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Cobanov, Branislav. "Stochastic control of animal diets optimal sampling schedule and diet optimization /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1155661130.
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Tansawat, Rossarin. "Chemical Characterization of Meat Related to Animal Diet." DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1339.
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There is currently much interest in the comparative health benefits of various meat products, including pasture-fed beef. However, little is known about the specific pasture-finishing diets (mixed forages, alfalfa, or sainfoin, compared to grain) on meat quality, consumer preferences, and human health. Thus, additional information is needed to better understand and develop new animal feeding regimes for optimum animal growth, meat flavor, and meat nutritional quality. The objective of the current study was to examine how animal diets, including secondary metabolites in the diet, affect meat chemical characteristics, meat quality, and nutritional value. In study 1 (Chapter 3), grain- vs. pasture-fed beef rib steaks were evaluated. Ribs from pasture-fed animals had a much lower fat content (P < 0.01), which was its main positive nutritional attribute. Pasture-fed beef had more (P < 0.05) omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) than grain-fed beef, but was only a moderately good source of PUFA, compared to salmon. Pasture-fed beef had higher antioxidant capacity and lower measures of oxidation (P < 0.05). Pasture and grain diets influenced the volatile profile of cooked meat. Flavor descriptors barny, gamey, and grassy were associated with pasture feeding, and were uniquely shown in this study to be positively correlated with specific aroma volatiles benzaldehyde, toluene, dimethyl sulfone, 3- heptanone, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (P < 0.05). In study 2 (Chapter 4), the effects of legume pasture-finishing of beef cattle on meat quality were evaluated, comparing alfalfa pasture (containing saponins) versus sainfoin pasture (containing tannins). No strong differences (P > 0.05) were found between the two legume diets in all meat characteristics, indicating that sainfoin was similar to alfalfa as a cattle forage. Similar (P > 0.05) low TBA values after 12 d of storage at 2 °C were obtained from both diets, comparable to pasture-fed beef from study 1. This verified the prolonged retail shelf life benefit of forage-fed beef, compared to grain-fed beef.
In study 3 (Chapter 5), lambs fed four different diets, plain/control (P), tanninsrich diet (T), saponins-rich diet (S), or choice of them (C), were evaluated on metabolomics profiles using GC/MS technique. Forty metabolites were detected (30 named and 10 unknown). A principal component analysis (PCA) plot showed a clear separation of P, T, and S diet treatments while the C diet was overlapped with S and P diets, indicating that S or P diets were preferred while the T diet was avoided. In summary, the effects of ruminant diets on meat characteristics depended on the type and concentration of plant secondary compounds (PSC), especially the PSC levels contained in the pastures.
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Kendall, Dustin Clay. "Opportunities and limitations for low-protein diet formulation in swine /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3164518.
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Fontelles, Camile Castilho. "Paternal pre-conceptional nutrition programs breast cancer risk in rat female offspring: opposing effects of animal- and plant- based high fat diets." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9132/tde-28092016-142616/.
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Breast cancer is a persistent public health problem. Interesting hypothesis suggests that its risk can be modulated in early life periods, a phenomenon known as fetal programming. In this context, most fetal programming studies focus on maternal influence, due to the greater interaction between mother and fetus in both fetal and lactation periods. However, recent studies show that paternal preconception diet has also a major role in the offspring\'s susceptibility to metabolic chronic non-communicable diseases. Therefore, this direct doctoral project aimed to assess whether the paternal consumption of different high fat diets during the development period of the reproductive system of male rats increased the susceptibility of female offspring to mammary carcinogenesis. In addition we sought to evaluate which mechanisms could be involved in this process. We used male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain (n = 20/group) that consumed high fat diet with 60% of calories from lipids from lard (LB group) or corn oil (CB group), or AIN-93G control diet (CO group) for nine weeks, during development and sexual maturation periods. These rats were mated with females who consumed only commercial diet in 1:1 ratio. Their 50 days old offspring were subjected to mammary carcinogenesis model using 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (50mg/kg). Paternal consumption of high fat diet of animal or plant source had opposite effects, with the paternal consumption of diet with high content of saturated fatty acids (LB) increasing and consumption of diet with high content of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (CB) reducing the risk of breast cancer development in female offspring. These effects were due to changes in the expression of 89 miRNAs in the father\'s sperm and 23 miRNAs in the offspring\'s mammary gland, with overlapping of three miRNAs (miR-1897-5p, miR- 219-1-3p and miR-376a #) that were altered in both tissues. Additionally, female offspring of males fed diets with high content of saturated fatty acids showed less differentiation of the mammary gland, higher levels of cell proliferation, lower levels of apoptosis and altered expression of keys proteins that regulate important cellular functions, such as epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Finally, these females had also altered lipid profile of the fat pad similar to their male parent as well as epigenetic changes that may be related to the etiology of breast cancer. Thus, we conclude that the high-fat preconception paternal diet programmed the susceptibility of female offspring to mammary carcinogenesis, but this effect was dependent on the type of fatty acid consumed and the observed effects possibly results from changes in miRNA expression profile.O câncer de mama é um persistente problema de saúde pública. Hipótese intrigante sugere que a suscetibilidade à doença pode ser modulada em períodos precoces da vida, fenômeno conhecido como programação fetal. Nesse sentido, a maior parte dos estudos de programação fetal refere-se à influência materna, dada a intensa interação existente entre mãe e feto tanto no período fetal, quanto na lactação. Entretanto, estudos recentes mostram que a dieta paterna pré-concepcional também tem um papel de grande importância na suscetibilidade da prole à uma série de doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis de origem metabólica. Portanto, o presente projeto de doutorado direto teve como objetivo avaliar se o consumo paterno de diferentes dietas hiperlipídicas, durante o período de desenvolvimento do sistema reprodutivo de ratos machos, aumentaria a suscetibilidade da prole feminina à carcinogênese mamária. Adicionalmente buscou-se avaliar quais mecanismos poderiam estar envolvidos nesse processo. Utilizaram-se ratos machos da linhagem Sprague-Dawley (n=20/grupo) que consumiram dieta hiperlipídica com 60% de calorias provenientes de lipídeos de banha (grupo LB) ou óleo de milho (grupo CB), ou dieta controle AIN-93G (grupo CO), por nove semanas, durante os períodos de desenvolvimento e maturação sexual. Esses ratos foram acasalados com fêmeas, que consumiram apenas dieta comercial, na proporção 1:1. Sua prole de 50 dias foi submetida ao modelo de carcinogênese mamária com o uso de 7,12-dimetil-benza[a]antraceno (50mg/kg). O consumo paterno de dietas hiperlipídicas de origem animal ou vegetal conferiram efeitos opostos, com o consumo de dieta com alto teor de ácidos graxos saturados (LB) aumentando e o consumo de dieta com alto teor de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados n-6 (CB) diminuindo o risco de desenvolvimento de câncer de mama na prole feminina. Esses efeitos foram associados à alteração da expressão de 89 miRNAS no espermatozoide dos pais e 23 miRNAs na glândula mamária da prole, com sobreposição de 3 miRNAs (miR-1897-5p, miR-219-1-3p e miR-376a#) que estavam alterados em ambos tecidos. Adicionalmente, a prole feminina de machos que consumiram dieta com alto teor de ácidos graxos saturados apresentou menor diferenciação da glândula mamária, maior nível de proliferação celular, menor nível de apoptose e alteração da expressão de proteínas chaves da regulação celular, como na transição epitélio-mesenquimal. Finalmente, essas fêmeas também apresentaram perfil lipídico alterado semelhante à do seu progenitor masculino, bem como modificações epigenéticas que podem estar relacionadas à etiologia do câncer de mama. Assim, concluímos que a dieta paterna hiperlipídica pré-concepcional programou a suscetibilidade da prole feminina à carcinogênese mamária, porém esse efeito é dependente do tipo de ácido graxo consumido e os efeitos observados possivelmente decorrem de alterações no perfil de expressão de miRNAs.
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Figueiredo, Adriana Nogueira. "O ovo em pó na alimentação de leitões recém-desmamados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-28102002-173650/.
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Foram realizados dois experimentos para determinar a composição química, os coeficientes de digestibilidade de nutrientes e os valores de energia e proteína digestíveis do ovo em pó (OP) e avaliar o desempenho e os componentes sanguíneos e plasmáticos de leitões recém-desmamados alimentados com dietas contendo níveis crescentes de proteína do OP em substituição à proteína do plasma sanguíneo. O Experimento I consistiu de um ensaio de digestibilidade, sendo utilizados oito leitões (quatro machos castrados e quatro fêmeas), mestiços Landrace x Large White com 15,9 kg de peso médio. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma dieta basal e uma dieta teste (70% dieta basal + 30% OP) com quatro repetições cada. Utilizou-se a metodologia da coleta parcial de fezes com o uso de 0,5% de óxido crômico (Cr2O3) adicionado às dietas como indicador. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente do OP foram de 87,18, 80,76, 81,99 e 70, 54%, respectivamente, para a matéria seca, energia bruta, proteína bruta e extrato etéreo. A partir dos coeficientes de digestibilidade determinados e os valores de proteína bruta (56,53%) e energia bruta (5.897 kcal/kg) foram calculados os valores de 43,91% de proteína digestível e 5.139 kcal/kg de energia digestível do OP para leitões em fase de creche. No Experimento II, foram utilizados 90 animais (machos castrados e fêmeas), mestiços Landrace x Large White, desmamados com 24 dias e 5,6 kg de peso médio. O período experimental compreendeu duas fases, a pré-inicial (1 a 14 dias) e inicial (15 a 28 dias pós-desmame), onde os tratamentos consistiram de cinco rações isonutritivas com níveis crescentes (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) de substituição protéica do plasma sanguíneo da dieta pelo OP. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com nove repetições por tratamento e dois animais por unidade experimental (baia). Os animais e a ração foram pesados para o cálculo do ganho diário de peso (GDP), consumo diário de ração (CDR) e conversão alimentar (CA) em cada fase e período total. Ao final do ensaio de desempenho foi retirada uma amostra de sangue de cada animal para a determinação dos componentes plasmáticos (uréia, proteína total, albumina, globulina, relação albumina/globulina, triglicérides e colesterol) e sanguíneos (hematócrito e hemoglobina). Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos (P > 0,05) para as variáveis de desempenho na fase de 1 a 14 dias pós-desmame. Para a segunda fase experimental e para o período total, foi observada uma redução linear (P < 0,01) do GDP e CDR, à medida que aumentava o nível de substituição do PS pelo OP. Para as variáveis dos componentes plasmáticos e sanguíneos não foram observadas diferenças significativas (P > 0,05) entre os tratamentos. Concluiu-se que o ovo em pó pode substituir completamente o plasma sanguíneo sem afetar o desempenho dos animais na fase de 1 a 14 dias pós-desmame, enquanto que na fase de 15 a 28 dias essa substituição prejudicou o desempenho dos animais, refletindo assim, em um pior desempenho no período total (1 a 28 dias). A inclusão crescente do ovo em pó nas dietas não alterou os componentes plasmáticos e sanguíneos.Two experiments were carried out to determine the chemical composition, nutrients digestibility and digestible energy and protein of spray-dried egg (OP) and to study the performance and plasma and blood components of weanling pigs fed a diets containing OP. In Experiment I, eight Landrace x Large White crossbred pigs (four barrows and four gilts), averaging 15.9 kg live weight were used for digestibility assay. The animals were assigned to two treatments and four replications/treatment. The treatments consisted of the basal diet and test diet (70% of basal diet + 30% of OP) The method was the partial faeces collection, using 0.5% of chromium oxide (Cr2O3) in the diet as fecal marker. The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein and crude fat were, respectivily, 87.18, 80.76, 81.99 and 70.54%. From these results of apparent digestibility coeficients and the values of crude protein (56.53%) and gross energy (5,897 kcal/kg) resulted in 43.91% of digestible protein and 5,139 kcal/kg of digestible energy for OP. In Experiment II, ninety Landrace x Large White crossbred pigs (barrows and gilts) were weaned at 24 days of age with 5,6 kg live weight. The experimental period was divided in two phases, 1 to 14 days and 15 to 28 days post-weaning. The treatments consisted of five dietary levels of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % of substitution of plasma protein for OP protein. Pigs were alloted in a randomized block design with nine replications per treatment and two pigs per experimental unit (pen). Pigs were weighed and the data of feed intake per pen were registered every week. Pig performance data such as average daily gain (GDP), daily feed intake (CDR) and feed conversion (CA) were analyzed by polynomial regression. No treatment effects (P > 0.05) were observed on performance for 1-14 day post-weaning phase. For the 15-28 phase and for the total period, linear reductions (P < 0.01) of GDP and CDR, were observed with increased dietary OP levels. No treatment effects (P > 0.05) were observed on plasma and blood components. Therefore, it can be conclued that the spray-dried egg can completely replace plasma without affecting the performance of pigs during 1-14 day post-weaning phase. For the 15-28 day phase and total period, added OP levels showed a depressive effect on pig performance. The plasma and blood components were not affected by the inclusion of spray-dried egg.
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Poirier, Denise Marie. "Nutrient absorption from liquid therapeutic diets in an animal model." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61694.
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Beukes, Maya. "Spatial and temporal variation in lion (Panthera leo) diet within the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2345.
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Thesis (MTech (Nature Conservation))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.A survey in 2010 suggested that the lion (Panthera leo) population of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park (KGNP) was exhibiting a skewed sex ratio in favour of males, which can ultimately lead to a decline in lion population numbers. In the KGNP artificial water provision has influenced the abundance of resident prey and potentially, lion diet and body condition. Changes in mammalian diet, and consequently body condition, have been found to influence the sex ratio of offspring. In response to a concern that diet may be influencing lion sex ratios in the KGNP, aspects of the spatial and temporal variation in lion diet were investigated between May 2013 and June 2015. The lion diet profile in the KGNP was described using evidence of prey remains identified through GPS cluster analysis (n = 278) from seven collared lionesses, lion scat analysis (n = 189) and opportunistic observations of lion feeding events (n = 52). Spatial variation in diet was investigated between three regional landscape types (north, south and west), based on the different vegetation types represented within each area, and two habitat types (riverbeds and dunes). Seasonal variations were assessed according to the hot-wet season (November to April), and the cold-dry season (May to October). Findings were also used to assess whether lion diet in KGNP has changed over the last 45 years through evaluating results from historical lion diet studies.
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Kim, Eun Joong. "Growth and metabolism of forage-fed beef animals." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366568.
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Knorr, David B. "Influence of diet on biomass production of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris in laboratory culture." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/845951.
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In a 28-day dietary study, Lumbricus terrestris were placed in one quart containers with soil and offered either corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) or alfalfa (Medicago sativa) leaves, corn leaves treated with a 1:1 solution of 28% N fertilizer and deionized water, corn or soybean stalks, or no addition. The worms were weighed initially and after 28 days to determine biomass production, which was used for determining food quality. Worms exhibited large weight gains when fed alfalfa or soybean leaves, intermediate weight gains when fed corn leaves treated with N, and little or no gains for the remainder of treatments. N content of the tissues was positively correlated to biomass production. These results support the hypothesis that earthworm growth is determined by food quality, particularly N content.Department of Natural Resources
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Scuderi, Richard Anthony. "The Effects of Diet on the Bovine Milk Proteome." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2018. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/846.
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Protein is an important fraction within bovine milk. This milk protein is not only vital for calf growth and development, but also includes bioactive proteins and peptides that have been shown to enhance the health of animals and humans. Research efforts are focusing on factors, such as nutrition, that can influence the quantity and profile of proteins within the bovine milk proteome. The research outlined herein investigated the impact of diet on the bovine milk proteome. The first experiment examined whether dietary inclusion of grape marc (GM), a condensed tannin (CT) containing by-product from the viticulture industry, could alter the bovine milk proteome through altered nitrogen (N) metabolism. In this experiment, 10 lactating Holstein cows were fed either 2.0 kg dry matter (DM)/ cow/ day of beet pulp: soy hulls in a 50% mixture (control), or 1.5 kg DM/ cow/ day of GM as part of a balanced dairy cow ration for a 28-d trial. Milk samples were obtained for analysis of the high- and low-abundance protein fractions. Skimmed milk samples collected for high-abundance protein analysis were measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to identify proteins in the low-abundance protein enriched fraction. Skimmed milk samples collected for low-abundance milk protein analysis were fractionated and enriched to remove higher abundance proteins. Enriched milk samples were then digested and labeled with isobaric tandem mass tags (TMT) prior to protein identification using LC-MS/MS analysis. There were no changes in the high-abundance protein fraction in response to diet; however, 16 of 127 low-abundance proteins were identified at different relative-abundances due to diet (P ≤ 0.05). While there were no alterations in the metabolic or N status of animals due to GM supplementation, the 12% change in the low-abundance milk protein fraction highlighted the potential for dietary alteration of the bovine milk proteome.
A second experiment evaluated the inclusion of alternative forage crops (AFC) as a means to alter the bovine milk proteome. In this experiment, both the skimmed milk and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) protein fractions were included in analysis. Milk samples were collected from 16 lactating Jersey cattle included in a 21-d grazing experiment, where cows were offered one of two diets. The control group (CON, n=8) grazed a grass-legume pasture mixture containing orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata), timothy (Phleum pratense), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), and white clover (Trifolium repens). The treatment group (AFC, n=8) grazed a similar base pasture that was strip-tilled with oat (Avena sativa), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), and chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus) so that the AFC species comprised 10% of the AFC group’s pasture DM intake (DMI). Milk samples were collected for HPLC analysis of the high abundance milk proteins, and LC-MS/MS analysis of the low abundance protein enriched skim milk fraction and MFGM-associated protein fraction. Cows that grazed pastures containing AFC had higher αs1-CAS content (P = 0.005), and higher relative-abundances of 7 low-abundance proteins within the skim milk and MFGM fractions (P ≤ 0.05). While it is plausible that the inclusion of AFC in pasture increased nutrient availability to the mammary gland, the specific mechanisms that could have caused the shifts observed remain unclear. Further investigation is necessary to fully understand the role of diet and the milk protein profile.
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Santarosa, Julieta. "Desempenho de pintos oriundos de ovos leves e pesados alimentados com diferentes tipos de ração pré-inicial." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-20042010-081258/.
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Dois experimentos foram conduzidos de forma semelhante, variando apenas a idade do lote de matrizes Ross que originou os ovos (42 e 60 semanas de idade, respectivamente, para os experimentos 1 e 2), com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho de pintos oriundos de ovos leves e pesados, alimentados com dietas pré-iniciais de diferentes formas físicas e níveis nutricionais.. Foram incubados ovos apresentando peso médio de 59,0 e 70,8 g, respectivamente, para o experimento 1 (tendo originado pintos de 41,0 e 49,0g de peso médio) e 66,9 e 75,1g (tendo originado pintos de 46,2 e 52,1g de peso médio), respectivamente, para o experimento 2. Uma parte destes ovos teve o peso de seus componentes determinado. À eclosão, 288 pintos, metade de cada categoria de peso de ovo, foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em 48 parcelas. Cada parcela alojou seis pintos, metade de cada sexo. Os tratamentos experimentais obedeceram a esquema fatorial 2x3 (2 pesos de ovos x 3 tipos de rações préiniciais). Utilizaram-se três dietas de formulação comercial na fase pré-inicial: ração peletizada, com menor nível energético (2.900 kcal/kg), protéico e de aminoácidos, considerada uma dieta de baixos níveis nutricionais (PBN); ração farelada, de mesma composição nutricional da ração peletizada (FBN); ração farelada, com maior nível energético (2.950 kcal/kg), protéico e de aminoácidos, considerada uma dieta de altos níveis nutricionais (FAN). Foram avaliados o tempo de consumo das dietas pré-iniciais e, aos sete e 14 dias, o ganho de peso, o peso vivo, o consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar. Do término das rações pré-iniciais até os 14 dias de idade, as aves receberam uma mesma ração farelada. Em ambos os experimentos o albúmen foi mais pesado nos ovos classificados como pesados (P<0,05). No experimento 1, a dieta PBN foi consumida mais rapidamente por pintos oriundos de ovos pesados. Aos sete dias, a dieta PBN melhorou o peso vivo, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar (P<0,05). Já o peso do ovo influenciou o peso vivo, que foi maior para os pintos oriundos de ovos pesados (P<0,05). O benefício da dieta PBN quanto à conversão alimentar, se manteve aos 14 dias, e o peso vivo dos pintos oriundos de ovos pesados que receberam a dieta PBN foi maior do que aqueles que receberam as dietas FBN e FAN (P<0,05). No experimento 2, não houve diferença significativa para o tempo de consumo das dietas pré-iniciais (P>0,05). Aos sete dias, as dietas PBN e FAN proporcionaram aos pintos melhor conversão alimentar (P<0,05). Porém, aos 14 dias, não houve diferença significativa entre as variáveis (P>0,05). Concluiu-se que, em ovos de matrizes de mesma idade, a diferença no peso dos ovos deve-se ao incremento de albúmen. Quanto ao desempenho, os pintos oriundos de matrizes de idade intermediária foram mais influenciados pelas diferenças de peso dos ovos e composições das dietas, sendo que a dieta peletizada beneficiou o desempenho dos mesmos, mesmo apresentando menor nível nutricional.Two experiments were conducted to evaluate different pre-starter diets on performance of chickens from light and heavy eggs hatched from Ross breeders of different ages. In the experiment 1, these eggs, that showed weight of 59,0 and 70,8g, were hatched from breeders of 42 weeks of age. In the experiment 2, these eggs, that showed 66,9 and 75,1g, were hatched from breeders of 60 weeks of age. The eggs percentage composition was evaluated. After hatching, 288 day-old chicks, males and females, were weight and allocated in 48 cages. In the experiment 1, their live weight was 41,0 and 49,0g; in the experiment 2, 46,2 e 52,1g. The performance trials were conducted in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 8 replicates, and the treatments consisted of a 2 3 factorial arrangement of egg weight (light and heavy) and three types of the pre-starter feed. The pre-starter diets used were: micro-pelleted diet, with 2900 kcal/kg and low levels of protein and amino acids (P); mash diet, with the same composition (M1); and mash diet, with 2950 kcal/kg and high protein. This feed was provided at a fixed amount of 200 g per chick and, after that, the birds in all treatments were fed a common starter diet in mash form, until 14 days of age. Live weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion were evaluated on a pen basis. The time required for total consumption of the pre-starter feeds was monitored. In both experiments, the albumen was heavier than the other components. In experiment 1, there was influence of the egg weight only in the first week (P<0,05). At seven days, P diet improved the live weight, weight gain and feed conversion (P<0,05). At 14 days, P diet also improved feed conversion, as well the live weight of chicks from heavy eggs. In the same experiment, heavy chicks consumed 200 g of P diet faster than light chicks. In the experiment 2, the time of intake was not different among treatments (P>0,05). There was not influence of egg weight, but there was influence of P and F2 diets in the first week, that improved the feed conversion. However, this influence did not remain to 14 days (P>0,05). It was concluded that albumen is the heaviest component of egg, inside the same age of breeders. It was also concluded that the chicks from breeders of 42 weeks of age were more influenced by different pre-starter diet composition and egg weight than the chicks from breeders of 60 weeks of age. Although P diet showed lower nutritional level, it improved the performance of chicks from breeders of 42 weeks of age.
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Sorbara, José Otávio Berti. "Efeito de diferentes carboidratos na ração pré-inicial de frangos de corte sobre o desempenho e a alometria dos órgãos"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-14072003-082208/.
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O estudo da nutrição na fase pré-inicial de frangos de corte é uma área de importância na busca da máxima expressão do potencial de crescimento. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar os efeitos da alteração na qualidade da dieta pré-inicial, pela utilização de diferentes fontes de carboidratos, sobre o desenvolvimento de órgãos do sistema digestório e o desempenho das aves até os 42 dias de idade. O experimento foi conduzido em baterias metálicas com aquecimento automático tendo seis tratamentos (rações contendo 20% de EM fornecida pelos carboidratos glicose, sacarose, amido de milho, amido de mandioca ou 5% de lactose de um a sete dias de idade) com quatro repetições de 26 aves. Avaliou-se o desempenho das aves de 1 a 7, 7 a 21 e 21 a 42 dias. Para avaliação alométrica dos órgãos do sistema digestório foram feitos abates do primeiro ao sétimo, ao 21 o e ao 42 o dia de idade das aves. Observou-se um efeito de tratamento no consumo de ração (P=0,0062) e no peso vivo (P=0,0975) de um a sete dias de idade, e na conversão alimentar (P=0,0163) na fase de 21 a 42 dias de idade. A viabilidade criatória não foi afetada significativamente por nenhum dos tratamentos em nenhuma das fases assim como o consumo de ração de sete a 21 e de 21 a 42 dias de idade. Aos 21 e 42 dias de idade não houve diferença estatística entre os tratamentos para o peso vivo. A conversão alimentar de um a sete e de sete a 21 dias de idade também não foi afetada pelos tratamentos. Não foi observado efeito significativo de tratamento em nenhuma das fases de criação para o peso relativo do saco vitelino, do proventrículo e para relação peso:comprimento do intestino delgado. Na fase de um a sete dias de idade observou-se efeito significativo de tratamento para o peso relativo da moela e do intestino delgado e para o comprimento absoluto do intestino delgado. Aos 21 dias de idade não se observou efeito significativo de tratamento para nenhuma variável. Aos 42 dias de idade observou-se efeito de tratamento sobre o peso relativo do pâncreas e do intestino delgado. Conclui-se que o uso dos carboidratos: glicose, sacarose, amido de milho e amido de mandioca foi benéfico para o desempenho das aves na fase de um a sete dias de idade. O melhor desempenho das aves nesses tratamentos, possivelmente, ocorreu devido à melhora da capacidade do sistema digestório, especialmente do peso relativo do intestino delgado. Entretanto, o efeito observado até os sete dias de idade das aves não foi mantido nas fases posteriores.The study of the broiler chicken pre-initial nutrition is an important field to maximize the growth potential expression. The present work analyzed the effect of the quality alteration in the pre-initial feed by carbohydrates sources on the gastrointestinal tract development and on the performance through 42 days. The trial was carried out in brooder batteries with six treatments (feed with 20% ME requirement from glucose, sucrose, corn starch, cassava starch or 5% of lactose, the birds received this feed only in the first week of age) and four replications with 26 chicks. The performance was analyzed from 1 to 7, 7 to 21 and from 21 to 42 days. Chickens were killed to analyze the allometric growth of the gastrointestinal organs from the first to seventh day and on the 21 st and 42 nd day. The feed consumption (P=0,0062), body weight (P=0,0975) in the first week and feed conversion from 21 st to 42 nd (P=0,0163) were affected by the treatments. The livability was not affected by any treatment in any period. The feed consumption from 7 to 21 and from 21 to 42 days was not affected. Also the body weight at 21 and 42 days was not affected by the treatments. The feed conversion from 1 to 7 and from 7 to 21 days was not affected by the treatments. The yolk sack, proventriculus, and the small intestine density were not affected by the treatments. From the first to the seventh day the treatments affected the gizzard weight and the small intestine weight and length. The treatments did not affect any variable at 21 days. At 42 days the pancreas and the small intestine weight were affected by the treatments. In conclusion the carbohydrates: glucose, sucrose, corn starch and cassava starch were beneficial for the performance from 1 to 7 days of age. These treatments resulted in better performance probably due to improvement in the gastrointestinal tract and absorbability capacity, specially the allometric weight of small intestine. However, at 21 and 42 days of age the improvement on performance was not detected.
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Littlefield, Courtney Elizabeth. "Assessment of Metabolic Changes Associated with Drug Application and Diet Modification using NMR Metabolomics." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1587059728473479.
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Clark, Patrick M. "The effects of nutrient uniformity and modified feed processing on animal performance." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/233.
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Oliveira, Ana Maria Barretto de Menezes Sampaio de. "Substituição de fontes protéicas de origem animal por fontes protéicas de origem vegetal em rações para o "Black Bass" Micropterus salmoides." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-25092003-082811/.
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A produção comercial de peixes carnívoros exige o uso de um conjunto complexo de práticas de manejo da produção e alimentação, à redução do impacto ambiental dos alimentos e à minimização do emprego de fontes protéicas de origem animal nas formulações das dietas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o uso de atrativos alimentares em dietas formuladas exclusivamente à base de proteína de origem vegetal (PV), e seus efeitos no desempenho, composição corporal e digestibilidade das dietas pelo carnívoro black bass, Micropterus salmoides, condicionados a aceitar ração seca. Novecentos juvenis (26,54 ± 1,53 g) foram estocados em 60 aquários de polietileno de 90 L (15 peixes/aquário), em delineamento experimental totalmente ao acaso (n=3), e alimentados ad libitum em duas refeições diárias (07h00m e 17h00m), durante 13 dias, com uma dieta basal (100% PV) contendo seis níveis de proteína solúvel de peixe PSP (0,5, 1,0, 1,5, 2,0, 2,5 e 3,0%); Fisharom ® FA (0,02, 0,04, 0,06, 0,08, 0,10 e 0,12%); silagem de peixe SP (1,0, 2,0, 3,0, 4,0, 5,0 e 6,0%); um controle positivo (10% de farinha de peixe) e um controle negativo (dieta basal sem atrativos). Os peixes alimentados com a dieta contendo FA 0,02% apresentaram melhor taxa de crescimento, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar, mas não apresentaram diferenças dos demais tratamentos (P>0,05). Os peixes alimentados com dietas contendo SP como atrativo apresentaram os piores resultados de desempenho. Em uma segunda etapa, foi avaliado o desempenho e a composição corporal de 560 juvenis (3,06 ± 0,20 g) estocados em gaiolas de 60 L, dentro de caixas de polietileno de 1.000 L, instaladas em laboratório com um sistema fechado de recirculação de água com temperatura (27 o C ± 1,07 o C) e fotoperíodo (14L:10E) controlados, em um delineamento experimental totalmente ao acaso (n=4), e alimentados ad libitum em duas refeições diárias (07h00m e 17h00m), durante 43 dias, com 7 dietas isonitrogenadas (40% de PB) e isocalóricas (3.500 kcal/kg), contendo níveis decrescentes de proteína de origem vegetal: 100PV:00PA; 100PV + 0,02% Fisharon ® ; 80PV:20PA; 60PV:40PA; 40PV:60PA; 50PV:50PA (sem farinha de peixe); e uma dieta controle (ração comercial). A inclusão de farinha de peixe e farinha de penas foi limitada em 7%; a inclusão de farinha de vísceras e farinha de carne em 15%. DL-metionina (98%) e L-lisina (80%) foram adicionadas automaticamente através de matriz de aplicativo de formulação de ração. Em uma terceira etapa, foi avaliada a digestibilidade das rações utilizadas no experimento anterior. Para tanto, 1.960 juvenis (14,0 ± 1,0 cm) foram confinados em gaiolas de polipropileno e alimentados durante 40 dias, no período diurno, com as sete dietas do experimento anterior acrescidas de 0,5% de óxido de cromio. No período noturno as gaiolas eram transferidas para aquários cilíndrico-cônicos de 200 L, onde as fezes eram coletadas por sedimentação em recipiente refrigerado. O farelo de soja pode ser utilizado como substituto parcial de fontes protéicas e origem animal em rações formuladas para o black bass; a farinha de vísceras pode ser considerada uma boa opção como fonte protéica de origem animal em rações. Os melhores resultados de desempenho foram relacionados aos tratamentos controle e 50PV:50PA. A necessidade do uso da farinha de peixe na formulação de dietas para espécies carnívoras é no mínimo questionável e a determinação da digestibilidade das rações, visando maior precisão em formulações de custo mínimo para peixes carnívoros, deve ser prática corrente na indústria da alimentação de peixes.Commercial farming of carnivorous fish demands the use of a complex group of practices of production and feeding management, the reduction of the environmental impact of the feeds and the minimization of the use of animal protein sources in the diets. The present study investigated the use of feed stimulants in diets formulated exclusively out of plant protein, and their effects in growth performance, body composition and digestibility of the feeds for the carnivore largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, conditioned to accept dry feed. Nine hundred juvenile largemouth bass (26.54 ± 1.53 g) were stocked in 60, 90-L polyethylene aquaria (15 fish/aquarium), in a totally randomized experimental design (n=3). Fish were fed ad libitum two daily meals (0700 and 1700), for 13 days, with a basal diet (100% plant protein) containing increasing levels of fish soluble protein FSP (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0%); Fisharom TM FA (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10 and 0.12%); fish silage FS (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0%); a positive control (10% of fish meal) and a negative control (basal diet without stimulants). Fish fed the diet containing 0.02%FA presented better growth rate, weight gain and feed conversion rate, but did not differ from the other treatments (P>0,05). Fish fed diets containing FS as stimulant presented the poorest performance. Next, the effect of different levels of dietary plant protein in the performance and body composition of the species was evaluated. Five hundred and sixty juvenile largemouth bass (3.06 ± 0.20 g) were stocked in 60-L cages, inside 1,000-L polyethylene tanks, installed at a laboratory with closed water-recirculating system and controled temperature (27 o C ± 1.07 o C) and photoperiod (14L:10D). Fish were fed ad libitum two daily meals (0700 and 1700), for 43 days, with 7 isonitrogenous (40% of PB) and isoenergetic (3,500 kcal/kg) diets, containing decreasing levels of plant protein: 100PP:00AP; 100PP + 0.02% Fisharom®; 80PP:20AP; 60PP:40AP; 40PP:60AP; 50PP:50AP (without fish meal); and a control diet (commercial feed). Inclusion of fish meal and feathers meal was limited to 7%; the inclusion of poultry by-product meal and meat and bone meal to 15%. DL methionine (98%) and L-lysine (80%) were added automatically through feed formulation software matrix. Trial was set up in a totally randomized experimental design (n=4). Finally, digestibility of the diets used in the experiment 2 was studied. One thousand, nine hundred and eighty juvenile largemouth bass (14.0 ± 1.0 cm) conditioned to accept artificial, dry feed were confined in polypropilene cages and fed, for 40 days, in day time, with the seven experimental diets added of 0.5% of cromic oxide. In the night, cages were transferred to cylindrical-conical bottomed, 200-L aquaria, where feces were collected by sedimentation into refrigerated containers. Data were submitted to the ANOVA and Tukeys test of comparison of means through statistical software package SAS (P=0.05). Soybean meal can be used as partial substitute of animal protein in diets for largemouth bass; the poultry by-product meal shows as a good option as animal protein source in these rations. Best performances were related to the control treatments and 50PP:50AP; the need for the use of fishmeal in the formulation of diets for carnivorous species is, at least, questionable. Results of the digestibility trials demonstrated the importance of determining the digestibility of the rations, if precision in the formulation of least-cost feeds for carnivorous fish is the ultimate goal.
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Lattimer, James M. "Effects of diet induced short chain fatty acids on blood metabolites and key regulators of lipid metabolism in gilts." Diss., Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13613.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Human Nutrition
Mark D. Haub
Background: Dietary fiber has been shown to help improve several metabolic disorders including obesity and type II diabetes. However, the mechanism by which this occurs is poorly understood. Purpose: This study was designed to compare the effects of energy restriction and dietary fiber and subsequent production of short chain fatty acids on body composition, biomarkers of health, and hepatic and myocellular expression of key regulators of lipid metabolism Methods: Crossbred gilts (n=17) were randomly assigned to either a control (CON), high fiber (HF) or energy restricted (ER) diet for 42 days. Gilts on the CON and HF diets were fed ad libitum. The ER Gilts were pair fed HF gilts and matched for body weight gain. Blood samples were collected and glucose, insulin, triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentrations were measured. Liver and muscle tissue were biopsied and expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gama (PGC-1α) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) were determined via RT-PCR. Results: HF gilts had significantly higher plasma TG and lower NEFA concentrations when compared to the CON and ER. The HF diet elicited a significant increase in all plasma SCFA concentrations. No differences in fold change of myocyte CPT1 and PGC-1α mRNA expression were found while they tended to be lower in hepatic samples of the HF gilts. HF gilts also had a lower (P < 0.05) back fat thickness when compared to the ER even though energy intakes were similar. Minimal changes were observed in fasting glucose and insulin as a result of diet. Conclusions: Gilts consuming a diet high in dietary fiber (DF) significantly altered their plasma lipid profiles independently to that of energy restriction and body weight and appears to be a result of plasma SCFA concentration. DF and/or SCFA appear to have minimal affects on CPT1 and PGC-1α in the liver and muscle of gilts.
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Netto, Arlindo Saran. "Efeitos da interação selênio, enxofre e cobre na dieta de cordeiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-16032015-081620/.
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O experimento foi realizado na Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos no Campus de Pirassununga. Foram utilizados trinta e dois cordeiros não castrados, com 3 meses de idade e peso vivo inicial de 23 kg, sendo estes colocados em gaiolas metabólicas individuais de plástico e após 14 dias de adaptação, passaram a receber um dos tratamentos por um período de 90 dias: Controle (0,2 ppm Se; 8 ppm Cu; 0,2 5%S), Tratamento1 (5 ppm Se; 8 ppm Cu; 0,25 %S), Tratamento 2 (0,2 ppm Se; 8 ppm Cu; 0,37 %S), Tratamento 3 (5 ppm Se; 8 ppm Cu; 0,37 %S), Tratamento 4 (0,2 ppm Se; 25 ppm Cu; 0,25 %S), Tratamento 5 (0,2 ppm Se; 25 ppm Cu; 0,37 %S), Tratamento 6 (5 ppm Se; 25 ppm Cu; 0,25 %S), Tratamento 7 (5 ppm Se; 25 ppm Cu; 0,37 %S). O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados por peso, estudou-se a interação entre o selênio x enxofre x cobre, através da análise dos teores de selênio e cobre no soro, nas fezes, na urina e no fígado, hematócrito total e ganho de peso. Foi verificado que existe a interação tríplice, altas concentrações de enxofre e cobre na dieta dos cordeiros recebendo 5ppm Se, reduziram a concentração de selênio, no soro e no fígado e aumentaram a excreção de selênio pelas fezes e a eliminação pela urina. O selênio e o enxofre suplementar reduziram a quantidade de cobre absorvido e a concentração de cobre no fígado e no soro. Todos os tratamentos apresentaram um bom ganho de peso, acima de 209g/cabeça/dia, mas com alta concentração de enxofre e cobre em nível de selênio normal, o ganho de peso foi significativamente superior, chegando a 236g/cabeça/dia. O hematócrito total não foi afetado.The experiment was conducted at the Faculty of Zootechny and Food Engeneering, Campus of Pirassununga. Thirty two not castrated lambs, three months of age, average initial weight of 23 kg were housed in indvidual metabolic plastic cages. After 14 days of adaptation period they were allocated to one of the treatments during 90 days. Control: O.2ppm Se; 8 ppm Cu; 0.25 % S, Treatment 1: 5 ppm Se; 8 ppm Cu; 0.25% S, Treatment 2: 0.2 ppm Se; 8 ppm Cu; 0.37 % S Treatment 3: 5 ppm Se; 8 ppm Cu; 0.37 % S Treatment 4: 0.2 ppm Se; 25 ppm Cu; 0.25 % S, Treatment 5: 0.2 ppm Se; 25 ppm Cu; 0.25 % S, Treatment 6: 5 ppm Se; 25 ppm Cu; 0.25 % S, Treatment 7: 5 ppm Se; 25 ppm Cu; 0.37% S. The experimental design was in randomized block by weight and it was studied the interaction among selenium, copper and sulfur, through analysis on the serum, feces, urine and liver, hematocrit and weight gain. It was verified a triple interaction, high concentrations of sulfur and copper on the diets of lambs receiving 5 ppm Se, reduced concentration of selenium on the serum and Iiver, increased the selenium excretion through feces and elimination through urine. Selenium and supplemental sulfur reduced the amount of copper absorbed and copper concentration in the liver and serum. It was a good weight gain ( higher than 209g/lamb/day), but with hight concentration of sulfur and copper for the levei normal selenium the weight gain was higher (P < 0.05), in average 236g/lamb/day. The hematocrit was not affected.
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Hamilla, Rachel A. Hamilla. "Orangutan health and behavior: Implications for nutrition in captivity." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1524433293426808.
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Meyer, Paula Marques. "Fatores não-nutricionais que afetam as concentrações de nitrogênio uréico no leite." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-09022004-164448/.
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Essa tese compreende 4 estudos, com o objetivo de avaliar os fatores não-nutricionais que afetam as concentrações de nitrogênio uréico no leite (NUL) de vacas leiteiras de um rebanho comercial, desenvolvendo modelos para sua predição, assim como validando modelos de predição já existentes na literatura. O primeiro experimento foi conduzido para avaliar métodos e tempos de armazenamento das amostras nos resultados da análise do leite (concentração de gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos totais (ST), contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e NUL). O leite foi coletado do tanque de expansão e colocado em 210 frascos. As amostras foram designadas a um arranjo fatorial de tratamentos 4X5+1. Os métodos de armazenamento foram: 1) refrigerado (R); 2) congelado (C); 3) armazenado em temperatura controlada (TC) e 4) armazenado em temperatura variável (TV). O tempo de armazenamento das amostras foi: 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 dias, mais dia 0, como controle. Foram realizados análise de variância, análises de regressão até efeito quadrático e contrastes ortogonais. A CCS foi transformada em logaritmo natural (LCCS). A concentração de gordura sofreu diminuições lineares, em função do tempo, para TC e TV, assim como a de ST e o LCCS para todos métodos de armazenamento. O NUL apresentou falta de ajuste para as equações lineares e quadráticas para todos os métodos de armazenamento. Para os demais estudos, foram utilizadas 8.833 observações, provenientes de 855 vacas holandesas, de setembro/2000 a janeiro/2002. Dados zootécnicos foram coletados no dia da amostragem de leite, realizada mensalmente. As parições foram divididas em duas épocas: verão e inverno. O objetivo do segundo trabalho foi estudar a influência de fatores não-nutricionais sobre NUL. Foram realizadas análises de regressão linear simples, usando os dados coletados como variáveis independentes e NUL como variável dependente. A produção de leite e a concentração de proteína do leite foram os fatores que mais afetaram as concentrações de NUL. O terceiro estudo teve por objetivo desenvolver modelos para estimar NUL, em função dos dias em lactação, número de lactações e época de parição, em condições de campo. Para estimar NUL, foi utilizado o modelo proposto por Wood (1967) para descrever a curva de lactação. Os modelos foram ajustados por quadrados mínimos. As concentrações de NUL apresentaram comportamento semelhante à curva de lactação, em função dos dias em lactação, diferindo entre as 1ª, 2ª, 3ª e 4ª -5ª lactações, sendo influenciadas pela época de parição. A finalidade do quarto estudo foi validar três modelos de predição de NUL. O modelo 1 foi NUL = NU/12,54, o modelo 2 foi NUL = NU/17,6 e o modelo 3 foi NUL = NU/(0,0259 x PV), sendo NU = nitrogênio urinário e PV = peso vivo. Para avaliação dos modelos, foram medidas a acurácia, a precisão e a robustez. Considerando os três métodos de se estimar o consumo de matéria seca dos animais, é possível afirmar que os três modelos de predição de NUL diferem entre si quanto à acurácia, precisão e robustez, apresentando uso questionável no campo.This thesis consists of 4 studies, with the objective to assess non-nutritional factors that may affect milk urea nitrogen concentration (MUN) of dairy cows from a commercial herd, developing models for their prediction, as well as, validating prediction models from the literature. The first trial was conducted to evaluate methods and time of storage on the results of milk analysis (concentration of fat, protein, lactose and total solids (TS), somatic cells count (SCC) and MUN). Milk was collected from a bulk tank, poured into 210 vials and preserved with bronopol. Samples were used in a completely randomized design with a 4X5+1 factorial arrangement of treatments. One factor was storage method: 1) refrigerated (R), 2) frozen (F), 3) stored at controlled temperature (CT) and 4) stored at variable temperature (VT). The other factor was storage time of samples: 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days after collection, plus day 0, used as control. Analysis of variance, regression analysis up to quadratic effect and orthogonal contrasts were done. Somatic cells count was analyzed as natural log transformation (LSCC). Fat concentration showed significant linear decreases, in function of time, for CT and VT, as well as, total solids concentration and LSCC for all storage methods. Milk urea nitrogen showed lack of fit, through time, for all storage methods. For the other 3 studies, 8,833 observations were used, coming from 855 Holstein cows, from September/2000 up to January/2002. Data were collected on the milk sampling day, which was done monthly. Calving seasons (CS) were divided in summer and winter. The objective of the second study was to investigate further the influence of non-nutritional factors on MUN. Simple linear regression analyses were done, using all other collected data as independent variable and MUN as dependent variable. Milk production and milk protein concentration were the most associated factors with MUN concentrations. The objective of the third study was to develop models to estimate MUN, in function of days in milk (DIM), lactation number and calving season, for field conditions. To estimate MUN, a model, proposed by Wood (1967) to describe the lactation curve, was used. Models were adjusted by least square methodology. Concentrations of MUN showed similar pattern to the lactation curve, in function of DIM, differing among 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th -5 th lactations and being influenced by calving season. The objective of the fourth study was to validate three models for predicting MUN. Model 1 was MUN = UN/12.54, model 2 was MUN = UN/17.6 and model 3 was MUN = UN/(0.0259 x BW), where UN = urinary nitrogen and BW = body weight. To evaluate those models, accuracy, precision and robustness were tested. Considering the three methods of estimating dry matter intake of animals, its possible to conclude that the three models for predicting MUN differ among themselves, regarding accuracy, precision and robustness, presenting questionable use in the field.
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Almeida, Vivian Vezzoni de. "Ractopamina, cromo-metionina e suas combinações como aditivos modificadores do metabolismo de suínos em crescimento e terminação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-11022009-105700/.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da ractopamina, cromo-metionina e suas combinações nas dietas de suínos em crescimento e terminação sobre o desempenho, as características de carcaça e a qualidade da carne. Sessenta e quatro suínos da linhagem Topigs, com peso médio inicial de 26,56 ± 3,11 kg, foram distribuídos em um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 x 2, sendo dois níveis de ractopamina (0 e 5 ppm) e dois níveis de cromo-metionina (0 e 400 ppb), perfazendo quatro tratamentos. Os tratamentos foram: C controle: dieta basal constituída por milho e farelo de soja; Rac ractopamina: dieta basal com a inclusão de 5 ppm de ractopamina dos 70,32 aos 114,80 kg de PV; Cr-Met cromometionina: dieta basal com a inclusão de 400 ppb de cromo-metionina dos 26,56 aos 114,80 kg de PV; Rac + Cr-Met ractopamina + cromo-metionina: dieta basal com a inclusão de 400 ppb de cromo-metionina dos 26,56 aos 114,80 kg de PV e 5 ppm de ractopamina dos 70,32 aos 114,80 kg de PV. Foram utilizados oito repetições (blocos) por tratamento e dois animais por unidade experimental (um macho castrado e uma fêmea). O período experimental foi dividido em três fases, de acordo com o peso dos animais: crescimento I: 26,56 aos 50,51 kg de PV; crescimento II: 50,51 aos 70,32 kg de PV e a terminação: 70,32 aos 114,80 kg de PV. Ao atingirem o peso vivo médio de 114,80 ± 4,98 kg, os animais foram submetidos a jejum sólido de 24 horas e, posteriormente, encaminhados ao abate. As meias-carcaças foram resfriadas por cerca de 24 horas e avaliadas para o rendimento de carcaça fria, comprimento de carcaça, espessura de toucinho, área de olho-de-lombo e relação gordura:carne. Amostras do músculo Longissimus dorsi de cada animal, foram coletadas 24 horas post mortem para as mensurações da cor, pH e perda de peso por gotejamento da carne. A suplementação de ractopamina melhorou a conversão alimentar (P=0,05) e algumas características de carcaça [rendimento de carcaça fria (P=0,05), área de olho-de-lombo (P<0,004) e relação gordura:carne (P<0,04)], sem, contudo, alterar a espessura de toucinho (P>0,05). Além disso, a adição de ractopamina na dieta dos suínos acarretou diminuição na perda de peso por gotejamento (P<0,05), bem como nos valores de a* (P<0,004) e b* (P<0,05) da carne. O cromo-metionina, embora tenha ocasionado redução no consumo diário de ração (P<0,03), não alterou as demais variáveis de desempenho (P>0,05), nem as características de carcaça (P>0,05) e a qualidade da carne (P>0,05) dos suínos. A suplementação associada de ractopamina com cromo-metionina não afetou o desempenho (P>0,05), as características de carcaça (P>0,05) e, tampouco, e qualidade da carne dos animais (P>0,05). Portanto, o presente estudo mostrou que apenas a inclusão de ractopamina na dieta contribuiu para a melhoria do desempenho, características de carcaça e até mesmo da qualidade da carne dos suínos.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of ractopamine, chromium-methionine and their combinations in growing and finishing diets on performance, carcass traits and meat quality of pigs. Sixty-four pigs of Topigs genetic with 26.56 ± 3.11 kg initial live weight were used in a randomized complete block design experiment, in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement [two ractopamine levels (0 and 5 ppm) and two chromium-methionine levels (0 and 400 ppb)], resulting four treatments. The treatments were: C control: basal diet with corn and soybean meal; Rac ractopamine: basal diet with the inclusion of 5 ppm de ractopamine dos 70.32 to 114.80 kg; Cr-Met chromium-methionine: basal diet with the inclusion of 400 ppb of chromium-methionine dos 26,56 to 114,80 kg; Rac + Cr-Met ractopamine + chromiummethionine: basal diet with the inclusion of 400 ppb of chromium-methionine dos 26,56 to 114,80 kg and 5 ppm of ractopamine dos 70.32 to 114.80 kg. Eight replications (blocks) per treatment and two animals per experimental unit (one barrow and one gilt) were used. The experimental period was divided in three phases according to average live weight of animals: growing I: 26.56 to 50.51 kg BW, growing II: 50.51 to 70.32 kg BW and finishing: 70.32 to 114.80 kg BW. When pigs reached 114.80 ± 4.98 kg BW, a 24-hour-fasting period was given to animals before slaughter. Pig carcasses were stored for 24 hours in cold camera and then data of cold carcass yield, carcass length, backfat thickness, loin eye area and fat area/loin eye area ratio were registered. Samples of Longissimus dorsi of each animal were taken 24 hours postmortem to determine colour, pH and drip loss of meat. Ractopamine improved feed conversion (P=0.05) and some carcass traits [cold carcass yield (P=0.05), loin eye area (P<0.004), fat area/loin eye area ratio (P<0.04), but not affect the backfat thickness (P>0.05)]. Ractopamine reduced water drip loss (P<0.05), a* (P<0.004) and b* (P<0.05) values of meat. Chromium-methionine decreased daily feed intake (P<0.03), but did not affect the carcass traits (P>0.05) and meat quality (P>0.05) of pigs. Combination of ractopamine and chromium-methionine did not affect performance (P>0.05), carcass traits (P>0.05) and meat quality (P>0.05) of animal. Therefore, this study showed that only ractopamine can enhance performance, carcass traits and some meat quality traits of pigs.
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Owens, Jacob Michael. "Influence of Supplemental Legumes that Contain Tannins and Saponins on Intake and Diet Digestibility in Sheep Fed Grasses that Contain Alkaloids." DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/174.
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My objectives were to determine if nutritional benefits occur when animals are offered foods with compounds -- alkaloids, saponins, and tannins - that are potentially complementary. I hypothesized that food intake and digestibility increase when lambs consume plants such as alfalfa ALF that contain saponins or birdsfoot trefoil (BFT) that contain tannins when the basal diet is endophyte-infected tall fescue (TF) or reed canarygrass (RCG) both of which contain alkaloids. I predicted that the nutritional status of lambs would be enhanced if basal diets of alkaloid-containing grasses were supplemented with ALF or BFT. Lambs fed a basal diet of either endophyte-infected TF or RCG ate more food and consequently digested more dry matter, energy and nitrogen when supplemented with ALF or BFT. Lambs ingested more dry matter and digested more nutrients when fed a basal diet of RCG than one of TF, and supplementing with ALF and BFT was more beneficial for lambs fed TF than for lambs fed RCG. Increased intake of digestible nutrients was due to greater intake when lambs were offered more than one food, not due to an increase in digestibility. In pen trials meant to complement the field trials, lambs were offered an alkaloid-containing (either gramine or 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) total mixed ration and supplemented with a food that contained saponins or tannins. All rations were isocaloric (3.3Mcal/kg) and isonitrogenous (14% CP). Lambs fed a ration with either alkaloid and offered a food containing saponin digested approximately the same amount of dry matter, energy, nitrogen, and NDF as lambs not offered saponin. When lambs were fed a ration with either alkaloid and supplemented with food that contained tannins, tannin consumption adversely affected dry matter, energy, and NDF digestibility, but lambs offered food with tannins increased dry matter intake, and as a result, they digested the same amount of dry matter, energy, and NDF as lambs not offered the food with tannins. Lambs offered tannin digested and retained more nitrogen than lambs not offered tannin. These findings indicate a nutritional advantage for sheep eating mixtures as opposed to monocultures of foods with different profiles of secondary compounds and nutrients.
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Christiansen, Michael Lee. "Gastrointestinal acidity, protein and starch digestibility and amino acid absorption in ruminants fed a high-concentrate diet with limestone, magnesium oxide or defluorinated phosphate." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54321.
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Twelve wether lambs (32kg) with abomasal and ileal cannula were fed a 90% concentrate basal diet (800 g/d), basal + 1.5% magnesium oxide (MgO)(812 g/d), basal + 1.5% limestone (812 g/d) or basal + 3.0% limestone (824 g/d) to study the effect of·these minerals on intestinal pH, rumen fermentation, N balance, dry matter and crude protein digestibility (DMD, CPD), and small intestinal disappearance of amino acids (AAD). Limestone (3%) increased (P < .03) rumen pH. Magnesium oxide increased (P < .10) ileal and fecal pH. Limestone significantly increased N absorption and pre-abomasal DMD, but decreased (P < .03) AAD. N retention was not improved by the treatments. An 82-d feeding trial was conducted with 72 wether lambs (avg initial wt: 28 kg) to study the effect of 1 or 3% fine (70% < 53 µ) or coarse (85% > 425 µ) limestone on rumen environment, weight gain and feed efficiency of lambs fed an all-concentrate diet. Rumen pH and VFA molar proportions were not affected by the treatments. Limestone (3.0%) decreased (P < .10) total rumen VFA concentrations and increased (P < .10) fecal pH. Weight gain was not different (P > .10) among the treatments. Coarse limestone increased (P < .10) feed efficiency. Five Angus heifers (285 kg) with duodenal and ileal cannulae were fed a 90% concentrate control diet (7.5 kg/d) or the same diet containing 1.60% defluorinated phosphate-regular (5.5%, 19.0% and 33.0% on 1400, 1180 and 850 µ sieves, respectively, DRP-R), 1.60% defluorinated phosphate-coarse (85% evenly among large sieves, DRP-C), 1.28% limestone or .5% MgO to study the effect of limestone or MgO on intestinal pH, DMD, starch digestibility (SD), CPD and AAD in beef cattle fed a high-concentrate diet. Ileal pH was increased by MgO. Fecal pH was increased (P < .05) as follows: MgO > DRP > limestone and control. Minerals increased (P < .05) duodenal liquid flow. Limestone and DRP-C increased (P < .05) acid flow to the duodenum. Total tract DMD, SD and CPD were similar among treatments. Limestone and DRP-R increased (P < .10) AAD. DRP-C tended to increase AAD, but differences were not statistically significant.Ph. D.
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Howery, Larry D., Fred D. Provenza, and George B. Ruyle. "How Do Domestic Herbivores Select Nutritious Diets on Rangelands?" College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625544.
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8 pp. / Originally published: 1998Animal learning has been shown to play a major role in the development of diet selection by domestic herbivores. Dr. Frederick Provenza and his associates at Utah State University have conducted a series of studies over the past 30 years to learn how physiological and behavioral mechanisms govern diet selection. In this paper, we synthesize several key diet selection concepts presented in 4 articles (i.e., Provenza et al. 1992; Provenza 1995, 1996, 1997). Reviewed 12/2014; originally published 05/1998.
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Wojno, Michal. "Improved diet utilization of intensively cultured fish to address environmental sustainability - amino acid requirement in carp (Cyprinus carpio)." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1408726386.
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Heger, Genevieve G. "Effects of Diet on Escherichia Coli O157:h7 Growth and Nutritional Content of Beef." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/332.
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The juxtaposition of a forage-fed diet versus a high-energy grain-based diet for beef cattle has become a prevalent issue concerning consumers today. Because the influence of media, and modern culture’s general push for a return to natural and healthy living, people have developed an opposition to the way in which corporations produce the meat we as customers purchase and consume. There is reason to react, but it must be noted that much of the evidence and information made public is not conclusively proven through scientific research, and even still, experimental studies have yet to determine substantial evidence.
The primary goal of this proposed experiment is to investigate the correlation between Escherichia coli O157:H7 growth and the diet of beef cattle, focusing on grass-based versus grain-based diets. I would like to investigate this phenomenon further and discover—with the majority of factors thought to foster E. coli O157:H7 growth eliminated (change in environment, feed and feeding method)—whether diet is actually the significant issue promoting the population growth of E. coli O157:H7.
The secondary goal of this proposed experiment is to investigate the correlation between diet and the nutritional content of the beef produced. Grass-fed beef has been popularized and marketed as a healthier option to conventionally raised grain-finished beef. It has developed a reputation based on little scientific evidence, so I would like to examine this topic further by issuing nutritional profiles of the beef produced by steers from this study and contribute to the ongoing research.
Sixty newborn Angus calves from Hearst Ranch will undergo a 1-2 year study. Groups of steers, differentiated by diet, will be organized using color-coded identification tags that attach to the ears of the steer. Group 1 will consist of 15 steers fed a 100% forage diet based off of the regimen. Group 2 will consist of 15 steers fed a forage diet that is 25% high grain concentrate. Group 3 will consist of 15 steers fed a forage diet that is 50% high grain concentrate. Group 4 will consist of 15 steers fed a forage diet that is 75% high grain concentrate. Monthly rectal swab fecal samples should be collected and assessed according to the procedures of Davis et al. 2005. I hypothesize that E. coli O157:H7 growth will not show statistically significant differences between diets. I do believe population growth will show an increase during summer months as opposed to winter months, however.
After steers have reached their optimal weight of 1100-1200 pounds, they will be slaughtered. A USDA professional will grade the carcasses, and further nutritional profiling tests will be done at to University of Georgia Meat Science Technology Center. Proximate, cholesterol, and fatty acid compositions for each of the steers will be profiled according to the procedures of Duckett et al. 2009. I predict that the nutritional profile of the beef produced will show significant differences, where the grass-fed steers will have a much higher concentration of omega 3 fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals.
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Romano, Gislaine Goretti. "Efeitos do glicerol no metabolismo de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas contendo níveis crescentes de glicerina." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-22032013-102123/.
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Dois experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de identificar a resposta metabólica dos animais consumindo dietas contendo glicerina e verificar o efeito deste ingrediente em alguns parâmetros sanguíneos. No Experimento I foram ultilizados 100 frangos de corte com 20 dias de idade, alojados em gaiolas de metabolismo, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente aleatorizado, com 5 tratamentos, 4 repetições e 5 aves por gaiola. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma dieta controle, formulada à base de milho e farelo de soja, e outras quatro dietas formuladas com 2,5%, 5,0%, 7,5% e 10,0% de glicerina de biodiesel. A glicerina continha 83,63% de glicerol, 1,83% de sódio e 397 mg/Kg de metanol e foi considerado o valor energético de 3.258 kcal EMAn/kg. As dietas foram isoenergéticas e com valores ajustados dos demais nutrientes. Para os parâmetros sanguíneos (colesterol e triglicerídeos), concentração de glicerol no fígado e peso do fígado não houve efeito significativo (P>0,05) da inclusão de glicerina. A concentração de glicerol no soro das aves consumindo 10% de glicerina aumentou nos primeiros 9 dias de ingestão da dieta (P<0,05), retornando ao nível do controle. No Experimento II, de 1 a 42 dias de idade, foram utlizados 160 frangos de corte, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente aleatorizado com 5 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Os tratamentos utilizados foram semelhantes aos descritos no Experimento I. Na primeira fase, grupos de 8 aves foram criadas em gaiolas de metabolismo providas de aquecimento. Na segunda fase, a partir dos 21 dias de idade, as aves foram transferidas de gaiolas e mantidas 4 aves por grupo. As gaiolas eram equipadas com bandeja para coleta de excretas e comedouro e bebedouro tipo calha. Houve um aumento significativo (P<0,05) da ingestão de água pelas aves alimentadas com 7,5% e 10,0% de glicerina no 4° e 8° dias de idade. O consumo de ração aumentou (P<0,05) no 8° e 12° dias de idade das aves nos tratamentos com 2,5% e 7,5% de glicerina e houve redução do consumo com 10,0% de glicerina. A umidade das excretas aumentou (P<0,05) para dietas contendo 5,0%, 7,5% e 10,0% de glicerina no 16° e 20° dias de idade. As diferenças não foram significativas para essas variáveis nas idades. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) para a umidade do conteúdo ileal das aves aos 42 dias. Houve efeito linear (P<0,01) dos níveis de glicerina, aumentando a profundidade de cripta e reduzindo a relação vilo:cripta, sem afetar o comprimento da vilosidade. Níveis elevados de glicerina na ração podem induzir alterações metabólicas em frangos de corte com aumento do glicerol sanguíneo, do consumo de água, da umidade das excretas e da taxa de reposição celular do epitélio intestinal.Two experiments were conducted with the objective of identifying the metabolic response of chickens fed diets containing glycerin and verify the effect of this ingredient in some blood parameters. In Experiment I, 100 broilers with 20 days of age were housed in metabolism cages and distributed in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments, 4 replications and 5 birds per cage. Treatments consisted of a control diet, based on corn and soybean meal, and four other diets with 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% and 10.0% biodiesel glycerin. The glycerin contained 83.63% glycerol, 1.83% sodium and 397 mg/kg of methanol and the metabolizable energy value of 3.258 kcal/kg was considered for formulation. The diets were isoenergetic and with values adjusted for the other nutrientes. For the blood parameters (cholesterol and triglycerides), glycerol concentration in the liver and liver weight there was no significant effect (P>0.05) of inclusion of glycerin. The glycerol concentration in the serum of birds consuming 10% glycerin increased during the first 9 days of ingestion of diet (P<0.05), then returning to the level of the control until 35 d of age. In Experiment II, from 1 to 42 days of age, 160 chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were similar to those described in Experiment I. In the first phase, groups of 8 birds were raised in heated brooders. In the second phase, from 21 to 42 d of age, the birds were transferred of cages and maintained in groups of 4 birds. The cages were equipped with a tray for excreta collection and trough type feeder and drinker. There was a significant increase (P<0.05) in water intake in birds fed 7.5% and 10.0% of glycerin on the 4th and 8th days. The feed intake increased (P<0.05) on the 8th and 12th daysfor the birds in treatments with 2.5% and 7.5% of glycerin and there was a decrease d consumption with 10.0% glycerin. The moisture of the excreta increased (P<0.05) for diets containing 5.0%, 7.5% and 10.0% glycerin at the 16th and 20th days old. The differences were not significant for these variables at the other ages. There was no difference (P>0.05) for moisture in the ileal contents of birds at 42 days. There was a linear effect (P<0.01) of the levels of glycerin, increasing crypt depth and reducing the ratio villus:crypt ratio, without affecting the length of the villi. High levels of glycerin in the diet may induce metabolic changes in broilers with increase in blood glycerol, water consumption, moisture of the excreta and in the rate of cell replacement in the intestinal epithelium.
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Sampels, Sabine. "Fatty acids and antioxidants in reindeer and red deer : emphasis on animal nutrition and consequent meat quality /." Uppsala : Dept. of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200531.pdf.
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Puccinelli, Eleonora. "Diet of coastal filter feeders : impact of factors operating at different scales." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017807.
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Benthic filter feeders have a key functional role in the dynamics of coastal food web as an intermediate trophic level and bioengineers. A wide variety of factors, operating across multiple spatial scales (e.g. hydrographic regime, human activities), can affect the composition of the water column and thus the availability of food for benthic populations. Food availability in turn affects the growth, reproductive rates and survival of benthic organisms, and consequently, can influence the functioning of the entire ecosystem. This study aims to evaluate how various environmental factors may modify the diet of intertidal filter feeders living along the South African coast. Specifically, the effects of biogeography, upwelling, urbanization and freshwater input on the dietary regimes of five species of filter feeders (two mussel and three barnacle species) were investigated using fatty acid (FA) and stable isotope (SI) analyses.Strong interspecific differences were found among the five species considered. However, all species responded to factors operating at large (100s km) and meso (10s- 100s km) scales (i.e. biogeography and upwelling respectively). The barnacles exhibit habitat segregation and showed different FA and SI signatures from each other, while the two mussel species, an invasive and native species that co-occur in the same mussel beds, had partially overlapping diets. Differences in their diets were found only using FA analysis, while their SI signatures differed on only one occasion. This highlights the importance of using the appropriate tool, and ideally combined techniques, to investigate diets.FA and SI signatures of all species considered changed among the three biographical provinces (west, south and east coasts of South Africa) exhibiting similar patterns that reflect the two oceanographic regimes that characterize the coastline: the eutrophic Benguela Current on the west coast and the oligotrophic Agulhas Current on the other two coasts. Upwelling had a significant effect on FA and SI signatures, with stronger effects on the west coast than the south coast. The results indicate that benthic filter feeders at upwelling areas consumed a mix of coastal macroalgal detritus and phytoplankton, which was probably brought onshore during downwelling events. At smaller spatialscales and using repeated sampling, the influence of upwelling on the west coast was found to be pervasive, rather than discrete, so that it may be more appropriate to categorize upwelling by referring to upwelling centres and downstream areas. SI underlined a significant effect of urbanization on the diet of filter feeders with an enrichment in the δ¹⁵N being characteristic of anthropogenic effect. Although a large number of rivers characterize the South African coast, no distinct effect of freshwater input was found for either the SI or FA signatures of the filter feeders. This contrasts with earlier work on demersal species and suggests that freshwater input does not significantly affect food availability for intertidal filter feeders, and that other factors (e.g. hydrogeography) are more important in determining the diet of these populations. These results highlight that environmental and anthropogenic factors operating at different spatial and temporal scales have a profound effect on benthic ecosystems, and that they control the relationship between primary production and primary consumers in coastal areas. Above all, this work highlights the importance of understanding the spatial and temporal scales at which different factors affect feeding regimes, and their critical role in coastal food webs.
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Bicudo, Álvaro José de Almeida. "Exigências nutricionais de juvenis de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887): proteína, energia e aminoácidos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-18112008-094532/.
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O pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, é um caracídeo neotropical autóctone, de hábito alimentar onívoro, largamente utilizado na aqüicultura brasileira. No entanto, alguns aspectos da sua nutrição permanecem controversos ou desconhecidos. O presente trabalho visou determinar a exigência em proteína, energia e aminoácidos para juvenis de pacu por meio da avaliação de parâmetros de desempenho, composição corporal e hematológicos em dois ensaios distintos. No primeiro ensaio, juvenis de pacu (15.5±0.4 g) foram alimentados durante 10 semanas, duas vezes ao dia, com dietas contendo teores de proteína bruta (PB) entre 22 e 38% (incremento de 4%) e energia digestível (ED) entre 2600 e 3400 kcal kg-1 (incremento 200 kcal kg-1), em um delineamento totalmente aleatorizado, em esquema fatorial 5 × 5 (n=3). O ganho de peso (GP) e a taxa de crescimento específico (TCE) aumentaram significativamente com a elevação da PB dietética. A retenção de nitrogênio (RN) e a taxa de eficiência protéica (TEP) diminuíram (p<0,05) com o aumento da proteína das dietas em todos os níveis de ED testados. As concentrações de ED afetaram (p<0,05) a concentração de umidade, proteína, gordura, matéria mineral e energia bruta corporal e o fator de condição. A taxa de eficiência econômica foi influenciada pela proteína (p<0,05) e energia digestível (p<0,05) das dietas e pela interação entre ambas (p<0,05). Entretanto, o índice de lucratividade econômica somente foi influenciado pela concentração de proteína bruta (p<0,05) das dietas. Efeito significativo (p<0,05) dos tratamentos nos parâmetros hematológicos foi registrado para taxa de hemoglobina, concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média, proteína plasmática total e glicose plasmática. A exigência mínima para ganho de peso de juvenis de pacu é 27% de PB, com relação PB:ED ótima de 92,9 mg PB kcal-1 ED. As concentrações protéicas e energéticas estudadas não causaram prejuízos a saúde dos peixes. A exigência em lisina dietética para juvenis do pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus, com peso inicial de 4,3 g, foi determinada fornecendo cinco dietas experimentais isonitrogenadas (32% proteína bruta) contendo caseína, gelatina e L-aminoácidos cristalinos com níveis crescentes de lisina (0,90; 1,17; 1,44; 1,69 e 1,96% da matéria seca da dieta) por 74 dias. Cada dieta foi aleatoriamente designada para grupos (n=4) de 18 peixes alimentados três vezes ao dia até a aparente saciedade. Não foram observados mortalidade ou sinais de deficiência além da redução no desempenho dos peixes alimentados com dietas deficientes ou com excesso de lisina. O peso final (PF), GP, TCE, índice de eficiência alimentar (IEA), TEP, VPP, composição corporal, morfometria e hematologia foram afetados (p<0,05) pelas concentrações de lisina dietética. A análise polinomial quadrática indicou a exigência em lisina em 1,45, 1,51 e 1,43% da matéria seca da dieta, respectivamente para GP, IEA e VPP. Foram obtidos valores de lipídios e proteína corporais significativamente mais altos nos peixes alimentados com as dietas com 0,9 e 1,96% de lisina. Foi então determinado que a exigência em lisina para juvenis de pacu é de 1,5% da matéria seca da dieta.Pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, a neotropical, omnivorous native characin, widely used in Brazilian aquaculture. However, some aspects of your nutrition are controversial or ignored. This work aimed at determining dietary protein, energy and amino acids requirements of juvenile pacu through the evaluation of performance, body composition and hematological parameters. In a first trial, pacu juveniles (15.5±0.4 g) were fed twice a day for 10 weeks until apparent saciety with diets containing crude protein (CP) from 22 to 38 % (intervals of 4%) and digestible energy levels among 2600 and 3400 kcal kg-1 (intervals of 200 kcal), in a totally randomized experimental design, 5 × 5 factorial scheme (n=3). Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) increased significantly with amount dietary CP. Nitrogen retention (NR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) decreased (p<0.05) with increasing dietary protein at all tested levels of dietary energy. DE levels affected (p<0.05) whole body moisture, protein, fat, ash, gross energy and condition factor. Economic efficiency ratio was influenced by dietary protein (p<0.05) and digestible energy (p<0.05), and by interaction between the two factors. However, income was affected by dietary protein level (p<0.05) alone. Significant effect of treatments in hematological parameters were registered for mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, total plasma protein and plasma glucose. Crude protein requirements and optimum protein:energy ratio for weight gain of juveniles of pacu were 271 g kg-1 and 92.9 mg kcal-1, respectively. All dietary crude protein and digestible energy levels studied did not pose harms to fish health. Dietary lysine requirement of juvenile pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (4.3 g) was determined by feeding five isonitrogenous (32% crude protein) amino acid test diets containing casein, gelatin and Lcrystalline amino acids with graded levels of lysine (0.90, 1.17, 1.44, 1.69 and 1.96% of dry diet) for 74 days, three times a day until apparent satiation, to groups (n=4) of 18 fish in a totally randomized design trial. No mortality or nutritional deficiency signs were observed; reduced growth was recorded for fish fed diets with either the lower or the higher lysine contents. Final weight (FW), WG, SGR, feed efficiency (FE), PER, NR, proximate whole body composition, morphometry and hematology were affected (p<0.05) by dietary lysine concentrations. Seconddegree polynomial regression analysis of WG and PER data indicated dietary lysine requirement of 1.45, 1,51 and 1.43% of dry diet, respectively to WG, FE and PPV. Significantly higher lipid and protein contents values were obtained for whole body of fish fed the diets with 0.9 and 1.96% of lysine. Lysine requirement of juvenile pacu was determined as being 1.5% of dry diet.
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Lamar, Kathryn C. "Effects Of Dietary Potassium Carbonate And Fat Concentration in High Distiller Grain Diets Fed To Dairy Cows." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1374228532.
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Nengas, Ioannis. "Evaluation of animal and plant by-products as constituents in diets for seabream Sparus aurata L." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2406.
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The principle aim of the study was to evaluate the nutritional value of animal and plant by-products, with the objective of improving the cost effectiveness of diets for culturing seabream (Sparus aurata). The programme of work was initially directed towards applying the current methodology used in fish nutrition research to establish reliable digestibility coefficients for various feed ingredients. A selection of animal and plant materials were tested for digestibility within a reference basal diet designed for seabream. Ingredients for special consideration included poultry by-product meal, feather meal, meat and bone meal, solvent extracted and full fat soyabean meal as well as various other plant derived mater1als. Comparative values for protein, energy and lipid digestibility coefficients were assessed. On the basis of these measurements, experiments were undertaken to evaluate the optimum inclusion levels of promising protein and energy sources as a replacement for the fishmeal component in diets for seabream. Emphasis was made on recent advances in feed processing technology. Raw materials were evaluated in terms of proximate analysis, amino acid profiles and the degree of heat treatment effects on protein quality and availability. Several indices relating to these included lysine availabil1ty, cresol red values and trypsin inhibitor levels for soya products. Growth performance and feed utilization trials were conducted mainly on juvenile fish in recirculation systems under controlled conditions of temperature and salinity. Nutritional parameters such as specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ~FE) and protein utilization parameters were determined 1n each successive trial. The results were favourable with respect to the partial inclusion of animal products in seabream diets. Poultry byproduct meals proved encouraging even at high inclusion levels. The growth performance of fish fed soyabean meal and full fat soya were initially favourable and merited further consideration. These preliminary trials led to a series of practical diet formulations to contain multi-in9redient components, which confirmed previous findings. Var1able results, however, were reported for full fat soyabean meal in this experiment. Finally, the programme of research was presented in the context of the rapidly expanding mariculture industries of southern Europe w1th a particular relevance to Greece.
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Borges, Gisele Daiana Silveira. "Substituição do milho por glicerina bruta na dieta de caprinos." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2014. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1535.
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Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de níveis de glicerina bruta em substituição ao milho na dieta de caprinos de corte, sobre o consumo, digestibilidade e parâmetros ruminais foram testadas dietas contendo zero, seis, 12 e 18% de glicerina bruta. As dietas foram compostas de 55% de concentrado e 45% de volumoso (feno de tifton 85). Utilizando quatro cabritos Boer fistulados e quatro intactos, em um duplo quadrado latino 4x4. O consumo e digestibilidade da matéria seca, matéria orgânica e fibra FDN não diferiram entre os tratamentos em g/dia e em %PC, o mesmo acontecendo com o consumo de feno e concentrado. O consumo de proteína, FDA e extrato etéreo respondendo de maneira quadrático e linear positivo e negativo aos tratamentos, respectivamente em g/dia e em %PC. Já o consumo de proteína teve efeito quadrático em g/dia e não variou em %PC. A digestibilidade da FDA aumentou linearmente em %PC. O balanço de nitrogênio e o pH não apresentaram diferenças entre os tratamentos. O pH ruminal e o nitrogênio amoniacal apresentaram diferenças significativas em função do horário de coleta. O nitrogênio amoniacal apresentou ainda, efeito linear decrescente com o aumento dos níveis de glicerina. Os resultados deste trabalho mostram que a utilização de glicerina bruta em substituição ao milho na dieta de caprinos, até o nível de 18% não causa efeitos negativos no consumo, digestibilidade da dieta, no pH ruminal e no balanço de nitrogênio. O nitrogênio amoniacal diminui conforme aumenta os níveis de glicerina, porém, se mantém em níveis apropriados para a atividade ruminal.In order to evaluate the effects of adding levels of crude glycerin replacing corn in the diet of goats on intake, digestibility and ruminal diets containing zero, six, 12 and 18% crude glycerin were tested. The diets were composed of 55 % concentrate and 45% roughage (hay Tifton 85). Using four fistulated Boer goats and four intact on a double 4x4 Latin square. The intake and digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and fiber NDF did not differ among treatments in g/day and %BW, as did the consumption of hay and concentrate. The consumption of protein, ADF and ether extract responding quadratic and linear treatments to positive and negative manner, respectively, in g/day and % BW. The consumption of protein had a quadratic effect in g / day and did not change in % BW. The ADF digestibility increased linearly in % BW. Nitrogen balance and pH did not differ among treatments. The ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen showed significant differences depending on the time of collection. The ammonia nitrogen also showed linear decrease with increasing levels of glycerin. The results of this study show that the use of crude glycerin replacing corn in the diet of goats, up to the level of 18% does not cause negative effects on consumption, diet digestibility, rumen pH and nitrogen balance. The ammonia nitrogen decreases with increasing levels of glycerin, however, remains at appropriate levels for ruminal activity.
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Sado, Ricardo Yuji. "Imunoestimulantes dietéticos e respostas biológicas, bioquímicas e hematológicas de juvenis de Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-11022009-091806/.
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O crescimento da produção aqüícola e o aumento do consumo de peixe levam à intensificação dos sistemas de produção. Com a crescente conscientização da necessidade de adoção de técnicas adequadas para produção de alimento para consumo humano, torna-se necessário a adoção de Boas Práticas de Manejo (BPMs) em sistemas de produção aqüícola. Uma destas práticas consiste na redução ou não utilização de antimicrobianos durante o ciclo de produção, através da utilização de substâncias imunoestimulantes. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o efeito de diferentes aditivos dietéticos (levamisol, vitamina E e mananoligossacarídeos - MOS) sobre as respostas biológicas, hematológicas e bioquímicas do pacu. Cada aditivo apresentou efeito singular sobre as variáveis analisadas, no que diz respeito ao desempenho e hematologia. O levamisol apresentou eficácia dose e tempo dependente, sendo a melhor resposta observada nos peixes suplementados com 100 mg kg-1 de levamisol na dieta durante 15 dias. A vitamina E é um nutriente essencial para obtenção de um crescimento adequado e manutenção dos parâmetros hematológicos dentro dos valores normais para o pacu. Os peixes suplementados com 87,2 mg kg-1 de vitamina E na dieta apresentaram melhor crescimento e nenhum distúrbio hematológico. A suplementação de MOS dietético não apresentou resultados consistentes, apesar da análise histológica do intestino, mesmo não sendo significativo (p>0,05), ter apresentado valores absolutos do perímetro das vilosidades maior nos peixes suplementados com relação ao controle. Porém, mais estudos são necessário para determinar o mecanismo de ação do MOS como prebiótico na dieta do pacu, assim como a ação do levamisol sobre o ganho de peso em peixes.The growth of aquaculture production as well as fish consumption can lead to intensification of fish production systems. The growing environmental concern regarding production of fish as food has required fish farmers to conform to Best Management Practices (BPMs), and that include reduction or, preferably, complete banning antibiotics from the production cycle through the use of immunostimulants. This study was set out to determine effects of different dietary additives (levamisole, vitamin E and mannan oligosaccharides - MOS) on biological, hematological and biochemical responses of pacu. All additives affected analyzed variables regarding to growth parameters and hematology. Levamisole presented time and dose efficacy, best results presented in fish supplemented with 100 mg kg-1 of dietary levamisole for 15 days. Vitamin E supplementation is essential for growth and maintenance of normal hematological values for pacu. In the present study, fish supplemented with 82.7 mg kg-1 of dietary vitamin E presented the best growth and no hematological disturbs. Dietary MOS did not present consistent results. Although not significant (p>0,05), MOS-supplemented fish presented higher total villi perimeter, in absolute values, than fish fed control diet. However studies regarding the mode of action of MOS as prebiotic for pacu as well as the effects of levamisole on fish growth are necessary.
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McLean, Fiona Hamilton. "The impact of a high-fat diet on memory in mice." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=231763.
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Obesity and type II diabetes are associated with dementia and Alzheimer's disease. A high-fat diet induces memory deficits in rodents, however, complex episodic-like memory, has not been tested. Episodic memory is the recollection of events using a “what-where-when/which” experience and is the first memory to be compromised in Alzheimer's disease. To identify a link between a high-fat diet and episodic memory, 12 week old, male, C57Bl/6 mice, were fed a semi purified high-fat or low-fat diet ad libitum and tested with object-place-context (episodic-like), novel object recognition, object-place (spatial) and object-context (contextual) memory tasks for up to 2 weeks. A separate group of animals were fed a high-fat diet for 1 week followed by a low-fat diet for 1 week. Animals were killed after 3 days, 1 week or 2 weeks on diet. Brains were kept frozen until the hippocampus was dissected and proteomics performed. Further studies were carried out in rat primary hippocampal cell cultures to investigate the impact of different fatty acids on neuronal dendritic morphology. We found that episodic-like memory is compromised after only one day of a high fat diet together with spatial and contextual tasks. The ability to carry out the novel object recognition test remained intact. Proteomic analysis of hippocampal tissue revealed changes in a number of proteins associated with metabolism, cell stress, cell signalling, inflammation and the cytoskeleton. High-fat diet induced changes were reversed by a low-fat diet. Hippocampal neuron cultures showed that long chain saturated fatty acid palmitic acid, a component of the high-fat diet used in the behavioural and proteomic studies, caused reduced dendritic arborisation whist n-3 polyunsaturated fat docosahexaenoic acid negated these effects. These data link high-fat diet to indices of hippocampal neuronal damage and memory deficits and have implications for the link between diet, obesity and cognitive decline.
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Gabarra, Paola Ranzani. "Digestibilidade de nutrientes e parâmetros ruminais e sanguíneos de novilhos nelore alimentados com fontes protéicas e energéticas com diferentes degradabilidades ruminais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-11062002-105021/.
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Foram utilizados 4 novilhos Nelore, pesando ao redor de 300 Kg, canulados no rúmen e duodeno, em um delineamento em Quadrado Latino 4x4, com o objetivo de se testar a possibilidade de melhor sincronização da degradação ruminal de fontes energéticas e protéicas, através da utilização de 2 formas de processamento de milho (moagem fina (1,5mm) x floculação (300g/l) e 2 fontes protéicas (farelo de soja x uréia). As dietas continham 13% de feno de gramínea tropical e 87% de concentrado, resultando em valores de PB ao redor de 13% e 83% de NDT. A floculação do milho resultou em menor concentração de amido no conteúdo duodenal, sugerindo uma maior degradação deste no rúmen, o que explica a redução de N-NH3 (P<0,01), de pH (P<0,15) e o aumento de C3 (P<0,01) no fluido ruminal. A concentração de uréia plasmática também foi reduzida com a floculação do milho em comparação com a moagem fina. O provável aumento da degradação ruminal do amido através da floculação do milho, resultou em aumento significativo (P<0,01) da digestibilidade deste nutriente no trato digestivo total, com um incremento ao redor de 10 unidades percentuais (89,22 x 98,90%) em comparação com a moagem fina. Entretanto, a digestibilidade da MS no trato digestivo total não foi aumentada (P>0,05) com a floculação do milho, provavelmente devido à redução (P<0,01) da digestibilidade do FDN. A substituição do farelo de soja por uréia não afetou (P>0,05) a fermentação ruminal, nem o consumo e a digestão de nutrientes no trato digestivo total.Four Nelore steers, cannulated in the duodenum and in the rumen, averaging 300 kg of live weight, were used in a 4x4 Latin Square design, to test the improvement of ruminal synchronization of starch and protein degradation. Two methods of corn processing (fine grinding (1,5mm) vs steam flaking (300g/l)) and 2 protein sources (soybean meal vs urea) were compared in a 2x2 factorial arrangement. The diets contained 13% of tropical grass hay and 87% of concentrate, averaging 13% CP and 83% TDN. Steam flaking of corn decreased (P<0,01) starch concentration in duodenal digesta, suggesting a higher ruminal degradation of this nutrient. This would explain the actual decrease in ruminal N-NH3 (P<0,01) and pH (P<0,15) and the increase in molar concentration of ruminal C3 (P<0,01). PUN concentration was decreased (P<0,01) by steam flaking of corn compared to fine grinding. The probable increase of starch degraded in the rumen and post rumen, due to steam flaking, increased (P<0,01) digestibility of this nutrient in the total tract (89,22 x 98,90%), compared to fine grinding. However, the total tract DM digestibility was not increased (P>0,05) by steam flaking, probably due to the decrease (P<0,01) in NDF digestibility. The replacement of soybean meal by urea had no effect (P>0,05) on ruminal fermentation and on intake and total tract digestion of nutrients.
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Silva, Leandro da. "Utilização de betaína em substituição parcial de diferentes fontes de metionina na dieta de frangos de corte." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2014. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1522.
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A betaína vem sendo utilizada como uma fonte poupadora de metionina na dieta de frangos de corte, tendo em vista o seu menor custo, o que reduz o custo final da dieta. Outro fator de interesse na utilização da betaína é sua função osmoprotetora, que auxilia na regulação do funcionamento celular, principalmente em períodos de estresse. Foram estudadas neste trabalho duas fontes de metionina (DL-Metionina e MHA-Metionina) em diferentes níveis de metionina+cistina, e dois percentuais de inclusão de betaína na dieta, em diferentes fases de criação. No período de 1 a 7 e de 8 a 21 dias, as aves que receberam dietas com níveis reduzidos de metionina+cistina sem a suplementação com betaína apresentaram um desempenho inferior. Quando as dietas deficientes foram suplementadas, o desempenho equiparou-se aos tratamentos positivos. Não houve diferença quanto às fontes de metionina. No período de 22 a 42 dias, a matéria seca da carcaça e os rendimentos de carcaça, peito, perna, gordura abdominal e asa não diferiram. As fontes de metionina diferiram significativamente para as variáveis consumo de ração, taxa de deposição de proteína e peso relativo do fígado. O ganho de peso apresentou resultado satisfatório quanto à utilização de betaína, sendo que a redução de 7% com suplementação apresentou desempenho igual ao controle. Quando utilizada DL-Metionina, maiores taxas de deposição de proteína foram observadas com 7% de redução da quantidade de metionina+cistina com suplementação de 500 g ton-1 de betaína. Para MHA-Metionina, o mesmo foi observado com 7% de redução de metionina+cistina e suplementação de 1000 g ton-1 de betaína. A taxa de deposição de gordura foi estatisticamente superior nos tratamentos com suplementação de betaína, porém a gordura abdominal não diferiu.Betaine has been used as a source of sparing methionine in the diet of broilers, once its cheaper than methionine, which reduces the final cost of diet. Another factor of interest in the use of betaine is over its osmo-protector function, that assists in the regulation of cell function, especially in stress phases. In this study two sources of methionine (DL-Methionine and Methionine-MHA) were studied at different levels of methionine + cystine, and two inclusion percentage of betaine in the diet at different raising stages. From 1 to 7 and 8 to 21 days, the birds fed diets with reduced levels of methionine and cystine without betaine supplementation underperformed. When deficient diets were supplemented performance equated to the positive treatments. There was no difference as to sources of methionine. In the 22-42 days period, dry matter of carcass and carcass yield, breast, leg, wing and abdominal fat did not differ. Methionine sources differed significantly for feed intake, protein deposition rate and relative weight of liver. Weight gain showed satisfactory result considering the use of betaine, and the 7% reduction with supplementation showed equal performance to the control. When DL-Methionine was used, higher protein deposition rates were observed with 7% reduction in the amount of methionine + cystine supplementation with 500 g ton-1 Betaine. For Methionine-MHA the same was observed with 7% reduction methionine + cystine and supplementation of 1000 g ton-1. The fat deposition rate was statistically higher in treatments supplemented with betaine, but abdominal fat did not differ.
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Pulz, Lilian Martini. "The importance of the supplementation of zinc in nursey pig diets." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4525.
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Thesis (M.S.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 27, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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Whitney, Travis Raymond. "Effects of weaning programs on metabolic profiles and hepatic IGF-1 mRNA of first-calf heifers and mature cows, and effects of diet for early-weaned steers on response to an infectious bovine herpesvirus-1 challenge." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280572.
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Effects of weaning on metabolic profiles and hepatic IGF-1 mRNA of beef dams (Trial 1), and diet effects for early-weaned (EW) steers on response to an infectious bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) challenge (Trial 2) were investigated. Trial 1 treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial and included 14 heifers and 14 cows assigned randomly to one of two treatment regimens: EW (average age of 114 ± 13 d) or normal-weaned (NW, average age of 197 d). Heifers with calves EW experienced a greater increase (parity x weaning; P = 0.02) in BW over heifers with calves NW, but no change in BW due to weaning was observed for cows (P > 0.71). Early weaning (vs. NW) increased (P < 0.05) body condition (BC) and change in BC of all dams. No parity x weaning or parity x weaning x d interactions (P > 0.14) were observed for serum IGF-1, NEFA, or urea nitrogen (SUN). A parity x d interaction (P < 0.05) for hepatic IGF-1 mRNA, serum IGF-1, and SUN was observed, but no differences (P > 0.10) were detected between heifers and cows within d. For Trial 2, backgrounding treatments included a bermudagrass hay diet (CTRL); bermudagrass hay plus soybean meal (SBM) fed at 0.175% of BW (as-fed); bermudagrass hay plus SBM at 0.35% of BW; or a 70% concentrate (CONC) diet. During the receiving phase, all steers were fed CONC and intranasally challenged with BHV-1. Treatment x d interactions (P < 0.01) were observed for serum NEFA, total protein, SUN, glucose, immunoglobulin G (IgG), insulin, and rectal temperature. Three d after the BHV-1 challenge, IgG was greater (P < 0.05) for forage-fed steers vs. CONC. Three and 4 d after the challenge, rectal temperature was greater (P < 0.01) for protein supplemented steers vs. CTRL. Therefore, EW can increase BW and BC of first-calf heifers and decrease SUN in first-calf heifers and mature cows, and a higher quality diet fed to EW steers during a backgrounding phase enhances ADG and G:F, and increases febrile response (measured by rectal temperature) to an infectious BHV-1 respiratory challenge.
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Allen, Heather Michelle. "Nitrogen accretion and excretion in broilers fed diets low in protein during the starter period /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1418000.
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Nalle, Catootjie Lusje. "Nutritional evaluation of grain legumes for poultry : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Poultry Nutrition at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1021.
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The nutritional value of faba beans (Vicia faba), Australian sweet lupins (Lupinus angustifolius), white lupins (Lupinus albus) and peas (Pisum sativum) grown in New Zealand for broilers were evaluated in terms of their nutritional characteristics, protein quality (protein efficiency ratio), apparent metabolisable energy, apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids and the effects on bird performance. The effects of dehulling and extrusion cooking on the nutritive value of legumes were also investigated. The first experiment discussed in Chapter 3 evaluated the effect of cultivars on the nutrient profile and protein quality of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum), Australian sweet lupins, peas and soybeans (Glycine max). With the exception of white lupins, cultivars had no effect on the proximate and fibre composition of grain legumes. Starch was the primary carbohydrate component of chickpeas and peas, whilst non-starch polysaccharides were the major carbohydrates in lupins. The legume proteins were deficient in lysine, methionine, cystine and threonine. No differences were found in protein quality between cultivars of the different grain legume species. The lowest weight gain and protein efficiency ratio, in addition to the highest relative pancreatic weight and mortality rate was found in raw soybeans, suggesting that soybeans contained high a concentration of anti-nutritional factors, such as protease inhibitors. Birds fed chickpeas, lupins and peas had a low mortality rate and relative pancreatic weight, confirming that the level of anti-nutrients in these legume seeds was low. The apparent metabolisable energy and apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids of faba beans, Australian sweet lupins, white lupins and peas were determined in the second experiment (Chapter 4). Cultivar effect on the apparent metabolisable energy values was observed only for faba beans and white lupins. Faba beans, white lupins and peas had comparable apparent metabolisable energy values, but these values were higher than those of Australian sweet lupins, and lower than that of soybean meal. No cultivar differences were found in the apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids of grain legumes. The apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids of both lupin species was found to be comparable to that of soybean meal. The effects of feeding diets containing 200 g/kg faba beans, lupins or peas on the performance, digestive tract development and litter quality of broilers were investigated in the third and fourth trials. In the cage trial (Chapter 5), the results showed that the weight gain of birds fed diets containing grain legumes was similar to that of control diet. Feed intake and feed per gain of birds fed diets containing the majority of grain legume cultivars did not differ from those fed the maize-soy diet. Birds fed diets containing faba beans had more dry and friable excreta compared to other treatment diets. The performance of birds fed diets containing 200 g/kg grain legumes during the 35 d grow-out period, in the floor pen trial (Chapter 6), confirmed the results of the cage trial. In this trial, weight gain and feed per gain of birds fed diets without meat meal were superior to those with meat meal. In cage trials, the modification of some segments of digestive tract development was probably due to the dietary NSP. Whilst in floor pen trial, digestive tract development was not influenced by the inclusion of grain legumes. The effect of methodology of determination (direct vs. difference method) on the apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids of wheat, maize, Australian sweet lupins, peas and soybean meal for broilers was evaluated in the fifth study (Chapter 7). The influence of methodology on apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids was found to vary amongst the feed ingredients. In general, the apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids of test ingredients determined by the difference method was higher than those determined by the direct method, suggesting that the use of the direct method may underestimate the apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids in low and medium protein ingredients. Data reported in Chapter 8 shows that dehulling increased the apparent metabolisable energy values of faba beans and Australian sweet lupins, but it had no beneficial effect on peas. The increase of apparent metabolisable energy values may be attributed to the decrease in non-starch polysaccharides of these legume seeds after dehulling. The removal of hulls increased the amino acid concentrations, but it had no effect on the apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of most amino acids. These results suggest that dehulling of grain legumes would be nutritionally beneficial and, likely to be economical in view of the improved amino acid concentrations and energy values. The final experiment (Chapter 9) demonstrated that extrusion of peas markedly influenced the content of crude protein, non-starch polysaccharides, starch, and trypsin inhibitors. The soluble non-starch polysaccharides and trypsin inhibitor contents of the majority of extruded pea samples were higher than those of raw peas, but insoluble and total non-starch polysaccharides decreased with extrusion. Extrusion had no effect on the apparent ileal protein digestibility and the apparent metabolisable energy of peas, but it increased ileal starch digestibility.
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McDaniel, Michael Reid. "The effects of dosing feedlot cattle with Megasphaera elsdenii strain NCIMB 41125 prior to the introduction of a grain-rich diet." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1666.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
James S. Drouillard
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of [italic]Megasphaera elsdenii[italic] strain NCIMB 41125 and its potential use in the mitigation of ruminal acidosis. In experiment 1, a metabolism study was conducted to evaluate ruminal parameters, quantify changes in ruminal bacterial populations, and determine in vitro capacity for lactate utilization following intraruminal dosing of a placebo or [italic]M. [italic]elsdenii strain NCIMB 41125 and an abrupt diet change. Angus crossbred steers (n=20; average BW=253 ± 24 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulas were blocked by BW and assigned randomly to treatments. Treatments consisted of intraruminal dosing with a placebo (100 mL of autoclaved culture), or 10, 100, or 1,000 mL of a live culture containing 1.62×108 CFU/mL of [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] strain NCIMB 41125. Prior to inoculation, cattle were placed into individual pens in an enclosed facility and allowed free access to alfalfa hay, salt, and water. Feed and water were removed for 24 h prior to administering treatments, after which, cattle were allowed free access to a diet consisting of 34% alfalfa hay and 66% steam-flaked corn-based concentrate. On d 7, cattle were fed an 80% concentrate diet. On d 12, steers were started on the final finishing diet of 94% concentrate. Ruminal pH and concentrations of lactate and VFAs were monitored following introduction of each concentrate diet. Ruminal samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h after feeding for quantitative rt-PCR detection of native and introduced strains of [italic]M. elsdenii[italic], as well as total bacterial genomes. Capacity for metabolism of lactic acid was evaluated by inoculating 0.2 mL of strained ruminal fluid into anaerobic culture tubes containing 15 mL of semi-defined lactate medium. Tubes were incubated at 39˚C, and turbidity changes were determined by measuring absorbance at 2 h intervals up to 12 h. Experiment 2 was conducted in a commercial feedlot to evaluate the efficacy of [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] strain NCIMB 41125 for improving feedlot performance. A second objective of the study was to determine if oral dosing of [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] has the potential for reducing the number of cattle treated for bovine respiratory disease. Angus steers and heifers (n = 3179; average BW = 356 ± 58.4kg) were used in a randomized complete block design with two treatments. Cattle were assigned to treatment on an every-other-head basis such that every-other-animal was orally drenched with 100 mL of a culture medium containing 1.5×108 cfu/mL [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] strain NCIMB 41125 at processing. Cattle were blocked by gender and date of arrival. To maximize profitability, cattle were sorted via visual appraisal to identify cattle that were market ready. Cattle were shipped to a commercial abattoir in Lexington, NE for harvest. Data obtained for each pen of cattle included feedlot performance, morbidity, mortality, carcass characteristics, and grid-based program carcass qualifications. In trial 1, compared to the placebo group, cattle administered [italic]Megasphaera[italic] maintained higher ruminal pH 24 h after the carbohydrate challenge (P < 0.05). Ruminal lactate concentrations increased in response to the diet change (P < 0.05), but concentrations were lower for cattle that received [italic]Megasphaera[italic] compared to the placebo group (P < 0.05). Total number of bacterial genomes 24 h after inoculation was unaffected by intraruminal dosing of [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] strain NCIMB 41125 (P > 0.05), but populations of undifferentiated [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] and strain NCIMB 41125 increased by 24 h after inoculation (P < 0.05). Turbidity of cultures inoculated with ruminal fluid increased in response to [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] administration (P < 0.05), suggesting a greater capacity for lactate utilization in inoculated cattle compared to the placebo group. In trial 2, no differences in feed efficiency were observed (P > 0.05). Compared to cattle dosed with [italic]Megasphaera[italic], the control group had more USDA yield grade 2 carcasses (P < 0.05), and cattle dosed with [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] had more USDA yield grade 5 carcasses (P < 0.05). [italic]Megasphaera[italic] cattle also tended to have more USDA Prime carcasses (P = 0.14). No effects on incidence of liver abscesses were observed. Dosing cattle with [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] prior to introduction of typical concentrate diets may be useful in preventing ruminal lactate accumulation and associated depressions in ruminal pH. Inoculating cattle with [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] is effective in bolstering populations of ruminal lactate utilizers, and may be useful in preventing ruminal lactate accumulation in grain-fed cattle. No effects on reducing episodes of BRD were noted.
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Pomeroy, Stephanie K. "Effect of dietary lysine and genetics on indices of energy and protein metabolism in rainbow trout and alterations in the mitochondrial proteome in broilers fed a lysine-deficient diet." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=6035.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 89 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-73).
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Damasceno, Danielle Zanerato. "Arginina na dieta de reprodutores de Rhamdia quelen /." Jaboticabal, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153594.
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Orientador: Elizabeth RomagosaCoorientador: Fábio Bittencourt
Banca: Sérgio Ricardo Batlouni
Banca: Giovani Sampaio Gonçalves
Banca: Eduardo Antonio Sanches
Banca: Taís da Silva Lopes
Resumo: Informações sobre a nutrição de reprodutores são fundamentais para que haja uma boa performance reprodutiva, e maior qualidade na produção de gametas e prole, entretanto esse tipo de estudo ainda não é realiado em grande quantidade. Com base nisso este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar o efeito da arginina na nutrição de reprodutores de Rhamdia quelen. Para isso 800 juvenis da espécie foram alimentados durante cinco meses com dietas que continham diferentes níveis de arginina (1,37; 1,67; 1,97; 2,27 e 2,57%). Após este período reprodutores de cada tratamento foram selecionados e induzidos hormonalmente (2.5 mg.kg-1 Extrato Hipofisário de Carpa para machos e 5.5 mg.kg-1 para fêmea), após 240 horas-grau foi realizada a coleta de sêmen e ovócitos. No sêmen foi avaliado: volume, pH, concentração, motilidade e velocidade espermática, normalidade, e foi aferido o diâmetro do ovócitos. As gônadas, fígado e gordura visceral de ambos os sexos foram removidas e pesadas para cálculo dos índices somáticos, e foi realizada a fertilização, incubação e após a abertura da boca as larvas foram transferidas para caixas de plástico onde foi realizada a larvicultura durante 10 dias. Foi realizada quantificação de: vitelogenina no plasma sanguíneo de fêmeas e de óxido nítrico nas gônadas de machos e fêmeas. Verificamos que a suplementação com 2,27% de arginina influenciou a produção seminal, tanto em volume quanto em concentração, ao mesmo tempo que promoveu a produção de ovócitos com maior ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Information about broodstock nutrition are essential for a good reproductive performance, and higher quality in gamete and offspring production, however this type of study is still not performed in large quantity. With the objective of assessing the effect of arginine on the reproduction of Rhamdia quelen females, 800 fish were fed for five months with diets containing 1.37, 1.67, 1.97, 2.27 and 2.57% arginine for seven months. After this period the fish of each treatment were selected and received hormonal induction (2.5 mg.kg-1 carp pituitary extract for males and 5.5 mg.kg-1 for females), after 240 termal units accumulated the semen and oocytes were collected. The semen were collected and analysed: volum, pH, concentration, velocity, motility and normality, and the diameter of oocytes. The gonad, liver, visceral fat of both sexes were collected to somatic analysis. The fertilization, incubation and after the larvae open the mouth were transfered to plastic box were the larviculture was carried for 10 days. Were analysed the production of vitellogenin in bood plasm of female and nitric oxide on gonad of males and females. We observed that the addition of 2.27% arginine influenced the seminal production, both in volum and concentration, at the same time that it promoted the oocyte production ith bigger diameter, that consequently generated more resistant larvae. The addition of 2.27% arginine to the diet of R. quelen females favored reproductive parameters, which suggests th... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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McGill, Elizabeth Ruth Firman Jeffre D. "Effects of low crude protein diets with amino acid supplementation on broiler performance in the starter period." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6457.
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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 18, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Thesis advisor: Dr. Jeffre Firman. Includes bibliographical references.
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López, López Lino Constancio. "Botanical and chemical composition of diets selected by alpacas (Lama pacos) pastured in the Ulla Ulla wetlands." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2004. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5382.
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This study was done in the subtropical high Andes of Ulla Ulla. Its objectives were to determine the botanical composition, nutritional value, and preferred forages in the wetlands (hydromorphic and mesico) diet, by season (dry and wet), and by botanical family (12 families). Three-hundred sixty samples were collected from 6 alpacas with esophageal fistulations, and from them nutritional value and botanical composition were determined; the latter was compared with the botanical composition of the wetlands to determine preference. The results are highly significant (p<0.01) for botanical families, interaction between season and family, interaction of wetland type and family, and interaction of the season with wetland type and family. Species from the family Juncaceae were the most consumed with 27.78%, followed by moderate consumption of Cyperaceae (21.03%), Gramineae (15.02%), and Rosaceae (12.39%). Lower consumption occurred with Umbeliferaceae and Asteraceae with 6.61% and 5.64%, respectively, and the lowest consumption was of Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae, minor plants, Gentianiaceae, unidentified plants, and Ranunculaceae with 2.86%, 2.50%, 2.17%, 2.08%, 1.03%, and 0.89%, respectively. The botanical families with the greatest preference value (PV) were Gramineae (PV=6.48), Scrophulariaceae (PV=8.75), Gentianiaceae (PV=7.55), and Ranunculaceae (PV=8.16). Proportional preference was observed in Juncaceae (PV=1.49), Cyperaceae (PV= -1.72), Rosaceae (PV=1.82), and Umbeliferaceae (PV= -0.82). The Asteraceae family was classified as a forced preference (PV= -6.29). The average nutritional value of the diet shows high values: 14.69% of raw protein, 14.58% ash, 85.42% organic matter, 21.43% raw fiber, and 31.00% neutral detergent fiber. It was concluded that alpacas efficiently select their diet for nutritional value, however, consumption is not appropriate, which results in negative live weight gain, especially in the dry season. On the other hand, the plants' preference values correspond to the lowest and one of the highest is a forced preference, according to the botanical composition of the wetland, which suggests that the preferred plants are repeatedly consumed in current continual pastures, and that alpacas are forced to consume unpalatable plants. This reflects on bad CANAPAS wetlands management in Ulla Ulla. Consequently, reversing this situation implies changes in pasture management and a reduction of the animal load.
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Balabuszko, Rachel. "A Study of the Impact of a High Fat and High Cholesterol Diet on Cortical Bone in Captive Baboons." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1514721084433706.
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Galvani, Diego Barcelos. "Exigências e eficiência energética e protéica de ovinos Dorper x Santa Inês alimentados com dietas contendo volumosos de valor nutricional distinto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-13092011-105632/.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do uso de volumosos com valor nutricional distinto sobre as exigências e a eficiência de uso da energia e da proteína por ovinos ½ Dorper × ½ Santa Inês, em crescimento. Para isso, 84 cordeiros, machos não castrados, foram desmamados aos 56 dias de idade (PV inicial = 18,0 ± 3,3 kg) e confinados em baias individuais, sendo distribuídos em dois grupos: VBVN cordeiros alimentados com dieta composta por volumoso de baixo valor nutricional (bagaço de cana in natura); e VAVN cordeiros alimentados com dieta composta por volumoso de alto valor nutricional (feno de coastcross). Destes, sete animais de cada grupo foram aleatoriamente selecionados e abatidos após um período de adaptação de 10 dias (animais referência). Dentre os remanescentes, 21 animais de cada grupo foram alimentados ad libitum e abatidos aos 25, 35 ou 45 kg de peso vivo (sete animais por grupo) sendo, os 28 demais animais, submetidos a dois níveis de restrição alimentar, de forma a obterem-se diferentes níveis de consumo de energia metabolizável (EM): 70 e 50% do consumo ad libitum. Foram determinadas as concentrações e as retenções corporais de gordura, nitrogênio e energia. Adicionalmente, seis animais ½ Dorper × ½ Santa Inês (PV médio = 52,3 ± 6,9 kg), machos não castrados canulados no rúmen, foram mantidos em gaiolas de estudo de metabolismo para avaliação da digestibilidade das dietas e estimativa das concentrações dietéticas de EM e do consumo de proteína metabolizável. A degradabilidade das dietas experimentais foi avaliada in vitro. O consumo de matéria seca e o ganho de peso médio diário foram mais elevados para os animais alimentados com a dieta contendo feno de coastcross. Por outro lado, melhor eficiência alimentar foi observada para aqueles alimentados com a dieta contendo bagaço de cana. Não houve efeito do nível de consumo sobre o teor de energia metabolizável da dieta, mas este foi maior na dieta contendo bagaço de cana in natura (3,18 vs 2,94). Os animais recebendo a dieta contendo bagaço de cana apresentaram maiores concentrações corporais de gordura e energia, o que foi reflexo de um maior acúmulo de gordura visceral. O uso de volumosos de baixo valor nutricional, em dietas com alta concentração energética, não resulta em incremento das exigências energéticas de mantença. No entanto, a elevação do teor de concentrado da ração resulta em aumento da eficiência de uso da energia metabolizável para ganho de peso, o que está diretamente associado à maior retenção de gordura visceral. Sob o ponto de vista da produção de carne, todavia, esta maior eficiência nutricional deve ser vista com cautela, uma vez que está relacionada à deposição de tecidos não destinados ao consumo humano. As exigências protéicas para ganho de peso de cordeiros ½ Dorper × ½ Santa Inês podem ser acuradamente preditas pelas equações do AFRC (1993). Nenhum dos sistemas nutricionais atuais, contudo, é capaz de predizer as exigências energéticas destes animais entre os 15 e 45 kg de peso corporal.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of using roughages with different nutritive value on requirements and efficiency of energy and protein use of growing ½ Dorper × ½ Santa Inês sheep. For this purpose, eighty four non-castrated male lambs were weaned at 56 days of age (initial BW = 18.0 ± 3.3 kg) and penned in individual stalls, being divided into two groups: VBVN - lambs fed diet containing roughage with low nutritive value (sugarcane bagasse in natura); and VAVN - lambs fed diet containing roughage with high nutritive value (coastcross hay). From these lambs, seven animals from each group were randomly selected and slaughtered after a 10-day adaptation period (reference animals). Twenty one animals in each group were then fed ad libitum and slaughtered at 25, 35, or 45 kg of live weight (seven animals per group), and the remaining 28 animals were submitted to one of two levels of feed restriction: either 70 or 50% of the ad libitum intake. Concentrations and retentions of body fat, nitrogen, and energy were determined. Additionally, six non-castrated males (PV mean = 52.3 ± 6.9 kg), canulated in the rumen, were kept in metabolic cages to evaluate diets digestibility, and to estimate metabolizable energy concentrations of the diets and the metabolizable protein intake. Diet degradability was assessed by an in vitro assay. Dry matter intake and average daily weight gain were higher for animals fed the diet containing coastcross hay. On the other hand, better gain-to-feed ratio was observed for those fed the diet containing sugarcane bagasse. There was no effect of intake level on metabolizable energy content of the diet, but it was higher in the diet containing sugarcane bagasse (3.18 vs. 2.94). Animals receiving the diet containing sugarcane bagasse presented higher body fat and energy concentrations, as a response of a larger visceral fat deposition. Using roughages with low nutritive value in high energy diets for growing lambs, does not increases energy requirements for maintenance. However, increasing concentrate proportion in the diet improves the efficiency of metabolizable energy use for weight gain, which is directly associated with a larger retention of visceral fat. Under a meat production perspective, however, that increased nutritional efficiency should be took with caution, since it is related to the deposition of tissues not intended to human consumption. Protein requirements for growth of lambs ½ Dorper × ½ Santa Inês are accurately predicted by the AFRC (1993) equations. None of the current nutritional systems, however, is able to predict energy requirements of these animals from 15 to 45 kg of body weight.
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Tse, Marcos Livio Panhoza. "Proteína láctea e zinco suplementar em dietas de leitões recém-desmamados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-26092007-101327/.
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Foram utilizados 120 leitões (60 em cada experimento) da genética Dalland, desmamados aos 21 dias de idade e pesos médios iniciais de 5,43 kg ± 0,46 (Exp. 1) e 5,81 kg ± 0,54 (Exp. 2) com o objetivo de avaliar a presença de proteína láctea ou zinco suplementar (Znaminoácidos) sobre o desempenho, concentrações sanguíneas de IGF-I, GH, zinco, morfologia intestinal e peso relativo do fígado e intestino delgado dos leitões. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualisados, com 14 dias (Exp.1) e 28 dias (Exp.2) de duração em um fatorial 2 x 2 (proteína láctea e zinco suplementar): T1 = Dieta basal constituída de milho e farelo de soja (DB), com proteína láctea (PL) e com Zn suplementar (2000 ppm de zinco - ZnO + 250 ppm de zinco ? Znaminoácidos); T2 = DB com PL e sem zinco suplementar; T3 = DB sem PL e com zinco suplementar; T4 = DB sem PL e sem zinco suplementar. No Exp.1, o zinco suplementar, proporcionou melhor conversão alimentar (CA) para a fase de 1 a 7 dias (P<0,04) e para a fase de 1 a 14 dias, proporcionou maior peso aos 14 dias (P14) (P<0,06) e maior ganho de peso diário (GPD) (P<0,05). A PL, proporcionou aos animais, menor CA para as fases de 1 a 7 dias (P<0,001) e de 1 a 14 dias (P<0,02), respectivamente. Para os dados sanguíneos, ao 14º dia de experimento, o zinco proporcionou menor concentração de IGF-1 (P<0,007), enquanto que a PL proporcionou maior concentração desta variável (P<0,001). Para os dados de morfologia intestinal, a PL proporcionou menor profundidade de cripta (PC) no jejuno ao 7º dia de experimento (P<0,07) e maior altura de vilosidade (AV) no duodeno ao 14º dia de experimento (P<0,04). Houve interação dos fatores PL e zinco suplementar para relação AV:PC do jejuno ao 7º dia de experimento (P<0,009) e que também foi maior nos animais recebendo PL (P<0,004) e zinco suplementar (P<0,02). O peso relativo do fígado ao 14º dia de experimento, foi menor para os animais recebendo zinco suplementar (P<0,02). Com relação ao Exp. 2, para a fase de 1 a 14 dias, os animais recebendo PL tiveram menor CDR (P<0,01), enquanto que o zinco suplementar proporcionou maior P14 (P<0,07) e menor CDR (P<0,01). No período de 14 a 28 dias, houve interação entre PL e zinco suplementar para peso aos 28 dias (P28) e GDP (P<0,05). Também, o zinco suplementar proporcionou maior P28 e GDP nos animais. Para o período de 1 a 28 dias, houve interação entre PL e zinco suplementar (P<0,07) para P28, GPD e CA, e que o zinco suplementar proporcionou maior P28 (P<0,007) e maior GPD (P<0,007). A PL para esta fase proporcionou menor CA (P<0,01).A hundred and twenty Dalland pigs (60 in each experiment), weaned at 21 days of age and with 5,43 kg ± 0,46 (Exp. 1) e 5,81 kg ± 0,54 (Exp. 2) of average live weight were used to evaluate the presence of milk protein or supplemental zinc on performance, IGF-I, GH and zinc plasma concentrations, intestinal morphology and relative weight of liver and small intestine. A 14-d (Exp.1) and 28-d (Exp.2) randomized complete block design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (milk protein and supplemental zinc): T1 = basal diet with corn and soybean meal (BD) with milk protein (MP) + 2000 ppm of zinc (ZnO) + 250 ppm of zinc (Zn-amino acid); T2 = BD with MP with no supplemental zinc; T3 = BD with no MP + 2000 ppm of zinc (ZnO) + 250 ppm of zinc (Zn- amino acid); T4 = BD with no MP and no supplemental zinc. In Exp.1, pigs fed with supplemental zinc had lower feed conversion (FC) for 1-7d period (P<.04) and for 1-14d period showed higher body weight at 28 days (BW28) (P<.06) and average daily gain (ADG) (P<.05). The MP improved FC for 1-7d (P<.001) and 1-14d period (P<.02), respectively. For plasma concentrations, supplemental zinc decreased IGF-I concentrations (P<.007) while there was an increase IGF-I concentration for MP at 14-d. For morphology data, MP provided shorter crypts depth (CD) on jejune at 7-d (P<.07) and higher villus height (VH) on duodenum at 14-d (P<.04). There was interaction between zinc and MP for VH:CD relation on jejune at 7-d (P<.009) and also this relation was bigger for animals fed with MP (P<.004) and supplemental zinc (P<.02). The relative weight of liver at 14-d was smaller for animal fed with supplemental zinc (P<.02). In Exp.2, for 1-14d period, the animals fed with MP decreased average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P<.01), while the supplemental zinc increased BW14 (P<.07) e decreased ADFI (P<.01). For 14-28d period, there was interaction between MP and supplemental zinc for BW28 e ADG (P<.05). Also, the animals fed supplemental zinc had higher BW28 e ADG. For the whole period (1-28d), there was interaction between MP and supplemental zinc (P<.07) for BW28, ADG e FC and considering isolated factors, supplemental zinc provided higher BW28 (P<.007) e higher ADG (P<.007) and MP for this period provided better FC (P<.01).
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Schmidt, Debra Ann. "Fiber enrichment of captive primate diets /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3060139.
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Schwartz, Emily M. "DIGESTIBILITY OF TWO COMPLETE PELLETED DIETS BY THE HORSE (EQUUS CABALLUS) AS A MODEL ANIMAL FOR NONDOMESTIC HINDGUT FERMENTERS." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1505.
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Estimating nutrient and energy requirements of exotic animals is a necessary component of nutrition management in zoos and other wildlife facilities. In the absence of species-specific data, domestic animal models are often referenced. Herbivorous hindgut fermenters, such as horses, zebra, and rhinoceros, rely on microbial fermentation in the cecum and colon to utilize dietary structural carbohydrates. The study objective was to measure the digestible energy of two (LOW, HIGH) complete pelleted diets by the horse as a model for nondomestic hindgut fermenters. Seven, individually housed, adult Quarter Horse (Equus caballus) geldings were assigned to one of two diets as 100% of intake in a randomized crossover design. Experimental diets both contained similar ingredients including soybean oil as an added source of supplemental fat (LOW 1.7%, HIGH 6.9%). Diets differed in predicted digestible energy (LOW 2.29 Mcal/kg, HIGH 2.85 Mcal/kg, DE), ether extract (LOW 4.00%, HIGH 7.41%, EE), and acid detergent fiber (LOW 33.7%, HIGH 26.2%, ADF). Daily feed quantities were offered at 33.3 kcal DE BWkg-1 equally distributed over three meals to maintain target BW. Daily feed intake was quantified. Horses had ab libitum access to water. Horses were transitioned from all forage to 100% test diet over 14 d, acclimated to the test feed for 19 d prior to 4 d acclimation and 6 d total fecal collection using hygiene collection harnesses (Equi-San Marketing Pty Ltd). Diet transition between periods occurred over 8 d. Total fecal output was quantified every 8 h, thoroughly mixed and 10% of measured mass output was subsampled for further analysis. Body weights (BW) recorded weekly did not change significantly throughout the trial (P = 0.420). Apparent digestibility of diet within horse and day was evaluated by a nested ANOVA (Minitab 16). The apparent digestibility of EE (P < 0.000), neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.008), and ADF (P = 0.002) differed between the two diets. Apparent digestibility of DM (P = 0.137), OM (P = 0.140), and GE (P = 0.418) were not different. Excess fat not digested and absorbed in the small intestine (by-pass fat) will enter the hindgut and may cause disruption of normal microbial activity. Additionally soybean oil, when consumed in quantities that allow by-pass to occur, has been shown to have a negative effect on fiber digestibility in hindgut fermenters. A negative effect on fiber digestibility in the higher fat diet could result in diets closer in DM, OM, and GE digestibility than initially predicted. The NRC (2007) recommends that no more than 0.7 g/kg BW/d of soybean oil be fed to the horse. The HIGH diet provided 0.91 g/kg BW/d soybean oil. Feeds that contain concentrations higher than recommended may not be appropriate as the sole dietary ingredient of hindgut fermenters. Further studies are needed to evaluate the use of soybean oil and to determine the threshold at which soybean oil will begin to suppress hindgut fiber digestion. In vivo measurements of digestibility in model species may provide useful benchmarks from which diets for nondomestic hindgut fermenters, as well as horses, may be formulated.