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1
Bettaney, Elaine. "Analysis of association-derived animal social networks." Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.629664.
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The social structure of animal societies can be instrumental to the evolution and maintenance of animal behaviour. Animal social networks (ASNs) provide a framework with which to visualise, quantify and analyse animals' social structure. The work in this thesis incorporates two areas of ASN research. The first area is the analysis of sparse group-derived data. Observation of group memberships is a widely used method to uncover social preferences. Here this method is used to probe the social structure of a population of Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata). The network is analysed to ascertain if genetic relatedness may play a role in governing social structure. The bright colourings of male fish are also analysed to see if colour influences male-male associations. The guppy study provided motivation for an investigation into association indices for group-derived data. Existing indices are evaluated using a simulated dataset and a new index is proposed. The second part of this thesis contributes to a new and exciting trend in ASNs in which complete records of animal associations are obtained enabling temporal network analysis to be used. This is applied to a population of New Caledonian crows (Corvus moneduloides) which are of interest particularly for their ability to manufacture and use tools for foraging. Emulations of information flow through the network are used to assess the network's information flow potential. A network structure in which information can spread rapidly could indicate that crows can potentially learn tool use skills from their peers.
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Kierstead, Jonathan Mark. "Cross-scale association of landscape pattern and animal community structure." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ54630.pdf.
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Forbes, Irving P. M. C. "Metamorphosis in Greek myths." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381816.
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Kidd, Kameha Rae. "Angiogenesis and neovascularization in association with extracellular matrix protein modified biomaterials." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279992.
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Synthetic biomedical implants are used to replace diseased tissues and organs. Unfortunately, these implants often fail due to a lack of biocompatibility and poor integration by the recipient. This implant failure is associated with the formation of an avascular fibrous capsule and chronic inflammatory response. Additionally, small diameter vascular grafts have complications associated with surface thrombogenenicity and intimal hyperplasia. Porous polymers are often incorporated in the construction of biomedical devices because they permit tissue integration and improved biocompatibility. While the inclusion of porosity has enhanced device performance, these devices still do not perform optimally. The incorporation of a vascular network in association with and within the pores of these materials is believed to improve tissue integration and long-term device function. Several approaches are actively being studied for their ability to stimulate new vessel growth, angiogenesis, as well as to improve the direct interaction of cells with material surfaces. The process of angiogenesis involves the coordinated involvement of both soluble and insoluble factors such as growth factors and cytokines, and extracellular matrix proteins respectively. Often, growth factors and cytokines are expressed by the inflammatory cells associated with the biomedical implants, but the microenvironment within the polymer remains unstable with respect to the presence of the appropriate extracellular matrix proteins. The overall hypothesis of this dissertation is that the reestablishment of an extracellular microenvironment on and within a porous polymer will provide the appropriate substrates for promoting angiogenesis and neovascularization of porous polymers. The results of the studies within this dissertation demonstrate that extracellular matrix modifications of commercially available expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) successfully promote new vessel growth in the tissue surrounding the implant, termed angiogenesis, and new vessel growth within the pores of the polymer, termed neovascularization. Furthermore, the extracellular matrix protein laminin 5 was determined to promote human microvessel endothelial cell adhesion to ePTFE as well as support angiogenesis and neovascularization when used as a surface modification of ePTFE. Based on these studies, the extracellular matrix protein, laminin 5, could be utilized in the tissue engineering of biomedical implant devices to promote increased new vessel integration and improve the long-term viability of these devices.
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Henthorn, Eric E. "The Association of Serum Biomarkers with Cardiac Health in Captive Gorillas." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1277145008.
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McPherson, Neil G. "Destabilising the discourse of vivisection : a Foucauldian archaeology/genealogy of human/nonhuman animal association." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517688.
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Building on the theoretical/methodological approach to history and historical investigation evident in the work of Michel Foucault, the thesis takes the form of an archaeology/genealogy of human/nonhuman animal association, placing a particular focus on the practice of vivisection. The first chapter examines the theoretical/methodological approach taken by Foucault in his archaeological and genealogical analyses. It outlines the theoretical and methodological tools that Foucault provides, and locates the research within a coherent analytical framework consistent with a Foucauldian analysis. Chapters two, three and four constitute an archaeological investigation of the way in which the human/nonhuman animal relationship has been constructed in the Western world within the conditions of possibility of knowledge in the Renaissance, Classical and Modem ages. The historical a priori conditions of the three epistemic formations are examined and the construction of the association between man and the nonhuman animal and the practice of vivisection is considered within each. Chapter five develops the archaeological investigation of the historical formation of human/nonhuman animal association and the practice of vivisection by using Foucault's genealogy of the Modem penal system as a backdrop to a genealogical analysis of the dispotif of Modem vIvIsection. The historical discourse that locates the human/nonhuman relationship within a progressivist construct of humanist reform and rational scientific development is disturbed and the historicised justification for the use of the nonhuman animal in the practice of vivisection undermined through the decentring of man as the foundational freethinking subject of knowledge. The thesis shows that the contemporary historical discourse surrounding human/nonhuman animal association and the practice of vivisection can be rethought and reconstructed by considering it within an analytical construct liberated from the transcendento-empirical constraints of conventional history. This discourse, which legitimises the practice of nonhuman animal vivisection as a result of its apparent potential to advance medicine's ability to cure disease, is destabilised, and a counter memory constructed that identifies vivisection as a mechanism of surveillance used to discipline the human population. As such, the thesis constitutes an alternative history of human/nonhuman animal association and the practice of vivisection, one that allows them to be spoken of and thought of in a different way. The counter memory produced opens up a space from which political resistance to the contemporary practice of vivisection can emerge, free from the anthropological constraints of the Modern age.
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Ono, Santa Jeremy. "Major histocompatibility complex association of insulin-dependent diabetes in the BB rat." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74607.
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BB rats spontaneously develop an insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus strikingly similar to the syndrome observed in man. The disorder requires the presence of multiple susceptibility genes and unknown environmental factors. At least one susceptibility gene resides within the u haplotype of the rat major histocompatibility complex (RT1). Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of genomic DNA from rats generated from a series of intercrosses between diabetic BB rats and Buffalo rats (RT1$ sp{ rm b})$ demonstrated that animals heterozygous throughout the RT1 developed IDDM. A single dose of the high risk allele was thus shown to be sufficient for the development of IDDM if other susceptibility factors are present. RFLP analysis of DNA from rats generated in three other breeding studies involving the r8 and r4 recombinant haplotypes mapped the IDDM susceptibility genes between the RT1.A and RT1.C loci, the immune response region. As the u regions of the various haplotypes used in these studies were not derived from the BB rat, the development of IDDM in the progeny strongly suggested that the MHC requirement for IDDM is only for a "u" allele and not a particular or "diabetogenic" u allele.Analysis of the expression of MHC genes in isolated islets of age-matched BB and Wistar-Furth rats demonstrated enhanced class I MHC gene expression in the islets of prediabetic BB rats. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that enhanced class I expression was an early event during the pathogenesis of IDDM, and did not detect aberrant expression of class II antigen on beta cells. Investigation of the inducibility of class I and II MHC genes on the rat insulinoma cell line RIN5F by crude lymphokine preparations or recombinant gamma-interferon indicated that although both classes of genes were inducible, their kinetics of induction are quite different. In vitro nuclear transcriptions demonstrated that induction of the genes had a transcriptional basis. Although class II genes were induced by gamma-interferon, class II antigen was not detected by flow cytometric analysis.
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Laidlaw, Douglass Henderson. "Association between changes in muscle activation and motor performance with advancing age." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284097.
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The human neuromuscular system undergoes substantial reorganization after the age of 60 years. Many of these processes have significant functional consequences on the ability of old adults to perform normal activities of daily living. This thesis focuses on the function of an intrinsic hand muscle, the first dorsal interosseous, which is located between the thumb and index finger and is solely responsible for abduction of the index finger about the first metacarpophalangeal joint. The first dorsal interosseous also contributes to flexion of the index finger, and is especially important to the precision pinch grip. When an individual is instructed to exert a submaximal, constant abduction force with the index finger, the force is not constant, but varies about an average value. The magnitude of the force fluctuations is greater for old subjects compared with young subjects. Previous studies have focused on age-related differences in the size of individual motor units as a potential mechanism underlying the reduced steadiness. The purpose of this thesis was to examine the effects of agonist antagonist coactivation, motor unit discharge variability, and light- and heavy-load strength training on the ability of young and old adults to exert steady muscle forces during slow finger movements. The results indicate that the recruitment and modulation of the discharge rate of motor units changes with age, which contributes to the decline in movement capabilities.
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Zhang, Chen. "Differential expression of Agouti-related Peptide in Avian Species and the Association of Appetite-related Neuropeptides with Nutrition Status." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1367518755.
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Verardo, Lucas Lima. "Gene networks from genome wide association studies for pigs reproductive traits." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2015. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/6773.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Características reprodutivas em suínos como numero de natimortos (SB), numero total de nascidos (TNB) e numero de tetos (NT) são amplamente incluídos em programas de melhoramento devido suas importâncias na indústria. Ao contrário da maioria dos estudos de associação, que consideram fenótipos contínuos com um enfoque Gaussiano, estas características são conhecidas como variáveis discretas, podendo assim, potencialmente seguir outras distribuições como a Poisson. Além disso, apesar de haver vários estudos de associação genômica ampla (GWAS) sendo realizados, somente alguns vem explorando os significados biológicos dos genes identificados nestes estudos. O presente trabalho, usando análises pós-GWAS, fornece uma valiosa fonte de informações sobre genes identificados a partir de estudos de associação para características reprodutivas. As analises de distribuição em modelos genômicos demonstraram a importância em considerar modelos de contagem para SB. Além do mais, diferentes grupos de SNPs e blocos de QTL relevantes entre e dentro de cada estudo foram identificados, direcionando para a possibilidade de diferentes grupos de genes estarem desempenhando funções biológicas relacionadas a uma única característica. Deste modo, destacamos que a diversidade genômica entre populações/ambientes deve ser observada em programas de melhoramento de modo que populações de referência especificas para cada população/ambiente sejam consideradas em estudos genômicos. Com base nestes resultados, nós demonstramos a importância das análises pós-GWAS aumentando o entendimento biológico de genes relevantes para características complexas.
Reproductive traits in pigs, such as number of stillborn (SB), total number born (TNB) and number of teats (NT), are widely included in breeding programs due their importance to the industry. As opposite to most association studies that consider continuous phenotypes under Gaussian assumptions, these traits are characterized as discrete variable, which could potentially follow other distributions, such as the Poisson. In addition, even though many genome wide association studies (GWAS) have been performed, only a few studies have explored biological meanings of genes identified. The present study provided a rich information resource about genes identified using genome wide association approaches for reproductive traits. The distribution analyses in genomic models, highlighted the importance in consider counting models for SB. Moreover, different sets of relevant SNPs and QTL blocks across and within the studies were identified leading to the possibility of different set of genes playing biological roles related to a single complex trait. Thereby, we highlighted the genomic diversity across population/environments to be observed in breeding programs in such a way that population/environments specific reference populations might be considered in genomic analyses. Based on these results, we demonstrated the importance of post-GWAS analyses increasing the biological understanding of relevant genes for complex traits.
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Smith, Rosemary Josephine. "Predation risk and the community organization of montane ground squirrels and a phylogenetic test of the association between diurnal activity and gregarious behavior in mammals." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185454.
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Predation risk strongly influences the ecology and evolution of animal behaviors. However, anti-predator responses differ among species. Tradeoffs between anti-predator abilities and foraging efficiencies across habitats can promote the coexistence of ecologically similar species. In general, larger animals may better exploit riskier habitats; smaller animals, resources at low densities. I studied two montane ground squirrels Spermophilus lateralis and Tamias minimus in Colorado. Using food trays, I determined that the smaller T. minimus foraged more efficiently near meadow edges and was competitively superior to S. lateralis there. In contrast, S. lateralis had no preference for either edge or far habitat, but was competitively superior to T. minimus farther from the edge. I predicted, correctly, the exclusion of S. lateralis from meadows with primarily edge habitat. I proposed three alternatives to explain the observed patterns of habitat use: satiation, travel cost, or perceived predation risk. In a series of manipulations of energetic costs, protective cover, and predators, I eliminated all but the predation risk hypothesis. S. lateralis perceives less risk farther from the edge of the meadow than T. minimus. Faster harvesting and running speeds might decrease perceived predation risk. S. lateralis and T. minimus both experienced diminishing returns while foraging in food trays. Due to a higher encounter rate, S. lateralis harvested seeds significantly faster than T. minimus. S. lateralis also ran faster than T. minimus (3.14 m/s and 2.13 m/s, respectively). Gregarious animals may detect predators before solitary ones. I suggest that due to differences between sensory modes, this advantage occrues only to animals using vision. Thus, I predicted that gregariousness as a predator detection strategy should evolve only in diurnal animals. To test this, I mapped diurnal activity and gregarious behavior onto a phylogeny of eutherian mammals, and than calculated their degree of association. I found strong support for my prediction. This pattern may occur in other mobile animals. The data also suggest an association between larger body size and open habitat use among diurnal, gregarious organisms, paralleling a result from Colorado ground squirrels.
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Nyaata, Zachariah Obadiah. "Management of Calliandra calothyrsus in association with Pennisetum purpureum for increased dry season forage production on small holder dairy farms in central Kenya." Thesis, University of Reading, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245005.
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Asami, Takuji. "Phenotypic Association Between Lactose and Other Milk Components in Western US Dairy Herds and Japan." DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7135.
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Lactose in milk has relatively low variation regardless of season, breed, or country. The study of lactose concentration and correlation among other milk components is limited. Furthermore, dairy farmers have limited access to the lactose data and are not familiar with it. This study was conducted to: 1) investigate the phenotypic correlation between lactose and other milk components; and 2) determine the importance of lactose for dairy herds.
Monthly DHIA records from Utah (DHIA), Dairy Herd Performance Test (DHTP) records from Ibaraki, Japan, and California herd average data (CHAD) covering 27 states were used to analyze the relationships between milk lactose concentrations and parameters related to milk production. Record spans for each data sets for DHIA, DHTP and CHAD were 7 consecutive years ending August 2017, 12 consecutive years ending August 2017, and 9 consecutive years ending August 2017 respectively.
Means for the DHIA records were 187.9 days in milk, 34.6 kg/d milk yield, 4.08% lactose, 3.88% fat, 3.15% protein, 8.86% SNF, 14.4 mg/dl MUN, 256,000 SCC, and 2.4 parity. A negative correlation was observed between lactose concentration and parity (r = -0.27). Positive phenotypic correlations between lactose percentage and milk yield (r = 0.28), and negative correlations with fat (r = -0.17), protein (r = -0.21) and SCC (r = -0.30) were observed. No seasonal fluctuations of milk lactose concentrations were observed.
Mean for the DHTP records were 4.55% lactose, 3.95% fat, 3.29% protein, 8.74% SNF, 283 mOsm/kg osmotic pressure, 19,600 bacteria count, and 222,000 SCC. A seasonality in the lactose concentrations were observed, with the lowest concentrations of lactose observed in late summer and fall. There were no phenotypic correlations between lactose concentrations and protein, but a negative correlation with fat (r = -0.12) was observed. A significant negative correlation with SCC (r = -0.28) was also observed.
Based on the CHAD records, cows with lower lactose concentrations showed a higher culling rate, which indicates that the milk lactose concentration could be a potential indicator of problems in a dairy herd. This study suggest that lactose level could be an indicator for managing dairy farms. Dairy farmers should be able to access lactose data, and these data should be provided by DHIA.
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Maloney, Karen J. "High frequency gamma EEG activity in association with sleep-wake states and spontaneous behaviors in the rat." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23918.
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The occurrence of high frequency, gamma EEG activity (30-60 Hz) was bands and in investigated by spectral analysis in relationship to other frequency association with the natural sleep-waking cycle and spontaneous behaviors of the rat. High frequency, gamma waves are present and occur intermittently on the filtered and unfiltered EEG across the sleep-waking cycle. Gamma activity is distinctive from other high frequency bands, in that the amplitude varies systematically in association with (1) state, having the highest amplitude in Waking and Paradoxical Sleep (PS) as compared to Slow Wave Sleep (SWS) and, (2) behavior, having the highest amplitude in attentive and active waking behaviors and 'active' sleep with twitches indicative of PS, as compared to quiet waking and 'quiet' sleep. Coherence in gamma activity also varies as a function of state-behavior, having the highest values in Waking moving and PS. Gamma activity varies positively with theta and inversely with delta activity over the sleep-waking cycle. Gamma activity is thus shown to reflect the degree of behavioral and cortical arousal.
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Hall, Callyn. "An Analysis of the Association between Animal Exposures and the Development of Type 1 Diabetes in the TEDDY Cohort." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4501.
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Research on exposure to animals and risk of type 1 diabetes (T1D) has had conflicting results with some researchers finding that animal exposure reduces the risk of T1D and others finding no association between animal exposure and T1D. Previously conducted studies on the association between animal exposure and T1D are case-control studies that have been limited by recall bias. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between early life animal exposure and the risk of persistent, confirmed islet autoantibodies (IA) and T1D diagnosis among an eligible cohort of genetically high T1D risk participants enrolled in the international prospective cohort study, The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY). It is hypothesized that children who are exposed to animals in early life will have a lower risk of developing IA and T1D than children who are not exposed to animals in early life.
A total of 7,432 TEDDY participants were included in the study. The associations between early life animal exposure and the outcomes of interest were explored using Cox proportional hazards models. In order to control for confounding, a propensity score analysis was applied by three different methods: adjustment for the propensity score variable in the Cox proportional hazards model, stratification on propensity score groups, and propensity score pair matching.
Early life animal exposure was not associated with diabetes autoimmunity or T1D onset in this genetically high T1D risk population. These findings were consistent across all three propensity score analysis methods and when directly adjusting for HLA type. The hypothesis that children who are exposed to animals in early life will have a lower risk of developing IA and T1D than children who are not exposed to animals in early life is not supported by this study.
The results of this study suggest that there is no association between early life animal exposure and development of T1D. Performing this analysis again after longer follow-up has been completed for the study population is recommended as it may elucidate the effect of animal exposure on T1D and IA risk. Further studies are also needed on animal exposure and T1D in different types of environments (e.g., high residential density) and the effect of different types of animal exposures (e.g., species, duration) on T1D and IA risk. Additionally, studies on differences in perceptions of pets across countries could also aid the interpretation of studies on animal exposure and health outcomes.
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Tragesser, Lesley A. "Ceftiofur use and its association with the recovery of expanded-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in food animal populations." The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1400151758.
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Garcia, Neto Baltasar Fernandes. "Power of QTL mapping of different genome-wide association methods for traits under different genetic structures : a simulation study /." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152982.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A complexidade das características que podem apresentar diferentes estruturas de ação gênica como, por exemplo, poligênicas ou afetadas por genes de efeito maior, aliado a diferentes herdabilidades, entre outros fatores, tornam a detecção de QTLs desafiadora. Diversos métodos têm sido empregados com o intuito de realizar estudos de associação ampla do genoma (GWAS), objetivando o mapeamento de QTL. A metodologia weighted single-step GBLUP (wssGBLUP), por exemplo, é uma alternativa para a realização de GWAS, que permite o uso simultâneo de informações genotípicas, de pedigree e fenotípicas, mesmo de animais não genotipados. Métodos Bayesianos também são utilizados para a realização de GWAS, partindo da premissa básica de que a variância observada pode variar em cada locus em uma distribuição a priori específica. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar, por meio de simulações, quais métodos, dentre os avaliados, mais auxiliaria na identificação de QTLs para características poligênicas e afetadas por genes de efeito maior, apresentando diferentes herdabilidades. Utilizamos os métodos: wssGBLUP, com a inclusão ou não de informação adicional fenotípica de animais não genotipados e dois distintos ponderadores para os marcadores, onde w1 representou a mesma ponderação (w1=1) e w2 a ponderação calculada de acordo com o processo de iteração anterior (w1) ; Bayes C, assumindo dois valores para π (π=0.99 and π=0.999), onde π é a proporção de SNPs não incluída no modelo, além do LASSO Bayesiano. Os resultados mostraram que para cenários poligênicos o poder de detecção é menor e o uso adicional de fenótipos de animais não genotipados pode ajudar na detecção, ainda que com pouca intensidade. Para cenários com característica sob efeito maior, houve maior poder na detecção de QTL pelos diferentes métodos em comparação aos cenários poligênicos com destaque para a leve vantagem do método Bayes C. A inclusão de informação fenotípica adicional, entretanto, causou viés nas estimativas e atrapalhou o desempenho do wssGBLUP na presença de QTL com efeito maior. O aumento da v herdabilidade para ambas as estruturas melhorou o desempenho dos métodos e o poder de mapeamento. O método mais adequado para a detecção de QTL depende da estrutura genética e da herdabilidade da característica, não existindo um método que seja superior para todos os cenários.
The complexity of the traits that can present different genetic structures, such as polygenic or affected by genes of major effect, in addition to different heritabilities, among other factors, make the detection of QTLs challenging. Several methods have been employed with the purpose of performing genome wide association studies (GWAS), aiming the mapping of QTL. The single-step weighted GBLUP (wssGBLUP) method, for example, is an alternative to GWAS, which allows the simultaneous use of genotypic, pedigree and phenotypic information, even from non-genotyped animals. Bayesian methods are also used to perform GWAS, starting from the basic premise that the observed variance can vary at each locus with a specific priori distribution. The objective of the present study was to evaluate, through simulation, which methods, among the evaluated ones, more assist in the identification of QTLs for polygenic and major gene affected traits, presenting different heritabilities. We used the following methods: wssGBLUP, with or without additional phenotypic information from non-genotyped animals and two different weights for markers, where w1 represented the same weight (w1=1) and w2 the weight calculated according to the previous iteration process (w1); Bayes C, assuming two values for π (π = 0.99 and π = 0.999), where π is the proportion of SNPs not included in the model, and Bayesian LASSO. The results showed that for polygenic scenarios the detection power is lower and the additional use of phenotypes from non-genotyped animals may help in the detection, yet with low intensity. For scenarios with major effect, there was greater power in the detection of QTL by all different methods with slighter superior performance for the Bayes C method. However, the inclusion of additional phenotypic information caused bias in the estimates and harmed the performance of the wssGBLUP in the presence of major QTL. The increase in heritability for both structures improved the performance of the methods and the power of mapping. The most suitable method for the iii detection of QTL is dependent on the genetic structure and the heritability of the trait, and there is not a superior method for all scenarios.
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LaForge, Karl Steven. "Preproenkephalin Gene and mRNA : Studies of Structure, Function, Cocaine Responses in an Animal Model, and Genetic Association with Human Opiate Addiction." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4013.
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Melo, Thaise Pinto de. "Genome-wide association study of reproduction traits in Nelore cattle, including additional phenotypic information from non-genotyped animals /." Jaboticabal, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/123734.
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Orientador: Roberto CarvalheiroCoorientador: Lucia Galvão de Albuquerque
Banca: Henrique Nunes de Oliveira
Banca: Idalmo Garcia Pereira
Resumo: Esta dissertação foi dividida em três capítulos, o primeiro é uma revisão de literatura sobre o assunto que será discutido nos capítulos seguintes. No segundo capítulo, foi realizado um estudo de associação genômica ampla para a característica idade ao primeiro parto (IPP) em gado Nelore, que objetivou: 1) avaliar se a informação fenotípica adicional dos animais não genotipados afeta o mapeamento de QTLs da IPP; avaliar, por simulação, se esta informação fenotípica adicional contribui para detectar QTLs mais precisamente para uma característica complexa, com poucos genótipos disponíveis. O terceiro capítulo apresenta um estudo de associação para a característica reconcepção de primíparas (RP) em gado Nelore, cujo objetivo foi detectar importantes regiões genômicas (QTLs) associadas com esta característica. No capítulo dois, estudos de associação foram realizados utilizando as metodologias Bayes C e "Weighted single step GBLUP" (WssGBLUP) e as 10 janelas de marcadores (de 1Mb) que explicaram a maior proporção da variância para IPP foram identificadas e exploradas. Dois cenários foram investigados, um incluindo todas as fêmeas com informação fenotípica disponível (cenário SI - 43.482 fêmeas), e outro incluindo apenas as fêmeas com genótipo disponível (cenário SII - 1.813 fêmeas). Três iterações foram realizadas no método WssGBLUP, sendo recomputados os efeitos dos animais e dos SNPs a cada iteração. Foi simulada uma população com parâmetros e estrutura similares aos dos dados reais, com dois diferentes níveis de desequilíbrio de ligação (alto e baixo) entre os marcadores adjacentes. No capítulo três, os dados consistiram de 142.878 registros fenotípicos de RP e 2.923 genótipos. Os estudos de associação foram realizados com o método WssGBLUP usando três diferentes pesos (iterações) para os efeitos dos SNPs. Para cada iteração subsequente a variância genética...
Abstract: This dissertation was divided in three chapters, the first one is a literature review about the subject that will be discussed in subsequent chapters. In the second chapter, a genome wide association study (GWAS) for age at first calving (AFC) in Nelore cattle was performed, using real and simulated data, aiming to 1) assess if additional phenotypic information from non-genotyped animals affect QTL mapping of AFC; 2) evaluate, by simulation, if this additional phenotypic information contributes to detect QTLs more precisely for a low heritable complex trait, and with few available genotypes. The third chapter presents a GWAS for heifer rebreeding (HR) in Nelore cattle. In chapter two, GWA studies were performed using Bayes C and weighted single step GBLUP (WssGBLUP) methods and the top 10 marker windows (1Mb) that explained the larger proportion of variance for AFC were identified and further explored. Two scenarios were investigated, one including all females with available phenotypic information (SI scenario, with 43,482 females), and the other including just the females with available genotype (SII scenario, with 1,813 females). Three iterations were performed in WssGBLUP, recomputing the animals and SNPs effect in each subsequent iteration. It was simulated a population mimicking the parameters and the structure of the real dataset. Two different disequilibrium linkage levels (low and high) between adjacent markers were simulated. In chapter three, the data consisted of 142,878 HR phenotypic records and 2,923 genotypes. The GWAS was performed with WssGBLUP method using three different weightings (iterations) for the SNP effects. Total genetic variances were calculated for the top 10 1Mb SNP-windows, detected by each iteration. On each subsequent iteration, the genetic variance was distributed for a smaller number of SNPs, and the SNP effects were recomputed. Genes possibly associated with HR were searched to reinforce the suggestive ...
Mestre
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Melo, Thaise Pinto de [UNESP]. "Genome-wide association study of reproduction traits in Nelore cattle, including additional phenotypic information from non-genotyped animals." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/123734.
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000834416.pdf: 589713 bytes, checksum: e67aef51366f6081936855769601b405 (MD5)Esta dissertação foi dividida em três capítulos, o primeiro é uma revisão de literatura sobre o assunto que será discutido nos capítulos seguintes. No segundo capítulo, foi realizado um estudo de associação genômica ampla para a característica idade ao primeiro parto (IPP) em gado Nelore, que objetivou: 1) avaliar se a informação fenotípica adicional dos animais não genotipados afeta o mapeamento de QTLs da IPP; avaliar, por simulação, se esta informação fenotípica adicional contribui para detectar QTLs mais precisamente para uma característica complexa, com poucos genótipos disponíveis. O terceiro capítulo apresenta um estudo de associação para a característica reconcepção de primíparas (RP) em gado Nelore, cujo objetivo foi detectar importantes regiões genômicas (QTLs) associadas com esta característica. No capítulo dois, estudos de associação foram realizados utilizando as metodologias Bayes C e Weighted single step GBLUP (WssGBLUP) e as 10 janelas de marcadores (de 1Mb) que explicaram a maior proporção da variância para IPP foram identificadas e exploradas. Dois cenários foram investigados, um incluindo todas as fêmeas com informação fenotípica disponível (cenário SI - 43.482 fêmeas), e outro incluindo apenas as fêmeas com genótipo disponível (cenário SII - 1.813 fêmeas). Três iterações foram realizadas no método WssGBLUP, sendo recomputados os efeitos dos animais e dos SNPs a cada iteração. Foi simulada uma população com parâmetros e estrutura similares aos dos dados reais, com dois diferentes níveis de desequilíbrio de ligação (alto e baixo) entre os marcadores adjacentes. No capítulo três, os dados consistiram de 142.878 registros fenotípicos de RP e 2.923 genótipos. Os estudos de associação foram realizados com o método WssGBLUP usando três diferentes pesos (iterações) para os efeitos dos SNPs. Para cada iteração subsequente a variância genética ...
This dissertation was divided in three chapters, the first one is a literature review about the subject that will be discussed in subsequent chapters. In the second chapter, a genome wide association study (GWAS) for age at first calving (AFC) in Nelore cattle was performed, using real and simulated data, aiming to 1) assess if additional phenotypic information from non-genotyped animals affect QTL mapping of AFC; 2) evaluate, by simulation, if this additional phenotypic information contributes to detect QTLs more precisely for a low heritable complex trait, and with few available genotypes. The third chapter presents a GWAS for heifer rebreeding (HR) in Nelore cattle. In chapter two, GWA studies were performed using Bayes C and weighted single step GBLUP (WssGBLUP) methods and the top 10 marker windows (1Mb) that explained the larger proportion of variance for AFC were identified and further explored. Two scenarios were investigated, one including all females with available phenotypic information (SI scenario, with 43,482 females), and the other including just the females with available genotype (SII scenario, with 1,813 females). Three iterations were performed in WssGBLUP, recomputing the animals and SNPs effect in each subsequent iteration. It was simulated a population mimicking the parameters and the structure of the real dataset. Two different disequilibrium linkage levels (low and high) between adjacent markers were simulated. In chapter three, the data consisted of 142,878 HR phenotypic records and 2,923 genotypes. The GWAS was performed with WssGBLUP method using three different weightings (iterations) for the SNP effects. Total genetic variances were calculated for the top 10 1Mb SNP-windows, detected by each iteration. On each subsequent iteration, the genetic variance was distributed for a smaller number of SNPs, and the SNP effects were recomputed. Genes possibly associated with HR were searched to reinforce the suggestive ...
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Cavani, Ligia. "Genetic study of Babesia bovis infection level and the association with tick resistance in Hereford and Braford cattle /." Jaboticabal, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/181344.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Henrique Nunes de [UNESP] OliveiraCoorientador: Rodrigo Giglioti
Coorientador: Fernando Flores Cardoso
Banca: Danísio Prado Munari
Banca: Ricardo da Fonseca
Banca: Guilherme Jordão de Magalhães Rosa
Banca: Maria Eugênia Zerlotti Mercadante
Resumo: Babesiose bovina é uma doença transmitida pelo carrapato, sendo que a Babesia bovis é considerada a espécie mais patogênica. Ambos são considerados como um entrave na melhoria da produtividade da bovinocultura de corte nos trópicos, especialmente para animais de raças taurinas e suas cruzas. Esse estudo analisou uma população de bovinos Hereford e Braford e foi composto por quatro capítulos com os seguintes objetivos: Capítulo 1) Revisão de literatura; Capítulo 2) Estimação de parâmetros genéticos para contagem de carrapatos (TC) e B. bovis usando modelos lineares e modelos lineares generalizados; Capítulo 3) Avaliar a habilidade de predição e a possibilidade de aplicação da seleção genômica e conduzir estudos de associação genômica ampla (GWAS) para nível de infecção de B. bovis (IB); Capítulo 4) Procurar por estruturas causais entre TC, IB, ganho de peso do nascimento a desmama (WG) e ganho de peso da desmama ao sobreano (YG) usando a abordagem do modelo de equação estrutural (SEM). Os carrapatos foram contados manualmente em um lado do animal. A quantificação de B. bovis foi feita por meio de ensaios de qPCR. No Capítulo 2, os dados de contagem de carrapato e B. bovis estavam em escala logaritímica para as análises usando modelos lineares. O modelo de Poisson foi aplicado para contagem de carrapato sem tranformação logarítimica e para os modelos probit o fenótipo foi considerado como ausência (0) ou presença (1) de B. bovis baseado em três diferentes limiares (BBt1: IB usa... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Bovine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease, and the Babesia bovis is considered the most pathogenic species. Both parasites constitute major drawbacks for improvement of beef cattle productivity in the tropics, especially when purebred and crossbred taurine animals are used. This study analyzed a population of Hereford and Braford cattle and it was composed of four chapters with the following objectives: Chapter 1) Literature review; Chapter 2) Estimate genetic parameters for tick count (TC) and B. bovis using linear and generalized linear models; Chapter 3) Evaluate predictive ability and application of genomic selection and performed genome wide association studies (GWAS) for B. bovis infection level (IB) using single step GBLUP model; Chapter 4) Search for causal structures to investigate potential functional relationships among TC, IB, weight gain from birth to weaning (WG), and weight gain from weaning to yearling (YG) using structural equation modeling (SEM). Tick counts were performed by manually counting adult female ticks on one side of each animal. The B. bovis quantification was performed using a qPCR assay. In the Chapter 2, the tick count and B. bovis records were in log scale for analysis using linear model. A Poisson model was applied for tick count without log transformation and for probit model the phenotype was assessed by absence or presence of B. bovis based on three different thresholds (BBt1: IB using the threshold observed; BBt2: BB using threshold as a ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Truman, Carissa Marie. "AUTOMATED BODY CONDITION SCORING: PROGRESSION ACROSS LACTATION AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DISEASE AND REPRODUCTION IN DAIRY CATTLE." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/animalsci_etds/96.
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Body condition scoring is a technique used to noninvasively assess fat reserves. It provides an objective estimate to describe the current and past nutritional status of the dairy cow and has been associated with increased disease risk and breeding success. Traditionally body condition scores are taken manually by visual appraisal on a 1 to 5 scale, in one-quarter increments. However, recent studies have shown the potential of automating the body condition scoring of cows using images. The first objective was to estimate the likelihood of disease development and breeding success, using odds ratios, associated with body condition score scored automatically at various points in lactation. The second objective of our research was to use a commercially available automated body condition scoring camera system to monitor body condition across the lactation period to evaluate differences between stratified parameters and to develop an equation to predict the dynamics of the body condition score. We found that poor body condition score at different times during the transition period are associated with increased disease occurrence and lower reproductive success. Automated body condition scoring (ABCS) curve during lactation was influenced by many factors, such as parity, ABCS at time of calving, disease occurrence, and milk production.
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Seeker, Luise Avelina. "Characterisation of telomere length dynamics in dairy cattle and association with productive lifespan." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29626.
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Telomeres form protective caps at the ends of linear chromosomes. They consist of repetitive DNA nucleotides and associated proteins of the shelterin complex. In vitro telomeres become shorter during cell division and when a critical shortness is reached they trigger a DNA damage response that leads to replicative senescence or apoptosis. Telomere shortening is a recognised hallmark of cellular ageing and seems to be also associated with organismal ageing. Telomere length (TL) and the rate of shortening vary across individuals and several studies have found that short telomeres and fast telomere depletion are associated with poor survival and early onset of age related diseases. However, longitudinal studies are needed to better understand the relationship of TL and TL dynamics with longevity measures. Relevant studies on livestock species are largely missing from the literature. In the dairy industry, farmers are forced to cull a considerable percentage of their heifers and cows at a young age due to fertility problems or diseases. As a consequence many replacement heifers have to be reared to maintain a specific herd size. This results in increased costs, consumption of resources, and damage to the environment. Breeding for an improved productive lifespan is difficult because longevity measures are recorded at the end of life and are known to have a low heritability. Therefore, the expected genetic improvement is generally slow, but could be considerably accelerated if an early life heritable biomarker was identified that is predictive of productive lifespan and could be used for animal selection. The question is if TL could be used as such a biomarker. The objectives of this thesis were to 1) develop robust methods to measure average relative leukocyte TL (RLTL) in cattle, 2) examine RLTL dynamics with age at a population as well as at an individual level, 3) estimate genetic parameters and 4) assess the association of RLTL and RLTL dynamics with productive lifespan. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) based assay developed for human studies was adapted to cattle and delivered robust results (repeatability > 80%, coefficient of variation=0.05). Different DNA extraction methods were tested for their effect on RLTL measurements and it was demonstrated that fast silica based DNA extraction methods are suitable for telomere projects which can improve the sample throughput and enable large-scale projects. Subsequently, RLTL in 1328 whole blood samples of 308 Holstein Friesian dairy cows and additionally in 284 whole blood samples of 38 female calves was measured. Repeatability and random regression models were used for the statistical analysis of telomere data. RLTL decreased considerably within the first year of life, but remained relatively stable afterwards at population level. Animals varied significantly in their amount and direction of telomere change. The genetic correlation between consecutive measurements in the same individual weakened with increasing sample interval from r=1 to r=0.69 which indicates that TL in the beginning of life might be under a different genetic control than TL later in life. For the first time in a livestock species we calculated heritability estimates for RLTL which were high (0.32-0.38) and remained constant over life. Long telomeres at birth were not predictive of better productive lifespan. However, animals with long RLTL at the ages of one and five years had a survival advantage. Also, animals that showed less average RLTL attrition over their lives remained in production for longer. TL dynamics differed among individuals and a considerable subset of individuals demonstrated telomere lengthening between consecutive measurements. On average, telomeres tend to shorten early in life and then remain relatively constant. While TL is a heritable trait throughout lifetime, telomere change is not heritable. Short TL at specific ages and telomere attrition over life were associated with poorer productive lifespan.
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Niwa, Masako. "Remapping the Cliff Chipmunk (Neotamias dorsalis) Distribution and Creating a Habitat Association Model in Southern Idaho." DigitalCommons@USU, 2006. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6609.
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The distribution of the cliff chipmunk in Idaho was previously considered to include only the Raft River Valley and the Goose Creek Basin. A pilot study was conducted in 2003 and 2004. Thirty-five cliff chipmunk presence locations and 124 absence locations were recorded. Habitat variables of elevation, slope, deviation from south, distance to water, and vegetation type were extracted for all of the absence and presence points by means of GIS analysis. The data were analyzed by implementing a classification tree, and a "GIS habitat association model" was created. The model was tested in 2005, and the overall model accuracy was 77.5%. The study extended the known cliff chipmunk range in Idaho west to Rock Creek, Twin Falls County, east to Weston Canyon, Franklin County, and north to the Cotterel Mountains, Cassia County. Monitoring current known locations and searching for new locations to further refine 11 understanding of the species' distribution and to determine the actual population status of cliff chipmunks in Idaho are recommended.
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Seele, Maria. "Association between antioxidant status and MnSOD Ala-9Val polymorphism in trained male athletes (rugby players) and sedentary male students controlled for antioxidant intake." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19864.
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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The human body has developed an integrated antioxidant defence system to protect against free radical damage. Acute exercise may result in the increased generation of free radicals, including reactive oxygen species, and this may overwhelm antioxidant defence systems resulting in oxidative stress. However, it has been shown that individuals who undergo regular exercise training may have improved antioxidant capacity when compared to sedentary controls. Results from research regarding the association between antioxidant capacity and exercise training are however not conclusive and further investigation is required. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between the total plasma antioxidant status and selected plasma indicators of antioxidant status and the MnSOD Ala-9Val (-28C®T) polymorphism in trained male athletes (rugby players) and sedentary male students while controlling for dietary intake of the major antioxidants using a validated dietary assessment method. In order to address the potential confounding effect of dietary antioxidant intake on antioxidant status in the main study, a FFQ that measures vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoid and flavonoid intake was developed. The reproducibility was assessed by the repeat administration of the FFQ (n = 38), while the va lidity was assessed using a 28-day closeended dietary record and repeated plasma vitamin C values (n = 18). Several statistical tests were conducted to compare the values obtained from the FFQ with values obtained from the various reference methods. While results from Bland-Altman plots suggested that the reproducibility and validity of FFQ was not completely satisfactory, similar mean values, moderate to strong correlation coefficients, and a high percentage of individuals classified correctly according to quartiles of intake indicated satisfactory reproducibility and validity of the FFQ in assessing antioxidant intake. Furthermore, moderate to strong validity coefficients obtained from the method of triads also indicated satisfactory validity for the FFQ. The main study involved a cross-sectional study that compared plasma vitamin C and carotenoid levels as well as total plasma antioxidant status in trained rugby players (n = 76) and sedentary male subjects (n = 39) with different MnSOD genotypes, while controlling for dietary antioxidant intake. Rugby players had significantly higher plasma vitamin C and carotenoid levels compared to sedentary students, which indicated more satisfactory plasma antioxidant status. This was also reflected in the tendency for total plasma antioxidant status (ORAC assay) to be higher in rugby players than sedentary students. MnSOD genotype did not influence plasma vitamin C and carotenoid levels or plasma total antioxidant status, with or without control for dietary antioxidant intake. Dietary vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoid an flavonoid intake (from foods + supplements) was similar for rugby players and sedentary students and was adequate for both groups. Thus the association between antioxidant status and MnSOD genotype in rugby players and sedentary students seemed not to be influenced by dietary antioxidant intake. In conclusion therefore, rugby players undergoing regular exercise training had a more satisfactory antioxidant status compared to sedentary students. Based on this conclusion, the widespread use of antioxidant supplements by athletes is questioned.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die menslike liggaam beskik oor ‘n geintegreerde antioksidantmeganisme om dit teen vryradikaalskade te beskerm. Akute oefening kan bydra tot ‘n verhoogde produksie van vry radikale, insluitend reaktiewe suurstofspesies, wat kan veroorsaak dat die antioksidantbeskermingsmeganisme oorlaai word, wat dan kan aanleiding gee tot die ontstaan van oksidatiewe stress. Dit is aangetoon dat persone wat gereeld oefening doen verbeterde antioksidantkapasiteit toon in vergelyking met persone wat geen oefening doen nie. Die resultate van navorsingstudies wat die verband tussen antioksidantkapasiteit en oefening ondersoek is egter teenstrydig en verdere navorsing op hierdie gebied is essensieël om uitsluitsel te kry oor kontensieuse vraagstukke. Die doel van hierdie studie was dus om ondersoek in te stel na die verband tussen plasma antioksidant status, die MnSOD Ala-9Val (-28C T) polimorfisme en geselekteerde plasma antioksidantmerkers in geoefende manlike atlete (rugby spelers) en ‘n onaktiewe manlike kontrolegroep terwyl gekontroleer word vir die dieetinname van die vernaamste antioksidante. Om vir die potensiële invloed van dieetantioksidantinname op die antioksidantstatus van proefpersone in die hoofstudie te kontroleer, is ‘n voedsel frekwensievraelys wat vitamien C-, vitamien E-, karotenoïed- en flavinoïedinname meet, ontwikkel. Die herhaalbaarheid (betroubaarheid) van die vraelys is getoets deur herhaalde voltooiing daarvan deur ‘n toetsgroep (n=38), terwyl die geldighied getoets is deur gebruik te maak van ‘n 28-dag geslote dieetrekord en herhaalde plasma vitamien C bepalings as verwysingswaardes (n=18). Verskeie statistiese toetse is uitgevoer om die frekwensievraelys waardes met die verskillende verwysingswaardes te vergelyk. Alhoewel die Bland -Altman grafieke nie dui op bevredigende herhaalbaarheid en geldigheid van die voedselfrekwensie vraelys nie, dui gelyke gemiddelde waardes, matig tot sterk en betekenisvolle korrelasiekoeffisiënte en ‘n hoë persentasie individue korrek geklassifiseer volgens kwartiele van inname, wel op bevredigende herhaalbaarheid en geldigheid. Matige tot sterk geldigheidskoeffisiënte is ook verkry met die toepassing van “The method of Triads”, wat verdere steun bied vir bevredigende geldigheid. In die hoofstudie is plasma vitamien C, karotenoïedvlakke en totale plasma antioksidantstatus in manlike rugby spelers (n=76) vergelyk met dié van onaktiewe manlike kontroles (n=39). Vergelykings tussen MnSOD genotipes binne die aktiwiteitsgroepe is ook getref. Al genoemde analises is gekontroleer vir dieet antioksidantinname. Resultate dui daarop dat die plasma vitamien C en karotenoïedvlakke van rugby spelers betekenisvol hoër was as dié van die kontrolegroep, wat dui op ‘n meer bevredigende antioksidantstatus. Hierdie resultaat is ook weerspieël in die feit dat totale plasma antioksidantstatus (ORAC) in die rugby spelers oog geneig was om hoër te wees as dié van die kontrole groep. Dit het ook geblyk dat MnSOD genotipe nie ‘n effek gehad het op plasma vitamien C-, karotenoïed- of totale antioksidantstatus nie, met of sonder kontrole vir dieet antioksidantinname. Die dieet vitamien C-, vitamien E-, karotenoïed- en flavinoïedinname (vanaf voedsel en supplemente) was dieselfde vir rugby spelers en kontrole en was toereikend vir beide groepe. Dit blyk dus dat dat die verband tussen antioksidantstatus en MnSOD genotipe in die twee groepe nie beinvloed is deur antioksidantinname nie. Ten slotte kan die gevolgtrekking gemaak word dat manlike rugby spelers ‘n meer bevredigende antioksidant status het as onaktiwe manlike kontroles. Op grond van hierdie gevolgtrekking word die algemene gebruik van antioksidant supplemente deur atlete bevraagteken.
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Somavilla, Adriana Luiza. "Prediction of genomic-enabled breeding values and genome-wide association study for feedlot average daily weight gain in Nelore cattle /." Jaboticabal, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/128158.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Danísio Prado MunariCoorientador: Luciana Correia de Almeida Regitano
Coorientador: Fabiana Barichello Mokry
Banca: Luiz Lehmann Coutinho
Banca: Rogério Abdallah Curi
Banca: Marcos Vinicius Gualberto Barbosa da Silva
Banca: Nedenia Bonvino Stafuzza
Resumo: A seleção para taxa de crescimento utilizando o número de dias para atingir determinado peso ou ganho de peso médio resultaria em menores ciclos de produção. Manter o aumento da produtividade exige, entre outros fatores, a utilização de animais melhorados, tanto nos sistemas de pastagem quanto de confinamento. Além disso, as informações genômicas podem ser usadas para predizer os valores genéticos genômicos (GEBVs) mais cedo na vida dos animais, o que reduziria os intervalos de geração e aumentaria os ganhos de produtividade. Inúmeros trabalhos tem sido conduzidos para identificar metodologias apropriadas à determinadas raças e características, o que irá resultar em GEBVs mais acurados. Os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar a acurácia de predição dos GEBVs e a habilidade de identificar regiões genômicas e genes relacionados ao ganho de peso médio diário em bovinos da raça Nelore, pela aplicação de diferentes modelos de regressão e densidades genotípicas. Informações genômica e fenotípica de 804 novilhos nascidos em três safras, filhos de 34 touros, foram utilizadas para predizer GEBVs por meio de três modelos (Bayesian GBLUP, BayesA e BayesC ), quatro densidades genotípicas (Illumina BovineHD BeadChip, TagSNPs, GeneSeek indicus de alta (HDi) e baixa (LDi) densidades) e dois fenótipos ajustados. A estrutura de família foi considerada por meio da análise de componentes principais. Os animais foram distribuídos em subconjunto de treinamento (safras 1 e 2) ou validação (safra 3) para realização da análise de validação cruzada. Estimativas de correlação de Pearson, coeficientes de regressão e erro quadrado médio foram usados para avaliar acurácia, inflação e viés dos GEBVs estimados, respectivamente. O estudo de associação ampla do genoma (GWAS) também foi realizado nos mesmos conjuntos de dados, entretanto, os resultados foram comparados com...
Abstract: Selection for fast growth rates using number of days to achieve specific weights or average weight gain would result in shorter production periods. Maintaining the rate of productivity increasing will demand, among other factors, genetically improved animals in both pasture and feedlot systems. Besides, genomic information could be used to predict genomic-enabled breeding values (GEBVs) earlier in animals' life, which would reduce generation intervals and increase productivity gains. Numerous studies have been conducted in order to identify appropriate methodologies to specific breeds and traits, which will result in more accurate GEBVs. The aim of this study was to compare the prediction accuracy of GEBVs and the ability to identify genomic regions and genes related to average weight daily gain in Nelore cattle, by applying different regression models and genotypes densities datasets. Genomic and phenotypic information of 804 steers born in three season, offspring of 34 bulls, were used to predict GEBVs through three models (Bayesian GBLUP, BayesA and BayesC ), four genotypic densities (Illumina BovineHD BeadChip, TagSNPs, GeneSeek Genomic Profiler High (HDi) and Low (LDi) density indicus) and two adjusted phenotypes. Family structure was accounted by using principal component analysis. Animals were assigned either to training (seasons 1 and 2) or testing (season 3) subsets to perform the cross-validation analysis. Estimates of Pearson correlation, regression coefficients and mean squared errors were used to access accuracy, inflation and bias of the estimated GEBVs, respectively. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was also performed on above datasets, however, results were compared based on ...
Doutor
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Somavilla, Adriana Luiza [UNESP]. "Prediction of genomic-enabled breeding values and genome-wide association study for feedlot average daily weight gain in Nelore cattle." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/128158.
Full textAbstract:
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000848601.pdf: 1152843 bytes, checksum: 5736b950765e0d17f2ceda1c91a45237 (MD5)A seleção para taxa de crescimento utilizando o número de dias para atingir determinado peso ou ganho de peso médio resultaria em menores ciclos de produção. Manter o aumento da produtividade exige, entre outros fatores, a utilização de animais melhorados, tanto nos sistemas de pastagem quanto de confinamento. Além disso, as informações genômicas podem ser usadas para predizer os valores genéticos genômicos (GEBVs) mais cedo na vida dos animais, o que reduziria os intervalos de geração e aumentaria os ganhos de produtividade. Inúmeros trabalhos tem sido conduzidos para identificar metodologias apropriadas à determinadas raças e características, o que irá resultar em GEBVs mais acurados. Os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar a acurácia de predição dos GEBVs e a habilidade de identificar regiões genômicas e genes relacionados ao ganho de peso médio diário em bovinos da raça Nelore, pela aplicação de diferentes modelos de regressão e densidades genotípicas. Informações genômica e fenotípica de 804 novilhos nascidos em três safras, filhos de 34 touros, foram utilizadas para predizer GEBVs por meio de três modelos (Bayesian GBLUP, BayesA e BayesC ), quatro densidades genotípicas (Illumina BovineHD BeadChip, TagSNPs, GeneSeek indicus de alta (HDi) e baixa (LDi) densidades) e dois fenótipos ajustados. A estrutura de família foi considerada por meio da análise de componentes principais. Os animais foram distribuídos em subconjunto de treinamento (safras 1 e 2) ou validação (safra 3) para realização da análise de validação cruzada. Estimativas de correlação de Pearson, coeficientes de regressão e erro quadrado médio foram usados para avaliar acurácia, inflação e viés dos GEBVs estimados, respectivamente. O estudo de associação ampla do genoma (GWAS) também foi realizado nos mesmos conjuntos de dados, entretanto, os resultados foram comparados com...
Selection for fast growth rates using number of days to achieve specific weights or average weight gain would result in shorter production periods. Maintaining the rate of productivity increasing will demand, among other factors, genetically improved animals in both pasture and feedlot systems. Besides, genomic information could be used to predict genomic-enabled breeding values (GEBVs) earlier in animals' life, which would reduce generation intervals and increase productivity gains. Numerous studies have been conducted in order to identify appropriate methodologies to specific breeds and traits, which will result in more accurate GEBVs. The aim of this study was to compare the prediction accuracy of GEBVs and the ability to identify genomic regions and genes related to average weight daily gain in Nelore cattle, by applying different regression models and genotypes densities datasets. Genomic and phenotypic information of 804 steers born in three season, offspring of 34 bulls, were used to predict GEBVs through three models (Bayesian GBLUP, BayesA and BayesC ), four genotypic densities (Illumina BovineHD BeadChip, TagSNPs, GeneSeek Genomic Profiler High (HDi) and Low (LDi) density indicus) and two adjusted phenotypes. Family structure was accounted by using principal component analysis. Animals were assigned either to training (seasons 1 and 2) or testing (season 3) subsets to perform the cross-validation analysis. Estimates of Pearson correlation, regression coefficients and mean squared errors were used to access accuracy, inflation and bias of the estimated GEBVs, respectively. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was also performed on above datasets, however, results were compared based on ...
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Saleh, Maher. "Pharmacocinétique et pharmacodynamie oculaire des antibiotiques : modèle animal d'étude du linézolide chez le lapin sain et porteur d'endophtalmies bactériennes à S. aureus." Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6161.
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L’endophtalmie bactérienne aiguë, qui correspond à l’infection des structures endoculaires, le plus souvent par des bactéries à Gram positif représente une complication rare mais potentiellement grave de la chirurgie endoculaire. L’objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer si le linézolide peut représenter une avancée dans le traitement de l’endophtalmie bactérienne aiguë staphylococcique. Afin de répondre à cette question, une approche pharmacocinétique/pharmacodynamie (PK/PD) a été privilégiée. Une étape préalable de mise au point d’une technique fiable de dosage du linézolide dans le sang et le vitré a été nécessaire. Une technique de chromatographie à haute performance liquide pour doser le linézolide a donc été développée et validée. La pharmacocinétique oculaire du linézolide a ensuite été étudiée par différentes voies d’administration (topique, orale, intravitréenne). La dernière étape a consisté à tester l’efficacité des injections intravitréennes (IVT) du linézolide dans un modèle expérimental d’endophtalmie aiguë à S. Aureus chez le lapin New Zealand, et à la comparer au traitement de référence que représente l’IVT de vancomycine. Il est apparu dans notre modèle expérimental que seules des concentrations élevées, atteignables uniquement par injection intravitréenne, pouvaient stériliser les yeux infectés par du staphylocoque doré résistant à la méticilline. Ces concentrations de linézolide nécessaires pour obtenir une efficacité anatomo-clinique satisfaisante, se sont avérées être plus élevées que celles prédites par les differents paramètres pharmacodynamiques sériques. Le raccourcissement de la ½ vie du linézolide dans le vitré infecté est une illustration de l’importance de ces phénomènes inflammatoires associés à l’endophtalmie. Ces résultats soulèvent plusieurs interrogations portant sur la toxicité éventuelle des doses requises sur la fonction visuelle, de même que sur la pertinence du recours aux paramètres de PK/PD sériques pour prédire l’efficacité d’un antibiotique au niveau oculaire, ou encore sur l’importance de prendre en compte l’état d’inflammation oculaire dans l’analyse PK/PD au niveau de l’œil infecté. Ces résultats rappellent la nécessité de mener un travail de validation in vivo de tout nouvel antibiotique avant son introduction en pratique clinique. Enfin, il ressort de ce modèle expérimental que le traitement de l'endophtalmie bactérienne aiguë ne saurait reposer sur le seul traitement antibiotique, aussi efficace soit-il, mais sur une combinaison de traitements associant une bactéricidie efficace et rapide d’un coté, et lutte contre les phénomènes inflammatoires associés de l’autre. Dans cet objectif, nous menons des investigations supplémentaires pour évaluer l’apport éventuel de traitements existants (exemple des études en cours sur l’efficacité de la daptomycine) et pour développer des traitements qui agiraient en amont de la cascade inflammatoire (participation à l’étude sur l’adjonction intravitréenne d’anticorps spécifiquement dirigés contre des toxines staphylococciques)Endophthalmitis is a sight threatening condition most frequently related to Gram positive bacteria. The purpose of this work was to determine if linezolid, a new anti-Gram positive antibiotic, can play a role in the management of bacterial endophthalmitis. The first step of the study focused on the development of a reliable HPLC assay to measure linezolid in the ocular structures. The second step consisted in studying the ocular penetration of linezolid after topical, oral and intravitreal administrations. A pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted to determine if the ocular concentrations measured in the vitreous were sufficient to treat a bacterial endophthalmitis. The last step consisted in developing a staphylococcal rabbit model of endophthalmitis. A strain of méthicillin-resistant S. Aureus (MRSA) was selected. Intravitreal linezolid was compared to intravitreal vancomycin. Clinical, bacterial and histological analysis were performed at different endpoints. A dose of 30 mg of linezolid appeared to be as efficient as a 1 mg vancomycin dose in treating S. Aureus related endophthalmitis. Further studies on ocular toxicity of linezolid are warranted
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Harbron, Janetta. "The association between genotype and BMI, health and lifestyle indicators as well as weight loss outcomes in overweight/obese Caucasian adults." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6478.
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Thesis (PhD (Physiological Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.Includes bibliography.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Genetic screening to improve obesity treatment outcomes is available despite the lack of conclusive evidence, specifically for Caucasian South Africans, in this regard. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between genotype (seven polymorphisms) and body mass index (BMI), health and lifestyle indicators in a cross-sectional sample of overweight/obese Caucasian adults (n=133), as well as the association between genotype and weight loss outcomes following an intervention (n=88) using a quasi experimental study design (time-series). The intervention consisted of a 24-week conservative weight loss programme that included dietary, physical activity and behavioural components. The primary null hypothesis for the cross-sectional sample, namely that there is no association between genotype and BMI, has not been rejected. A number of the secondary/exploratory hypotheses were rejected of which the most plausible associations (based on support by the literature and a physiological basis for the findng) are: 1) the mutant TT homozygotes of the GNB3 C825T polymorphism may have a higher risk to develop the metabolic syndrome (MetS) as they had significantly higher fasting triglyceride and glucose levels, a higher number of traits that met the diagnostic cut-off criteria for MetS and higher number of these subjects was diagnosed with MetS compared to the wild-type C-allele carriers; and 2) subjects with mutant alleles of either the FTO rs1421085 or rs17817449 polymorphisms may have poorer eating behaviours (a higher rigid control, habitual and emotional disinhibition, perceived hunger and internal locus for hunger) and higher intake of high-fat foods. The primary null hypothesis for the intervention sample, namely that there is no association between genotype and weight loss outcome, was not rejected for the FABP2 Ala54Thr, INSIG2 rs7566605, FTO rs1421085, ADRB3 Trp64Arg and GNB3 C825T polymorphisms. However, it was rejected in some instances indicating the following associations: 1) The wild-type TT homozygotes of the FTO rs17817449 polymorphism lost significantly more weight during the first two months of the program compared to the mutant allele carriers (this is a novel finding); 2) The wild-type Arg16Arg homozygotes of the ADRB2 Arg16Gly polymorphism lost significantly more weight during the first month of the program compared to the mutant allele carriers (this finding is supported by one other intervention study); 3) Subjects with a mutant C-allele of the INSIG2 rs7566605 polymorphism and a mutant Gly16-allele of the ADRB2 Arg16Gly polymorphism lost significantly less weight over the six month intervention period (this is a novel genegene interaction finding). A number of secondary/exploratory hypotheses were rejected, of which the most plausible finding include that the improvement in emotional disinhibition in the wild-type TT subjects of the FTO rs1421085 polymorphism was associated with a more pronounced decrease in BMI over the six month weight loss period. The integration of the results from this study with the literature indicates that there is insufficient evidence at this stage for genetic screening of the polymorphisms investigated in this study and the provision of evidence-based personalized recommendations for weight loss in obese individuals. It is recommended that these associations should be viewed as priority in future research.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Genetiese sifting om die resultate van vetsug behandeling te verbeter is beskikbaar ten spyte van ‘n tekort aan genoegsame bewyse, spesifiek ten opsigte van Kaukasiërs van Suid-Afrika. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die assosiasie tussen genotipe (sewe polimorfismes) en liggaamsmassa indeks (LMI), gesondheid en lewenstyl indikatore in ‘n dwarssnit (cross-sectional) steekproef van oorgewig/vetsugtige Kaukasiër volwassenes (n=133) te ondersoek, asook die assosiasie tussen genotipe en gewigsverlies uitkomste na afloop van ‘n intervensie (n=88) in ‘n kwasi-eksperimentele studie ontwerp (tydreeks). Die intervensie het bestaan uit ‘n 24-week konserwatiewe gewigsverlies program met dieet, fisieke aktiwiteit en gedragskomponente. Die primêre nul hipotese vir die dwarsnit steekproef, naamlik dat daar geen assosiasie tussen genotipe en LMI is nie, is nie verwerp nie. ‘n Aantal sekondêre/spekulatiewe hipotesis is verwerp waarvan die mees geloofwaardige assosiasies (gebasseer op ondersteuning van die literatuur en ‘n fisiologiese basis vir die bevinding) die volgende insluit: 1) die mutante TT homosigote van die GNB3 C825T polimorfisme het moontlik ‘n hoër risiko vir die ontwikkeling van die metaboliese sindroom (MetS) aangesien hulle betekenisvolle hoër vastende trigliseriede en glukose vlakke gehad het, ‘n grooter aantal kenmerke gehad het wat aan die diagnostiese afsnykriteria vir MetS voldoen en ‘n grooter aantal van hierdie persone was met MetS gediagnoseer in vergelyking met die wilde-tipe C-alleel draers; en 2) persone met die mutante allele van die FTO rs1421085 of rs17817449 polimorfismes het moontlik ‘n swakker eetgedrag (‘n hoër rigiede kontrole, gewoonte en emosionele disinhibisie, waarneembare honger en interne lokus van honger) en ‘n hoër inname van hoë-vet voedsel. Die primêre nul hipotese vir die intervensie steekproef, naamlik dat daar geen assosiasie tussen genotipe en gewigsverlies uitkomste is nie, is nie vir die FABP2 Ala54Thr, INSIG2 rs7566605, FTO rs1421085, ADRB3 Trp64Arg en GNB3 C825T polimorfismes verwerp nie. Dit was egter in sommige gevalle vir die volgende assosiasies verwerp: 1) Die wilde-tipe TT homosigote van die FTO rs17817449 polimorfisme het betekenisvol meer gewig in die eerste twee maande van die program verloor in vergelyking met die mutante alleel draers (dit is ‘n nuwe bevinding); 2) Die wilde-tipe Arg16Arg homosigote van die ADRB2 Arg16Gly polimorfisme het betekenisvol meer gewig gedurende die eerste maand van die program verloor in vergelyking met die mutante alleel draers (hierdie bevinding word ondersteun deur een ander intervensie studie); 3) Persone met ‘n mutante C-alleel van die INSIG2 rs7566605 polimorfisme en ‘n mutante Gly16-allele van die ADRB2 Arg16Gly polimorfisme het minder gewig tydens die ses maande intervensie periode verloor (dit is ‘n nuwe geen-geen interaksie bevinding). ‘n Aantal sekondêre/ spekulatiewe hipoteses is verwerp, waarvan die mees geloofwaardigste bevinding insluit dat ‘n verbetering in emosionele disinhibisie van die wild-tipe TT persone van die FTO rs1421085 polimorfisme geassosieer was met ‘n meer prominente daling in LMI oor die ses maande gewigsverlies periode. Die integrasie van die resultate van hierdie navorsing met die literatuur dui aan dat daar op hierdie stadium onvoldoende bewyse vir genetiese sifting en die voorsiening van bewys-gebasseerde persoonlike aanbevelings vir gewigsverlies in vetsugtig individue bestaan vir die polimorfismes wat ondersoek is. Dit word aanbeveel dat hierdie assosiasies as prioriteit in toekomstige navorsing beskou moet word.
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Martin, Camie Frandsen. "A Survey of Invasive Exotic Ants Found on Hawaiian Islands: Spatial Distributions and Patterns of Association." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3854.
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An intensive sampling of all ant species encountered on 6 Hawaiian Islands: Big Island, Maui, Oahu, Kauai, Molokai, and Lanai took place between 1988 and 1996. Species presence and absence was recorded at each site. Using remote sensing, variables were added insitu and used throughout my analysis. Species accumulation curves suggest that sampling was comprehensive. There is a significant trend between island area and species richness which validates the Theory of Island Biogeography for invasive species. Islands were found to be significantly nested by area, order, and tourism. Cluster analysis shows a link between elevation, land-use and island, and species presence. Predictive models can be built to predict spread of particular ant species as they continue toward equilibrium.
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Souza, Eduardo Garcia. "Desenvolvimento com identidade cultural: desafios e possibilidades da valorização da cultura da lã no município de Jaguarão-RS." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2018. http://guaiaca.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/4064.
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Esta dissertação analisa as atividades produtivas relacionadas à cultura da lã no município de Jaguarão - RS, direcionando a investigação para duas organizações locais: a Associação dos Artesãos de Jaguarão-RS e a Cooperativa de lãs Mauá. A pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar as estratégias de comercialização e de agregação de valor utilizadas pelos atores sociais que compõem essa cadeia produtiva, bem como a maneira como as relações sociais são estabelecidas nesse contexto. Além disso, a investigação aborda os efeitos da renda, gerada com esses trabalhos, na vida dos atores sociais e suas expectativas em relação ao futuro dessas atividades. Esta pesquisa é um estudo de caso único, com três unidades de análise (Associação dos Artesãos, Cooperativa de lãs e Centro de Economia Solidária). Para isso, foram realizadas 16 entrevistas semiestruturadas com atores sociais envolvidos na produção de lã ovina e no artesanato, as quais foram sistematizadas e analisadas por meio de análise de conteúdo. As informações coletadas a campo revelam dificuldades de organização e cooperação no setor como um todo, o que reflete também nos grupos analisados. Práticas individualistas prevalecem sobre o interesse coletivo, dificultando a delimitação e o alcance de objetivos em comum. Do ponto de vista da cooperativa, uma das principais dificuldades é a falta de confiança e de participação dos sócios. A ação imediatista dos cooperados, os quais entregam a sua produção de lã para os "barraqueiros", em detrimento da organização da qual são sócios, enfraquece sua ação tanto em termos de volume de comercialização quanto em aspectos colaborativos e de união entre os produtores. A Associação dos Artesãos também vivencia problemas. Desentendimentos entre os membros ocasionaram a saída de algumas artesãs e a formação de outro grupo. Problemas de diálogo e colaboração entre os dois grupos que possuem habilidades distintas, mas complementares, cria obstáculos para o artesanato em lã no município se desenvolver. Ademais, o cenário atual da ovinocultura está diante de uma delicada situação, onde as monoculturas (especialmente a soja) tem avançado, tomando o espaço da pecuária na região. Outro fator crítico é o abigeato, que tem acometido frequentemente os ovinocultores locais. Nesse contexto, os atores locais buscam estratégias de distinção para valorizar seus produtos. Os ovinocultores têm o desafio de reaproximar os associados da cooperativa e incentivar sua participação. Há também a intenção de implementar um novo método de enfardamento da lã, o que possibilitaria atestar a pureza da fibra e assim valorizá-la. Já as artesãs locais vivem a expectativa da implementação de alguma forma de certificação de seus produtos com a ajuda do Estado, como é o caso da tentativa recente de reconhecimento pelo IPHAN como patrimônio cultural imaterial. Apesar da conjuntura pouco favorável, a renda gerada com essas atividades ainda é de grande importância para a vida dos atores sociais que encontram nela um instrumento para expandir suas capacidades, promovendo as liberdades individuais.
This dissertation analyzes the productive activities related to the wool culture in the county of Jaguarão - RS, directing the research to two local organizations: the Association of Artisans of Jaguarão - RS and the Cooperative of wool Mauá. The objective of this research was to identify the comercialization strategies and value aggregation used by the social actors who are part of this supply chain, as well the way as the social relations are maintained in this context. In addition, the research approaches the effects of the income, generated with these labors, on the lives of social actors and their expectations related to the future of these activities. This research is a case study, with three units of analysis (Association of Artisans, Cooperative of Wool and Center of Solidarity Economy). For this, 16 semi-structured interviews were accomplished with the social actors involved in the production of sheep wool and in the handcrafts, which were systematized and analyzed through content analysis. The information collected in the field reveals difficulties of organization and cooperation in the sector as a whole, which also reflects in the analyzed groups. Individualistic practices prevail over collective interest, making difficult to delimit and to achieve common goals. From the point of view of the cooperative, one of the main difficulties is the lack of trust and participation of the partners. The immediatist acting of the cooperative members, who deliver their wool production to the "barraqueiros", on detriment of the organization which they are partners, weakens the action both in terms of commercialization volume as well as in collaborative aspects and union between producers.The Association of Artisans also experiences problems. Disagreements between the members led to the departure of some artisans and the foundation of another group. Dialogue problems and collaboration between the two groups, that have different, but complementary skills, create obstacles for developing the wool handcraft in the city. In addition, the current scenario of sheep production is dealing with a complicated situation, where the monocultures (especially soybeans) have been progressed, taking the space of the livestock farming in the region. Another critical factor is the cattle steal, which has frequently affected local sheep producers.In this context, local ators seek for strategies of distinction to increase value to their products.The sheep producers has the challenge of bringing the members of the cooperative back together and encouraging their participation. Also there is the intention to implement a new method of packing the wool, which would make it possible attest the fiber purity and thus valorize it. The local artisans, on the other hand, are expecting to implement some certification method for their products with help of the State, as the recent case when they tried the recognition of IPHAN as immaterial patrimony.Despite this conjucture unfavorable, the income generated by these activities has great importance for the social actors lives who find in it an tool to expand their capabilities, promoting individual freedoms.
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Schaffer, Aaron P. "The association between calfhood BRDC and subsequent departure from the herd, milk production, and reproduction: an observational, retrospective study." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16906.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Clinical Sciences
Daniel U. Thomson
Bovine respiratory disease (BRDC) is a multifaceted disease that causes considerable economic loss in both the beef and dairy industry. However, because there may be lingering effects of BRDC in the dairy industry, the full economic costs of the disease may not be realized. These lingering effects may include an increased departure from the herd, decreased milk production, and decreased reproductive performance. All of these outcomes are affected by multiple variables, but proper statistical modeling can control for many of the different influences. Few studies have attempted to look at the long term effects of calfhood BRDC but consistent associations have not been identified. The objective of this observational, retrospective study was to determine the association between calfhood BRDC prior to 120 d of age and departure from the herd, milk production, and reproductive performance. The association between the occurrence of BRDC with departure from the herd prior to first calving depended on the birth year, but for 5 of the 6 years, animals that contracted BRDC were 1.62 to 4.98 times more likely to leave the herd than animals that did not contract BRDC. In addition, animals that contracted BRDC were also 1.28 times more likely to leave the herd between first and second calving than animals that did not contract BRDC. Furthermore, the age at BRDC occurrence was associated with departure from the herd. Animals that contracted BRDC pre-weaning were 2.62 times more likely to leave the herd prior to first calving than animals that contracted BRDC post-weaning. However, age of BRDC occurrence was not significantly associated with departure from the herd between first and second calving. The occurrence of BRDC during the first 120 d of life was associated with a 233 kg decrease in lactation-one production, but was not significantly associated with production in subsequent lactations. Finally, calfhood BRDC was not significantly associated with a decreased reproductive performance measured by calving interval. In conclusion, calfhood BRDC negatively impacts productivity both prior to and after first calving.
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Abeleda, Maria Asuncion Abrera. "The role of the alternative pathway of the complement system in the development of dense deposit disease." Diss., University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/635.
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Dense Deposit Disease (DDD) causes chronic renal dysfunction which progresses to end-stage renal disease in about half of patients within 10 years of diagnosis. Deficiency of and mutations in complement Factor H (CFH) are associated with the development of DDD, suggesting that dysregulation of the alternative pathway (AP) of the complement cascade is important in disease pathophysiology. Patients with DDD are studied to determine whether specific allele variants of the genes of the alternative pathway of the complement system segregate preferentially with the DDD. We have screened coding and intronic regions of genes of the complement system in DDD cases and controls using PCR, restriction digest and bidirectional sequencing. We have been able to identify novel mutations, allele variants and haplotypes in several genes of the complement system which are associated with the DDD phenotype based on statistical analyses. Since we have identified several genes associated with DDD, we have determined possible gene-gene interactions using computational analyses. We have found a strong synergistic interaction between polymorphisms in CFH and C3. To ascertain if the associated allele variants had a functional impact in the complement activity of an individual, we have obtained blood samples from normal individuals and measured AP complement activity and genotyped CFH and C3 for these samples. Association between AP activity and genotypes is analyzed using statistical methods. Significant association of CFH and C3 variants with AP complement activity has been observed. We also have generated a mice deficient of CFH and Factor D (CFD). CFH deficient mice develop renal pathology similar to DDD in humans. Renal function and complement activity have been determined in the double knockout in comparison to CFH deficient and CFD deficient mice. Results have shown that absence of Factor D can inhibit complement activation in CFH mice. Our data imply that DDD is a complex genetic disease and that genes of the AP complement system contribute to level of complement activity and the pathogenesis of DDD. With this study, we hope to develop an effective diagnosis and treatment plan for DDD patients.
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Breiner, Ryan Michael. "Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the leptin gene and segregation by ultrasound backfat at weaning on carcass performance in steers." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1400.
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Popota, Foteini D. 1980. "Comparative study of dedicated Monte Carlo simulation codes for the performance evaluation of the small animal PET systems." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/291690.
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Positron emission tomography (PET) has been well established the last years as a powerfull tool in research and clinical applications. Advances in technology have enabled the use of small animal PET imaging in preclinical applications although the size differences in humans and rodents create many challenges to this imaging modality.
In this thesis, the performance evaluation ofsmall animal PET systems through specific standards and Monte Carlo simulation codes are investigated using the microPET R4 system.
In the first part, the performance evaluation of the microPET R4 scanner according to the new NEMA NU 4-2008 standards for small animal positron emission tomography is assessed and a comparison against its previous evaluation according to the adapted clinical NEMA NU 2-2001 standards is presented.
In the second part, dedicated Monte Caro simulation models (using GATE and PeneloPET) of the performance of the R4 system is compared against experimental data.La tomografia per emissió de positrons (PET) és una poderosa eina per a la investigació translacional adreçada constantment al repte de les noves tecnologies. Per tant, els aspectes tècnics són cada vegada més rellevants en el disseny i desenvolupament de nous sistemes de PET. El coneixement de les característiques físiques és el punt clau especialment en el cas de les tècniques d'imatge de petits animals. Per a la optimització de les capacitats dels sistemes de PET per animals de laboratori, el seu rendiment ha de ser avaluat mitjançant protocols específics i codis de simulació de MonteCarlo. En aquesta tesi, en la primera part, es presenta l'avaluació del rendiment de l'escàner microPET R4 d'acord amb les normes NEMA NU 4-2008 de la tomografia per emissió de positrons petit animal és compara amb l'avaluació anterior realitzada d'acord amb la clínica adaptada NEMA NU 2-2001. Es van obtenir diferències en els resultats entre NEMA NU 4-2008 i NEMA NU 2-2001 associat a la utilització de diferents fantoms i finestres d'energia. A la segona part, es compara l’ exactitud de diferents codis de simulació Monte Carlo (utilitzant GATE i PeneloPET) per avaluar el rendiment del sistema de R4 en relació a les dades experimentals. Tots dos codis van proporcionar resultats exactes si bé PeneloPET va demostrar ser més ràpid que GATE
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Santos, Samuel Wallace Boer dos. "Estudos genômicos de características indicadoras de eficiência alimentar em duas populações de bovinos da raça Nelore." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/157260.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Características de eficiência alimentar estão diretamente associadas com a lucratividade e sustentabilidade da bovinocultura de corte. Conversão alimentar, consumo alimentar residual, consumo de matéria seca, eficiência alimentar e ganho em peso, são características importantes para a seleção de animais mais eficientes dentro de um sistema de produção, porém, com exceção do ganho em peso, as demais não vêm sendo consideradas como critérios de seleção devido à dificuldade de obtenção de fenótipos para as mesmas. Com o avanço nas tecnologias de genotipagem e sequenciamento, foram desenvolvidos chips de alta densidade de marcadores do tipo SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) espalhados pelo genoma. Estas informações moleculares vêm sendo utilizadas em estudos de associação genômica ampla (GWAS) e de seleção genômica (SG). Basicamente, o GWAS permite a identificação de variações genéticas de maior efeito sobre a expressão fenotípica de características de interesse, enquanto a SG visa a predição do valor genômico direto dos candidatos à seleção utilizando apenas a informação molecular, o que tem revolucionado o melhoramento genético por proporcionar a diminuição do intervalo de geração e o aumento da acurácia de predição dos valores genéticos dos animais. Assim sendo, os objetivos do presente trabalho foram: 1) encontrar regiões cromossômicas de maior efeito sobre características de eficiência alimentar em animais Nelore provenientes de dois programas de melhoramento (Instituto de Zootecnia - IZ e Nelore Qualitas), visando encontrar possíveis diferenças/semelhanças entre as populações; 2) avaliar a existência de genes candidatos comum às populações; e 3) avaliar a possibilidade e os benefícios de combinar estas duas populações Nelore em estudos de seleção genômica. Foram utilizadas informações fenotípicas e genotípicas de 1.137 animais do IZ e 817 animais do Qualitas. Os animais foram genotipados com painel de alta densidade (Illumina BovineHD chip) ou tiveram seus genótipos imputados para HD através do software FImpute. Após o controle de qualidade dos genótipos, permaneceram para análise 408.161 SNPs para o IZ e 428.621 SNPs para o Qualitas. O GWAS foi realizado para cada população individualmente, considerando a metodologia GBLUP. Modelos unicaracterísticos foram empregados nas análises, incluindo, além dos efeitos aleatórios de animal e resíduo, os efeitos sistemáticos de grupos de contemporâneos (GC), os quais foram definidos como: sexo, ano de nascimento e instalação (IZ) e ano do teste e baia (Qualitas). Para o IZ também foram incluídos, para todas as características, os efeitos fixos de mês de nascimento, e, como covariáveis, idade do animal (linear), idade da mãe (linear e quadrática) e os dois primeiros componentes principais (obtidos a partir da matriz G). O efeito quadrático da idade do animal foi incluído no modelo apenas para o consumo de matéria seca e ganho médio diário. Para o Qualitas, foi considerado, para todas as características, o efeito linear da idade do animal como covariável. No GWAS, foram encontradas algumas regiões cromossômicas de maior efeito para cada característica nas duas populações, porém, não foram encontradas regiões em comum. No estudo de seleção genômica (SG), foram utilizados dez diferentes abordagens e esquemas envolvendo as duas populações para comparar a acurácia de predição. Em geral, a combinação das populações pode gerar benefícios para a seleção genômica, porém, tais benefícios dependem da característica e do esquema de validação.
Feed efficiency traits are directly associated with the profitability and sustainability of beef cattle. Feed conversion rate, residual feed intake, dry matter intake, feed efficiency and average daily gain are important traits for the selection of more efficiency animals within a production system, but, except for weight gain, the others have not been considered as selection criteria due to the difficulty of obtaining phenotypes. With the advance in genotyping and sequencing technologies, high density chips of SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) have been developed. This molecular information has been used in genome-wide association (GWAS) and genomic selection (GS) studies. Basically, GWAS allows the identification of genetic variations with major effects on the phenotypic expression of traits of interest, while SG aims at the prediction of direct genomic value for the selection candidates using only their molecular information, which has revolutionized the animal breeding by providing a decrease in generation interval and increases in the prediction accuracies of breeding values. Thus, the objectives of the present study were to: 1) identify chromosomal regions with major effects on feed efficiency traits in animals from two Nellore breeding programs (Instituto de Zootecnia and Nellore Qualitas), in order to find possible differences/similarities between the populations; 2) evaluate the existence of candidate genes in common to populations; and 3) evaluate the possibility and benefits of combining these two Nellore populations in genomic selection studies. Phenotypic and genotypic information of 1,137 animals from IZ and 817 from Qualitas were used. The animals were genotyped with high density panel (Illumina BovineHD chip) or had their genotypes imputed to HD through the FImpute software. After quality control, remained for analysis 408,161 SNPs for IZ and 428.611 SNPs for Qualitas. The GWAS was performed for each population individually, considering the GBLUP methodology. Single-trait models were implemented in the analyzes, including, in addition to the random effects of animal and residual, the systematic effects of contemporary groups (CG), which were defined as: sex, year of birth and pen for the IZ, and year of test and pen for the Qualitas. For IZ, there were also considered, for all traits, the fixed effects of month of birth and, as covariable, age of animal (linear effect), age of dam (linear and quadratic effects) and the first two principal components (calculated based on the G matrix). For ADG and DMI, the quadratic effect of age of animal, as covariable, was added to the model. For Qualitas, it was also included in the model, for all traits, the linear effect of the animal age as covariable. In GWAS, some chromosomal regions of greater effect were found for each trait in both populations. However, no common regions were found. In GS, ten different approach and schemes involving the two Nellore populations were used to compare the accuracy of genomic prediction. In general, genomic predictions combining both populations are feasible, but, the benefits will depend on the trait and validation scheme.
CNPq: 132884/2016-0
FAPESP: 2016/24228-9
FAPESP: 2017/13411-0
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Castagneyrol, Bastien. "Rôles fonctionels et structurels de la biodiversité sur les comunautés d'insectes et d'herbivorie associée : une approche expérimentale." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14558/document.
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Les relations entre plantes et herbivores occupent une part importante des travaux concernant le rôle de la biodiversité dans le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. Les effets de la diversité des plantes sur les herbivores et la phytophagie se répartissent le long d’un continuum entre résistance et susceptibilité par association, ces deux concepts décrivant respectivement la réduction ou au contraire l’augmentation des dégâts causés par les herbivores avec la diversité des plantes dans les communautés végétales. Si de nombreux travaux menés dans différents écosystèmes suggèrent que la résistance par association est plus fréquente que la susceptibilité par association, les mécanismes sous jacents restent discutés et semblent dépendre de la plus ou moins grande spécialisation des herbivores et de l’identité des espèces végétales associées. En particulier deux questions se posent : (1) quel est l’effet de la diversité des plantes sur la diversité des insectes, et principalement sur les insectes herbivores ? (2) Quelle composante de la diversité des plantes explique le mieux la résistance et la susceptibilité par association ? La méta-analyse présentée dans cette thèse montre que la diversité des animaux augmente avec la diversité des plantes, quels que soient les écosystèmes et les taxons considérés. Dans le cas des Arthropodes, la richesse spécifique des herbivores est mieux corrélée à la richesse spécifique des plantes que celle des prédateurs. De plus, la diversité des herbivores augmente plus rapidement que la diversité des prédateurs avec la diversité des plantes. Ces observations soulèvent un paradoxe : si la diversité des herbivores augmente avec celle des plantes, comment expliquer les nombreux cas où la phytophagie diminue (résistance par association) ? Cette question a fait l’objet d’une approche expérimentale centrée sur le chêne pédonculé et fondée sur la manipulation de la diversité spécifique et génétique des essences forestières. Il en ressort que ces deux niveaux de diversité ont des effets contrastés sur la phytophagie. Les dégâts causés par les insectes herbivores généralistes tendent à augmenter avec la diversité génétique chez leur hôte (susceptibilité par association), alors que les spécialistes ne répondent pas à la diversité génétique chez le chêne. Au contraire, la diversité spécifique est à l’origine d’une résistance par association pour les herbivores spécialistes mais elle est sans effet sur les généralistes. Un résultat original émerge des travaux présentés dans cette thèse : les effets de la diversité des plantes sur les insectes herbivores et leurs dégâts s’exprimeraient principalement à l’échelle locale – celle d’un arbre et de ses voisins immédiats – au travers de « l’apparence » des arbres, une variable conditionnée par leur taille et celle de leurs voisins. La prise en compte de la spécialisation des insectes herbivores et des différentes composantes de la diversité des arbres contribue donc à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans la résistance et la susceptibilité par association des forêts mélangéesFunctional and structural consequences of plant diversity on insect communities and herbivoryThe relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning remains a key issue in ecology. In particular it has been suggested that plant species diversity can trigger plant-insect interactions, ranging from associational resistance (higher herbivory in monocultures than in more diverse plant communities) to associational susceptibility (higher herbivory in plant mixtures). Although it is now widely acknowledged that associational resistance is more frequent than associational susceptibility, the underlying mechanisms are still debated and seem to depend on herbivore specialization and plant species identity. To contribute to this debate we addressed two questions: (1) What are the consequences of plant diversity for insect herbivore diversity? (2) Which component of plant diversity better accounts for herbivory? On the basis of a meta-analysis we show in this report that animal diversity significantly increase with increasing plant diversity, regardless of habitats or taxa. In arthropods, herbivores species richness increases more steeply with plant richness than predator richness. This result raises an apparent paradox: if herbivore diversity is positively correlated with plant diversity, why herbivory decreases with increasing plant diversity (associational resistance)? To solve this paradox we developed an experimental approach focused on pedunculate oak and based on the manipulation of tree genetic and species diversity. We showed that generalist and specialist herbivores respond differently to the two levels of tree diversity. Herbivory by generalist herbivores significantly increased with oak genetic diversity (i.e. associational susceptibility) while specialist herbivores did not respond to the genetic diversity of their host tree. Conversely, tree species diversity triggered associational resistance to specialist insect herbivores but had no effect on generalists. The novelty of this works also lies in the identification of a new mechanism that may account for associational resistance in tree species mixtures: host apparency. More apparent oak trees – those that are taller than their neighbours – are more prone to insect damage. Increasing tree species diversity comes together with higher probability of associating faster growing species (such as pine or birch) than can hide neighbouring oaks, reducing their apparency and then their susceptibility. Our findings suggest that accounting for the diet breadth of insect herbivores and the different components of tree diversity can contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to associational resistance or susceptibility in mixed forests
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Janes, Jennifer Gail. "THE ROLES OF ORTHOPAEDIC PATHOLOGY AND GENETIC DETERMINANTS IN EQUINE CERVICAL STENOTIC MYELOPATHY." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gluck_etds/16.
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Cervical stenotic myelopathy (CSM) is an important musculoskeletal and neurologic disease of the horse. Clinical disease occurs due to malformations of the vertebrae in the neck causing stenosis of the cervical vertebral canal and subsequent spinal cord compression. The disease is multifactorial in nature, therefore a clearer understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of CSM will allow for improved management and therapeutic practices. This thesis examines issues of equine CSM diagnosis, skeletal tissue pathology, and inherited genetic determinants utilizing advances in biomedical imaging technologies and equine genomics. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data provided a more complete assessment of the cervical column through image acquisition in multiple planes. First, MRI was compared to standing cervical radiographs for detection of stenosis. Using canal area or the cord canal area ratio, MRI more accurately predicted sites of compression in CSM cases. Secondly, articular process skeletal pathology localized on MRI was found to be more frequent and severe in CSM horses compared to controls. In addition, lesions were generalized throughout the cervical column and not limited to the spinal cord compression sites. A subset of lesions identified on MRI was evaluated using micro-CT and histopathology. Osteochondrosis, osseous cyst-like structures, fibrous tissue replacement of bone, and osteosclerosis were observed. These lesions support likely developmental aberrations of vertebral bone and cartilage maturation with secondary biomechanical influences. Bone cyst-like structures are a novel finding in this disease. Finally, the long-standing question of the contribution of genetic determinants to CSM was investigated using a genome wide association study (GWAS). Multiple significant loci were identified supporting the influence of a complex genetic trait in clinical disease. A simple Mendelian trait controlled by one gene is unlikely given the detection of variants across multiple chromosomes. Major contributions from this research include documentation of articular process bone and cartilage pathology in horses with CSM, support for abnormal cervical vertebrae development being an important contributing factor in the etiology and/or pathogenesis of equine CSM, and evidence that multiple genetic loci contribute to the CSM disease phenotype.
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Chartrel, Nicolas. "Identification de quelques facteurs impliqués dans l'induction de l'hypotrophie foetale chez la rate rendue expérimentalement diabétique." Rouen, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ROUES016.
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Etude réalisée pendant la gestation chez la rate rendue diabétique par injection de streptozotocine, dans le but d'identifier quelques facteurs impliqués dans le développement de l'hypotrophie foetale: sont évalués le rôle des perturbations hémodynamiques utéroplacentaires, et l'hypertonie du myomètre, avec les facteurs neuro-endocriniens impliqués dans ces modifications
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Barbero, Christophe. "Protection et défense de l'animal dans l'Occident contemporain : sourcees théoriques, types d'associations et formes d'actions." Paris 4, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA040105.
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Cette thèse propose une analyse des associations de protection et de défense animale dans les pays occidentaux (Europe et Amérique du Nord) à travers l'étude de certaines d'entre elles, sélectionnées pour leur particularité, et de l'évolution de leurs combats dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle. La première partie est consacrée aux sources théoriques de la protection animale contemporaine à travers les textes religieux, les écrits philosophiques consacrés aux animaux - avec l'émergence du concept de droits des animaux - et les lois de protection animale depuis leur instauration, la première étant votée en Angleterre en 1822. La seconde partie présente les différentes associations étudiées en fonction de leurs particularités : associations généralistes, associations spécifiques et associations antispécistes ou de "libération animale". Leur variété et leurs différences ont permis d'élargir la protection animale et d'entrer dans une phase plus moderne et plus revendicative de défense animale. La dernière partie permet de suivre l'évolution des combats et des multiples campagnes depuis le tournant des années soixante-dix jusqu'à nos jours et de construire une analyse de chaque domaine où l'animal est utilisé (animaux de compagnie, animaux de consommation, expérimentation animale, animaux "spectacles" et animaux sauvages)This thesis proposes an analysis of associations of protection and animal defense in Western countries (Europe and North America) through the study of some of them selected for their characteristic, and of the evolution of their engagements in second half of the twentieth century. The first part is devoted to the theorical sources of contemporary animal protection through the religious texts, the philosophical writings devoted to the animals - with the emergence of the concept of rights of the animals - and the laws of animal protection since their instauration, the first was voted in England in 1822. The second part presents the various associations studied according to their characteristics: generalist associations, specific associations and antispecist associations or of "animal liberation". Their variety and their differences made it possible to widen animal protection and to enter a more modern and more claiming phase of animal defense. The last part makes it possible to follow the multiple campaigns since the turning of the Seventies until our days and to form analysis of each field where the animal is used (pet, animals of consumption, animal's experimentation, animals of spectacle and wild animals)
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Ananias, Sandra Mara de Ara?jo. "Fidelidade ? ?rea e padr?o de associa??o em Sotalia guianensis, baseado na t?cnica de foto-identifica??o." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2006. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17380.
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Previous issue date: 2006-10-30The behavioral patterns follow to environmental changes, including area fidelity and individuals association patterns. Several techniques are used to record these behavioral patterns and the photo-identification has been suggested as a proper tool because of its various advantages. Based on this technique, this research verified, between August of 2005 and January of 2006, area fidelity and association patterns of Sotalia guianensis, at Distrito de Pipa s bays, Rio Grande do Norte State south coast. Besides, we measured the association patterns by using the Jaccard index or Half-Weight Index (HWI). According the observation, 22 individuals were not resighted, 11 were resighted, and 36 new individuals were recorded. Nowadays, 69 individuals are cataloged. The residency rate indicated heterogeneity on studied area permanence and the association patterns between photo-identified seem to be context-specific. In addiction, the comparison of associations between two different age classes showed some individuals more frequently interacting with immature individuals. We also observed fluidity on association patterns among our individuals. We suggest that S. guianensis population from Pipa shows plasticity
Os padr?es comportamentais acompanham as mudan?as ambientais, incluindo fidelidade ? ?rea e associa??o entre indiv?duos. Dentre as diversas t?cnicas utilizadas para o registro desses padr?es comportamentais, a foto-identifica??o tem sido sugerida como ferramenta adequada por apresentar in?meras vantagens. Baseada nessa t?cnica, esta pesquisa verificou, entre agosto de 2005 e janeiro de 2006, fidelidade ? ?rea e padr?es de associa??o utilizados por indiv?duos da esp?cie Sotalia guianensis, nas enseadas do Distrito de Pipa, litoral sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Al?m disso, para mensurar os padr?es de associa??o utilizou-se do ?ndice de similaridade de Jaccard ou Half-Weight Index (HWI). Durante o per?odo de observa??o, 22 indiv?duos n?o foram reavistados, 11 recapturados e 36 novos registros foram obtidos. Atualmente, est?o catalogados 69 indiv?duos. A taxa de resid?ncia apontou heterogeneidade de perman?ncia na ?rea estudada e os padr?es de associa??o entre os indiv?duos foto-identificados parecem ser espec?ficos de determinados contextos comportamentais. Enquanto que a compara??o das associa??es entre as diferentes faixas et?rias mostrou que determinados indiv?duos interagiram em maior freq??ncia com indiv?duos imaturos. Observou-se, ainda, fluidez no padr?o de associa??es entre os indiv?duos amostrados. Sugere-se que a popula??o de S. guianensis que utilizam a regi?o de Pipa apresenta elevada plasticidade
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Monard, Annie. "Étude bio-écologique des peuplements acridiens du Bas-Languedoc." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066166.
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L'étude bio-écologique des peuplements acridiens du Bas-Languedoc est envisagée sous deux angles complémentaires, l'un synchronique, l'autre diachronique. Au cours de la campagne extensive de relevés, cent trois biotopes, prospectés selon un plan d'échantillonnage stratifié, font l'objet d'inventaires floristiques, mésologiques et acridologiques. L'interprétation des observations de terrain soumises à l'analyse des données permet la description des principaux types de milieu du Bas-Languedoc par le biais de leurs associations végétales ou de leurs caractéristiques mésologiques. A chaque type de milieu peut être associé un peuplement acridien caractéristique. Lors de la campagne intensive de relevés , la phénologie des espèces végétales et l'évolution des composantes mésologiques dynamiques sont mises en corrélation avec les modifications qualitatives et quantitatives des peuplements acridiens, et les cycles biologiques des principales espèces acridiennes de la région sont établis
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Biegler, R. "Animal short and medium range navigation and its relationship to associative learning." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.641607.
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Learning allows organisms to predict and prepare for events in the environment that are not sufficiently regular that responses to each situation could be genetically hardwired. A possible categorization of what can be learned is as follows: First, an animal may learn that an event is likely to happen. This means learning predictive relations between events, or the probability that an event A occurs with an event B, rather than independently. Second, they may form a representation of the magnitude of the event. Third, animals may learn when an event is likely to happen, the temporal relations between events. Fourth, they may acquire knowledge where something will happen, the spatial relations between events. The question arises whether these distinctions are merely convenient labels or reflect genuine differences between dissociable psychological variables and perhaps processes. The most widely accepted account of animal learning, associative learning theory, assumes that information from all these variables is collapsed into only a single output variable: the strength of an associative link. The theoretical framework of associative learning has predominantly been tested and developed within the domain of learning about predictive relationships between events, weighted by event relevance. The requirements for navigation through space are in some respects quite different. Animals can influence the rate and direction of their passage through space. In the two or three dimensions of space shortcuts and detours become possible. The computation of path length may require vector addition. Possible goals of computation will be considered and compared to data on the contents, acquisition and manipulation of spatial representations. The experimental part of this thesis concentrates on two aspects of information acquisition, landmark stability and blocking. Animals appear to weigh information from different sources according to two different and normally opposed criteria, accuracy and reliability. If discrepancy between two such sources is small, more weight will be given to the more accurate source of information, if the discrepancy is large more to the reliable source.
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Honey, R. "Conditioning and discrimination after nonreinforced stimulus preexposure." Thesis, University of York, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378062.
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Morris, Kasey Lynn. "Differentiating Between Objectification and Animalization: Associations Between Women, Objects, and Animals." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4831.
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While it's clear that the objectification of women is a prominent feature of Western society, it is far less clear what it actually means to be objectified. Philosophers, feminist scholars and psychologist agree that objectification involves a denial of humanity, however, the nature of this dehumanization has yet to be explained. Although existing research provides evidence that objectified women are associated both with objects and animals, no research has examined the conditions under which women are likely to be dehumanized by one form or another. Here, I propose that animalization, characterized by an association with animals, occurs when a woman is portrayed in a sexualized manner. In contrast, objectification, characterized by an association with objects, occurs when a woman is portrayed with a focus on her appearance. Two studies were designed to test this hypothesis. Study 1 found that when participants were primed with an image of a sexualized woman, they were more likely to animalistically dehumanize her (which is consistent with likening to animals). Conversely, when participants were primed with an image of a "beautified" woman, they were more likely to mechanistically dehumanize her (which is consistent with likening to objects). Study 2 attempted to make this link more directly by measuring implicit associations between women, objects, and animals as a function of the image prime, but failed to find the hypothesized result. This research provides the first empirical evidence that different portrayals of women (either sexualized or with a focus on appearance) implicate different forms of dehumanization.
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Pértille, Fábio. "Unraveling important genetic associations and differential methylation profiles using reduced genome sequencing in chickens." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-29112016-121348/.
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Chickens are ideal model organism to improve understanding of several research areas as phylogenetic, embryology, biomedicine, livestock, and have recently been suggested as a promising model for epigenetic studies. In the livestock area, chickens are source of protein to humans and had been selected to achieve a high production standards based on genetic breeding by the traditional selection. We are now in the genomics and epigenomics era and it is time be concern about the use of new tools to improve selection not only thinking about production, but also in the health and welfare of animals. The use of molecular approaches, have been a fundamental tool to understand biological models and improve selection strategies based on genomic information in breeding programs. Molecular approaches have also contributed to understanding of the evolutionary history of these models and the genetics and epigenetics mechanisms involved in evolution process and genetic diversification of chickens. In this context, many technologies have emerged to produce high-throughput data using Next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches. NGS provided a large amount of information for diverse purposes such as to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and methylated DNA profiles in chickens. In addition, NGS has allowed the development of pre-designed SNP arrays for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with specific phenotypes of interest. Moreover, although NGS has enough power to detect informative polymorphisms, its high cost makes it impractical to be used in GWAS and Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeDIPseq) studies. The demand for an economical, efficient, simple-step and reliable genome-wide method of SNPs discovery, validation and characterization, was the reason for the development of this study. We applied reduced representation sequence by restriction enzyme (RE) cleavage of target chicken genome to be applied in GWAS. Thereafter, to combine the reduced representation of the genome with MeDIPseq method, we developed a novel approach to perform differential methylation studies using reduced libraries. These works allowed us to identify SNPs associated with performance traits and differential methylation windows related to different stress conditions in chickens.A galinha é um organismo modelo ideal para melhorar o entendimento de diversas áreas da pesquisa como: filogenética, embriologia, biomedicina, pecuária, e tem sido recentemente sugerida como um modelo promissor para estudos em epigenética. Na pecuária, as galinhas são fonte de proteína para os seres humanos e tem sido alvo de seleção para alcançar um alto padrão de produção com base no melhoramento genético tradicional. Mas agora, estamos na era genômica e epigenômica e as atenções devem ser voltadas para o uso de novas ferramentas para melhorar a seleção não só pensando em produção, mas também na saúde e bem-estar dos animais. O uso de abordagens moleculares, tem sido uma ferramenta fundamental para compreender modelos biológicos e melhorar as estratégias de seleção baseadas na informação genômica em programas de melhoramento. Abordagens moleculares, também tem contribuído para a compreensão da história evolutiva desses modelos e os mecanismos genéticos e epigenéticos envolvidos no processo de evolução e diversificação genética das galinhas. Neste contexto, tecnologias evoluíram para produção de dados de sequenciamento de alto rendimento por sequenciamento de próxima geração (NGS). NGS forneceu uma grande quantidade de informação a ser utilizado para diversos fins, como para detectar polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) e perfis de metilação diferencial do DNA em galinhas. NGS tem permitido também o desenvolvimento de painéis de SNP para testes de associações genômica ampla (GWAS) com fenótipos específicos de interesse. Embora NGS tem poder suficiente para detectar polimorfismos informativos, o seu elevado custo o torna impraticável para ser utilizado em GWAS ou estudos de metilação diferencial por sequenciamento de DNA metilado por imunoprecipitação (MeDIPseq). A procura de um método de genotipagem eficiente, simples, econômico e confiável para descoberta, caracterização e validação de SNPs, foi a razão para o desenvolvimento deste estudo. Utilizamos sequenciamento do genoma reduzido por enzima de restrição (RE) que cliva o genoma alvo para identificação de SNPs nestas bibliotecas reduzidas e aplicação deste método em GWAS. Em seguida, para combinar a representação reduzida do genoma com o método MeDIPS, desenvolvemos uma nova abordagem para a realização de estudos de metilação diferencial utilizando as bibliotecas reduzidas. Estes trabalhos permitiram a identificação de SNPs associados com características de desempenho e janelas de metilação diferencial relacionados a diferentes condições de manejo em galinhas.
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Chausse, Anne-Marie. "Approche moleculaire de l'association entre le complexe majeur d'histocompatibilite et les maladies dans deux especes differentes." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077033.
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Riedy, Christine Ann. "The association between reproductive function and body weight regulation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9126.
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Freidin, Esteban. "Rationality, foraging, and associative learning : an integraltive approach." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:76c2b5f0-aa69-4cb7-9bfb-21b14dd510d2.
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One basic requisite for rationality is that choices are consistent across situations. Animals commonly violate rationality premises as evidenced, for example, by context-dependent choices, and such apparent irrationalities stand as paradoxes that instigate re-examination of some assumptions in behaviour ecological modelling. The goal of the present thesis was to study the psychological mechanisms underlying apparent irrationalities in order to assess the functional implications of general processes of valuation and choice. A common thread through the different studies is the hypothesis that most animal 'irrationalities' are due to misinterpretation of what the optimum would be in natural circumstances, and hence of the maximised currency in the theoretical predictions. I believe that the trait that may have been of paramount influence in many organisms' selective history was the ability to learn about the predictability of events and their biological value, and that this is implemented in an overriding force of associative learning mechanisms. In chapters 2 and 3, I present evidence of context-dependent foraging choices in European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, in the laboratory, and I implement a version of the Rescorla- Wagner learning model to account for both present data and apparent irrationalities reported by other authors. In chapter 4, I test the notion that context dependence may in fact be adaptive when animals face sequential choices, namely when they have to decide whether to take a prey item or to skip it in order to search for better alternatives. In chapter 5, I explore the functional implications of starlings' relative responding to incentives during an unexpected shortfall in reinforcement, and I also examine the extent to which information about the new environmental status helps them avoid energetic and time costs commonly seen in uninformed individuals. Last, in chapter 6, I present a brief summary of the main discussions considered and conclusions reached along this thesis.
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Arce, Cherlynn Daniela da Silva. "Comparação de métodos de construção de haplótipos em estudo de associação genômica ampla com dados simulados." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153363.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Com o avanço dos estudos em genética e da tecnologia aplicada à genotipagem de marcadores moleculares, a identificação de polimorfismos associados às características de interesse econômico se tornou mais acessível, possibilitando a sua utilização aumentar a acurácia de modelos de predição do mérito genético dos animais. Esse avanço também possibilitou aumentar a acurácia dos estudos para identificação de QTLs para características de interesse econômico. Entretanto, os marcadores comumente utilizados para tal fim são os SNPs, que por serem bi-alélicos podem não ser muito eficientes na identificação dos QTLs. Os haplótipos, multi-alélicos, apresentam maior possibilidade de estarem em desequilíbrios de ligação (DL) com os QTLs. Dessa forma, objetivou-se no presente trabalho identificar o melhor método de construção de haplótipos para utilização em estudos de detecção de QTLs, a partir da comparação dos três métodos mais comumente utilizados para este fim. Foram utilizadas três populações simuladas representando características com três diferentes valores de herdabilidade, para as quais foram armazenados os dados fenotípicos, genotípicos e de pedigree dos 6.000 animais da população mais recente: Pop1 com herdabilidade baixa (0,10); Pop2 com herdabilidade moderada (0,25); e, Pop3 com herdabilidade alta (0,35). Os genomas simulados consistiram de 750.000 marcadores do tipo SNP, e 750 QTLs, com dois a quatro alelos, dispostos aleatoriamente em 29 cromossomos com tamanho total de 2.333 centimorgans (cM). A partir da simulação foram eliminados os SNPs cuja frequência do menor alelo foi menor que 0,1, restando 576.027, 577.189 e 576.675 marcadores para as populações Pop1, Pop2 e Pop3, respectivamente. A variação fenotípica foi de 1,0 e a variação dos QTLs foi de 50% das herdabilidades, para cada população. As médias dos DL para cada cromossomo, medidas pela estatística D', variaram de 0,20 até 0,30 para todas as populações, na última geração. Foram construídos haplótipos utilizando três métodos: Intervalo de Confiança (IC), Regra de Quatro Gametas (RQG) e Janelas Sobrepostas (JS). Para Pop1, no cromossomo 15, os métodos IC, RQG e JS identificaram cinco, oito e sete QTLs, respectivamente. Somente um QTL foi identificado nos cromossomos 19 e 29. Para a característica de herdabilidade alta, foi identificado um QTL no cromossomo 11. Em relação às análises de associação utilizando SNPs individuais, foram identificados quatro QTLs no cromossomo 15. Para a característica de herdabilidade moderada, não foram encontrados haplótipos ou SNPs isolados significativos. A metodologia de formação de haplótipos baseado na RQG foi considerada a mais eficiente para detecção de QTLs em relação aos métodos IC e JS, bem como ao uso dos SNPs isolados.
With the advancement of genetic studies and the technology applied to the genotyping of molecular markers, the identification of polymorphisms associated with the characteristics of economic interest became more accessible, allowing its use to increase the accuracy of prediction models of the genetic merit of the animals. This advance also made it possible to increase the accuracy of studies to identify QTLs for characteristics of economic interest. However, the commonly used markers for this purpose are SNPs, which because they are bi-allelic may not be very efficient in identifying QTLs. The haplotypes, multi-allelic, are more likely to be in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with QTLs. Thus, the objective of this work was to identify the best haplotype construction method for use in QTLs detection studies, by comparing the three methods most commonly used for this purpose. Three simulated populations representing characteristics with three different heritability values were used for which the phenotypic, genotypic and pedigree data of the 6,000 animals were stored: Pop1 with low heritability (0.10); Pop2 with moderate heritability (0.25); and, Pop3 with high heritability (0.35). The simulated genomes consisted of 750,000 SNP-type markers, and 750 QTLs, with two to four alleles, arranged randomly on 29 chromosomes with a total size of 2,333 centimorgans (cM). From the simulation the SNPs whose frequency of the lowest allele was less than 0.1 were eliminated, leaving 576,027, 577,189 and 576,675 markers for Pop1, Pop2 and Pop3 populations, respectively. The phenotypic variation was 1.0 and the variation of QTLs was 50% of the heritabilities, for each population. The mean LD for each chromosome, measured by the D' statistic, ranged from 0.20 to 0.30 for all populations in the last generation. Haplotypes were constructed using three methods: Confidence Interval (CI), Four Gametes Rule (FGR) and Sliding-Window (SW). For Pop1, on chromosome 15, CI, FGR and SW methods identified five, eight and seven QTLs, respectively. Only one QTL was identified on chromosomes 19 and 29. For the high heritability characteristic, a QTL was identified on chromosome 11. Regarding the association analyzes using individual SNPs, four QTLs were identified on chromosome 15. For the moderate heritability characteristic, no significant isolated haplotypes or SNPs were found. The methodology of haplotype formation based on the FGR was considered the most efficient for the detection of QTLs in relation to CI and SW methods, as well as to the use of isolated SNPs.