Journal articles on the topic 'Animal diet and nutrition'
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1
László Babinszky. "Scientific background of precision animal nutrition." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 49 (November 13, 2012): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/49/2503.
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Precision animal nutrition consists of meeting the nutrient requirements of animals as accurately as possible in the interest of a safe, high-quality and efficient production, besides ensuring the lowest possible load on the environment. This is facilitated by electronic feeding based on IT technology, an important but by far not the only tool of precision nutrition. In the present paper the following most important elements of precision nutrition are discussed: diet formulation, quality control of ingredients and compound feeds, reduction of the harmful effects of heat stress in pigs with different nutritional tools, application of the recent findings of the molecular genetics in animal nutrition, the relationship between genetics and animal nutrition and reduction of the N and P excretion by nutritional tools.
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Adams, Clifford A. "Nutrition-based health in animal production." Nutrition Research Reviews 19, no. 1 (June 2006): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/nrr2005115.
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Events such as BSE, foot and mouth disease and avian influenza illustrate the importance of animal health on a global basis. The only practical solution to deal with such problems has usually been mass culling of millions of animals at great effort and expense. Serious consideration needs to be given to nutrition as a practical solution for health maintenance and disease avoidance of animals raised for food. Health or disease derives from a triad of interacting factors; diet–disease agent, diet–host and disease agent–host. Various nutrients and other bioactive feed ingredients, nutricines, directly influence health by inhibiting growth of pathogens or by modulating pathogen virulence. It is possible to transform plant-based feed ingredients to produce vaccines against important diseases and these could be fed directly to animals. Nutrients and nutricines contribute to three major factors important in the diet–host interaction; maintenance of gastrointestinal integrity, support of the immune system and the modulation of oxidative stress. Nutrition-based health is the next challenge in modern animal production and will be important to maintain economic viability and also to satisfy consumer demands in terms of food quality, safety and price. This must be accomplished largely through nutritional strategies making optimum use of both nutrients and nutricines.
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Markovic, R., M. Z. Baltic, S. Radulovic, D. Peric, D. Jovanovic, M. Starcevic, and D. Sefer. "From designing diets for animals to designing food of animal origin – overview." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 854, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/854/1/012056.
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Abstract In recent times, food is not only observed from the point of view of the required intake for growth, development and regeneration of the body, but also has a leading role in the quality of human life. Therefore, the diet focuses on optimizing the daily intake of both nutrients and non-nutritive ingredients of food, all in order to preserve health and, above all, reduce the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases. Functional food can be considered food that has been scientifically proven to have a positive effect on certain body functions (in addition to the usual nutritional value) that contribute to human health and reduce the risk of disease. At the same time, it is important that the food has a standard form and that the positive effect on health is manifested by consuming the usual amount of food. The functionality of food is achieved by the presence in it of bioactive components (one or more) which have been scientifically proven to have positive effects on human health in the quantities in which they are present in food. The nutritional value of foods of animal origin depends on many factors, but certainly animal diet has the greatest impact. In human nutrition the so-called designed products of animal origin (meat, milk, eggs) are used, which are due to the specific animal diets enriched with n-3 fatty acids, vitamins, carotenoids or trace elements. Today, there are nutritional strategies by which we can access functional foods for the purpose of health promotion.
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IBTISHAM, FAHAR, AAMIR NAWAB, GUANGHUI LI, MEI XIAO, LILONG AN, and GHAZANFAR NASEER. "Effect of nutrition on reproductive efficiency of dairy animals." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, no. 1 (2018): 6025–2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6025.
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Nutrition plays a key role in the maintenance of animal reproductive performance. Reduced reproductive efficiency can decrease the profitability of dairy production by increasing days open, calving interval, the number of services per conception, culling rate, and veterinary services. Nutritional requirements increase rapidly with milk production after calving, but an improper diet plan could result in a negative energy balance (NEB). NEB delays the time of first ovulation through uncoupled hormones production. A diet high in fat could prevent the NEB state by increasing the energy status of animals. Protein supplementation supports high production but can also have severe effects on the reproductive performance of the animal. Deficiency of minerals can also alter the reproductive performance of the animal. This article has generally focused on the effects of various nutrients on reproductive efficiency of dairy cattle. .
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Kutlu, Hasan Rüştü, and Uğur Serbester. "Ruminant Beslemede Son Gelişmeler." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 2, no. 1 (January 11, 2014): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v2i1.18-37.37.
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One of the most industrialized animal production branches of ruminant production successfully requires a blending of theoretical knowledge of nutritional principles with practical stockmanship, maintaining health and dealing with numbers. It is well known that high yielding, dairy cows, require balanced diet with adequate nutrients for yielding. This is not provided with only a few feedstuffs. Milk production in dairy cows is related to the improvements in genetic merit of farm animals and also developments in feed science, feed technology and animal nutrition. In particular, feeds and feed technology studies associated with sustainability, economical perspectives and product quality in the last decade have been in advance. In the present work, recent advances in feed sources and feed technology, minerals (macro and trace minerals ), vitamins and amino acids, feed additives (antibiotics alternative growth stimulants, rumen modulator, organic acids, antioxidants, enzymes, plant extracts), nutrition-products (meat-milk-progeny) quality and functional food production (milk, meat) nutrition-reproduction, nutrition-animal health, nutrition-environmental temperature, nutrition-global warming were evaluated.
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Singh, Priya K., Ashish Vankara, Lucy O'Sullivan, and Amiethab A. Aiyer. "The Role of Diet and Nutrition on Fracture Healing: A Systematic Review." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 7, no. 4 (October 2022): 2473011421S0094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011421s00942.
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Category: Other Introduction/Purpose: Not only is poor nutritional status common amongst the elderly, but its incidence is also high amongst orthopedic trauma patients as injuries, and fractures more specifically, cause hypermetabolic states. The purpose of this review was to perform the most comprehensive analysis of literature published within the last decade to determine the effect of nutritional status on fracture healing, as well as outlining the effects of specific herbal supplements, vitamins and minerals. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched using variations of the terms nutrition and malnutrition along with vitamins, minerals and proteins as well as fractures and fracture healing. Two independent reviewers screened articles, graded evidence quality, and extracted data. A total of 31 studies were related to nutritional status - 22 human studies and 9 animal studies - and 45 studies were related to specific herbs or food products - 2 human studies, 36 animal studies, and 7 review articles. Results: There is substantial variability in the definitions of nutritional status, with some quantitative measures including serum albumin and lymphocyte count being the most popular, and questionnaires like the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST). Published human studies predominately studied the effects of nutrition on traumatic fractures in the elderly or bone healing after spinal surgery. Consistently, hypoalbuminemia was found to be an independent risk factor of post-operative complications and longer hospital stays. Few studies reported on nutritional supplementation, but those that did found supplementation to be associated with lower rates of postoperative complications and wound infection, as well as shorter hospital stays. Although there is much evidence published on herbal supplements and food products in animals, there is a dearth of evidence of their benefits to humans with only two RCTs included in this analysis (demonstrating the benefits of Momiai and lactobacillus casei Shirota). Conclusion: Nutrition remains an easily targetable factor that can significantly improve fracture healing, especially amongst elderly populations. Although proper adherence to supplementation is rare, when attained its benefits are profound. To demonstrate that the beneficial effects of herbal supplements and food products on fracture healing seen in animal models persist in humans, future placebo-controlled trials are needed.
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Souza, Camilla Mariane Menezes, Taís Silvino Bastos, and Marley Conceição dos Santos. "Microalgae use in animal nutrition." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 16 (December 6, 2021): e53101622986. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i16.22986.
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Looking for alternative sources in animal nutrition, microalgae began to be explored, gaining space in commercial production. The aim of this review is to present available information about the use of microalgae in animal nutrition, as well as its effect and applications. Many microalgae are important sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These PUFA is poorly synthesized by animals, so they should be included in their diet. In addition, they are a rich source of almost all of the important minerals as well as vitamins. Additionally, some microalgae generally have a high protein content and high digestibility. In this context, microalgae already available on the market, become an alternative replacing conventional ingredients. To our knowledge, the use of small amounts of microalgae biomass in the feed can benefit the physiology of the animals, improving the immune response, resistance to diseases, antiviral and antibacterial action, intestinal function, and stimulation of probiotic colonization. In general, the addition of these compounds to the diets of animals enhances their overall health and immune status, productivity, and the quality and stability of the resulting animal products. Although the use of microalgae is increasingly directed towards many types of animals: cats, dogs, ornamental fish, horses, poultry, swine, sheep, and cow, studies still need to be explored.
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Kidd, Michael T. "Advances in poultry nutrition." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 38, spe (July 2009): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982009001300020.
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Nutritional advances as discussed in these proceedings embrace historical perspective as well as futuristic perspectives. Indeed, we must have a clear understanding of the past to identify key "advances" that will mold the future of poultry nutrition. Early nutrition research is discussed with reference to in ovo nutrition and nutritional needs up to day seven post-hatch. In addition, the nutrition of the hen is key in early nutrition of chicks. Key advances that have impacted diet formulation are energy and nutrient liberating enzymes, and the use of L-threonine. Key nutritional mechanisms that have been elucidated the past two decades include nutrition in immunity and gut health. Advances in nutritional specifications for specific genetic strains of broilers and the use of models to tie nutrition into production objectives are clear advances that will only flourish in the future.
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Kayode, Abolanle Kayode A. A., Grace F. Okumede, Great O. Alabi, and Funmilayo D. Onajobi. "Is vegan diet advisable for children?" Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease 5, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/bchd.v5i2.892.
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Vegan diet (VD) is a diet that consists of only plant based foods. This diet completely excludes all animal products; meat, fish, poultry and also food gotten from milk, oil and honey. Vegan diet differs from vegetarian diet, although they are similar; some vegetarian include egg (ovo vegetarians), milk from animals (lacto vegetarians) or fish (pescovegetarian) in their diet. VD is believed to be healthier than diets containing animal produce and generally have a higher diet quality than non-vegan diets. VD has many health benefits and may also reduce the risk of certain conditions such as hypertension, diabetes and cancer. However, these benefits seen in adults may not be the same case for toddlers and young children. Their diet directly affects their height, weight and also psychomotor and neurocognitive development. VD may not supply all the nutrients necessary for development and may lead to nutrient deficiency. Vegan children are at a risk of insufficient supply and deficiency of some critical nutrients such as protein, long chain fatty acids, cholesterol, iron, zinc, iodine, calcium, and vitamin A, B12 and D. Deficiency of these nutrients could lead to various developmental and sometimes irreversible disorders. Apart from nutrition, VD also seems to alter the metabolomics and gut microbiota constitution of a vegan. Overall VD may have health benefits for children if it is properly fortified and supplemented. VD in children will also have to be carefully monitored to ensure the diet is healthy, nutritious and promote healthy growth and development. Keywords: Children, Vegan diet, Nutrition, Metabolomics, Inborn errors of metabolism
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de Souza-Vilela, J., N. R. Andrew, and I. Ruhnke. "Insect protein in animal nutrition." Animal Production Science 59, no. 11 (2019): 2029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19255.
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Global meat consumption per capita is expected to increase ~40% from 2019 to 2050. Over 30% of the total cropland worldwide is currently being used to produce either livestock and poultry feed or silage to meet the demand. One solution to reduce cropland use for animal feed is to increase the production of alternative protein sources. The primary protein sources for animal nutrition, including soybeans, peas and fish meal, are of increasing demand and are subsequently becoming more expensive, making their long-term use unsustainable. Insects such as the black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens), crickets (Gryllus testaceus Walker) or mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) offer a viable addition to the feed sources and can provide valuable, high-quality energy, protein and fat to an animal’s diet. Here, we review the environmental benefits of insect feedstuff, current research findings related to the use of insects for animal nutrition, and outline additional products that can generate benefits to insect producers.
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Kyriazakis, Ilias, Bert J. Tolkamp, and Gerry Emmans. "Diet selection and animal state: an integrative framework." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58, no. 4 (November 1999): 765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665199001044.
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In the present paper we deal with the problems of explaining and predicting diet selection of animals under controlled conditions, i.e. conditions that can be described and in which any influences of the environment can be either controlled or at least monitored. Diet selection is considered within an integrative framework of feeding behaviour that views both food intake and diet selection as an outcome of the animal's internal state and knowledge of the feeding environment. Three questions that arise from the framework are considered: (1) how do animals learn about foods available to them as a choice? (2) what changes in internal state affect diet selection? (3) how much time is needed for a change in the animal's internal state to be detected and for it to react to this change through a modification of its diet selection? It is proposed that animals have developed behavioural mechanisms that allow them to recognize foods on the basis of their nutritional as well as other properties. The rate at which animals learn about foods depends largely on the extent of the animal's deficiency and on the extent of the post-ingestive consequences induced by the foods. There is little evidence that animals modify their diet selection in response to short-term systemic fluctuation of their internal environment. On the other hand, long-term changes in the internal state of the animal lead to consequent long-term changes in diet selection. The time needed for a change in diet selection to be observed depends on the deviation created in the animal's internal state, either as a result of a physiological change or as a consequence of feeding. Thus, a more appropriate question to consider is not 'what time period matters to the animal?' but 'how much change or deviation in the internal state is the animal prepared to accept?'
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Simpson, Stephen J., and David Raubenheimer. "The nature of nutrition: a unifying framework." Australian Journal of Zoology 59, no. 6 (2011): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo11068.
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We present a graphical approach, which we believe can help to integrate nutrition into the broader biological sciences, and introduce generality into the applied nutritional sciences. This ‘Geometric Framework’ takes account of the fact that animals need multiple nutrients in changing amounts and balance, and that nutrients come packaged in foods that are often hard to find, dangerous to subdue and costly to process. We then show how the Geometric Framework has been used to understand the links between nutrition and relevant aspects of the biology of individual animals. These aspects include the physiological mechanisms that direct the nutritional interactions of the animal with its environment, and the fitness consequences of these interactions. Having considered the implications of diet for individuals, we show that these effects can translate into the collective behaviour of groups and societies, and in turn ramify throughout food webs to influence the structure of ecosystems.
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Diaz, Jose M., Douglas R. Tolleson, Jay P. Angerer, Amelia Christian, William E. Fox, and William E. Pinchak. "176 Application of growing degree day to predict diet crude protein in rangeland beef cows." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.242.
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Abstract We used a fecal near infrared spectroscopy (FNIRS) calibration for cattle diet crude protein (CP) to evaluate the efficacy of growing degree day (GDD) as a remotely-sensed method to monitor grazing animal nutrition. Composite fecal samples representing a herd of 24 cross bred beef cows grazing native range pastures in southwest Texas were collected along with GDD and precipitation data from April 2018 to September 2019. Regression analyses were performed to determine relationships between FNIRS-predicted diet CP and GDD within year and growing season. In 2018, FNIRS-predicted diet CP ranged from a minimum of 7.05% in August to a maximum of 9.69% in July. 2018 cumulative precipitation was 28% and 94% of the 20-year average for January-April and May-August, respectively. In 2019, FNIRS-predicted diet CP ranged from a minimum of 6.85% in September to a maximum of 12.01% in May. 2019 cumulative precipitation was 74% and 102% of the 20-year average for January-April and May-August, respectively. There were no significant (P > 0.1) simple linear relationships identified between FNIRS-predicted diet CP and GDD. There were, however, cubic exponential relationships identified in both 2018 (y = 7E-10x3 - 5E-06x2 + 0.0106x + 2.9603; R² = 0.7261; P = 0.1271) and 2019 (y = 1E-09x3 - 6E-06x2 + 0.0062x + 9.2923; R² = 0.7659; P = 0.0493). As expected, perennial range grass phenology/nutritive value (i.e. cattle diet CP) was influenced by accumulation of heat units (i.e. GDD) and precipitation. Although FNIRS is an established non-invasive method to monitor grazing animal nutrition, a remotely-sensed method to accomplish this task, such as GDD, has the potential to facilitate large-scale monitoring of grazing animal nutritional status. Our results indicate that complementary research using data from multiple locations and for more than 2 years is needed to fully evaluate these techniques.
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Panserat, S., L. Marandel, I. Seiliez, and S. Skiba-Cassy. "New Insights on Intermediary Metabolism for a Better Understanding of Nutrition in Teleosts." Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 7, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 195–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115250.
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The rapid development of aquaculture production throughout the world over the past few decades has led to the emergence of new scientific challenges to improve fish nutrition. The diet formulations used for farmed fish have been largely modified in the past few years. However, bottlenecks still exist in being able to suppress totally marine resources (fish meal and fish oil) in diets without negatively affecting growth performance and flesh quality. A better understanding of fish metabolism and its regulation by nutrients is thus mandatory. In this review, we discuss four fields of research that are highly important for improving fish nutrition in the future: ( a) fish genome complexity and subsequent consequences for metabolism, ( b) microRNAs (miRNAs) as new actors in regulation of fish metabolism, ( c) the role of autophagy in regulation of fish metabolism, and ( d) the nutritional programming of metabolism linked to the early life of fish.
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Hall, Judith. "From animals in the service of nutrition...to the potential of biotechnology." British Journal of Nutrition 78, s2 (November 1997): S125—S133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500020092.
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In 1986, in her paper, ‘Animals in the service of human nutrition’, celebrating the award of the E. V. McCollum International Lectureship in Nutrition, Dr Elsie Widdowson observed: ‘Animals have served human nutrition well over the past century.... They are still of great service in human nutrition and may be more essential in the future as proper animal models for human diseases are discovered’. Ten years on, those animal models are an integral part of nutrition research and are providing fundamental tools to study the effects of diet on many of the major diseases of the Western world, including cardiovascular disease, obesity and cancer. Many of these models have been developed through the use of recombinant DNA technology and the expression of normal or mutated genes in the genome of transgenic mice.
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Kitts-Morgan, Susanna E., Catherine Lenox, and Dawn Spangler. "339 Challenges and opportunities in developing a companion animal nutrition curriculum for veterinary students." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.140.
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Abstract Preparing future veterinarians who are knowledgeable and competent in companion animal nutrition presents distinct challenges and opportunities for veterinary educators. Students enter veterinary school from vastly different undergraduate backgrounds, which translates to students with varying degrees of knowledge related to companion animals and nutrition. Oftentimes, nutrition may be overlooked or not emphasized in veterinary curricula, resulting in new graduates who are not able to perform diet assessments for patients. Because nutrition is a fundamental cornerstone of health, veterinary educators have a responsibility to provide veterinary students with the knowledge and skills necessary to be competent in companion animal nutrition. Challenges for veterinary educators in delivering companion animal nutrition curriculum can be broadly categorized as: 1) challenges regarding lack of student knowledge of the petfood industry/companion animal nutrition, 2) challenges in student ability to apply companion animal nutrition skills, 3) challenges in preparing students for communication with clients, and 4) challenges regarding educational resources to teach veterinary students. On the other hand, many opportunities exist for veterinary curricula to incorporate nutrition effectively. These opportunities include, but are not limited to, offering basic and advanced nutrition courses, nutrition labs, and nutrition case studies. To produce veterinarians competent in companion animal nutrition, veterinary educators must identify and overcome the challenges in training veterinary students.
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Rattan, Suresh I. S., and Gurcharan Kaur. "Nutrition, Food and Diet in Health and Longevity: We Eat What We Are." Nutrients 14, no. 24 (December 18, 2022): 5376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14245376.
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Nutrition generally refers to the macro- and micro-nutrients essential for survival, but we do not simply eat nutrition. Instead, we eat animal- and plant-based foods without always being conscious of its nutritional value. Furthermore, various cultural factors influence and shape our taste, preferences, taboos and practices towards preparing and consuming food as a meal and diet. Biogerontological understanding of ageing has identified food as one of the three foundational pillars of health and survival. Here we address the issues of nutrition, food and diet by analyzing the biological importance of macro- and micro-nutrients including hormetins, discussing the health claims for various types of food, and by reviewing the general principles of healthy dietary patterns, including meal timing, caloric restriction, and intermittent fasting. We also present our views about the need for refining our approaches and strategies for future research on nutrition, food and diet by incorporating the molecular, physiological, cultural and personal aspects of this crucial pillar of health, healthy ageing and longevity.
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Fewtrell, M. S. "Session 6: Infant nutrition: future research developments in Europe EARNEST, the early nutrition programming project: EARly Nutrition programming – long-term Efficacy and Safety Trials and integrated epidemiological, genetic, animal, consumer and economic research." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 66, no. 3 (July 16, 2007): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665107005708.
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Increasing evidence from lifetime experimental studies in animals and observational and experimental studies in human subjects suggests that pre- and postnatal nutrition programme long-term health. However, key unanswered questions remain on the extent of early-life programming in contemporary European populations, relevant nutritional exposures, critical time periods, mechanisms and the effectiveness of interventions to prevent or reverse programming effects. The EARly Nutrition programming – long-term Efficacy and Safety Trials and integrated epidemiological, genetic, animal, consumer and economic research (EARNEST) consortium brings together a multi-disciplinary team of scientists from European research institutions in an integrated programme of work that includes experimental studies in human subjects, modern prospective observational studies and mechanistic animal work including physiological studies, cell-culture models and molecular techniques. Theme 1 tests early nutritional programming of disease in human subjects, measuring disease markers in childhood and early adulthood in nineteen randomised controlled trials of nutritional interventions in pregnancy and infancy. Theme 2 examines associations between early nutrition and later outcomes in large modern European population-based prospective studies, with detailed measures of diet in pregnancy and early life. Theme 3 uses animal, cellular and molecular techniques to study lifetime effects of early nutrition. Biomedical studies are complemented by studies of the social and economic importance of programming (themes 4 and 5), and themes encouraging integration, communication, training and wealth creation. The project aims to: help formulate policies on the composition and testing of infant foods; improve the nutritional value of infant formulas; identify interventions to prevent and reverse adverse early nutritional programming. In addition, it has the potential to develop new products through industrial partnerships, generate information on the social and economic cost of programming in Europe and help maintain Europe's lead in this critical area of research.
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Barnard, Neal D., and Frédéric Leroy. "Children and adults should avoid consuming animal products to reduce the risk for chronic disease: Debate Consensus." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 112, no. 4 (September 5, 2020): 937–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa237.
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ABSTRACT The present debate outlined opposing views regarding the role of animal products in human diets. The YES position argues that the health benefits and safety of plant-based diets have been clearly established by consistent findings of randomized trials and observational studies; that animal products skew the diet toward saturated fat, excess protein, cholesterol, lactose, and exogenous hormones; and that vulnerable populations are better nourished by vegetables, fruits, legumes, and whole grains than by striated muscle and cow milk. In contrast, the NO position asserts that animal foods are not only benign but are also key elements of the human omnivore diet, facilitating the global challenge of adequate essential nutrition. This view holds that the portrayal of animal foods as unhealthy is not supported by the evidence and that a restrictive vegan diet decreases nutritional flexibility and robustness, increasing risk for vulnerable population groups. Points of agreement and controversy were identified, as well as opportunities for further studies.
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Campos, F. C., P. S. Corrêa, A. L. Abdalla Filho, J. Issakowicz, R. G. Monnerat, T. S. Mui, C. M. McManus, A. L. Abdalla, and H. Louvandini. "Health and nutrition in sheep receiving Bacillus thuringiensis." Animal Production Science 59, no. 6 (2019): 1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16193.
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Performance, nutrient apparent digestibility, ruminal parameters, enteric methane (CH4) emission and blood parameters were studied in sheep receiving spores of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in their diet. Twenty Santa Inês lambs (10 castrated males and 10 females) with 18.0 ± 3.50 kg initial bodyweight (BW) and 3 months of age were maintained in individual stalls in a completely randomised design. They were divided into two groups with five males and five females each (Bt 2036 group (n = 10) and control group (n = 10)). The animals of the Bt 2036 group received daily 2.5 × 106 spores of Bt 2036/kg BW and control animals received a placebo. The diet consisted of Tifton-85 (Cynodon spp.) hay ad libitum and 300 g/animal.day of concentrate mixture, which was adjusted according to growth requirements. During 53 days, animal performance was evaluated, with feed intake measured three times per week and lambs weighed fortnightly. Blood samples were taken every 15 days to evaluate hematological and biochemical parameters. Rumen fermentation was investigated in three stages (start, middle and end of the experimental period) using parameters such as pH, ammoniacal nitrogen, short chain fatty acids, and populations of Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, anaerobic fungi, methanogenic archaea and protozoa. At the end of the performance experiment, 18 lambs (Bt 2036 (n = 9), control (n = 9)) were selected for a digestibility trial, and placed in metabolic cages to estimate apparent nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance and microbial protein synthesis. Ten male (Bt 2036 (n = 5), control (n = 5)) lambs were used to evaluate CH4 production using the hexafluoride tracer technique. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of Bt 2036 on any of the evaluated parameters. The daily addition of 2.5 × 106 spores/kg BW of Bt 2036 in the ruminant diet did not cause any negative effects on hematological traits or animal poisoning, nor did it interfere with fermentation by rumen microorganisms, apparent digestibility of nutrients or animal performance.
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Empert-Gallegos, Alysia, Sally Hill, and Philippa S. Yam. "Insights into dog owner perspectives on risks, benefits, and nutritional value of raw diets compared to commercial cooked diets." PeerJ 8 (December 8, 2020): e10383. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10383.
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Background The practice of feeding a raw meat-based diet (RMBD) to dogs is a topic of increasing interest to owners and veterinary professionals alike. Despite the research around the practice, particularly about the risk of nutritional imbalances and microbial contamination, an increasing number of dog owners are adopting a raw diet for their dogs. This study expands the research into owner motivations for feeding RMBDs and cooked diets and asks them their opinions about risk and nutritional value. Methods An anonymized, online, internationally accessible questionnaire was developed to ascertain owner perspectives on the risks, benefits, and nutritional value of commercially prepared and homemade RMBDs as compared with commercially prepared cooked diets (CCDs). Results The questionnaire was completed by 419 dog owners of diverse backgrounds across the world. Of the participants, 25.3% fed RMBDs. Just over 70.0% of all participants had spoken to their veterinarian about their dog’s nutrition. Owners who fed RMBDs ranked their veterinarian’s knowledge lower and their own knowledge of canine nutrition higher than owners who fed CCDs. They rated commercial and homemade RMBDs as highly nutritious 83.5% and 73.6% of the time, respectively, while only 12.5% rated CCDs as highly nutritious. Owners who fed CCDs ranked RMBDs as highly nutritious less often, but also only ranked CCDs as highly nutritious 52.7% of the time. All participants agreed that CCDs were low risk to human health. Owners who fed RMBDs ranked raw diets as highly risky to human or dog health under 20.0% of the time but deemed CCDs risky to animal health over 65.0% of the time. When asked about benefits of raw diets, the most repeated words offered by owners were “health”, “better”, “coat” and “teeth”. The most repeated risks presented were “bacteria”, “nutrition”, “risk” and “Salmonella”. Owners who fed RMBDs tended to use vague terminology like “health” and “better” when asked why they fed a raw diet. Owners who did not feed RMBDs used more specific terminology like “expensive”, “time” and “risk” when asked why they did not feed a raw diet. Overall, the two groups differed in their perceptions around RMBD and CCD feeding, which highlights the need for a better line of communication and education between veterinarians and owners.
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Sretenovic, Lj, V. Pantelic, and Z. Novakovic. "Importance of utilization of omega-3 fatty acids in human and animal nutrition." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 25, no. 5-6-1 (2009): 439–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0906439s.
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Life of modern people in urban conditions is characterized by lack of movement, which is main condition for maintenance of health, presence of large amount of additives and pesticide residua in food of plant and animal origin and polluted air and water. If the presence of oxidative stress is added as part of normal metabolism occurring during degradation of nutritive substances, when great quantity of free radicals is released, which organism in these conditions often is not capable of neutralizing, the homeostatic mechanisms are disturbed and this leads to health disturbances and even severe illnesses. In such complex living conditions, science is facing the challenge of finding out the way to prevent diseases and slow the aging process using food, primarily basic food stuffs - milk and meat, enriching them with certain substances which are of vital importance to our health. One of the ways is use of functional food which should contain not only its main nutritive value but also such ingredients which have impact on improvement of general health condition, i.e. they have preventive and therapy effect. In this paper, a review of the significance of omega-3 fatty acids in human nutrition is presented. As essential substances they cannot be synthesized in the organism, but have to be introduced through diet. Also, the significance of some essential omega-6 fatty acids as well as their mutual relation, are presented. The role of omega-3 fatty acids in animal nutrition is also pointed out in this paper, introduced or consumed by animals either by grazing or as diet supplement, which influence improvement of their production, reproduction and health performances.
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Spears, Julie K., and George C. Fahey. "Resistant Starch as Related to Companion Animal Nutrition." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 87, no. 3 (May 1, 2004): 787–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/87.3.787.
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Abstract Companion animal dietsmay contain up to 50% starch, derived from cereal grains. The amount of resistant starch (RS) in an ingredient depends on the origin and form of the ingredient and on the processing conditions to which the ingredient has been exposed. Extrusion has proven to be a means of optimizing utilization of starch by companion animals. Although the RS fraction of starch typically decreases by extrusion, retrogradation can result in increased concentrations of this fraction. Limited research exists regarding the effects of RS in companion animal nutrition and gastrointestinal health. Existing in vitro and in vivo research indicates that certain RS sources are readily fermented in the large bowel, producing short-chain fatty acids, whereas others are less fermentable, resulting in excellent laxation properties. Feeding dogs a diet high in RS may result in an increase in fecal bulk due to an increased excretion of microbial matter in those cases where RS is highly fermentable, or to indigestibility of the RS source in other cases. RS has a role to play as a potential proxy for dietary fiber, especially for those companion animals fed diets high in protein and fat and devoid of traditional dietary fiber.
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Leroy, Frédéric, and Neal D. Barnard. "Children and adults should avoid consuming animal products to reduce risk for chronic disease: NO." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 112, no. 4 (September 5, 2020): 931–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa236.
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ABSTRACT Excessive attention to the animal versus plant binary food choice reflects society's moral views on eating right. To claim that avoidance of animal products is required to prevent chronic disease is not supported by evidence, makes little sense from an evolutionary perspective, and distracts policy makers from common-sense approaches to achieve adequate nutrition. Animal products provide highly bioavailable nutrients, some of which are not easily obtained from plants, and can play a key role in meeting the nutritional challenges of populations in both high- and low-income countries. This role goes beyond the need for protein and relates to vitamins, minerals, and numerous often-overlooked nutrients, such as long-chain fatty acids, taurine, and choline. Restrictive dietary prescriptions that exclude animal products complicate the quest for optimal nutrition by undermining dietary diversity and flexibility, and by introducing a dependency on fortification and supplementation. Thus, a vegan diet may put the general population at increased risk of poor nutrition, a problem of particular concern for those with special nutritional requirements.
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Baumgartner, Scott, Vinay Rao, Ali Khan, and Marie Borum. "P018 INTERNET DIETS: ONLINE INFORMATION REGARDING NUTRITIONAL TREATMENTS FOR IBD." Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 26, Supplement_1 (January 2020): S53—S54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ibd/zaa010.135.
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Abstract Background Nutrition is a vital component in the management of IBD and can be an effective primary therapy for many patients. Certain types of diets, including the Western diet, have been speculated to be associated with increased IBD risk or exacerbations. There are currently no specific dietary recommendations for IBD risk reduction. However, online resources may offer nutritional guidance to patients seeking information. This study evaluated specific nutritional and dietary treatment information for IBD on the Internet. Methods Google search engine was used to query “nutrition and inflammatory bowel disease” to obtain the first 100 websites. Websites that were non-accessible, duplicates, videos without transcripts, or evaluated animal models were excluded. Websites were categorized as informational or academic/professional. Websites were reviewed for discussion of specific nutritional treatments, acknowledgement of areas of uncertainty and references. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-tailed Fisher’s Exact Test with a significance value set at p <0.05. Results 89 (50 informational, 39 academic) met the inclusion criteria. No websites were commercial or personal. 49 (55%) websites discussed nutrition as a treatment modality. Enteral nutrition was discussed in 38 (77.6%), probiotics in 22 (44.9%), parenteral nutrition in 21 (42.9%), elimination diet in 19 (38.8%), and low FODMAP diet in 15 (30.6%). Academic resources discussed specific nutritional therapy more often than informational resources (82.1% and 45.0%, respectively; p=0.003) (Figure 1). Academic resources acknowledged areas of uncertainty more frequently than informational resources (64.1% and 30.0%, respectively; p=0.024). Academic resources cited references significantly more often than informational resources (80.9% and 10.6%, respectively; p<0.0001). Discussion This study shows that the most commonly discussed nutritional therapy was enteral feedings (77.6%), followed by probiotics (44.9%), parenteral feeding (42.9%), elimination diet (38.8%), and the low FODMAP diet (30.6%). Academic websites discussed dietary options significantly more than informational websites. These results suggest that there is a paucity in consumer-oriented literature regarding nutrition in IBD. Academic websites are the primary online resources for information about nutrition in IBD, discuss areas of uncertainty, and offer references. As patients with IBD are increasingly utilizing the Internet for recommendations regarding disease management, it is important that both academic and informational online IBD resources provide comprehensive nutritional information to enhance patient education. Reference
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Rodrigues, Lucas A., Bonjin Koo, Martin Nyachoti, and Daniel A. Columbus. "Formulating Diets for Improved Health Status of Pigs: Current Knowledge and Perspectives." Animals 12, no. 20 (October 21, 2022): 2877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12202877.
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Our understanding of nutrition has been evolving to support both performance and immune status of pigs, particularly in disease-challenged animals which experience repartitioning of nutrients from growth towards the immune response. In this sense, it is critical to understand how stress may impact nutrient metabolism and the effects of nutritional interventions able to modulate organ (e.g., gastrointestinal tract) functionality and health. This will be pivotal in the development of effective diet formulation strategies in the context of improved animal performance and health. Therefore, this review will address qualitative and quantitative effects of immune system stimulation on voluntary feed intake and growth performance measurements in pigs. Due to the known repartitioning of nutrients, the effects of stimulating the immune system on nutrient requirements, stratified according to different challenge models, will be explored. Finally, different nutritional strategies (i.e., low protein, amino acid-supplemented diets; functional amino acid supplementation; dietary fiber level and source; diet complexity; organic acids; plant secondary metabolites) will be presented and discussed in the context of their possible role in enhancing the immune response and animal performance.
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Silveira Pimentel, Paulo Roberto, Lara Maria Dos Santos Brant, Anny Graycy Vasconcelos de Oliveira Lima, Daniela Costa Cotrim, Thiago Nascimento, and Ronaldo Lopes Oliveira. "How can nutritional additives modify ruminant nutrition?" Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias UNCuyo 54, no. 1 (July 4, 2022): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.48162/rev.39.076.
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This review illustrates the relationships between additives in the diets of ruminants and the consequence for ruminant nutrition. Feed additives are used to improve animal performance and/or the quality of the products. There are several categories of additives available for ruminant nutrition, with emphasis on antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, plant extracts, and exogenous enzymes. Antibiotics, essential oils, and chitosan act by selecting sensitive bacteria, consequently modulating the ruminal fermentation pattern. Prebiotics favor microbial growth, providing greater digestion and the production of volatile fatty acids. Probiotics are living microorganisms that improve the ruminal environment, promoting microbial growth and resulting in increased digestion and the production of volatile fatty acids. Exogenous enzymes act synergistically with the enzymes secreted by the ruminal microorganisms, besides favoring microbial adhesion and colonization and facilitating feed degradation. Tannins, whether altering the fermentation standard and/or modifying the ruminal microbiota population, are effective in improving animal performance. However, the effects of additives on the quality of the products are linked to diet quality. Highlights Exogenous enzymes act synergistically with the enzymes secreted by the ruminal microorganisms. Exogenous enzymes favoring the microbial adhesion and colonization of the particles, aid in the degradation of the feed. Tannins can altering the fermentation standard and/or modifying the ruminal microbiota population. Essential oils and chitosan act by selecting sensitive bacteria and consequently modulate the ruminal fermentation.
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Leng, RA. "Quantitative ruminant nutrition — a green science." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 3 (1993): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9930363.
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Knowledge of quantitative digestion and metabolism in ruminants was developed most rapidly when isotope dilution techniques became easy to apply, facilitated by improved instrumentation and mathematical approaches. The Armidale group led by Professor E. F. Annison and Dr D. B. Lindsay were at the forefront of these developments in the late 1950's. Since then knowledge in this area has developed at an ever increasing rate. The data that accumulated from the quantitative approach led to simple or complex models of animal digestion, metabolism and growth. These in turn led to much questioning of the dogma of feed evaluation and feeding standards as they applied in practice, especially for ruminants fed on poor quality forages. The knowledge that developed has clearly shown that the way toward substantial increases in productivity of ruminants on forage based diets is through the balanced nutrient approach that considers the efficiency of the rumen ecosystem and the availability of dietary nutrients post-ruminally. With increasing emphasis on quality-beef markets at the present time, it seems likely that the time is ripe for application of much of this knowledge. The major breakthroughs have come about by recognition of the nutrients required to balance a ruminant's diet where the animal depends on the end-products of rumen fermentation (i.e. on a forage-based diet). When this is achieved, the increase in efficiency of use of nutrients lifts the overall nutrition of the animal to a level that is well above that predicted from feeding standards, based on the metabolizable energy content of the supplement or the total diet. This understanding, together with the stoichiometry of rumen fermentation, has indicated an important approach to help ameliorate the greenhouse effect, that is, lowering of enteric methane production per unit of feed intake or per unit of animal products from ruminants by strategic supplementation.
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Baudry, Julia, Philippe Pointereau, Louise Seconda, Rodolphe Vidal, Bruno Taupier-Letage, Brigitte Langevin, Benjamin Allès, et al. "Improvement of diet sustainability with increased level of organic food in the diet: findings from the BioNutriNet cohort." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 109, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 1173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy361.
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ABSTRACT Background Organic food consumption has steadily increased over the past decade in westernized countries. Objective The aim of this study, based on observational data, was to compare some sustainability features of diets from consumers with varying levels of organic food. Methods The diet sustainability among 29,210 participants of the NutriNet-Santé study was estimated using databases developed within the BioNutriNet project. Four dimensions (nutrition, environment, economy, and toxicology) of diet sustainability were assessed using: 1) nutritional indicators through dietary intakes and dietary scores, and BMI; 2) environmental indicators (greenhouse gas emissions, cumulative energy demand, and land occupation); 3) economic indicators via diet monetary costs; and 4) estimated daily food exposures to 15 pesticides. Adjusted means (95% CI) across weighted quintiles of organic food consumption in the diet were estimated via ANCOVA. Breakdown methods were used to disentangle the contribution of the production system (organic compared with conventional) from the dietary pattern in the variation of diet-related environmental impacts, monetary costs, and pesticide exposure, between the 2 extreme quintiles. Results Higher organic food consumption was associated with higher plant-food and lower animal-food consumption, overall nutritional quality (higher dietary scores), and lower BMI. Diet-related greenhouse-gas emissions, cumulative energy demand, and land occupation gradually decreased with increasing organic food consumption, whereas total diet monetary cost increased. Diet exposure to most pesticides decreased across quintiles. Conclusions Diets of high organic food consumers were generally characterized by strong nutritional and environmental benefits. The latter were mostly driven by the low consumption of animal-based foods, whereas the production system was responsible for the higher diet monetary costs, and the overall reduced dietary pesticide exposure.
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Radulovic, Stamen, Radmila Markovic, Dobrila Jakic-Dimic, and Dragan Sefer. "The use of phytobiotics in growth stimulation of weaned pigs." Veterinarski glasnik 69, no. 1-2 (2015): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1502063r.
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Phytogene feed additives (phytobiotics) are plant origin compounds used in animal nutrition in order to improve their productivity by improving the production performance of animals, feed properties and the quality of food of animal origin. These additives stimulate animal growth by using their natural and physiological potentials and mechanisms providing conditions for the realization of the genetically projected production volumes. Data on the use of phytobiotics as growth stimulators are incomplete and often very contradictory, especially those related to their impact on the health and performance of weaned pigs. Given the relevance and importance of these issues the feeding trial was organized by the group-control system. The experiment lasted for 40 days and it was divided into two phases of 20 days each. Trial was conducted on 24 piglets, F1 generation of Swedish Landrace and Pietrain, weaned from sows at the age of 35 days. Tests were carried out on piglets, with an average body weight of 8.61?1.59 kg, which were subjected to one of the two feeding treatments immediately after weaning. The control group was fed with a mixture without growth promoters, while the experimental group received a diet containing preparation of phytobiotic (Enviva EO 101, Danisco Animal Nutrition) in the amount recommended by the manufacturer (0.1 kg/t). The mixtures for piglets nutrition were formulated in accordance with the recommendations of the NRC (1998), and AEC (1993) and they met the nutritional requirements completely. During the experiment, there was no disturbance of health and/or the manifestation of clinical signs of disease. The control group, fed with the diet without added growth stimulators, achieved body weight (25.32?6.31 kg), average daily gain (0.42?0.12 kg), consumption (0.89 kg) and feed conversion (2.119 ) normal for a given race, age and housing conditions. The use of preparation of phytobiotics as growth promoters, led to better production results in regard to the control group, which was based on higher body weight (27.19?4.77 kg), higher average daily gain (0.46?0.09 kg) and better feed conversion (2.043). The use of phytobiotic, as an alternative option in growth stimulation of weaned pigs, has its nutritive, medical and economic justification.
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Komlósi, István. "Recent Advancements in Poultry Health, Nutrition and Sustainability." Agriculture 12, no. 4 (April 5, 2022): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12040516.
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Hariri, Niloofar, and Louise Thibault. "High-fat diet-induced obesity in animal models." Nutrition Research Reviews 23, no. 2 (October 27, 2010): 270–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954422410000168.
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Epidemiological studies have shown a positive relationship between dietary fat intake and obesity. Since rats and mice show a similar relationship, they are considered an appropriate model for studying dietary obesity. The present paper describes the history of using high-fat diets to induce obesity in animals, aims to clarify the consequences of changing the amount and type of dietary fats on weight gain, body composition and adipose tissue cellularity, and explores the contribution of genetics and sex, as well as the biochemical basis and the roles of hormones such as leptin, insulin and ghrelin in animal models of dietary obesity. The major factors that contribute to dietary obesity – hyperphagia, energy density and post-ingestive effects of the dietary fat – are discussed. Other factors that affect dietary obesity including feeding rhythmicity, social factors and stress are highlighted. Finally, we comment on the reversibility of high-fat diet-induced obesity.
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Puspaningtyas, Desty Ervira, Siska Puspita Sari, Yuni Afriani, and Nurul Mukarromah. "Edukasi Gizi Efektif Meningkatkan Pengetahuan Atlet Mengenai Gizi Seimbang dan Pemenuhan Kebutuhan Cairan." Jurnal Pengabdian Dharma Bakti 2, no. 2 (August 25, 2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35842/jpdb.v2i2.87.
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Balanced diet is an eating patternthat focuses on the type of food eatenby person, including staple foods, animal protein and vegetable protein, vegetables and fruits. Application of balanced diet accompanied by the fulfillment of fluid needs in athletes has a role supporting the athletes’ performance. However, many athletes have not understood the urgency of balanced diet and the fulfillment of fluid requirements in improving athlete's performance yet. Nutrition education is a solution that can be used to improve the athlete's knowledge about the urgency of balanced diet and fluid requirements fulfillment. Community devotion done to increase athletes’ knowledgewas nutrition education about balanced diet and fluid requirements. Nutrition education performed to 21 soccer athletes at Sekolah Sepak Bola (SSB) Real Madrid on May 08, 2018 at the Stadium of Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. There was an increase of athlete knowledge between preeducation (56,67 ± 18,33) and post-education (75,24 ± 14,70), with p-value <0,001. Nutrition education can increase athletes' knowledge about balanced nutrition and fluid requirements effectively.Keywords: nutrition education, balanced diet, fluid requirement, knowledge, soccer
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Iskra, R., V. Vlislo, and R. Fedoruk. "Biological efficiency of citrates of microelements in animal breeding." Agricultural Science and Practice 4, no. 3 (December 15, 2017): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/agrisp4.03.028.
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To ensure normal functioning of the organism of animals, the maintenance of their vital functions, the growth and development of the young animals, their productive and reproductive capacities, it is necessary to ensure their full nutrition. Unbalanced mineral nutrition in the diet of the animals leads to the impairments of mineral metabolism in their body. One of the most promising way of obtaining micronutrients with guaranteed safety and bioticity is the use of the achievements of nanotechnology and bioorganic chemistry for the synthesis of organometallic biocomplexes, in particular, citrates. The Institute of Animal Biology of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine conducts studies to fi nd out the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of the action of nanoaquacitrate minerals in the organism of animals in different periods of ontogenetic devel- opment and productive use. It has been established that the trace elements of microelements are biologically active and safe for health, and their use in livestock breeding leads to increased animal vitality and productivity.
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Rivera, Madeline, Jordan Adams, and Luis O. Tedeschi. "43 Nutritional management for tropical-subtropical-adapted cattle receiving high-concentrate diets." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.066.
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Abstract Contemporary nutritional research investigates the effects of diet formulation and feeding strategies on animal performance and global sustainability under different climates. Functional nutrition models have incorporated the effects of heat stress on net energy for maintenance requirements, dry matter intake (DMI), and milk production when accounting for animal and the environmental factors. It is commonly assumed that growing Bos indicus breeds receiving feedlot-type diets in tropical and subtropical regions have exhibited lower maintenance energy requirements than Bos taurus breeds. However, the ability to predict supplies of energy, protein, and minerals available to meet animal requirements depends on the accuracy and consistency of feed composition values obtained through digestibility trials and chemical analyses. Empirical observations indicate that feedstuffs grown in high temperatures affect cell wall lignification and metabolic activity rates, requiring special procedures for digestion trials. Similarly, physiological adaptation mechanisms in cattle in response to heat stress conditions include evapotranspiration, sweating, and drooling. Heat stress studies have reported a correlation between reduced DMI and increased dry matter digestibility for all breeds of cattle exposed to temperatures that exceed the upper critical temperatures. For that reason, diet formulation with integrated mathematical nutrition modeling can account for nutrient and animal variability, to improve total digestible nutrient values. Furthermore, the water requirement is influenced by stage and type of production, activity, diet composition, feed intake and environmental temperature. Adjustments in management practices could potentially result in reduced production losses caused by thermal heat stress. The utilization of region-specific facilities that accommodate cattle and ensure the availability and quality of drinking water will improve overall animal health and production. Cattle receiving high-concentrate diets in tropical and subtropical regions require adjustments in management and nutrition to mitigate challenges induced by heat stress environments, but improvements are warranted for required energy and water for Bos indicus breeds.
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Sugawara, Saeko, Yui Mizowaki, Yui Iwagaki, Yu Sakamoto, Kazushi Yamamoto, and Tsuyoshi Tsuduki. "Standardisation of the Japanese diet for use in animal experiments." British Journal of Nutrition 118, no. 10 (November 16, 2017): 867–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517002793.
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AbstractThe aim of this study was to develop a purified diet that mimics the characteristics of the Japanese diet using readily available materials with a simpler composition and a focus on quality, with the goal of facilitating performance of studies on the Japanese diet worldwide. The utility of the new diet was examined as a mimic of the standard Japanese diet for use in animal experiments. We examined whether a key characteristic of the Japanese diet of being less likely to cause obesity could be reproduced. The mimic diet had a balance of protein, fat and carbohydrate based on the 1975 Japanese diet, which is the least likely to cause obesity, and materials chosen with reference to the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHNS). To examine similarities of the mimic diet with the model 1975 Japanese diet, we created a menu of the 1975 diet based on the NHNS and prepared the freeze-dried and powdered diet. The mimic diet, the 1975 Japanese diet, a control AIN-93G diet and a Western diet were fed to mice for 4 weeks. As a result, the mimic diet and the 1975 diet resulted in less accumulation of visceral fat and liver fat. Mice given these two diets showed similar effects. This indicates that the mimic diet used in this study has characteristics of the 1975 Japanese diet and could be used as a standard Japanese diet in animal experiments.
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Yasakov, D. S., S. G. Makarova, A. P. Fisenko, M. G. Vershinina, V. M. Kodentsova, S. B. Lazurenko, E. L. Semikina, T. V. Kazyukova, and T. V. Sviridova. "VEGETARIANISM AND CHILDREN’S HEALTH." Pediatria. Journal named after G.N. Speransky 101, no. 1 (February 18, 2022): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24110/0031-403x-2022-101-1-161-170.
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The presented review of scientific findings is devoted to various aspects of influence of vegetarian diets on a growing organism. Following a vegetarian diet means excluding animal products from the diet. Experts are particularly concerned about the use of vegetarian diets in children due to nutritional deficiencies in children can lead to various pathological abnormalities with long-term consequences. The results of numerous studies performed both in our country and abroad have shown that the use of vegetarian diets in children is associated with high nutritional risks. In this regard, the observance of vegetarian types of nutrition by children should be accompanied by high awareness of parents on diet planning, as well as regular monitoring of health status of such children by pediatricians, nutritionists, and general practitioners.
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Bennison, J. J., R. G. Clemence, R. F. Archibald, C. R. C. Hendy, and L. Dempfle. "The effects of work and two planes of nutrition on trypanotolerant draught cattle infected with Trypanosoma congolense." Animal Science 66, no. 3 (June 1998): 595–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800009176.
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AbstractThirty-two N'Dama bulls aged 3 to 4 years were used to study the interactions between work, trypanosomosis and nutrition. The bulls were randomly allocated to two treatments, working (W) and non-working (N). Half in each treatment were placed on an andropogon hay basal diet (B), the other half on a better quality groundnut hay diet (H). Five days a week, four pairs of animals in the BW group and and four pairs in the HW group pulled weighted sledges four times around a 2056-m track. Loads were set to ensure energy expenditure was equivalent to 1·4 times maintenance. After 4 weeks all 32 bulls were injected intradermally with 104 Trypanosoma congolense organisms. The trial continued for a further 8 weeks.Trypanosome infection caused a significant (P < 0·001) decline in packed cell volume (PCV), and the anaemia was more severe (P < 0·05) in working animals; three pairs in the HW group and two pairs in the BW group were withdrawn because PCV fell below 17%. Diet had no effect on PCV or parasitaemia. Infection caused a decline in food intake (P < 0·001) but with significant interactions between diet and work. Intake patterns were similar in the BN and BW groups whilst the HW animals consumed significantly more groundnut hay compared with the HN group (P < 0·01). However, nutrition had no significant effect on lap times or the team's ability to work under trypanosomosis challenge. Post-infection, diet was the dominant factor determining weight change, HN and HW animals weighed significantly more than BN and BW animals (P < 0·01) and the interaction between period, diet and work demonstrated that BWhad the lowest weights in the latter stages of the trial (P < 0·05).The results suggest that supplementation with better quality forages confers no benefit to an animal infected with trypanosomes. Nor can trypanotolerant cattle sustain long periods of work if subiected to a primary challenge of trypanosomes.
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Costa, Fernando Guilherme Perazzo, José Humberto Vilar da Silva, Raffaella Castro de Lima, Cleber Franklin Santos de Oliveira, Valéria Pereira Rodrigues, and Sarah Gomes Pinheiro. "Scientific progress in the production of monogastric in the first decade of the twenty-first century." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, suppl spe (July 2010): 288–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010001300032.
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Significant progress in the area of animal production is due to the development of researches on genetics, environment, health, management and nutrition. The search for better management conditions that benefit animal welfare resulted in changes to the installation. The genetic improvement more productive animals has encouraged the number of searches to reduce the incidence of diseases, mainly of metabolic origin. The incorporation in products with higher bioavailability as industrial amino acid and organic minerals, the inclusion of products modifiers enteric of microflora as probiotic, prebiotic, symbiotic, nucleotides and exogenous enzymes, has benefited the use of nutrients are not well absorbed and often unavailable in the diet. Biotechnology latest as nutrition in egg and molecular biology has been used for the benefit of the increase animal productivity.
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Saremi, B., and A. A. Naserian. "Improvement of the growth and performance of Holstein neonatal calves receiving the microbial additive Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620001259x.
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Yeasts such as strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) are now widely used as additives in ruminant nutrition to improve animal performance, health and utilization of nutritional components of their diet while at the same time avoiding nutritional disorders. Although evidence for a positive effect on animal performance has existed for many years, adoption has been slow. This is probably due to the lack of performance data indicating in which specific production situations the various products are or are not effective. Some studies indicated that the feeding of a yeast strain specifically selected to compliment high grain diets (Yea-Sacc, Alltech, Inc., USA) was effective in improving gain of yearling steers fed a 90% concentrate, 10% roughage diet once daily. So the objective of this study was to determine if this Bakery’s yeast product could positively affect Holstein neonatal calves growth and performance.
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Bruegel, Martin, Jean-Michel Chevet, and Sébastien Lecocq. "Animal Protein and Rational Choice: Diet in the Eighteenth Century." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 44, no. 4 (February 2014): 427–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_00609.
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Analysis of the account books of the convent school of Saint-Cyr between 1688 and 1788 reveals the causes of the institution's changing patterns of meat consumption. Although a rational-choice model can explain short-term variations in the school's diet, economic variables alone are not sufficient to explain its long-term variations, as evolving tastes began to infiltrate Saint-Cyr's traditional, aristocratic diet. The unintended side effect of this development was to improve nutrition, which the school managed to do without running afoul of claims to elite status.
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Colton, Katrine K., and Lia M. Nightingale. "Influence of cooking skills and nutritional training on dietary choices of incoming chiropractic students." Journal of Chiropractic Education 34, no. 2 (April 27, 2020): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7899/jce-18-38.
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Objective We aimed to identify chiropractic students' cooking skills, perceptions of healthy eating, and influence of prior nutrition training on dietary intake. Methods Two cohorts of incoming graduate students were surveyed to assess nutritional training prior to matriculation, perceptions of healthy eating behaviors, cooking skills, current dietary intake, and barriers to healthy eating. Using independent t tests, correlations, and descriptive statistics, data from the cohorts were assessed. Results The response rate was 88.7% (n = 178). Nutritional training significantly increased perception of nutritional knowledge and confidence in giving nutrition advice. Completion of at least 1 college nutrition course was associated with nearly double students' weekly fatty fish intake. Males were more likely to eat animal protein, and females preferred desserts. Modeling a healthy diet for future patients was rated as being important, yet most students consumed diets consistent with the typical American diet. The leading barriers to healthy eating included lack of time and money. Conclusion Similar to students in other healthcare professions, incoming chiropractic students wish to model healthy behaviors but fail to apply their knowledge and attitudes to their own dietary intakes due to common barriers.
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Poorbagher, Hadi, Miles D. Lamare, and Mike F. Barker. "The relative importance of parental nutrition and population versus larval diet on development and phenotypic plasticity of Sclerasterias mollis larvae." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90, no. 3 (January 19, 2010): 527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315409990907.
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The relative importance of parental diet/population and larval diet were examined on egg, growth, morphology and biochemistry of Sclerasterias mollis larvae. Adult S. mollis were fed one cockle (Austrovenus stutchburyi) per two animals each week, as a low diet, or two cockles per animal each week, as a high diet. The experiment was run for one year. In addition, two field populations (Otago inshore and offshore) with dissimilar nutritional status (based on the gonad index) were selected. Otago inshore starfish had higher gonad indices and assumed to have better nutritional status. The low and high diet laboratory starfish produced eggs with similar characteristics. Eggs from the low diet laboratory parents had the highest carbohydrate concentration. The eggs from the field parents had higher fertilization rate and lower carbohydrate concentration than eggs from the laboratory parents. The Otago inshore starfish had smaller eggs with a lower carbohydrate concentration than the starfish from Otago offshore. Parents from the laboratory or the field had significant effects on larval growth, morphological phenotypic plasticity (measured by the body length relative to the body width) and development rate. Larvae from Otago offshore parents had highest growth and morphological phenotypic plasticity. Larvae from the low diet laboratory parents and those from Otago inshore had the highest development rate. Larvae from low diet laboratory parents had the highest carbohydrate concentration. Neither the parents nor the larval diet had a significant effect on larval mortality. A higher concentration planktonic diet resulted in higher growth, morphological phenotypic plasticity and development rate. Parents were however more important than larval diet on growth and phenotypic plasticity of the larvae. This study showed that parental nutrition has an important effect on growth, morphological phenotypic plasticity and body composition of S. mollis larvae. The nutritional status of the parents does not influence the larvae through a change in the egg size, protein, lipid, carbohydrate and energy content.
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Auclair, Olivia, and Sergio A. Burgos. "Carbon Footprint of Canadian Self-Selected Diets: Trade-Offs With Nutrient Intakes and Diet Quality." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab060_002.
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Abstract Objectives Individuals' dietary choices are critical determinants of human and planetary health. Although the environmental impact of animal-based foods typically exceeds that of plants, trade-offs among nutritional outcomes and environmental sustainability in the context of self-selected diets are less understood. The objectives were to estimate the carbon footprint of Canadian self-selected diets and to compare low- and high-GHGE diets in terms of intake of food groups, nutrients, and diet quality. Methods Twenty-four-hour recalls from the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) – Nutrition were used to determine dietary intake among adults ≥19 y (n = 13,612). Estimates from the database of Food Impacts on the Environment for Linking to Diets were used to link foods and beverages reported in the CCHS to their greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE). Intake of food groups, nutrients, and diet quality based on the Alternative Healthy Eating Index – 2010 were compared between low- and high-GHGE diets (lowest and highest quintiles of dietary GHGE expressed per 1,000 kcal). Results Dietary GHGE (mean ± SE) was 3.98 ± 0.06 kg CO2-equivalents (eq) per person per d or 2.15 ± 0.03 kg CO2-eq per person per 1,000 kcal. Animal-based foods contributed three-quarters of Canadians' total dietary GHGE, with red and processed meat alone accounting for 47.05 ± 0.82%. High-GHGE diets contained more animal-based foods, but also more vegetables and fruits and miscellaneous foods and beverages; low-GHGE diets contained more cereals, grains, and breads. High-GHGE diet respondents had higher intakes of nutrients of public health concern (iron, potassium, calcium, and vitamin D), but also higher intakes of nutrients to limit (saturated fat and sodium). Moreover, low-GHGE diets had higher diet quality scores compared to high-GHGE diets (55.31 ± 0.49 vs. 47.27 ± 0.46 points; p < 0.0001). Conclusions Self-selected Canadian diets with the highest GHGE contained more animal-based foods and were characterized by higher intakes of nutrients of concern but a lower overall diet quality. These trade-offs warrant attention in shaping future food policy and dietary guidance in Canada aimed at meeting global targets for climate change. Funding Sources None.
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Brown, Louise, and Frans van der Ouderaa. "Nutritional genomics: food industry applications from farm to fork." British Journal of Nutrition 97, no. 6 (June 2007): 1027–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507691983.
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Nutritional genomics is a new and promising science area which can broadly be defined as the application of high throughput genomics (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics/metabonomics) and functional genomic technologies to the study of nutritional sciences and food technology. First utilised in the food industry by plant biotechnologists to manipulate plant biosynthetic pathways, the use of genomic technologies has now spread within the agriculture sector, unleashing a host of new applications (e.g. approaches for producing novel, non-transgenic plant varietals; identification of genetic markers to guide plant and animal breeding programmes; exploration of diet–gene interactions for enhancing product quality and plant/animal health). Beyond agriculture, genomic technologies are also contributing to the improvement of food processing, food safety and quality assurance as well as the development of functional food products and the evolution of new health management concepts such as ‘personalised nutrition’, an emerging paradigm in which the diet of an individual is customised, based on their own genomic information, to optimise health and prevent disease. In this review the relevance of nutritional genomics to the food industry will be considered and examples given on how this science area is starting to be leveraged for economic benefits and to improve human nutrition and health.
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Kim, Minseok. "— Invited Review — Assessment of the gastrointestinal microbiota using 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing in ruminant nutrition." Animal Bioscience 36, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 364–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ab.22.0382.
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The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of ruminants contains diverse microbes that ferment various feeds ingested by animals to produce various fermentation products, such as volatile fatty acids. Fermentation products can affect animal performance, health, and well-being. Within the GI microbes, the ruminal microbes are highly diverse, greatly contribute to fermentation, and are the most important in ruminant nutrition. Although traditional cultivation methods provided knowledge of the metabolism of GI microbes, most of the GI microbes could not be cultured on standard culture media. By contrast, amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA genes can be used to detect unculturable microbes. Using this approach, ruminant nutritionists and microbiologists have conducted a plethora of nutritional studies, many including dietary interventions, to improve fermentation efficiency and nutrient utilization, which has greatly expanded knowledge of the GI microbiota. This review addresses the GI content sampling method, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis and then discusses recent studies on the various factors, such as diet, breed, gender, animal performance, and heat stress, that influence the GI microbiota and thereby ruminant nutrition.
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Bobeck, Elizabeth A. "134 Ingredients That Modify the Immune System." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (September 21, 2022): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.122.
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Abstract Companion animal diets have moved beyond providing complete nutrition for growth or maintenance and into functional outcomes that maintain and improve health and longevity. Select dietary ingredients have additional effects, intended or not, on animal physiology and immune function. Many immune-altering nutrients are fats or fat-soluble, including omega-3 fatty acids, essential oils, phytogenic compounds, and Vitamins A, E, and D. Examples of other related ingredients to which the immune system is responsive include phytogenic compounds, zinc, and probiotics. Because composition and inclusion rate of these nutrients impact immune function and physiology, a focused and intentional selection of specific ingredients is one method to alter inflammatory cascades in animals consuming the diet. While work in human, livestock, and companion animal models is working to identify therapeutic inclusion rates for these nutrients and ingredients, it should be noted that physiological alterations are nutrient-specific and are seen in both over and under-inclusion. For example, inclusion above currently recommended levels may optimize immune function and reduce inflammation in the case of vitamin D or omega-3 PUFA, while for zinc, additional pharmacological supplementation above requirements may inhibit immune function. Probiotics need to be specifically selected and included continuously for maximal benefit. When choosing to formulate an anti-inflammatory diet for long-lived animals, it must also be considered that important “background” functions of the immune system, including monitoring for and clearing pathogenic microbial populations, may be downregulated due to a general reduction in immune reactivity. Continued work to understand how diet and nutrition impact immunity, and how to balance inflammation through nutrition, is an area of active research and will inform downstream users how to best use data to impact consumers of that feed in desirable ways.
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Matsushita, Makoto, Kazutoshi Fujita, and Norio Nonomura. "Influence of Diet and Nutrition on Prostate Cancer." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 1447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041447.
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The incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) displays widespread regional differences, probably owing to differences in dietary habits. Nutrients, including fat, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins (vitamin A, D, and E), and polyphenols, potentially affect PCa pathogenesis and progression, as previously reported using animal models; however, clinical studies have reported controversial results for almost all nutrients. The effects of these nutrients may be manifested through various mechanisms including inflammation, antioxidant effects, and the action of sex hormones. Dietary patterns including the Western and Prudent patterns also influence the risk of PCa. Recent studies reported that the gut microbiota contribute to tumorigenesis in some organs. Diet composition and lifestyle have a direct and profound effect on the gut bacteria. Human studies reported an increase in the abundance of specific gut bacteria in PCa patients. Although there are few studies concerning their relationship, diet and nutrition could influence PCa, and this could be mediated by gut microbiota. An intervention of dietary patterns could contribute to the prevention of PCa. An intervention targeting dietary patterns may thus help prevent PCa.
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Rodrigues, T. C. G. C., S. A. Santos, L. G. A. Cirne, D. dos S Pina, H. D. R. Alba, M. L. G. M. L. de Araújo, W. P. Silva, C. O. Nascimento, C. S. Rodrigues, and G. G. P. de Carvalho. "Palm kernel cake in high-concentrate diets improves animal performance without affecting the meat quality of goat kids." Animal Production Science 62, no. 1 (2022): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an21129.
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Context Goat farming is an important socio-economic activity. The feedlot system allows the finishing of the animals in short periods through use of concentrated diets; however, these diets increase the system’s production costs. Palm kernel cake (PKC) has proved to be a good alternative feed source in diets for cattle and sheep because of its nutritional characteristics and potential to reduce production costs. Aim This experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of high-concentrate diets with the inclusion of PKC on carcass traits and meat quality of feedlot goat kids. Methods Thirty-two crossbred, castrated Boer goat kids, 4 months old and of average initial body weight 19.65±3.00kg, were used in the study. The animals were assigned to treatments in a completely randomised design, with four experimental diets containing PKC at 0%, 12%, 24%, and 36% on a dry matter basis. Measurements included total weight gain at slaughter, quantitative and sensory meat characteristics, and fatty acid profile. Key results A quadratic effect (P<0.05) on total weight gain, and on meat marbling, lightness, and yellowness, was observed. The highest total weight gain and marbling were recorded with the diet containing 12% PKC. Loin eye area was also highest at 12% PKC, then decreased, whereas protein content and shear force increased (P<0.05) at the higher PKC levels. Diet affected (P<0.05) saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. No effect was observed from the inclusion of PKC on sensory attributes or on nutritional quality of the lipid fraction of the meat. Conclusion It is recommended the use up to 12% of this alternative source of nutrients, owing to the higher total weight gain and improved quantitative aspects of the goat kids’ meat such as marbling and loin eye area. Implications High-concentrate diets and the use of by-products for animal nutrition have become common in animal production systems. The increasing use of PKC in animal nutrition leads us to determine the best dietary inclusion level, avoiding undesirable production or product quality characteristics.
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Moynihan, Paula, and Poul Erik Petersen. "Diet, nutrition and the prevention of dental diseases." Public Health Nutrition 7, no. 1a (February 2004): 201–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2003589.
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AbstractOral health is related to diet in many ways, for example, nutritional influences on craniofacial development, oral cancer and oral infectious diseases. Dental diseases impact considerably on self-esteem and quality of life and are expensive to treat. The objective of this paper is to review the evidence for an association between nutrition, diet and dental diseases and to present dietary recommendations for their prevention. Nutrition affects the teeth during development and malnutrition may exacerbate periodontal and oral infectious diseases. However, the most significant effect of nutrition on teeth is the local action of diet in the mouth on the development of dental caries and enamel erosion. Dental erosion is increasing and is associated with dietary acids, a major source of which is soft drinks.Despite improved trends in levels of dental caries in developed countries, dental caries remains prevalent and is increasing in some developing countries undergoing nutrition transition. There is convincing evidence, collectively from human intervention studies, epidemiological studies, animal studies and experimental studies, for an association between the amount and frequency of free sugars intake and dental caries. Although other fermentable carbohydrates may not be totally blameless, epidemiological studies show that consumption of starchy staple foods and fresh fruit are associated with low levels of dental caries. Fluoride reduces caries risk but has not eliminated dental caries and many countries do not have adequate exposure to fluoride.It is important that countries with a low intake of free sugars do not increase intake, as the available evidence shows that when free sugars consumption is <15–20kg/yr (~6–10% energy intake), dental caries is low. For countries with high consumption levels it is recommended that national health authorities and decision-makers formulate country-specific and community-specific goals for reducing the amount of free sugars aiming towards the recommended maximum of no more than 10% of energy intake. In addition, the frequency of consumption of foods containing free sugars should be limited to a maximum of 4 times per day. It is the responsibility of national authorities to ensure implementation of feasible fluoride programmes for their country.