Relevant bibliographies by topics / Anglo-Saxon

Academic literature on the topic 'Anglo-Saxon'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Anglo-Saxon"

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Biddle, Martin, Rosemary Cramp, Milton Mcc Gatch, Simon Keynes, and Birthe Kjølbye-Biddle. "Anglo-Saxon Architecture and Anglo-Saxon studies: a review." Anglo-Saxon England 14 (December 1985): 293–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026367510000137x.

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The pilgrimage to discriminate the styles of Anglo-Saxon architecture on which Dr Harold Taylor embarked with his late wife Joan some fifty years ago was brought to a majestic conclusion in 1978 by the publication of the third volume of Anglo-Saxon Architecture (hereafter AS Arch), the first two volumes of which appeared in 1965. It is a work in the mainstream of English antiquarianism, reaching back to the days of Camden, Aubrey, Stukeley and Horsley, and is to be compared in our own time only with Pevsner's The Buildings of England.
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Okasha, Elizabeth. "Anglo-Saxon Sundials." Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 22 (2020): 96–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/9781789697865-6.

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This paper lists and discusses all known Anglo-Saxon stone sundials in the light of recent work published on Anglo- Saxon and Romanesque sculpture. Typical features of these sundials are given, including differences between the sundials and the ‘scratch dials’, the latter being more numerous and largely of post-Conquest date. The function and working of the sundials, and the systems of time-measurement used on them, are described and discussed. The second half of the paper discusses the twelve Anglo-Saxon stone sundials which contain an inscribed text, considering in particular the nature of the texts and the vocabulary employed. This vocabulary is compared with time-measurement vocabulary used in contemporary manuscripts. Finally the question is addressed as to why Anglo-Saxon sundials are always found in association with churches.
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Baggini, Julian. "Anglo-Saxon reserve." Philosophers' Magazine, no. 43 (2008): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/tpm20084313.

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McLellan, David. "Marx anglo-saxon." Actuel Marx 1, no. 1 (1987): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/amx.001.0129.

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Bigmore, Peter, and Della Hooke. "Anglo-Saxon Settlements." Geographical Journal 156, no. 1 (March 1990): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/635469.

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Bassett, Steven. "Anglo-Saxon Warwick." Midland History 34, no. 2 (September 2009): 123–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/175638109x417332.

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Ferhatović, Denis. "Anglo-Saxon Keywords." English Studies 96, no. 3 (February 25, 2015): 358–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0013838x.2014.998033.

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Dumont, E. A. "Anglo-Saxon attitudes." Nature 365, no. 6448 (October 1993): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/365688b0.

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Higham, Nicholas John, and John Blair. "Anglo Saxon Oxfordshire." Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 27, no. 1 (1995): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4052673.

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Blumstock, Robert. "Anglo - Saxon Lament*." Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie 3, no. 2 (July 14, 2008): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618x.1966.tb00460.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Anglo-Saxon"

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Thornbury, Emily Victoria. "Anglo-Saxon poetics." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615780.

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Hofmann, Petra. "Infernal imagery in Anglo-Saxon charters." Thesis, St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/498.

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Andrade, Anthea Rebecca. "The Anglo-Saxon Peace Weaving Warrior." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2006. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/english_theses/12.

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Beowulf presents a literary starting point in the discussion of peace weaving, reflecting the primary focus of Anglo Saxon epic poetry on the male hero rather than the peace weaver. Scholarship on peace weaving figures in the poem tend to negatively perceive the lack of female presence, and determine the tradition as one set up for failure. Adding historical peace weavers like Queen Emma to the discourse encourages scholars to view smaller successes, like temporary peace, as building on each other to ultimately cause the peace weaver to be successful at her task. From studying the life of Queen Emma, the continuous struggle of such a figure to be an influential presence in her nation is more evident. Combining the images of peace weaving set down by literature and then history prove that figures participating in the tradition are as vital to the heroic world as the warrior himself.
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Ayling, Dorothy Ruth. "The psalms in Anglo-Saxon literature." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309995.

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Kabir, Ananya Jahanara. "Interim paradises and Anglo-Saxon literature." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624789.

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Richardson, Andrew Frank. "The Anglo-Saxon cemeteries of Kent." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365113.

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Johnson, Christopher. "The priesthood in Anglo-Saxon England." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:21163779-5879-4da7-9582-7fd3b7a489f1.

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The Priesthood in Anglo-Saxon England explores the life and work of priests in England between the arrival of St. Augustine in 597 and the reforming Council of Clofesho of 747. It seeks to reposition priests within the consciousness of Anglo-Saxon historians by demonstrating the essential role which they played first in the conversion of the English, and then in the pastoral care which the English people received up to the reforms instigated by Archbishop Cuthbert at the 747 Council of Clofesho. The thesis draws on several trends in recent Anglo-Saxon historiography, notably focus in recent years on the role and function of monasteria. Sarah Foot’s work, Monastic Life in Anglo-Saxon England, c. 600 – 900, is the primary study in this area. Many historians working in this area have read Bede’s Historia Ecclesiastica, the main narrative source for our period, in a predominantly monastic light. Close attention to the text of this and other works of Bede’s however demonstrates that priests were indispensable in the initial conversion and continued care of the people, particularly because of their ability to celebrate the sacraments. This thesis contends that monasteria increasingly gained control over pastoral care through their continued endowment and royal privilege. This effectively removed the cura animarum from the bishops, to whom it was theoretically entrusted. Following the example of Theodore and Bede, and on the prompting of his contemporary Boniface, in 747 Archbishop Cuthbert recognised the need to reform the structure of the church in Southumbria, particularly the relationship between the episcopate and the monasteria, and so restore the cure to its rightful place. He and his fellow bishops achieved this by redefining pastoral care along sacramental grounds, thereby excluding monks from its exercise, and putting the priest back at the heart of the church’s mission to the people of England.
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Lavelle, Ryan Lawrence. "Royal estates in Anglo-Saxon Wessex." Thesis, University of Winchester, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.431234.

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Using a study area of the pre-Conquest shires of Hampshire and Dorset, this thesis provides an analysis of the lands used to support members of the Anglo-Saxon royal family in Wessex and the strategies employed to manage those landholdings. Categories of land units are explored, along with their interactions with other land units. The main evidential corpus for this study is Domesday Book, which provides a starting point from which to examine the 'farm of one night'. This distinctive type of estate is explored, including where these places appear in narrative sources. The nature of booklands granted to members of the royal family is also discussed in detail, showing that the control of those royal family members who held booklands was limited by royal landholding strategies. It is also suggested that the lands held by royal agents were closely associated with the running of night's farm estates. The examination of the categories of land results in a picture of a closely controlled system of managing the distribution of landed resources imposed during the later Anglo-Saxon period.
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Burch, Peter James Winter. "The origins of Anglo-Saxon kingship." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-origins-of-anglosaxon-kingship(49264d94-935e-4661-82da-891c9ab0448b).html.

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The origins of kingship have typically been accepted as a natural or inevitable development by scholars. The purpose of this thesis is to question that assumption. This work will re-examine the origins of early Anglo-Saxon kingship through a coherent and systematic survey of the available and pertinent archaeological and historical sources, addressing them by type, by period and as their varying natures require. The thesis begins with the archaeological evidence. ‘Elite’ burials, such as Mound One, Sutton Hoo, will be ranked according to their probability of kingliness. This process will point to elite burial as being a regionally-specific, predominately-seventh-century, phenomenon of an ideologically-aware, sophisticated and established political institution. Consequently, elite burial cannot be seen as an indication of the origins of kingship, but can instead be interpreted as a development or experiment within kingship. Analysis of ‘elite’ settlements, such as Yeavering, and numismatic evidence, will lead to similar conclusions. Further, consideration of various other settlement types – former Roman military sites in Northern Britain, former Roman Towns, and enclosed settlements – will point to various potential origins of Anglo-Saxon kingship in the form of continuities with previous Roman, Romano-British or British power structures. The thesis will go on to consider the historical sources. Those of the fifth and sixth centuries, primarily Gildas’s De excidio et conquestu Britanniae, point to several factors of note. The cessation of formal imperial rule over Britain following c.410 effectively created a power vacuum. Various new sources of political power are observable attempting to fill this vacuum, one of which, ultimately, was kingship. Through analogy with contemporary British kingdoms, it is possible to suggest that this development of kingship in England may be placed in the early sixth, if not the fifth, centuries. This would make the origins of Anglo-Saxon kingship significantly earlier than typically thought. This kingship was characterised by the conduct of warfare, its dependence on personal relationships, and particularly by its varying degrees of status and differing manifestations of power covered by the term king. Further details will be added to this image through the narrative and documentary sources of the seventh and early eighth centuries. These predominately shed light on the subsequent development of kingship, particularly its growing association with Christianity. Indeed, the period around c.600 can be highlighted as one of notable change within Anglo-Saxon kingship. However, it is possible to point to the practice of food rents, tolls and the control of resources serving as an economic foundation for kingship, while legal intervention and claimed descent from gods also provide a potential basis of power. Several characteristics of seventh- and early-eighth-century kingship will also be highlighted as being relevant to its origins – the conduct of warfare and the exercise of over-kingship – relating to the general propensity for amalgamation through conquest. Other trajectories are also highlighted, specifically continuity from previous Roman and British entities and the development of ‘pop-up’ kingdoms. The overall result is one in which long-term amalgamation and short-term disintegration and re-constitution were equally in evidence, set against the wider context of broad regional continuities. Overall, therefore, the thesis will not fully resolve the issue of the origins of Anglo-Saxon kingship, but it does offer a means to re-frame discussion, explore the social and economic underpinnings of kingship and assess its primacy as an institution within early Anglo-Saxon England.
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Church, Alan P. "Scribal rhetoric in Anglo-Saxon England /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9320.

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Books on the topic "Anglo-Saxon"

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Cameron, M. L. Anglo-saxon medicine. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1993.

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Harlen, Sarah. Anglo-Saxon royalty. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1985.

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Frantzen, Allen J. Anglo-Saxon Keywords. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118255575.

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Wilson, Angus. Anglo-Saxon Attitudes. London: Grafton Books, 1986.

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Whitelock, Dorothy. Anglo-Saxon wills. Holmes Beach, Fla: Wm. W. Gaunt & Sons, 1986.

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Willison, John Stephen Sir. Anglo-Saxon amity. [Toronto?: s.n., 1994.

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Della, Hooke, ed. Anglo-Saxon settlements. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1988.

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1939-, Porter John, ed. Anglo-Saxon riddles. Norfolk, England: Anglo-Saxon Books, 1995.

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Cramp, Rosemary. Anglo-Saxon connections. [Durham]: Dean and Chapter, Durham Cathedral, 1989.

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John, Blair. Anglo-Saxon Oxfordshire. Dover, NH: A. Sutton, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Anglo-Saxon"

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Campbell, James. "Anglo-Saxon Courts." In Studies in the Early Middle Ages, 155–69. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.sem-eb.3.3823.

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Jones, Peter E. "L’imagisme anglo-saxon." In Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages, 263. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/chlel.iv.36jon.

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Harries, Eileen. "Anglo-Saxon England." In Handbook for History Teachers, 306–10. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032163840-33.

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Rodda, Angela. "Anglo-Saxon England." In Handbook for History Teachers, 537–39. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032163840-75.

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Loyd, L., and Jennifer Laing. "Pagan Saxon England." In Anglo-Saxon England, 19–87. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003411956-2.

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"Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts." In A History of Old English Literature, 58–82. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118441138.ch2.

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Kendrick, T. D., and C. F. C. Hawkes. "Anglo-Saxon Period." In Archaeology in England and Wales 1914–1931, 303–48. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315515458-12.

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Raw, Barbara. "Anglo-Saxon prayerbooks." In The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, 460–67. Cambridge University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521583459.021.

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Gwara, Scott. "Anglo-Saxon schoolbooks." In The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, 507–24. Cambridge University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521583459.024.

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Ganz, David. "Anglo-Saxon England." In The Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland, 91–108. Cambridge University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521781947.006.

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Conference papers on the topic "Anglo-Saxon"

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Hempstead, C. A. "The spoils of war: an Anglo-Saxon perspective." In IET History of Technology Network 36th Annual Weekend Meeting. IET, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2009.1246.

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"COMPARISON OF GERMAN AND ANGLO SAXON REAL ESTATE APPRAISAL METHODS." In 17th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference: ERES Conference 2010. ERES, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2010_370.

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Tomberg, Olga. "Characteristic Features Of Artistic Images’ Linguistic Representation In Anglo-Saxon Poetic Linguoculture." In WUT 2018 - IX International Conference “Word, Utterance, Text: Cognitive, Pragmatic and Cultural Aspects”. Cognitive-Crcs, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2018.04.02.84.

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Tofanica, Inesa, and Aliona Birca. "Sisteme contabile în Uniunea Europeană." In International Scientific Conference ”Development Through Research and Innovation - 2023”, 4nd Edition. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/dri2023.11.

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nformația contabilă este foarte importantă pentru utilizatorii financiari. Modul de prezentare a informației contabile este în strânsă corelație cu sistemul contabil adoptat de țară. Sistemele contabile internaționale au suferit modificări de-a lungul timpului. Există mai multe clasificări ale sistemelor contabile, dintre care cea mai importantă este cea a lui Nobes (1998), care împarte sistemele contabile în anglo-saxon și continental-european. Între țările Uniunii Europene regăsim reprezentante din ambele categorii de sisteme contabile.
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ANDRIEȘ, Vasile. "Aspecte organizatorice și funcționale ale educației extrașcolare în unele societăți contemporane." In Educația în contextul provocărilor societale: paradigme, inovații, transfer tehnologic. "Ion Creanga" State Pedagogical University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46727/c.17-11-2023.p327-340.

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In this article we aimed to examine organizational, managerial and functional aspects of extracurricular education (student circles) in nine countries, such as: Great Britain, the USA and Australia as Anglo-Saxon states;, Singapore – Asian state from the Pacific area with a specific system; Spain, France, Belgium and Germany as continental European states; Sweden – representative of the Northern European countries. The analysis focused on the general education system practiced in the mentioned states, the organization of school circles, the types of circles and activities.
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Jakubovska, Viera. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS� CRITICAL THINKING THROUGH THE STUDY OF ANGLO-SAXON CULTURE AND LITERATURE." In 2nd International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2015/b12/s3.126.

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Peake, James R. N., and Ian C. Freestone. "Cross-craft interactions between metal and glass working: slag additions to early Anglo-Saxon red glass." In Integrated Approaches to the Study of Historical Glass - IAS12, edited by Hugo Thienpont, Wendy Meulebroeck, Karin Nys, and Dirk Vanclooster. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.973765.

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State, Violeta, and Raluca Andreea Stoica. "Comparative Study on the Regulation of Group Companies Accounts Consolidation – Anglo-Saxon Approach versus Continental Approach." In International Conference Globalization, Innovation and Development. Trends and Prospects (G.I.D.T.P.). LUMEN Publishing House, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/gidtp2018/19.

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de Lima, Luiz Fernando F. P., and Renata Mendes de Araujo. "A call for a research agenda on fair NLP for Portuguese." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Tecnologia da Informação e da Linguagem Humana. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/stil.2023.233763.

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Diverse areas widely apply artificial intelligence and natural language processing (NLP) tools to their contexts. However, these algorithms present ethical issues, such as biased and discriminatory decisions. For example, representation biases in NLP can result in discriminatory behavior towards race and gender. Works have been addressing this issue and seeking to build fair NLP solutions, however they mainly focus on Anglo-Saxon languages. This work aims to challenge the scientific community in order to stimulate and motivate further research in the fair NLP specifically for the Portuguese language. To achieve this, a literature review was conducted to identify existing research efforts and indicate future directions.
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Tivyaeva, I. "ANGLO-SAXON ACADEMIC CULTURE AND RUSSIAN SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION: "GLOBAL" AND "LOCAL" IN THE REALM OF RUSSIAN SCIENCE." In 4th International Conference Modern Culture and Communication. Institute for Peace and Conflict Research, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31312/978-5-6048848-7-4-14.

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The past decade has been characterized by the endeavors of Russian researchers to integrate into the global academic community, a drive that has received official endorsement. This endorsement is manifested through various channels, including incentives for participation in international events, prerequisites for recipients of grants from the Russian Science Foundation (RNF), criteria for universities involved in the "5-100" and "Priority 2030" programs, as well as the stipulation of having publications in leading international journals and presenting research findings at global academic forums. However, this approach has encountered strong resistance in specific university and research circles, accentuating a dichotomy between "us" and "them." It has led some to compromise scientific ethics by resorting to publications in so-called "predatory" journals and, ultimately, spurred cross-cultural interference within the academic environment, giving rise to novel conference formats and transformations in publishing practices, among other changes. This study places particular emphasis on the impact of Anglo-Saxon academic culture on Russian scientific journals and publication standards, which have undergone substantial modifications to align with international expectations. While changes in the geopolitical landscape during 2022–2023 have prompted a reevaluation of established practices within the academic community, these new external realities do not necessarily signify a complete abandonment by Russian science of the entrenched communicative practices of the preceding decade.
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Reports on the topic "Anglo-Saxon"

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Bourrier, Mathilde, Michael Deml, and Farnaz Mahdavian. Comparative report of the COVID-19 Pandemic Responses in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. University of Stavanger, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.254.

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The purpose of this report is to compare the risk communication strategies and public health mitigation measures implemented by Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK) in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic based on publicly available documents. The report compares the country responses both in relation to one another and to the recommendations and guidance of the World Health Organization where available. The comparative report is an output of Work Package 1 from the research project PAN-FIGHT (Fighting pandemics with enhanced risk communication: Messages, compliance and vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak), which is financially supported by the Norwegian Research Council's extraordinary programme for corona research. PAN-FIGHT adopts a comparative approach which follows a “most different systems” variation as a logic of comparison guiding the research (Przeworski & Teune, 1970). The countries in this study include two EU member States (Sweden, Germany), one which was engaged in an exit process from the EU membership (the UK), and two non-European Union states, but both members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA): Norway and Switzerland. Furthermore, Germany and Switzerland govern by the Continental European Federal administrative model, with a relatively weak central bureaucracy and strong subnational, decentralised institutions. Norway and Sweden adhere to the Scandinavian model—a unitary but fairly decentralised system with power bestowed to the local authorities. The United Kingdom applies the Anglo-Saxon model, characterized by New Public Management (NPM) and decentralised managerial practices (Einhorn & Logue, 2003; Kuhlmann & Wollmann, 2014; Petridou et al., 2019). In total, PAN-FIGHT is comprised of 5 Work Packages (WPs), which are research-, recommendation-, and practice-oriented. The WPs seek to respond to the following research questions and accomplish the following: WP1: What are the characteristics of governmental and public health authorities’ risk communication strategies in five European countries, both in comparison to each other and in relation to the official strategies proposed by WHO? WP2: To what extent and how does the general public’s understanding, induced by national risk communication, vary across five countries, in relation to factors such as social capital, age, gender, socio-economic status and household composition? WP3: Based on data generated in WP1 and WP2, what is the significance of being male or female in terms of individual susceptibility to risk communication and subsequent vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak? WP4: Based on insight and knowledge generated in WPs 1 and 2, what recommendations can we offer national and local governments and health institutions on enhancing their risk communication strategies to curb pandemic outbreaks? WP5: Enhance health risk communication strategies across five European countries based upon the knowledge and recommendations generated by WPs 1-4. Pre-pandemic preparedness characteristics All five countries had pandemic plans developed prior to 2020, which generally were specific to influenza pandemics but not to coronaviruses. All plans had been updated following the H1N1 pandemic (2009-2010). During the SARS (2003) and MERS (2012) outbreaks, both of which are coronaviruses, all five countries experienced few cases, with notably smaller impacts than the H1N1 epidemic (2009-2010). The UK had conducted several exercises (Exercise Cygnet in 2016, Exercise Cygnus in 2016, and Exercise Iris in 2018) to check their preparedness plans; the reports from these exercises concluded that there were gaps in preparedness for epidemic outbreaks. Germany also simulated an influenza pandemic exercise in 2007 called LÜKEX 07, to train cross-state and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007). In 2017 within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with WHO and World Bank representatives to prepare for potential future pandemics (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). Prior to COVID-19, only the UK had expert groups, notably the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), that was tasked with providing advice during emergencies. It had been used in previous emergency events (not exclusively limited to health). In contrast, none of the other countries had a similar expert advisory group in place prior to the pandemic. COVID-19 waves in 2020 All five countries experienced two waves of infection in 2020. The first wave occurred during the first half of the year and peaked after March 2020. The second wave arrived during the final quarter. Norway consistently had the lowest number of SARS-CoV-2 infections per million. Germany’s counts were neither the lowest nor the highest. Sweden, Switzerland and the UK alternated in having the highest numbers per million throughout 2020. Implementation of measures to control the spread of infection In Germany, Switzerland and the UK, health policy is the responsibility of regional states, (Länders, cantons and nations, respectively). However, there was a strong initial centralized response in all five countries to mitigate the spread of infection. Later on, country responses varied in the degree to which they were centralized or decentralized. Risk communication In all countries, a large variety of communication channels were used (press briefings, websites, social media, interviews). Digital communication channels were used extensively. Artificial intelligence was used, for example chatbots and decision support systems. Dashboards were used to provide access to and communicate data.
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