Relevant bibliographies by topics / Animal breeding

Academic literature on the topic 'Animal breeding'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Animal breeding"

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Wilkins, J. V. "Animal breeding." Livestock Production Science 45, no. 2-3 (May 1996): 227–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-6226(96)88222-4.

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Flint, A. P. F., and J. A. Woolliams. "Precision animal breeding." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1491 (July 26, 2007): 573–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2171.

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We accept that we are responsible for the quality of life of animals in our care. We accept that the activities of man affect all the living things with which we share this planet. But we are slow to realize that as a result we have a duty of care for all living things. That duty extends to the breeding of animals for which we are responsible. When animals are bred by man for a purpose, the aim should be to meet certain goals: to improve the precision with which breeding outcomes can be predicted; to avoid the introduction and advance of characteristics deleterious to well-being; and to manage genetic resources and diversity between and within populations as set out in the Convention on Biological Diversity. These goals are summed up in the phrase precision animal breeding. They should apply whether animals are bred as sources of usable products or services for medical or scientific research, for aesthetic or cultural considerations, or as pets. Modern molecular and quantitative genetics and advances in reproductive physiology provide the tools with which these goals can be met.
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Reynolds, John D. "Animal breeding systems." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 11, no. 2 (February 1996): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(96)81045-7.

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Sonstegard, T. S., S. C. Fahrenkrug, and D. Carlson. "307 Precision animal breeding to make genetically castrated animals for improved animal welfare and alternative breeding applications." Journal of Animal Science 95, suppl_2 (March 1, 2017): 149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/asasmw.2017.307.

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NSAP, NJAP. "Animal Breeding and Physiology." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 1, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v1i1.2573.

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HIROOKA, Hiroyuki. "Animal breeding and bioethics." Journal of Animal Genetics 41, no. 2 (2013): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5924/abgri.41.101.

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Mäki-Tanila, Asko. "Animal breeding further ameliorated." Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 124, no. 1 (February 2007): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.2007.00635.x.

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Simm, G., and N. R. Wray. "Electronics in animal breeding." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1990 (March 1990): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600018882.

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Two of the major steps in animal breeding programmes are (i) estimation of breeding values for a defined selection objective (such as milk production or carcass lean content), and (ii) design of optimum breeding programmes, including proportion of animals selected as parents, population size etc. Advances in electronics, and particularly in computer technology, have had a major Impact on these procedures in a number of ways. In this paper we aim to highlight four of these.The preferred method of estimating breeding values is universally recognised to be BLUP (Best Linear Unbiased Prediction). BLUP is superior to classical procedures, such as contemporary comparison, for several reasons. The most important is that it is more accurate in separating differences between animals which are attributable to genetic rather than environmental factors. BLUP was first proposed by Henderson in 1949 but the first BLUP evaluation was not implemented until 1970 (Henderson, 1987). This delay is almost entirely attributable to inadequate computing facilities and technology at that time, since a BLUP evaluation system requires a large number of equations to be stored and solved.
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Farstad, Wenche. "Ethics in animal breeding." Reproduction in Domestic Animals 53 (November 2018): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rda.13335.

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Fowler, M. E., J. Maciejowski, and J. Zieba. "Genetics and Animal Breeding." Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 16, no. 1 (1985): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20094735.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Animal breeding"

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Olujohungbe, A. A. "Early breeding of beef heifers." Thesis, University of Reading, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374030.

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Thompson, Robin. "Statistical methods and applications to animal breeding." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30836.

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This thesis comprises a collection of 39 research papers divided into three groups. The first group is entitled 'Statistical Methods, including variance component estimation with general application'. The second group report on 'Application of statistical methods to animal breeding studies'. The last group 'Experimental Studies' reports on studies on animal breeding data in beef and dairy cattle. The major theme of Group I is variance component estimation and the introduction of a method, now known as REML (Residual Maximum Likelihood) that unifies the area. The method was introduced for the analysis of incomplete block designs with unequal block size but was found to have important applications in the analysis of groups of trials, time-series, multivariate data and detecting outliers. The work on variance components has applications to animal breeding and is discussed in Group II. Papers discuss efficient designs for estimation of genetic parameters, including heritability, maternal and multivariate genetic parameters. These designs can lead to substantial reductions in the variances of the parameters over classical designs. It is shown that REML can be applied in certain circumstances when there is selection of animals. Links between variance estimation and best linear unbiased prediction are explored. Methods of prediction, estimation of genetic parameters and optimal designs are given for non-normal data. The last group includes reports on the comparison of breeds and cross-breeding in beef cattle in Zambia. Other studies include estimating the genetic relationship between beef can dairy characters in british Friesian cattle. The validity of models used in dairy sire evaluation are investigated including the heterogenity of heritability of milk yield at different levels of production and a novel method for taking account of environmental variation within herds.
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Sinclair, Anna Grace. "Genotype-nutrition interactions in breeding sows." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1997. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU090362.

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The interaction effects of genotype and nutrition on the performance of sows during lactation is still poorly understood; this series of experiments explored the factors contributing to breed differences in lactational performance and the development of appropriate feeding strategies. Two extreme types of sow were used in these experiments; lean pure-bred White sows (W: Large White and Landrace) and a prolific but fatter Meishan synthetic damline (M: 50% Meishan genes). M sows had higher numbers of piglets, a different feed intake curve and produced more milk with a higher fat content compared to W breed types. Their response to dietary protein was different for the two breeds; the Meishan sows, with higher initial levels of body fat reserves, used the extra protein to increase milk production. The White sows did not partition the extra protein into milk but used it to conserve their own maternal body reserves and improved their weaning to conception interval. The breed differences in sows performance were found not to be solely due to differences in litter size or piglet genotype or maternal body fat reserves. M sows showed better maternal behaviour with lower activity and shorter suckling intervals. It can be concluded from these experiments that Meishan synthetic sows are inherently better mothers, and the way in which sows of different breed types partition feed nutrients during lactation is very different. A dietary lysine concentration of 9 g/kg (giving daily intakes of 53-61 g/day at 98-111 MJ DE/day) optimised lactational and rebreeding performance in both breed types.
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Taylor, Eric Clayton. "Reproductive parameters of dorper ewes during the breeding and non-breeding seasons in south Texas." Thesis, Texas A&M University - Kingsville, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1590222.

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There have been many changes in the United States sheep industry over the years. Decreasing profitability of wool production has shifted the focus of many producers to strictly meat production. In south Texas, extreme high summer temperatures add an additional challenge in raising wool breeds of sheep. Hair sheep are gaining popularity in lamb-only production systems as they are more adapted to hot climates and eliminate shearing costs. The Dorper is the most popular breed of hair sheep throughout Texas due to superior lamb carcasses. Maximizing reproductive efficiency is critical for increasing the profitability of sheep production. Accelerated lambing systems can produce 3 lamb crops every two years versus 1 lamb crop per year. For this to be accomplished, ewes must be capable of breeding early post-partum and at all times of the year. We determined the reproductive characteristics of Dorper ewes. In the absence of a ram, Dorper ewes were anestrous from March until May. We observed considerable variation of ewes when both entering and ending anestrous. During the initial breeding season, 7-d CIDR® treated ewes, which conceived 1st service, had a significantly lower mean day of birthing (3.2 ± 2.1 d) compared to (10.1 ± 1.9 d) control ewes, resulting in a shorter lambing duration. During the seasonal anestrous period both CIDR® treated and control post-partum Dorper ewes were stimulated to ovulate while in the presence of the ram. However, during this time, 9-d CIDR® treatment significantly shortened both overall ram to lambing interval (152.8 ± 3.2d vs.165.7 ± 3.0 d) and first service ram to lambing interval (149.3 ± 1.3 d vs. 160.7 ± 1.5 d). Fall-born Dorper ewes with known birth dates had a mean age of puberty of 306.5 ± 4.9 d. Fall-born yearlings and spring-born ewe lambs were exposed to a ram during the first fall breeding season following their birth. While no difference was found in overall conception rate, fall-born yearlings had a significantly greater first service conception rate (83.3 %) compared to spring-born lambs (28.6 %). The findings of this study illustrate that Dorper ewes have the potential to be utilized in accelerated lambing systems in south Texas. By achieving a high conception rate post-partum simultaneous to the anestrous season, we were able to maintain an 8 mo lambing interval during the first two breeding season. We conclude that the reproductive attributes of the Dorper ewe makes them an excellent choice for sheep producers throughout South Texas.

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Said, S. I. "Animal breeding in relation to fitness of quantitative characters." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374592.

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Roden, Janet A. "Simulation studies of nucleus breeding systems for sheep improvement." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1993. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU053530.

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The genetic outcome of operating an open nucleus system (ONS) in a population of 1200 sheep divided into individual flocks, was investigatd using simulation techniques, and a comparison to alternative breeding systems was made. Selection was for best linear unbiased prediction of breeding value (EBV) for a trait measurable on individuals before selection. Migration of animals between flocks was based on the EBV. The results of stochastic simulations indicated that, compared to selection within closed flocks (CF), the annual genetic gain could be increased by 25 to 40 per cent if an ONS was operated. The variation in selection response, and the rate of inbreeding were also lower. Simulation results showed that approximately 25 per cent of nucleus sires should be selected from the base flocks. Initial genetic differences between flocks had a short term effect on genetic gain in the ONS. Screening the population to ensure that the nucleus flock was initially composed of the best ewes, also only had a short term effect. The advantage of an ONS over CF selection was effected by flock size but not intitial heritability. The use of dispersed nucleus system and a sire referencing scheme with selection of sires across flocks, was investigated. The outcome of these systems was very similar to the ONS. The higher rate of genetic gain achieved in the ONS, compared to CF selection, was attributed to higher genetic selection differentials and maintenance of genetic variation within flocks. These effects were included in a deterministic model of the ONS. The model described the simulated data well, although changes in genetic variance at the outset of the ONS were underestimated. Failure to account for finite population effects in previous studies has resulted in underestimation of the benefits of an open nucleus system in small populations.
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Chauhan, Vijay Pal Singh. "Environmental adjustments in estimation of breeding value of dairy sires." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14443.

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Gebbie, Fiona E. "Control of seasonal breeding and coat development in the goat." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1993. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/2747/.

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The aim of this work was to study the interaction of melatonin and prolactin in the control of seasonal breeding and coat development in goats. British Saanen goats (n=5) were maintained for 8 weeks in long days (20L: 40) followed by 8 weeks exogenous melatonin. Group treatment was staggered over the year in an attempt to dissociate breeding season advance from advanced coat growth. To assess the effect of prolactin suppression, the 20L:4D treatment from January was repeated in consecutive years but followed in March by melatonin (Year 1) or bromocriptine (Year 2). To study further the interaction of melatonin and prolactin on coat development and reproductive advance, goats (n=5) were maintained as follows: 1) natural photoperiod and temperature, Jul-Juni 2) 16L: 8D, natural temperature, Jul-Deci 3) 16L:8D, 17°C, Jul-Decj 4) 8L:16D, 8°C, Dec-Jun. To study melatonin suppression of prolactin, the secretagogues arginine vasopressin, serotonin and thyrotropin releasing hormone were given to goats (n=6) maintained in sequence under 8L:16D, 20L:4D and simulated short days (20L:4D+melatonin). Depending on long-day Imelatonin treatment onset, the breeding season was advanced from November to May, August or September. With 20L:4D followed by melatonin or bromocriptine the spring prolactin rise was delayed. A corresponding delay in winter coat moulting was observed only under melatonin. However, a winter secondary to primary (SIP) follicle ratio was retained with both treatments. Prolactin may determine coat structure, whilst melatonin influences the duration of fibre retention. Under conditions of summer or winter solstice hold, the seasonal prolactin variation was inhibited and initial SIP follicle ratios were retained. A tendency for a spontaneous change in prolactin secretion suggested existence of an endogenous rhythm. Maintained seasonal temperature did not influence melatonin secretion. Dusk and dawn prolactin peaks corresponded with the rise and fall in nocturnal melatonin. Basal prolactin concentrations and peak responses to the secretagogues altered with photoperiod, being low under 8L:16D and increased under 20L:4D. Exogenous melatonin under 20L:4D did not suppress prolactin to short-day concentrations. Invol vement of another factor mediating photoperiodic changes in prolactin secretion is suggested.
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Roberts, Robert Caradog. "Studies in quantitative inheritance and their implications for animal breeding." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14300.

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Nishio, Motohide. "Efficient strategies for using molecular information in animal breeding programs." Kyoto University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/152022.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・論文博士
博士(農学)
乙第12591号
論農博第2756号
新制||農||994(附属図書館)
学位論文||H23||N4640(農学部図書室)
29080
京都大学農学研究科応用生物科学専攻
(主査)教授 廣岡 博之, 教授 祝前 博明, 教授 今井 裕
学位規則第４条第２項該当
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Books on the topic "Animal breeding"

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Clark, A. J. Animal Breeding. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315137483.

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Wiener, Gerald. Animal breeding. Basingstoke: Macmillan published in co-operation with the CTA, 1994.

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Bourdon, Richard M. Understanding animal breeding. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1997.

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J, Meredith M., ed. Animal breeding and infertility. Oxford [England]: Blackwell Science, 1995.

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British Columbia. Live Stock Branch., ed. Community breeding. 3rd ed. Victoria, B.C: W.H. Cullin, 1997.

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Sasimowski, Ewald. Animal breeding and production: An outline. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987.

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Bearden, H. Joe. Applied animal reproduction. 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 2000.

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Vaccaro, L. de. The role of animal-breeeding [ie. animal-breeding] studies in farming systems research. [Ottawa]: International Development Research Centre, 1988.

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Turner, Jacky. Animal breeding, welfare and society. London: Earthscan, 2010.

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Alex, McDonald, Hammond Keith, Graser Hans-Ulrich, and University of Sydney. Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science., eds. Animal breeding: The modern approach. Sydney: University of Sydney Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Animal breeding"

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Rosa, Guilherme J. M. "Animal Breeding, Foundations animal breeding foundations of." In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, 415–35. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_334.

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Rosa, Guilherme J. M. "Animal Breeding, Foundations animal breeding foundations of." In Sustainable Food Production, 58–78. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5797-8_334.

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Berg, Peer. "Animal Breeding animal breeding , Long-Term Challenges animal breeding long-term challenges." In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, 405–14. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_345.

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Berg, Peer. "Animal Breeding animal breeding , Long-Term Challenges animal breeding long-term challenges." In Sustainable Food Production, 79–88. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5797-8_345.

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Gardner, David K. "Embryo Development and Culture Techniques." In Animal Breeding, 13–46. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315137483-3.

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Stice, Steven L. "Opportunities and Challenges in Domestic Animal Embryonic Stem Cell Research." In Animal Breeding, 63–73. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315137483-5.

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Gibson, J. P. "Breeding Genetically Manipulated Traits." In Animal Breeding, 201–14. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315137483-14.

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Campbell, Keith H. S., and Ian Wilmut. "Nuclear Transfer." In Animal Breeding, 47–62. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315137483-4.

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Garner, Ian, and Alan Colman. "Therapeutic Proteins from Livestock." In Animal Breeding, 215–27. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315137483-15.

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Andersson, Leif. "Identification and Cloning of Trait Genes." In Animal Breeding, 103–17. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315137483-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Animal breeding"

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Sklenář, J., M. Večeřa, G. Chládek, T. Kopec, and O. Kadlec. "RELATIONSHIP OF SELECTED PARAMETERS OF DAIRY COW'S REARING ENVIRONMENT TO THE CONTENT OF MINOR COMPONENTS IN THEIR MILK." In ANIMAL BREEDING 2022. Mendel University in Brno, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/978-80-7509-844-3-0008.

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Popelková, M. "EVALUATION OF HOLSTEIN COWS ORIGINATED FROM EMBRYO TRANSFER." In ANIMAL BREEDING 2022. Mendel University in Brno, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/978-80-7509-844-3-0006.

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EVDOKIMOV, Evgeniy, and Yuliya MALINA. "Molecular biological methods in animal breeding." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production 27 (75). ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2022-27-75-152-157.

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The article describes three groups of methods used in animal breeding. These methods allow us to obtain important information about the primary DNA sequence of animals, on the basis of which it is possible to predict the productive qualities of the studied population and adjust the conduct of breeding activities.
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Masliuk, A. M., O. Y. Atanovska-Masliuk, and V. �. Zinevych. "Goat breeding of Ukraine." In Current problems of modern animal husbandry. �������� ������������ �������� ������ "������-����" - ������������ ����������-���������� ����� � ���������, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33694/978-966-1550-33-8-2021-0-0-116-118.

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Ferreira, Ana Paula Lüdtke. "On the problem of compensatory mating in animal breeding." In Workshop-Escola de Informática Teórica. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/weit.2021.18928.

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Animal breeding relies on two processes to achieve its objectives: the selection and the mating systems. Mating systems devise a particular plan to perform one or more breeding goals, which often encompass improving the herd's health and maximising financial gains in animal production systems. Compensatory mating is a strategy to produce animals with more homogeneous selection trait characteristics, discarding the production of exceptional animals in favour of a more balanced herd. This paper defines and investigates the complexity class of the optimal compensatory mating problem, proving that a polynomial-time algorithm can solve it.
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Kiian, D. D., and V. M. Pryshedko. "Gene engineering in fish breeding." In Current problems of modern animal husbandry. �������� ������������ �������� ������ "������-����" - ������������ ����������-���������� ����� � ���������, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33694/978-966-1550-33-8-2021-0-0-130-132.

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Honcharenko, I. V. "The cattle breeding in Ukraine: development conditions." In Current problems of modern animal husbandry. �������� ������������ �������� ������ "������-����" - ������������ ����������-���������� ����� � ���������, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33694/978-966-1550-33-8-2021-0-0-33-35.

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Rico, Marcos, and Manuel Baselga. "30 years of research in animal breeding." In the 2002 conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/602231.602252.

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Ouyang, Jing. "Research Advances in Animal Genetics Breeding Method." In 4th International Conference on Management Science, Education Technology, Arts, Social Science and Economics 2016. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/msetasse-16.2016.293.

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Kebede, F. G., H. Komen, T. Dessie, O. Hanotte, S. Kemp, C. Pita Barros, R. Crooijmans, M. Derks, S. W. Alemu, and J. W. M. Bastiaansen. "421. Exploiting phenotypic plasticity in animal breeding." In World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-940-4_421.

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Reports on the topic "Animal breeding"

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Mollenhorst, H., and Y. de Haas. The contribution of breeding to reducing environmental impact of animal production. Wageningen: Wageningen Livestock Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/472395.

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Evglevsky, A. A., E. P. Evglevskaya, I. I. Mikhailova, N. F. Eryzhenskaya, N. V. Vanina, and A. I. Blednov. IODINE DEFICIENCY IS UNDERESTIMATED, ECONOMICALLY SIGNIFICANT PROBLEM FOR DAIRY ANIMAL BREEDING. Veterinary pathology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/issn1682-5616.2019-04-38-42.

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Cahaner, Avigdor, Susan J. Lamont, E. Dan Heller, and Jossi Hillel. Molecular Genetic Dissection of Complex Immunocompetence Traits in Broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586461.bard.

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Objectives: (1) Evaluate Immunocompetence-OTL-containing Chromosomal Regions (ICRs), marked by microsatellites or candidate genes, for magnitude of direct effect and for contribution to relationships among multiple immunocompetence, disease-resistance, and growth traits, in order to estimate epistatic and pleiotropic effects and to predict the potential breeding applications of such markers. (2) Evaluate the interaction of the ICRs with genetic backgrounds from multiple sources and of multiple levels of genetic variation, in order to predict the general applicability of molecular genetic markers across widely varied populations. Background: Diseases cause substantial economic losses to animal producers. Emerging pathogens, vaccine failures and intense management systems increase the impact of diseases on animal production. Moreover, zoonotic pathogens are a threat to human food safety when microbiological contamination of animal products occurs. Consumers are increasingly concerned about drug residues and antibiotic- resistant pathogens derived from animal products. The project used contemporary scientific technologies to investigate the genetics of chicken resistance to infectious disease. Genetic enhancement of the innate resistance of chicken populations provides a sustainable and ecologically sound approach to reduce microbial loads in agricultural populations. In turn, animals will be produced more efficiently with less need for drug treatment and will pose less of a potential food-safety hazard. Major achievements, conclusions and implications:. The PI and co-PIs had developed a refined research plan, aiming at the original but more focused objectives, that could be well-accomplished with the reduced awarded support. The successful conduct of that research over the past four years has yielded substantial new information about the genes and genetic markers that are associated with response to two important poultry pathogens, Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and Escherichia coli (EC), about variation of immunocompetence genes in poultry, about relationships of traits of immune response and production, and about interaction of genes with environment and with other genes and genetic background. The current BARD work has generated a base of knowledge and expertise regarding the genetic variation underlying the traits of immunocompetence and disease resistance. In addition, unique genetic resource populations of chickens have been established in the course of the current project, and they are essential for continued projects. The US laboratory has made considerable progress in studies of the genetics of resistance to SE. Microsatellite-marked chromosomal regions and several specific genes were linked to SE vaccine response or bacterial burden and the important phenomenon of gene interaction was identified in this system. In total, these studies demonstrate the role of genetics in SE response, the utility of the existing resource population, and the expertise of the research group in conducting such experiments. The Israeli laboratories had showed that the lines developed by selection for high or low level of antibody (Ab) response to EC differ similarly in Ab response to several other viral and bacterial pathogens, indicating the existence of a genetic control of general capacity of Ab response in young broilers. It was also found that the 10w-Ab line has developed, possibly via compensatory "natural" selection, higher cellular immune response. At the DNA levels, markers supposedly linked to immune response were identified, as well as SNP in the MHC, a candidate gene responsible for genetic differences in immunocompetence of chickens.
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4

Wentworth, Jonathan, and David Rapley. Genome edited animals. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pb50.

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Genome editing, also known as gene editing, encompasses a broad range of techniques that allows targeted changes in the DNA of animals (and plants). The Genetic Technology (Precision Breeding) Bill 2022 -2023, due for Second Reading in the House of Lords on 21 November 2022, intends to change the regulatory definition of certain genome-edited animals.
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5

Landau, Sergei Yan, John W. Walker, Avi Perevolotsky, Eugene D. Ungar, Butch Taylor, and Daniel Waldron. Goats for maximal efficacy of brush control. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587731.bard.

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Background. Brush encroachment constitutes a serious problem in both Texas and Israel. We addressed the issue of efficacy of livestock herbivory - in the form of goat browsing - to change the ecological balance to the detriment of the shrub vegetation. Shrub consumption by goats is kept low by plant chemical defenses such as tannins and terpenes. Scientists at TAES and ARO have developed an innovative, cost-effective methodology using fecal Near Infrared Spectrometry to elucidate the dietary percentage of targeted, browse species (terpene-richredberry and blueberry juniper in the US, and tannin-rich Pistacialentiscus in Israel) for a large number of animals. The original research objectives of this project were: 1. to clarify the relative preference of goat breeds and the individual variation of goats within breeds, when consuming targeted brush species; 2. to assess the heritability of browse intake and validate the concept of breeding goat lines that exhibit high preference for chemically defended brush, using juniper as a model; 3. to clarify the relative contributions of genetics and learning on the preference for target species; 4. to identify mechanisms that are associated with greater intake of brush from the two target species; 5. to establish when the target species are the most vulnerable to grazing. (Issue no.5 was addressed only partly.) Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Both the Israel and US scientists put significant efforts into improving and validating the technique of Fecal NIRS for predicting the botanical composition of goat diets. Israeli scientists validated the use of observational data for calibrating fecal NIRS, while US scientists established that calibrations could be used across animals differing in breed and age but that caution should be used in making comparisons between different sexes. These findings are important because the ability to select goat breeds or individuals within a breed for maximal efficiency of brush control is dependent upon accurate measurement of the botanical composition of the diet. In Israel it was found that Damascus goats consume diets more than twice richer in P. lentiscus than Mamber or Boer goats. In the US no differences were found between Angora and Boer cross goats but significant differences were found between individuals within breeds in juniper dietary percentage. In both countries, intervention strategies were found that further increased the consumption of the chemically defended plant. In Israel feeding polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW 4,000) that forms high-affinity complexes with tannins increased P. lentiscus dietary percentage an average of 7 percentage units. In the US feeding a protein supplement, which enhances rates of P450-catalyzed oxidations and therefore the rate of oxidation of monoterpenes, increased juniper consumption 5 percentage units. However, the effects of these interventions were not as large as breed or individual animal effects. Also, in a wide array of competitive tannin-binding assays in Israel with trypsin, salivary proteins did not bind more tannic acid or quebracho tannin than non-specific bovine serum albumin, parotid saliva did not bind more tannins than mixed saliva, no response of tannin-binding was found to levels of dietary tannins, and the breed effect was of minor importance, if any. These fundings strongly suggest that salivary proteins are not the first line of defense from tannin astringency in goats. In the US relatively low values for heritability and repeatability for juniper consumption were found (13% and 30%, respectively), possibly resulting from sampling error or non-genetic transfer of foraging behavior, i.e., social learning. Both alternatives seem to be true as significant variation between sequential observations were noted on the same animal and cross fostering studies conducted in Israel demonstrated that kids raised by Mamber goats showed lower propensity to consume P. lentiscus than counterparts raised by Damascus goats.
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6

Dechow, Chad Daniel, M. Cohen-Zinder, Morris Soller, Y. Tzfati, A. Shabtay, E. Lipkin, T. Ott, and W. Liu. Genotypes and phenotypes of telomere length in Holstein cattle, actors or reporters. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.8134156.bard.

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Selection programs aiming at improving health and survival in cattle are complicated by low heritability estimates, the fact that true herd life and carcass quality is not known until the end of an animal's life, and that many health conditions manifest late in life. Young animals are now heavily favored in breeding programs because low generation intervals accelerate the rate of genetic progress, which means selection decisions must be made before phenotypic observation of health and survival is feasible. Moreover, profitability is compromised when livestock producers raise animals that fail to produce due to health failure or that do not meet quality standards. Telomere length (TL) was hypothesized as a biomarker that could be recorded early in life, be associated with health and survival, and have higher heritability than other measures of health. Thus, our research aims were to: 1, determine associations of TL with health, wellbeing and production in Holsteins raised for dairy or beef purposes; 2, determine TL heritability, genetic variance, and genetic correlations with cow health and performance; and 3, map quantitative trait loci affecting TL and provide TL genomic predictions to industry partners and breeders. There were not significant changes made to the research plan during the project, but the timeline of the project was not met. Laboratory processing of samples was significantly delayed due to Covid along with some sample collection. TL measurements from >1100 animals across the US and Israel are available to date. TL declines modestly with age, in agreement with observations from other species. A genomic analysis was conducted using a single-step approach and TL had a moderate heritability estimate of 20% across age groups. The initial genome-wide association-analysis indicated that TL is a quantitative trait whose expression is influenced by effects across the genome. Moreover, there is a strong association of calf and dam TL at birth. Genetic relationships with health and survival were ascertained through correlations of genomic estimated breeding values (gEBV) for TL with gEBV for other traits routinely recording in national genetic evaluations. Higher TL is genetically associated with longer herd-life, a greater likelihood that cows will avoid premature on-farm death, and reduced disease incidence. The relationship appeared to be strongest when TL was measured during the first two years of life. Based on genotyping different cell types, there was evidence that maternal and colostral derived cells are present in newborns, which could bias TL measurements during the first weeks of life to a small degree. The implications of this research are that TL is a promising trait to include in multiple trait selection programs because it is heritable, available early in life, and correlated with longevity and health. Our TL reference population is currently being expanded, and genomic estimated breeding values will be disseminated to industry partners upon completion of the reference population so that they can evaluate the utility of incorporating TL into their breeding programs.
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Fagerheim White, Ellen-Louisa, Mervi Honkatukia, Jaana Peippo, and Maria Kjetså. Equines in the Nordics – History, Status and Genetics. The Nordic Genetic Resource Center (NordGen), June 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53780/flkb7985.

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With roots as far as the Bronze age, equines have played an invaluable role in history, both with regards to agriculture and forestry, warfare, transportation and leisure, and therefore hold important cultural significance in the Nordics. The link between horses and the welfare benefits of their caregivers makes the species an important part of society as well. Since the agricultural and industrial revolution, the equine sector has been influenced by a range of challenges due to the dramatic change in the role of horses in society, especially for the Nordic native breeds. However, as society adapts and finds new ways to use and protect them, there is a hope for the future. Although there has been cooperation between the Nordic countries in the horse sector, a collective report of the status of all the Nordic countries has been missing. This report marks a start for this type of effort by considering both commercial and native breeds. Further, it comprises the horse sector in the Nordics, with a special focus on the native horse breeds and the possibilities they carry for environmental sustainability, their socio-economic importance, their genetics as well as their risk status. The report further evaluates the Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (DAD-IS) maintained and developed by FAO as a tool for gathering information about the development and current status of the native breeds. The goal of this report is to identify knowledge gaps and areas of improvement for the Nordic equine sector and the collected data of the native horse breeds. One of the biggest challenges has been to find validated information sources for the population numbers of the breeds in each country – there are varying estimates for both commercial and native breeds. The numbers have significant impact for the determination of managing strategies of the populations. Reports for each of the countries (Denmark, Finland, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Norway and Sweden) are presented, and depict the current role of horses, breeding, population development and economic values of the equine sector are listed in each of the country-reports. The information in the country reports were derived from a questionnaire and by using DAD-IS.
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Morrison, Mark, Joshuah Miron, Edward A. Bayer, and Raphael Lamed. Molecular Analysis of Cellulosome Organization in Ruminococcus Albus and Fibrobacter Intestinalis for Optimization of Fiber Digestibility in Ruminants. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586475.bard.

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Improving plant cell wall (fiber) degradation remains one of the highest priority research goals for all ruminant enterprises dependent on forages, hay, silage, or other fibrous byproducts as energy sources, because it governs the provision of energy-yielding nutrients to the host animal. Although the predominant species of microbes responsible for ruminal fiber degradation are culturable, the enzymology and genetics underpinning the process are poorly defined. In that context, there were two broad objectives for this proposal. The first objective was to identify the key cellulosomal components in Ruminococcus albus and to characterize their structural features as well as regulation of their expression, in response to polysaccharides and (or) P AA/PPA. The second objective was to evaluate the similarities in the structure and architecture of cellulosomal components between R. albus and other ruminal and non-ruminal cellulolytic bacteria. The cooperation among the investigators resulted in the identification of two glycoside hydrolases rate-limiting to cellulose degradation by Ruminococcus albus (Cel48A and CeI9B) and our demonstration that these enzymes possess a novel modular architecture specific to this bacterium (Devillard et al. 2004). We have now shown that the novel X-domains in Cel48A and Cel9B represent a new type of carbohydrate binding module, and the enzymes are not part of a ceiluiosome-like complex (CBM37, Xu et al. 2004). Both Cel48A and Cel9B are conditionally expressed in response to P AA/PPA, explaining why cellulose degradation in this bacterium is affected by the availability of these compounds, but additional studies have shown for the first time that neither PAA nor PPA influence xylan degradation by R. albus (Reveneau et al. 2003). Additionally, the R. albus genome sequencing project, led by the PI. Morrison, has supported our identification of many dockerin containing proteins. However, the identification of gene(s) encoding a scaffoldin has been more elusive, and recombinant proteins encoding candidate cohesin modules are now being used in Israel to verify the existence of dockerin-cohesin interactions and cellulosome production by R. albus. The Israeli partners have also conducted virtually all of the studies specific to the second Objective of the proposal. Comparative blotting studies have been conducted using specific antibodies prepare against purified recombinant cohesins and X-domains, derived from cellulosomal scaffoldins of R. flavefaciens 17, a Clostridium thermocellum mutant-preabsorbed antibody preparation, or against CbpC (fimbrial protein) of R. albus 8. The data also suggest that additional cellulolytic bacteria including Fibrobacter succinogenes S85, F. intestinalis DR7 and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens Dl may also employ cellulosomal modules similar to those of R. flavefaciens 17. Collectively, our work during the grant period has shown that R. albus and other ruminal bacteria employ several novel mechanisms for their adhesion to plant surfaces, and produce both cellulosomal and non-cellulosomal forms of glycoside hydrolases underpinning plant fiber degradation. These improvements in our mechanistic understanding of bacterial adhesion and enzyme regulation now offers the potential to: i) optimize ruminal and hindgut conditions by dietary additives to maximize fiber degradation (e.g. by the addition of select enzymes or PAA/PPA); ii) identify plant-borne influences on adhesion and fiber-degradation, which might be overcome (or improved) by conventional breeding or transgenic plant technologies and; iii) engineer or select microbes with improved adhesion capabilities, cellulosome assembly and fiber degradation. The potential benefits associated with this research proposal are likely to be realized in the medium term (5-10 years).
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9

Weller, Joel I., Ignacy Misztal, and Micha Ron. Optimization of methodology for genomic selection of moderate and large dairy cattle populations. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7594404.bard.

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The main objectives of this research was to detect the specific polymorphisms responsible for observed quantitative trait loci and develop optimal strategies for genomic evaluations and selection for moderate (Israel) and large (US) dairy cattle populations. A joint evaluation using all phenotypic, pedigree, and genomic data is the optimal strategy. The specific objectives were: 1) to apply strategies for determination of the causative polymorphisms based on the “a posteriori granddaughter design” (APGD), 2) to develop methods to derive unbiased estimates of gene effects derived from SNP chips analyses, 3) to derive optimal single-stage methods to estimate breeding values of animals based on marker, phenotypic and pedigree data, 4) to extend these methods to multi-trait genetic evaluations and 5) to evaluate the results of long-term genomic selection, as compared to traditional selection. Nearly all of these objectives were met. The major achievements were: The APGD and the modified granddaughter designs were applied to the US Holstein population, and regions harboring segregating quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for all economic traits of interest. The APGD was able to find segregating QTL for all the economic traits analyzed, and confidence intervals for QTL location ranged from ~5 to 35 million base pairs. Genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) for milk production traits in the Israeli Holstein population were computed by the single-step method and compared to results for the two-step method. The single-step method was extended to derive GEBV for multi-parity evaluation. Long-term analysis of genomic selection demonstrated that inclusion of pedigree data from previous generations may result in less accurate GEBV. Major conclusions are: Predictions using single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) were the least biased, and that method appears to be the best tool for genomic evaluation of a small population, as it automatically accounts for parental index and allows for inclusion of female genomic information without additional steps. None of the methods applied to the Israeli Holstein population were able to derive GEBV for young bulls that were significantly better than parent averages. Thus we confirm previous studies that the main limiting factor for the accuracy of GEBV is the number of bulls with genotypes and progeny tests. Although 36 of the grandsires included in the APGD were genotyped for the BovineHDBeadChip, which includes 777,000 SNPs, we were not able to determine the causative polymorphism for any of the detected QTL. The number of valid unique markers on the BovineHDBeadChip is not sufficient for a reasonable probability to find the causative polymorphisms. Complete resequencing of the genome of approximately 50 bulls will be required, but this could not be accomplished within the framework of the current project due to funding constraints. Inclusion of pedigree data from older generations in the derivation of GEBV may result is less accurate evaluations.
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Hansen, Peter J., Zvi Roth, and Jeremy J. Block. Improving oocyte competence in dairy cows exposed to heat stress. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598163.bard.

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Original Objectives. The overall goal is to develop methods to increase pregnancy rate in lactating dairy cows exposed to heat stress through methods that minimize damage to the oocyte and embryo caused by heat stress. Objectives were as follows: (1) examine the protective effects of melatonin on developmental competence of oocytes exposed to elevated temperature in vitro; (2) test whether melatonin feeding can improve developmental competence of oocytes in vivo and, if so, whether effects are limited to the summer or also occur in the absence of heat stress; and (3) evaluate the effectiveness of improving fertility by facilitating follicular turnover in the summer and winter. Revised Objectives. (1) Examine protective effects of melatonin and follicular fluid on developmental competence of oocytes exposed to elevated temperature in vitro; (2) examine the protective effects of melatonin on developmental competence of embryos exposed to elevated temperature in vitro; (3) evaluate effectiveness of improving fertility by administering human chorionicgonadotropin (hCG) to increase circulating concentrations of progesterone and evaluate whether response to hCG depends upon genotype for four mutations reported to be related to cow fertility; and (4) identify genes with allelic variants that increase resistance of embryos to heat shock. Background. The overall hypothesis is that pregnancy success is reduced by heat stress because of damage to the oocyte and cleavage-stage embryo mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), and that fertility can be improved by provision of antioxidants or by removing follicles containing oocytes damaged by heat stress. During the study, additional evidence from the literature indicated the potential importance of treatment with chorionicgonadotropin to increase fertility of heat- stressed cows and results from other studies in our laboratories implicated genotype as an important determinant of cow fertility. Thus, the project was expanded to evaluate hCG treatment and to identify whether fertility response to hCG depended upon single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in genes implicated as important for cow fertility. We also evaluated whether a SNP in a gene important for cellular resistance to heat stress (HSPA1L, a member of the heat shock protein 70 family) is important for embryonic resistance to elevated temperature. Major conclusions, solutions & achievements. Results confirmed that elevated temperature increases ROS production by the oocyte and embryo and that melatonin decreases ROS. Melatonin reduced, but did not completely block, damaging effects of heat shock on the oocyte and had no effect on development of the embryo. Melatonin was protective to the oocyte at 0.1-1 μM, a concentration too high to be achieved in cows. It was concluded that melatonin is unlikely to be a useful molecule for increasing fertility of heat-stressed cows. Treatment with hCG at day 5 after breeding increased first-service pregnancy rate for primiparous cows but not for multiparous cows. Thus, hCG could be useful for increasing fertility in first-parity cows. The effectiveness of hCG depended upon genotype for a SNP in COQ9, a gene encoding for a mitochondrial-function protein. This result points the way to future efforts to use genetic information to identify populations of cows for which hormone treatments will be effective or ineffective. The SNP in HSPA1L was related to embryonic survival after heat shock. Perhaps, genetic selection for mutations that increase cellular resistance to heat shock could be employed to reduce effects of heat stress on fertility. Implications, both scientific and agricultural. This project has resulted in abandonment of one possible approach to improve fertility of the heat-stressed cow (melatonin therapy) while also leading to a method for improving fertility of primiparous cows exposed to heat stress (hCG treatment) that can be implemented on farms today. Genetic studies have pointed the way to using genetic information to 1) tailor hormonal treatments to cow populations likely to respond favorably and 2) select animals whose embryos have superior resistance to elevated body temperatures.
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