear positivity at later stages. As the expression of apoptotic regulators was observed during human salivary gland development, functional experiments were then performed in mouse salivary gland cultures to determine the apoptotic activity of during the glandular formation. Initially, the apoptotic activity was detected in mouse salivary glands within the centre of primary epithelial stalks from early stages of development by TUNEL and cleaved caspase-3. Thus the in vitro apoptotic inhibition was performed at the same stages, which resulted in significant wider ducts and important morphological defects within luminal and acinar structures. This work has therefore evidenced the existence of apoptotic role in salivary gland lumen formation of both human and mouse models, having an earlier start point as reported before. Moreover, the absence of Bad and Bid indicates that the intrinsic pathway is more active than the extrinsic during human development, and the distinct subcellular expression of most molecules suggests additional non-apoptotic functions.
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Zabaras, Regina. "The evolution of semiochemicals in Australian marsupials." View thesis View thesis, 2003. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030402.151527/index.html.
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Thesis (M.Sc. (Hons.)) -- University of Western Sydney, 2003."A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Honours), College of Science, Technology and the Environment, University of Western Sydney ... January, 2003" Bibliography : leaves 142-150.
Books on the topic "Animal glands"
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Slime, poop, and other wacky animal defenses. Mankato, Minn: Capstone Press, 2012.
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P, Schreibman Martin, and Scanes C. G, eds. Development, maturation, and senescence of neuroendocrine systems: A comparative approach. San Diego: Academic Press, 1989.
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Kanō, Yasuhiko. Masutomisu no zenritsusen oyobi nyūsen ni oyobosu horumon to shōyaku no eikyō. Kanagawa-ken Kawasaki-shi: Meiji Daigaku Kagaku Gijutsu Kenkyūjo, 1991., 1991.
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O'Connell, Fiona Claire. Morphology and gene expression in the postnatal mouse mammary gland. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1997.
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Numan, Michael. The neurobiology of parental behavior. New York: Springer, 2003.
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1951-, Insel Thomas R., ed. The neurobiology of parental behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2003.
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Dick, Spencer. Glass animals: Including animal & figural related items : identification & values. 2nd ed. Paducah, Ky: Collector Books, 2004.
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Rosen, Paul Peter. Tumors of the mammary gland. Washington, D.C: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1993.
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Rosen, Paul Peter. Tumors of the mammary gland. Washington, D.C: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1993.
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K, Ganjam V., ed. Clinical endocrinology of companion animals. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1986.
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Pérez, Jonathan H., and Jesse S. Krause. "Thyroid and Adrenal Glands." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_431-1.
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Pérez, Jonathan H., and Jesse S. Krause. "Thyroid and Adrenal Glands." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 6978–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_431.
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Preziosi, Paolo. "Endocrine glands, neuroendocrinology and animal experimentation." In The Importance of Animal Experimentation for Safety and Biomedical Research, 71–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1904-4_9.
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Constantinescu, Gheorghe M. "Anatomy of Mammalian (Endocrine) Glands Controlling the Reproduction." In Animal Models and Human Reproduction, 59–64. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118881286.ch2.
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Rutteman, G. R., and P. G. van Ooijen. "Mammary glands." In Medical History and Physical Examination in Companion Animals, 168–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0459-3_16.
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Rijnberk, A., and B. E. Belshaw. "Endocrine glands." In Medical History and Physical Examination in Companion Animals, 263–71. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0459-3_21.
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Ghosh, Shampa, Shantanu Durgvanshi, Shreya Agarwal, and Jitendra Kumar Sinha. "Pituitary Gland." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_654-1.
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Ghosh, Shampa, Shantanu Durgvanshi, Shreya Agarwal, and Jitendra Kumar Sinha. "Pituitary Gland." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 5293–300. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_654.
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Rosol, Thomas J., and Donald J. Meuten. "Tumors of the Endocrine Glands." In Tumors in Domestic Animals, 766–833. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119181200.ch18.
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Capen, C. C. "Tumors of the Endocrine Glands." In Tumors in Domestic Animals, 607–96. Ames, Iowa, USA: Iowa State Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470376928.ch13.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Animal glands"
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Khlebalina, A. S., and A. M. Lunegov. "Antiseptic-stimulator dorogova as an effective basis for the development of new methods for the treatment of animals." In SPbVetScience. FSBEI HE St. Petersburg SUVM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/3006-2022-7-84-93.
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The article presents data on the use and study of Dorogov's antiseptic-stimulator in various dosage forms. The results of the use of ASD-2F in animal husbandry, pig breeding and poultry farming showed a stimulating effect on the motor function of the gastrointestinal tract, the secretion of the digestive glands, and an increase in the activity of digestive and tissue enzymes. And also Dorogov's antiseptic stimulant has a regulatory effect on the immune and endocrine systems, increases metabolism, reserve blood alkalinity, tissue regeneration processes, when using atraumatic dressings in the treatment of lacerations in cows, bulls and dogs.
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Zhulinska, O. S. "Mammary gland diseases study level in sheep of Ascanian selection." In Current problems of modern animal husbandry. �������� ������������ �������� ������ "������-����" - ������������ ����������-���������� ����� � ���������, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33694/978-966-1550-33-8-2021-0-0-70-72.
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Cruz-Monserrate, Zobeida, Baoan Ji, Adel K. El-Naggar, and Craig D. Logsdon. "Abstract 2357: Novel transgenic animal model of salivary gland tumors." In Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-2357.
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Wolken, Jerome J. "The design of an optical scope for the visually impaired." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.tus6.
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In search of innovative optical systems, I have turned to the eye structure of rare, deep sea animals that live at depths of 200500 m, where the light is limited and comes primarily from bioluminescence. Eyes have considerable inventiveness in their optical design among these marine animals. In the crustacean copepod copilia the eye has a biconvex lens (L1) and, at some distance away, an aspherical lens (L2), a telescopic eye. The shape of the L2 lens is optimized for light collection and acts like a fiber-optic bundle. The focal point of the optics is a small area of the retina. The retina rapidly moves back and forth, and the organism's eye scans much like the electron beam scans a television screen. The animal's eye structure was modeled, and lenses L1 and L2 (glass and polymers) were shaped into the calculated curvatures and geometry. The focal lengths of the lenses were determined and fitted into an optical scope. The scope was tested for imaging of near, far, and moving objects. Sharp images were obtained from 25 cm to infinity at relatively low light levels. Tests of prototype scopes indicate that they have application for the visually impaired, and the lens L2 can be adapted for optical scanning, photography, and solar energy collection.
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Pangerang, Utama Kurnia, Sjamsu Alam Lawelle, Latifa Fekri, Muhammad Idris, and Jumadi Lolon Marthen. "Diversity of Eel (Glass Eel) Based on Morphometric Measurements in the Konaweha River, Southeast Sulawesi." In International Conference on Improving Tropical Animal Production for Food Security (ITAPS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220309.095.
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Salem, Y. O., A. Nachab, C. Roy, and A. Nourreddine. "Personal fast neutrons dosimetry using radiophotoluminescent glass." In 2013 3rd International Conference on Advancements in Nuclear Instrumentation, Measurement Methods and their Applications (ANIMMA). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/animma.2013.6727897.
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Vizioli, Jacopo, Pierre-Eric Sautière, Catherine Delbende, Bernard Deleplanque, and Bernard Mikolajczyk. "Photo 3D technology applied to e-Learning tools production for animal biology." In Fifth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head19.2019.9225.
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The teachers from the Biology Department of the University of Lille have been developing for the last two years, a digitalization program of naturalist collections. This project aims to preserve this scientific heritage and to use it for animal and plant biology teaching. Specimens are digitalized by a photo 3D capture system, that produces a 360° and/or hemispheric images of the objects starting from high-resolution pictures. Based on the use of this particular imaging technology, teachers realized multimedia eBooks and a series of files “at the glance“ for practical works in animal biology for Bachelor students in Life Sciences. These supports, enriched by graphic complements, texts, legends and interactive animations, are available on the pedagogic platform Moodle. These digital tools are viewable on computers and can be handled on smartphones and tablets for a nomad utilisation. Students generally consider these supports useful for learning and they consult these resources before, during and after the practical sessions. This distance-learning approach gives the students a complete autonomy for practical session preparation and reviews. The innovative tools here presented constitute a useful learning complement to classical academic lectures in animal biology.
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Schimpf, A., F. Canto, D. Bucci, A. Magnaldo, L. Couston, and J. E. Broquin. "Microfluidics and integrated optics glass sensor for in-line microprobing of nuclear samples." In 2011 2nd International Conference on Advancements in Nuclear Instrumentation, Measurement Methods and their Applications (ANIMMA). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/animma.2011.6172925.
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Masedunskas, Andrius, and Roberto Weigert. "Internalization of fluorescent dextrans in the submandibular salivary glands of live animals: a study combining intravital two-photon microscopy and second harmonic generation." In Biomedical Optics (BiOS) 2008, edited by Ammasi Periasamy and Peter T. C. So. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.768051.
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Dunn, Barbara K., Vernon E. Steele, Carol F. Topp, Richard M. Fagerstrom, and Barnett S. Kramer. "Abstract P5-11-06: Understanding predictive values of short-term morphologic assays of cancer chemoprevention for efficacy in animal mammary gland tumor assays." In Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; December 9-13, 2014; San Antonio, TX. American Association for Cancer Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs14-p5-11-06.
Full textReports on the topic "Animal glands"
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Weller, Joel I., Harris A. Lewin, and Micha Ron. Determination of Allele Frequencies for Quantitative Trait Loci in Commercial Animal Populations. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586473.bard.
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Individual loci affecting economic traits in dairy cattle (ETL) have been detected via linkage to genetic markers by application of the granddaughter design in the US population and the daughter design in the Israeli population. From these analyses it is not possible to determine allelic frequencies in the population at large, or whether the same alleles are segregating in different families. We proposed to answer this question by application of the "modified granddaughter design", in which granddaughters with a common maternal grandsire are both genotyped and analyzed for the economic traits. The objectives of the proposal were: 1) to fine map three segregating ETL previously detected by a daughter design analysis of the Israeli dairy cattle population; 2) to determine the effects of ETL alleles in different families relative to the population mean; 3) for each ETL, to determine the number of alleles and allele frequencies. The ETL on Bostaurusautosome (BT A) 6 chiefly affecting protein concentration was localized to a 4 cM chromosomal segment centered on the microsatellite BM143 by the daughter design. The modified granddaughter design was applied to a single family. The frequency of the allele increasing protein percent was estimated at 0.63+0.06. The hypothesis of equal allelic frequencies was rejected at p<0.05. Segregation of this ETL in the Israeli population was confirmed. The genes IBSP, SPP1, and LAP3 located adjacent to BM143 in the whole genome cattle- human comparative map were used as anchors for the human genome sequence and bovine BAC clones. Fifteen genes within 2 cM upstream of BM143 were located in the orthologous syntenic groups on HSA4q22 and HSA4p15. Only a single gene, SLIT2, was located within 2 cM downstream of BM143 in the orthologous HSA4p15 region. The order of these genes, as derived from physical mapping of BAC end sequences, was identical to the order within the orthologous syntenic groups on HSA4: FAM13A1, HERC3. CEB1, FLJ20637, PP2C-like, ABCG2, PKD2. SPP, MEP, IBSP, LAP3, EG1. KIAA1276, HCAPG, MLR1, BM143, and SLIT2. Four hundred and twenty AI bulls with genetic evaluations were genotyped for 12 SNPs identified in 10 of these genes, and for BM143. Seven SNPs displayed highly significant linkage disequilibrium effects on protein percentage (P<0.000l) with the greatest effect for SPP1. None of SNP genotypes for two sires heterozygous for the ETL, and six sires homozygous for the ETL completely corresponded to the causative mutation. The expression of SPP 1 and ABCG2 in the mammary gland corresponded to the lactation curve, as determined by microarray and QPCR assays, but not in the liver. Anti-sense SPP1 transgenic mice displayed abnormal mammary gland differentiation and milk secretion. Thus SPP 1 is a prime candidate gene for this ETL. We confirmed that DGAT1 is the ETL segregating on BTA 14 that chiefly effects fat concentration, and that the polymorphism is due to a missense mutation in an exon. Four hundred Israeli Holstein bulls were genotyped for this polymorphism, and the change in allelic frequency over the last 20 years was monitored.
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Shpigel, Nahum Y., Ynte Schukken, and Ilan Rosenshine. Identification of genes involved in virulence of Escherichia coli mastitis by signature tagged mutagenesis. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699853.bard.
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Mastitis, an inflammatory response of the mammary tissue to invading pathogenic bacteria, is the largest health problem in the dairy industry and is responsible for multibillion dollar economic losses. E. coli are a leading cause of acute mastitis in dairy animals worldwide and certainly in Israel and North America. The species E. coli comprises a highly heterogeneous group of pathogens, some of which are commensal residents of the gut, infecting the mammary gland after contamination of the teat skin from the environment. As compared to other gut microflora, mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC) may have undergone evolutionary adaptations that improve their fitness for colonization of the unique and varied environmental niches found within the mammary gland. These niches include competing microbes already present or accompanying the new colonizer, soluble and cellular antimicrobials in milk, and the innate immune response elicited by mammary cells and recruited immune cells. However, to date, no specific virulence factors have been identified in E. coli isolates associated with mastitis. The original overall research objective of this application was to develop a genome-wide, transposon-tagged mutant collection of MPEC strain P4 and to use this technology to identify E. coli genes that are specifically involved in mammary virulence and pathogenicity. In the course of the project we decided to take an alternative genome-wide approach and to use whole genomes bioinformatics analysis. Using genome sequencing and analysis of six MPEC strains, our studies have shown that type VI secretion system (T6SS) gene clusters were present in all these strains. Furthermore, using unbiased screening of MPEC strains for reduced colonization, fitness and virulence in the murine mastitis model, we have identified in MPEC P4-NR a new pathogenicity island (PAI-1) encoding the core components of T6SS and its hallmark effectors Hcp, VgrG and Rhs. Next, we have shown that specific deletions of T6SS genes reduced colonization, fitness and virulence in lactating mouse mammary glands. Our long-term goal is to understand the molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions in the mammary gland and to relate these mechanisms to disease processes and pathogenesis. We have been able to achieve our research objectives to identify E. coli genes that are specifically involved in mammary virulence and pathogenicity. The project elucidated a new basic concept in host pathogen interaction of MPEC, which for the best of our knowledge was never described or investigated before. This research will help us to shed new light on principles behind the infection strategy of MPEC. The new targets now enable prevalence and epidemiology studies of T6SS in field strains of MPEC which might unveil new geographic, management and ecological risk factors. These will contribute to development of new approaches to treat and prevent mastitis by MPEC and perhaps other mammary pathogens. The use of antibiotics in farm animals and specifically to treat mastitis is gradually precluded and thus new treatment and prevention strategies are needed. Effective mastitis vaccines are currently not available, structural components and effectors of T6SS might be new targets for the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics.
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Barash, Itamar, J. Mina Bissell, Alexander Faerman, and Moshe Shani. Modification of Milk Composition via Transgenesis: The Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Regulating Transgene Expression. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570558.bard.
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Altering milk composition via transgenesis depends on three main factors. (1) The availability of an efficient regulatory sequences for targeting transgene(s) to the mammary gland; (2) a reliable in vitro model to test the expression of transgenes prior to their introduction to the animal genome; and (3) better understanding of the major factors which determine the rate of gene expression and protein synthesis. The current studies provide the necessary means and knowledge to alter milk protein composition via transgenesis. The following specific goals were achieved: a: Identifying regulatory regions in the b-lactoglobulin (BLG) gene and the cross-talk between elements which enabled us to construct an efficient vector for the expression of desirable cDNA's in the mammary gland. b: The establishment of a sheep mammary cell line that serves as a model for the analysis of endogenous and exogenous milk protein synthesis in the mammary gland of livestock. c: An accurate comparison of the potency of the 5' regulatory sequences from the BLG and whey acidic protein (WAP) promoters in directing the expression of human serum albumin (HSA) to the mammary gland in vitro and in vivo. In this study we have also shown that sequences within the coding region may determine a specific pattern of expression for the transgene, distinct from that of the native milk protein genes. d: Characterizing the dominant role of ECM in transgene expression in mammary epithelial cells. e: Further characterization of the BCE-1 enhancer element in the promoter of the b-casein gene as a binding site for the c/EBP-b and Stat5. Identifying its interaction with chromatin and its up regulation by inhibitors of histone deacetylation. f: Identifying a mechanism of translational control as a mediator for the synergistic effect of insulin and prolactin on protein synthesis in the mammary gland.
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Matthew, Gray. Data from "Winter is Coming – Temperature Affects Immune Defenses and Susceptibility to Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans". University of Tennessee, Knoxville Libraries, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7290/t7sallfxxe.
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Environmental temperature is a key factor driving various biological processes, including immune defenses and host-pathogen interactions. Here, we evaluated the effects of environmental temperature on the pathogenicity of the emerging fungus, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), using controlled laboratory experiments, and measured components of host immune defense to identify regulating mechanisms. We found that adult and juvenile Notophthalmus viridescens died faster due to Bsal chytridiomycosis at 14 ºC than at 6 and 22 ºC. Pathogen replication rates, total available proteins on the skin, and microbiome composition likely drove these relationships. Temperature-dependent skin microbiome composition in our laboratory experiments matched seasonal trends in wild N. viridescens, adding validity to these results. We also found that hydrophobic peptide production after two months post-exposure to Bsal was reduced in infected animals compared to controls, perhaps due to peptide release earlier in infection or impaired granular gland function in diseased animals. Using our temperature-dependent infection results, we performed a geographic analysis that suggested that N. viridescens populations in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada are at greatest risk for Bsal invasion. Our results indicate that environmental temperature will play a key role in the epidemiology of Bsal and provide evidence that temperature manipulations may be a viable Bsal management strategy.
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Splitter, Gary, and Menachem Banai. Microarray Analysis of Brucella melitensis Pathogenesis. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7709884.bard.
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Original Objectives 1. To determine the Brucella genes that lead to chronic macrophage infection. 2. To identify Brucella genes that contribute to infection. 3. To confirm the importance of Brucella genes in macrophages and placental cells by mutational analysis. Background Brucella spp. is a Gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium that infects ruminants causing abortion or birth of severely debilitated animals. Brucellosis continues in Israel, caused by B. melitensis despite an intensive eradication campaign. Problems with the Rev1 vaccine emphasize the need for a greater understanding of Brucella pathogenesis that could improve vaccine designs. Virulent Brucella has developed a successful strategy for survival in its host and transmission to other hosts. To invade the host, virulent Brucella establishes an intracellular niche within macrophages avoiding macrophage killing, ensuring its long-term survival. Then, to exit the host, Brucella uses placenta where it replicates to high numbers resulting in abortion. Also, Brucella traffics to the mammary gland where it is secreted in milk. Missing from our understanding of brucellosis is the surprisingly lillie basic information detailing the mechanisms that permit bacterial persistence in infected macrophages (chronic infection) and dissemination to other animals from infected placental cells and milk (acute infection). Microarray analysis is a powerful approach to determine global gene expression in bacteria. The close genomic similarities of Brucella species and our recent comparative genomic studies of Brucella species using our B. melitensis microarray, suqqests that the data obtained from studying B. melitensis 16M would enable understanding the pathogenicity of other Brucella organisms, particularly the diverse B. melitensis variants that confound Brucella eradication in Israel. Conclusions Results from our BARD studies have identified previously unknown mechanisms of Brucella melitensis pathogenesis- i.e., response to blue light, quorum sensing, second messenger signaling by cyclic di-GMP, the importance of genomic island 2 for lipopolysaccharide in the outer bacterial membrane, and the role of a TIR domain containing protein that mimics a host intracellular signaling molecule. Each one of these pathogenic mechanisms offers major steps in our understanding of Brucella pathogenesis. Strikingly, our molecular results have correlated well to the pathognomonic profile of the disease. We have shown that infected cattle do not elicit antibodies to the organisms at the onset of infection, in correlation to the stealth pathogenesis shown by a molecular approach. Moreover, our field studies have shown that Brucella exploit this time frame to transmit in nature by synchronizing their life cycle to the gestation cycle of their host succumbing to abortion in the last trimester of pregnancy that spreads massive numbers of organisms in the environment. Knowing the bacterial mechanisms that contribute to the virulence of Brucella in its host has initiated the agricultural opportunities for developing new vaccines and diagnostic assays as well as improving control and eradication campaigns based on herd management and linking diagnosis to the pregnancy status of the animals. Scientific and Agricultural Implications Our BARD funded studies have revealed important Brucella virulence mechanisms of pathogenesis. Our publication in Science has identified a highly novel concept where Brucella utilizes blue light to increase its virulence similar to some plant bacterial pathogens. Further, our studies have revealed bacterial second messengers that regulate virulence, quorum sensing mechanisms permitting bacteria to evaluate their environment, and a genomic island that controls synthesis of its lipopolysaccharide surface. Discussions are ongoing with a vaccine company for application of this genomic island knowledge in a Brucella vaccine by the U.S. lab. Also, our new technology of bioengineering bioluminescent Brucella has resulted in a spin-off application for diagnosis of Brucella infected animals by the Israeli lab by prioritizing bacterial diagnosis over serological diagnosis.
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Murray, Chris, Keith Williams, Norrie Millar, Monty Nero, Amy O'Brien, and Damon Herd. A New Palingenesis. University of Dundee, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001273.
Full textAbstract:
Robert Duncan Milne (1844-99), from Cupar, Fife, was a pioneering author of science fiction stories, most of which appeared in San Francisco’s Argonaut magazine in the 1880s and ’90s. SF historian Sam Moskowitz credits Milne with being the first full-time SF writer, and his contribution to the genre is arguably greater than anyone else including Stevenson and Conan Doyle, yet it has all but disappeared into oblivion. Milne was fascinated by science. He drew on the work of Scottish physicists and inventors such as James Clark Maxwell and Alexander Graham Bell into the possibilities of electromagnetic forces and new communications media to overcome distances in space and time. Milne wrote about visual time-travelling long before H.G. Wells. He foresaw virtual ‘tele-presencing’, remote surveillance, mobile phones and worldwide satellite communications – not to mention climate change, scientific terrorism and drone warfare, cryogenics and molecular reengineering. Milne also wrote on alien life forms, artificial immortality, identity theft and personality exchange, lost worlds and the rediscovery of extinct species. ‘A New Palingenesis’, originally published in The Argonaut on July 7th 1883, and adapted in this comic, is a secular version of the resurrection myth. Mary Shelley was the first scientiser of the occult to rework the supernatural idea of reanimating the dead through the mysterious powers of electricity in Frankenstein (1818). In Milne’s story, in which Doctor S- dissolves his terminally ill wife’s body in order to bring her back to life in restored health, is a striking, further modernisation of Frankenstein, to reflect late-nineteenth century interest in electromagnetic science and spiritualism. In particular, it is a retelling of Shelley’s narrative strand about Frankenstein’s aborted attempt to shape a female mate for his creature, but also his misogynistic ambition to bypass the sexual principle in reproducing life altogether. By doing so, Milne interfused Shelley’s updating of the Promethean myth with others. ‘A New Palingenesis’ is also a version of Pygmalion and his male-ordered, wish-fulfilling desire to animate his idealised female sculpture, Galatea from Ovid’s Metamorphoses, perhaps giving a positive twist to Orpheus’s attempt to bring his corpse-bride Eurydice back from the underworld as well? With its basis in spiritualist ideas about the soul as a kind of electrical intelligence, detachable from the body but a material entity nonetheless, Doctor S- treats his wife as an ‘intelligent battery’. He is thus able to preserve her personality after death and renew her body simultaneously because that captured electrical intelligence also carries a DNA-like code for rebuilding the individual organism itself from its chemical constituents. The descriptions of the experiment and the body’s gradual re-materialisation are among Milne’s most visually impressive, anticipating the X-raylike anatomisation and reversal of Griffin’s disappearance process in Wells’s The Invisible Man (1897). In the context of the 1880s, it must have been a compelling scientisation of the paranormal, combining highly technical descriptions of the Doctor’s system of electrically linked glass coffins with ghostly imagery. It is both dramatic and highly visual, even cinematic in its descriptions, and is here brought to life in the form of a comic.