Academic literature on the topic 'Animal-free methodology'
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Journal articles on the topic "Animal-free methodology"
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JONES, SHUNA A., ROBERT S. SALTER, TIM GOLDSMITH, JULIO QUINTANA, PAUL RAPNICKI, KAREN SHUCK, JIM E. WELLS, MARILYN J. SCHNEIDER, and DEE GRIFFIN. "Development and Model Testing of Antemortem Screening Methodology To Predict Required Drug Withholds in Heifers†." Journal of Food Protection 77, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-267.
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A simple, cow-side test for the presence of drug residues in live animal fluids would provide useful information for tissue drug residue avoidance programs. This work describes adaptation and evaluation of rapid screening tests to detect drug residues in serum and urine. Medicated heifers had urine, serum, and tissue biopsy samples taken while on drug treatment. Samples were tested by rapid methods and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The adapted microbial inhibition method, kidney inhibition swab test, was useful in detecting sulfadimethoxine in serum, and its response correlated with the prescribed withdrawal time for the drug, 5 to 6 days posttreatment. The lateral flow screening method for flunixin and beta-lactams, adapted for urine, was useful in predicting flunixin in liver detected by HPLC, 96 h posttreatment. The same adapted methods were not useful to detect ceftiofur in serum or urine due to a lack of sensitivity at the levels of interest. These antemortem screening test studies demonstrated that the method selected, and the sampling matrix chosen (urine or serum), will depend on the drug used and should be based on animal treatment history if available. The live animal tests demonstrated the potential for verification that an individual animal is free of drug residues before sale for human consumption.
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Haggarty, Paul. "Quantifying the free living energy exchanges of Arctic ungulates with stable isotopes." Rangifer 20, no. 2-3 (March 1, 2000): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.20.2-3.1480.
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When natural diets meet an animal's requirement for energy, other essential nutrients will usually be supplied in amounts at least sufficient for survival. Knowledge of the energy requirements of free ranging species under typical conditions are important in assessing both their nutritional needs and their ecological impact. The doubly labelled water (DLW) method is currently the most promising objective field methodology for estimating free living energy expenditure but expenditure is only equal to the energy requirement when an animal is in energy balance. Reproduction and seasonal cycles of fat deposition and utilization represent significant components of the energy budget of arctic ungulates but the information gained in the course of a typical DLW study may be used to estimate processes such as milk output and fat storage and mobilization in order to predict requirements from expenditure. The DLW method has been exhaustively validated under highly controlled conditions and the introduction of innovations such as faecal sampling for the estimation of body water isotopic enrichment, the availability of appropriate correction factors and stoichiometrics for known sources of error, and iterative calculation of unknown parameters, have produced a methodology suitable for use in truly free ranging species. The few studies carried out so far in arctic ungulates indicate that previous predictions have generally underestimated the true level of expenditure, that there is considerable between animal variation in the level of expenditure and that this is largely determined by physical activity. The disadvantages of the DLW methodology are that it remains expensive and the isotope analysis is technically demanding. Furthermore, although DLW can provide an accurate value for free living energy expenditure, it is often important to have information on the individual components of expenditure, for example the relative contribution of physical activity and thermoregulatory thermogenesis, in order to interpret the values for overall expenditure. For these reasons the most valuable use of the DLW method in the field may be to validate factorial models and other approaches so that they may be used with confidence. Additional important information on the energy exchanges of free ranging animals may be obtained from other stable isotope methodologies. In addition to the use of the isotopes 2H and lsO in the DLW method, natural variations in the abundance of "C and 15N in the arctic environment may be exploited to study diet selection in truly free living arctic ungulates.
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Pettersson, Isabelle Claire, Claire Alexandra Weeks, Lorna Rachel Maven Wilson, and Christine Janet Nicol. "Consumer perceptions of free-range laying hen welfare." British Food Journal 118, no. 8 (August 1, 2016): 1999–2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-02-2016-0065.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand which factors and resources free-range egg consumers believe are important for hen welfare. Design/methodology/approach – An online survey was distributed via the mailing list of a UK free-range egg brand receiving 6,378 responses. The survey was mostly five-point Likert-scale based. The same survey was also distributed to a group of animal welfare specialists receiving 34 responses. Findings – Respondents bought free-range eggs because hens are “happier” (74.2 per cent) and “healthier” (69.0 per cent) and because they believed such eggs to taste better (57.9 per cent). They rated all the suggested factors that might contribute to hen welfare as “important” or “very important” (on average) but believed outside access and fresh air to be most important. Respondents rated the suitability of resources relating to behavioural needs high (“suitable” or “very suitable”) indoors and shelter as the most suitable outdoors. Consumers differed from welfare specialists in their views on factors contributing to hen welfare, but their views on resource suitability were similar. Research limitations/implications – The sample was biased towards free-range egg consumers who had expressed an interest in a brand marketed as high welfare. Originality/value – This is the first study to ask consumers what they consider to be important for hen welfare and how they think hen welfare can be improved. Because consumers can affect on-farm welfare through their purchasing habits assessing the degree of agreement between consumers and animal welfare specialists is important.
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Isaev, Dmitry. "Hypothermic storage of sturgeon sperm: methodology and ongoing history." Rybovodstvo i rybnoe hozjajstvo (Fish Breeding and Fisheries), no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 64–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-09-2008-06.
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Hypothermic storage of sperm in a liquid state without freezing, without the use of either liquid nitrogen or dry ice as well as special cryological equipment is an interesting and attractive research line in reproductive biology in terms of practical application. Historically, hypothermia is the very first approach to the preservation of genetic material, but, despite this, the methods of hypothermic storage of gametes and embryos have not received proper development and application in animal husbandry, giving way to cryopreservation. One of the main reasons for this is the high species-specific resistance to cold storage. The technologies for hypothermic storage of sperm existing today and recommended for use in fish farming and in sturgeon breeding in particular are still not effective enough and require further improvement. This short review outlines the history of the development of technologies for the hypothermic storage of sturgeon sperm, considers a number of methodological approaches, concepts and ideas behind these developments. The male reproductive system in sturgeons, the structure and physiology of spermatozoa have a number of features that distance them from teleost fishes, but partly relate to amphibians and higher vertebrates. This made it possible to apply to sturgeons some successful approaches and achievements in the development of methods for hypothermic storage of mammalian (mouse and human) sperm. Thus, the most effective and possibly promising approach is partial or complete replacement of seminal plasma with salt-free isotonic solutions based on sugars (oligosaccharides) and albumin. The purpose of this review is to draw the attention of fish farmers and researchers to developments and advances in hypothermic sperm storage.
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Harvey, Andrea M., John M. Morton, David J. Mellor, Vibeke Russell, Rosalie S. Chapple, and Daniel Ramp. "Use of Remote Camera Traps to Evaluate Animal-Based Welfare Indicators in Individual Free-Roaming Wild Horses." Animals 11, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 2101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11072101.
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We previously developed a Ten-Stage Protocol for scientifically assessing the welfare of individual free-roaming wild animals using the Five Domains Model. The protocol includes developing methods for measuring or observing welfare indices. In this study, we assessed the use of remote camera traps to evaluate an extensive range of welfare indicators in individual free-roaming wild horses. Still images and videos were collected and analysed to assess whether horses could be detected and identified individually, which welfare indicators could be reliably evaluated, and whether behaviour could be quantitatively assessed. Remote camera trapping was successful in detecting and identifying horses (75% on still images and 72% on video observation events), across a range of habitats including woodlands where horses could not be directly observed. Twelve indicators of welfare across the Five Domains were assessed with equal frequency on both still images and video, with those most frequently assessable being body condition score (73% and 79% of observation events, respectively), body posture (76% for both), coat condition (42% and 52%, respectively), and whether or not the horse was sweating excessively (42% and 45%, respectively). An additional five indicators could only be assessed on video; those most frequently observable being presence or absence of weakness (66%), qualitative behavioural assessment (60%), presence or absence of shivering (51%), and gait at walk (50%). Specific behaviours were identified in 93% of still images and 84% of video events, and proportions of time different behaviours were captured could be calculated. Most social behaviours were rarely observed, but close spatial proximity to other horses, as an indicator of social bonds, was recorded in 36% of still images, and 29% of video observation events. This is the first study that describes detailed methodology for these purposes. The results of this study can also form the basis of application to other species, which could contribute significantly to advancing the field of wild animal welfare.
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Haseeb Ansari, Abdul, and Sri Wartini. "Application of precautionary principle in international trade law and international environmental law." Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 13, no. 1 (March 11, 2014): 19–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jitlp-04-2013-0006.
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Purpose – The purpose of writing this paper is to present a comparative but critical assessment of the applicability of the precautionary principle (PP) under the SPS Agreement, which is a part of the WTO regime by implication, and under the Cartagena Protocol, which has been made under the Convention on Biological Diversity. Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents an analytical exposition of both the sets of laws, trade law and environmental law. The methodology adopted is library based. The approach is to bring about an amicable co-existence of both the laws so that they could serve the dual purpose, i.e. promotion of trade and protection of “human, animal and plant life and health” and conservation of the environment. Findings – The DSB of the WTO should give due importance to the PP and should apply it liberally, keeping also in view the environmental aspects, so that along with free trade human, animal and plant health and life, and conservation of the environment are also protected. Practical implications – It will change the present paradigm and will bring both the sets of laws together. Originality/value – It focuses on the life and heath of poor people around the world. It, thus, pleads for application of strong PP.
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Grajfoner, D., F. Wemelsfelder, and E. Austin. "The qualitative assessment of pig behaviour using Repertory Grid Technique." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200007237.
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Most studies which provide qualitative assessments of animal behaviour use prefixed lists of adjectives (e.g. shy, bold, interested). However,Wemelsfelder et al. (2000, 2001), using Free-Choice-Profiling (FCP) methodology, allowed observers to develop their own descriptors for scoring pigs, and found this method to be highly reliable and repeatable. Repertory grid technique (RGT) is a frequently used method in human psychology and resembles FCP. Recently RTG has also been applied to assess personality in chimpanzees (Dutton et al., 1997). The purpose of the present study was to apply RGT to pigs and to correlate obtained pig scores with those previously obtained through FCP.
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Karásek, Matěj, Mustafa Percin, Torbjørn Cunis, Bas W. van Oudheusden, Christophe De Wagter, Bart DW Remes, and Guido CHE de Croon. "Accurate position control of a flapping-wing robot enabling free-flight flow visualisation in a wind tunnel." International Journal of Micro Air Vehicles 11 (January 2019): 175682931983368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756829319833683.
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Flow visualisations are essential to better understand the unsteady aerodynamics of flapping wing flight. The issues inherent to animal experiments, such as poor controllability and unnatural flapping when tethered, can be avoided by using robotic flyers that promise for a more systematic and repeatable methodology. Here, we present a new flapping-wing micro air vehicle (FWMAV)-specific control approach that, by employing an external motion tracking system, achieved autonomous wind tunnel flight with a maximum root-mean-square position error of 28 mm at low speeds (0.8–1.2 m/s) and 75 mm at high speeds (2–2.4 m/s). This allowed the first free-flight flow visualisation experiments to be conducted with an FWMAV. Time-resolved stereoscopic particle image velocimetry was used to reconstruct the three-dimensional flow patterns of the FWMAV wake. A good qualitative match was found in comparison to a tethered configuration at similar conditions, suggesting that the obtained free-flight measurements are reliable and meaningful.
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Robson, B. J., L. A. Barmuta, and P. G. Fairweather. "Methodological and conceptual issues in the search for a relationship between animal body-size distributions and benthic habitat architecture." Marine and Freshwater Research 56, no. 1 (2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf04210.
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Benthic ecologists have studied the distribution of animal body sizes because it is a form of ‘taxon-free’ classification that may be a useful metric for describing variation within and between ecological communities. In particular, the idea that the allometry of physiological and life-history traits may control species composition and relative abundances implies a functional link between body-size distributions and communities. The physical structure of aquatic habitats has often been cited as the mechanism by which habitat may determine body-size distributions in communities. However, further progress is hindered by a lack of theoretical clarity regarding the mechanisms that connect body size to the characteristics of ecological communities, leading to methods that may obscure interesting trends in body-size data. This review examines the methodological and conceptual issues hindering progress in the search for a relationship between animal body size and habitat architecture and suggests ways to resolve these issues. Problems are identified with current methods for the measurement of animal body size, the data and measures used to quantify body-size distributions and the methods used to identify patterns therein. Fundamentally, renewed emphasis on the mechanisms by which animal body sizes are influenced by habitat architecture is required to refine methodology and synthesise results from pattern-seeking and mechanistic studies.
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Intiquilla, Arturo, Karim Jiménez-Aliaga, Amparo Iris Zavaleta, and Blanca Hernández-Ledesma. "Production of Antioxidant Hydrolyzates from a Lupinus mutabilis (Tarwi) Protein Concentrate with Alcalase: Optimization by Response Surface Methodology." Natural Product Communications 13, no. 6 (June 2018): 1934578X1801300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1801300626.
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Lupinus mutabilis (tarwi) is a cultivated legume used principally as a protein source in human and animal nutrition. In this study, protein concentrate was obtained from debittered and defatted tarwi seed flour. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed the presence of highly intense bands ranged between 35 and 60 kDa. Tarwi protein concentrate was subjected to the action of alcalase to produce hydrolyzates with antioxidant activity. A central composite design was employed to study the effect of the experimental variables, enzyme/substrate ratio and incubation time, on the degree of hydrolysis and the radical scavenging capacity. The influence of both variables on the variable responses was demonstrated. The optimal conditions to obtain the highest degree of hydrolysis were enzyme/substrate ratio of 1.72% and 133 min of incubation. The highest radical scavenging activity (TEAC value of 2.7 ± 0.1 μmol Trolox equivalents/mg protein and ORAC value of 3.8 ± 0.1 μmol Trolox equivalents/mg protein) was found in hydrolyzates with alcalase after 138 min and an enzyme/substrate ratio of 1.87%. Peptides released by the action of alcalase and containing hydrophobic and aromatic amino acids could contribute to the antioxidant effects observed. Tarwi proteins could be a new alternative as a food additive with antioxidant properties or as an ingredient of functional foods for health promotion and prevention of free radical-induced chronic diseases.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Animal-free methodology"
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Raghib, Hala, and halaraghib@yahoo com. "Death By QT: A New Safety Challenge." RMIT University. Medical Sciences, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080812.162252.
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The HERG gene encodes for the delayed rectifier K+ channel in human cardiac tissue and contributes to the repolarization phase of the ventricular action potential. Defects in its activity underlies a cardiac disorders linked to a prolongation in the QT interval known as acquired long QT syndrome. The channel has structural properties that lead to its unintentional inhibition by various classes of drugs and is a source of drug induced cardiac toxicity. To date, no assay has been set as a standard due to variability across laboratories and the use of animals providing variable results due to differences in the ion channels involved in repolarisation. This thesis focuses on the development of testing assays for HERG using animal-free methodology. In Chapter 2, a human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cell line was cultured and transfected with the human HERG gene using animal-free methodologies. The success of the transfection was confirmed using PCR, patch clamp electrophysiology and a non-radioactive rubidium assay. Using a non-radioactive rubidium assay, drug inhibition on the transfected cell line was measured. The IC50 values obtained for a range of drugs were compared to those obtained using electrophysiological studies in the literature and there was a high correlation (r2 = 0.76). In Chapter 3, a human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) was tested for its validity for testing the effect of drugs on the endogenously expressed HERG K+ channel. The drug IC50 values obtained using the Rb+ assay were well correlated (r2= 0.82) with patch clamp studies in HERG transfected HEK293 cells in the literature. Clomipramine a clinically used antidepressant causes prolongation in the QT interval, however its mechanism of action on cardiac cells leading to this cardiotoxic effect is unclear. In this study, clomipramine was tested using HERG transfected HEK293 cells and the neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) using a rubidium assay and whole cell patch clamp. Clomipramine inhibited HERG with an IC50 value of 8.35 µM and 2.18 µM in HERG transfected HEK293 cells and the neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) using the rubidium assay respectively. Clomipramine inhibited HERG currents with an IC50 value of 0.50 µM using the patch clamp technique in HEK293 cells. The results indicate that the prolongation in the QT interval caused by clomipramine may involve HERG inhibition. The HERG K+ channel is regulated by several protein kinases including protein kinase A and protein kinase B. In Chapter 5, the specific PKC activator and phorbol ester PDA was used to study HERG regulation by PKC in HERG transfected HEK293 cells. PDA caused a reduction in HERG currents in HEK293 cells. The PKC pseudo substrate inhibitor PKC [19-36] did not inhibit the effect of PDA on HERG currents. The results of the study suggest that (1) PDA could be acting directly on the channel and inhibiting its function or (2) PDA is activating other proteins which are affecting HERG currents in the HERG transfected HEK293 cells.
Conference papers on the topic "Animal-free methodology"
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Gernand, Jeremy M., and Elizabeth A. Casman. "Selecting Nanoparticle Properties to Mitigate Risks to Workers and the Public: A Machine Learning Modeling Framework to Compare Pulmonary Toxicity Risks of Nanomaterials." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-62687.
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Due to their size and unique chemical properties, nanomaterials have the potential to interact with living organisms in novel ways, leading to a spectrum of negative consequences. Though a relatively new materials science, already nanomaterial variants in the process of becoming too numerous to be screened for toxicity individually by traditional and expensive animal testing. As with conventional pollutants, the resulting backlog of untested new materials means that interim industry and regulatory risk management measures may be mismatched to the actual risk. The ability to minimize toxicity risk from a nanomaterial during the product or system design phase would simplify the risk assessment process and contribute to increased worker and consumer safety. Some attempts to address this problem have been made, primarily analyzing data from in vitro experiments, which are of limited predictive value for the effects on whole organisms. The existing data on the toxicity of inhaled nanomaterials in animal models is sparse in comparison to the number of potential factors that may contribute to or aggravate nanomaterial toxicity, limiting the power of conventional statistical analysis to detect property/toxicity relationships. This situation is exacerbated by the fact that exhaustive chemical and physical characterization of all nanomaterial attributes in these studies is rare, due to resource or equipment constraints and dissimilar investigator priorities. This paper presents risk assessment models developed through a meta-analysis of in vivo nanomaterial rodent-inhalational toxicity studies. We apply machine learning techniques including regression trees and the related ensemble method, random forests in order to determine the relative contribution of different physical and chemical attributes on observed toxicity. These methods permit the use of data records with missing information without substituting presumed values and can reveal complex data relationships even in nonlinear contexts or conditional situations. Based on this analysis, we present a predictive risk model for the severity of inhaled nanomaterial toxicity based on a given set of nanomaterial attributes. This model reveals the anticipated change in the expected toxic response to choices of nanomaterial design (such as physical dimensions or chemical makeup). This methodology is intended to aid nanomaterial designers in identifying nanomaterial attributes that contribute to toxicity, giving them the opportunity to substitute safer variants while continuing to meet functional objectives. Findings from this analysis indicate that carbon nanotube (CNT) impurities explain at most 30% of the variance pulmonary toxicity as measured by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) count. Titanium dioxide nanoparticle size and aggregation affected the observed toxic response by less than ±10%. Difference in observed effects for a group of metal oxide nanoparticle associated with differences in Gibbs Free Energy on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations amount to only 4% to the total variance. Other chemical descriptors of metal oxides were unimportant.