Journal articles: 'Angle measure'

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Horváth, Ivan, and Robert Mendris. "A Different Angle on Quantum Uncertainty (Measure Angle)." Proceedings 13, no. 1 (July 5, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019013008.

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The uncertainty associated with probing the quantum state is expressed as the effective abundance (measure) of possibilities for its collapse. New kinds of uncertainty limits entailed by the quantum description of the physical system arise in this manner.

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Browning, Christine A., Gina Garza-Kling, and Elizabeth Hill Sundling. "What's Your Angle on Angles?" Teaching Children Mathematics 14, no. 5 (December 2007): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/tcm.14.5.0283.

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The word angle may conjure up several thoughts—a corner, two rays and a vertex, or a degree measure. But what about the idea of a turn (a rotation around a fixed point) or of the space between two rays, and what exactly is a degree? Many upper-elementary students have such limited notions of angle that they struggle to provide an appropriate mathematical definition for the term and, instead, describe what we are measuring when we measure an angle. Yet, according to NCTM (2000), students in grades 6–8 must be able to “carefully examine the features of shapes in order to precisely define and describe fundamental shapes” (p. 233). Angle is certainly a prominent feature of shape, so, beginning in the elementary grades, providing students with opportunities to carefully explore the idea of angle is critical for the development of their understanding of geometry. Doing so, however, requires us as teachers to first realize the complexity of the concept of angle. As one sixth-grade student put it, “An angle is a lot more than just degrees.”

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Wilson, Patricia S., and Verna M. Adams. "A Dynamic Way to Teach Angle and Angle Measure." Arithmetic Teacher 39, no. 5 (January 1992): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/at.39.5.0006.

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Reger, Cheryl. "Sharing Teaching Ideas: Angle Hunt." Mathematics Teacher 83, no. 4 (April 1990): 282–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.83.4.0282.

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The concept of angle is basic in the study of geometry. It is either directly or indirectly a part of the mathematics curriculum at all levels. The activity presented here allows students to estimate angle measures and actually to measure angles. It is easy enough for K–8 students and yet interesting enough to motivate ninth- and tenth-grade students.

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Chiang, Chun-Ming, and Han-Yang Cheng. "Use smartphones to measure Brewster’s angle." Physics Teacher 57, no. 2 (February 2019): 118–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.5088478.

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Hardison, Hamilton L., and Hwa Young Lee. "Funky Protractors for Exploring Angle Measure." Mathematics Teacher: Learning and Teaching PK-12 113, no. 3 (March 2020): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtlt.2019.0214.

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In this article, we discuss funky protractor tasks, which we designed to provide opportunities for students to reason about protractors and angle measure. We address how we have implemented these tasks, as well as how students have engaged with them.

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Chen Haiping, 陈海平, 李佳斌 Li Jiabin, 刘长春 Liu Changchun, 熊召 Xiong Zhao, 周海 Zhou Hai, 袁晓东 Yuan Xiaodong, and 郑万国 Zheng Wanguo. "Research on Angle Measure Error Based on Method of Angle Difference." Acta Optica Sinica 34, no. 10 (2014): 1012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos201434.1012003.

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Giniotis, Vytautas, Mindaugas Rybokas, and Petras Petroškevičius. "INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE ACCURACY OF ANGLE CALIBRATION." Geodesy and cartography 30, no. 3 (August 3, 2012): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921541.2004.9636644.

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Technical possibilities to create equipment for the calibration of flat angles are discussed in the article. The angular standard measure, the radian, has not been realised as a standard unit until now. Nevertheless, the unit of angular measure in degrees is used as the geometric measure of length in geodesy, machine engineering and other branches of industry – by multiangular prisms – polygons with an autocollimator, rotary tables, circular scales, etc. It should be noted that these angle measures are calibrated against the upper level measures (etalons) only at the several intervals depending on the number of sides (angles) of the polygon or the other standard measure. The methods of calibration of constant angle value in full circle are used as well. At the same time geodetic instruments, rotary tables of metal cutting tools and instruments, rotary encoders have a great number of discrete values. These values between the calibrated points remain unknown during calibration. The information received during calibration relative to all the information available can be evaluated using information entropy. The equipment of calibration permitting to select significantly more information would be essential for better accuracy assurance of instruments used in machine engineering, geodesy, building structures. Theoretical and technical background for justifying and developing such equipment for angular accuracy calibration is presented here. A modern scientific and technical background validates this concept.

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Grötschel, Martin, Harald Hanche-Olsen, Helge Holden, and Michael P. Krystek. "On Angular Measures in Axiomatic Euclidean Planar Geometry." Measurement Science Review 22, no. 4 (May 14, 2022): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msr-2022-0019.

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Abstract We address the issue of angular measure, which is a contested issue for the International System of Units (SI). We provide a mathematically rigorous and axiomatic presentation of angular measure that leads to the traditional way of measuring a plane angle subtended by a circular arc as the length of the arc divided by the radius of the arc, a scalar quantity. We distinguish between the angular magnitude, defined in terms of congruence classes of angles, and the (numerical) angular measure that can be assigned to each congruence class in such a way that, e.g., the right angle has the numerical value π 2 {\pi \over 2} . We argue that angles are intrinsically different from lengths, as there are angles of special significance (such as the right angle, or the straight angle), while there is no distinguished length in Euclidean geometry. This is further underlined by the observation that, while units such as the metre and kilogram have been refined over time due to advances in metrology, no such refinement of the radian is conceivable. It is a mathematically defined unit, set in stone for eternity. We conclude that angular measures are numbers, and the current definition in SI should remain unaltered.

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Wah Lai, Hau, Cho Man Tsui, and Hing Wah Li. "Computer Aided Verification of Voltage Dips and Short Interruption Generators for Electromagnetic Compatibility Immunity Test in Accordance with IEC 61000-4-11: 2004 + AMD: 2017." NCSL International measure 13, no. 1 (2021): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.1.3.

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This paper describes a procedure and a computer-aided system developed by the Standards and Calibration Laboratory (SCL) for verification of voltage dip and short interruption generators in accordance with the international standard IEC 61000-4-11:2004+AMD1:2017. The verification is done by calibrating the specified parameters and comparing with the requirements stated in the standard. The parameters that should be calibrated are the ratios of the residual voltages to the rated voltage, the accuracy of the phase angle at switching, and the rise time, fall time, overshoot and undershoot of the switching waveform. A specially built adapter is used to convert the high voltage output waveforms of the generators to lower level signals to be acquired by a digital oscilloscope. The other circuits required for the testing are also provided. In addition, the paper discusses the uncertainty evaluations for the measured parameters.

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Okpala, Francis Osita. "Comparison of Four Radiographic Angular Measures of Lumbar Lordosis." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 09, no. 03 (July 2018): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jnrp.jnrp_508_17.

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ABSTRACT Background: Several attempts (radiographic and nonradiographic) have been made to measure the lumbar lordosis (LL), but the results differ substantially as investigators have used different parameters. Radiography is the gold standard, and the methods include lumbosacral angle (LSA), lumbosacral joint angle (LSJA), Cobb angle, and tangential radiologic assessment of LL (TRALL) angle. The traditional method, the Cobb technique, has a wide range of normal mean values, with a large standard deviation. Using a more reliable radiographic angle will hopefully simply and standardize LL measurement in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of patients. Aim: To compare in normal individuals with fully developed LL the LSA, LSJA, TRALL, and Cobb angles, by determining (a) if any correlation exists between them and (b) the most reliable measures of LL, based on, least (i) number of measurement lines, (ii) range of values, (iii) mean, (iv) standard deviation, and (v) variance. Materials and Methods: The four angles were retrospectively measured in each supine lateral lumbosacral radiograph of 100 males and 100 females, aged 15 years and above. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0 (NY, USA); P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: No correlation existed between the mean values of the four angles, and in each angle, there was no male-versus-female correlation. LSJA had the best reliability criteria for LL measurement. Conclusion: The mean LSA, LSJA, TRALL, and Cobb angles have no significant Pearson's correlation, and of the four angular measures of LL, LSJA was the most reliable.

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Zhang, Jin, and Robert R. Korfhage. "A distance and angle similarity measure method." Journal of the American Society for Information Science 50, no. 9 (1999): 772–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(1999)50:9<772::aid-asi5>3.0.co;2-e.

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Ling, Joseph M. "On Dekster’s angle measure in Minkowski spaces." Journal of Geometry 85, no. 1-2 (September 2006): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00022-006-0044-2.

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Matsumoto, Hirofumi, Makoto Shiraishi, Ariaki Higashi, Sakae Hino, Mayumi Kaburagi, Heisuke Mizukami, Futaba Maki, et al. "The Forward and Lateral Tilt Angle of the Neck and Trunk Measured by Three-Dimensional Gait and Motion Analysis as a Candidate for a Severity Index in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease." Neurology International 14, no. 3 (September 13, 2022): 727–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/neurolint14030061.

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(1) Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of a three-dimensional motion-analysis system (AKIRA®) as a quantitative measure of motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). (2) Method: This study included 48 patients with PD. We measured their motion during 2 m of walking using AKIRA®, we calculated the tilt angles of the neck and trunk, ankle height, and gait speed, then we compared these parameters with the MDS-UPDRS and the Hoehn and Yahr scale. Furthermore, we measured these AKIRA indicators before and after 1 year of observation. (3) Results: The forward tilt angle of the neck showed a strong correlation with the scores on parts II, III, and the total MDS-UPDRS, and the tilt angle of the trunk showed a moderate correlation with those measures. The lateral tilt angle of the trunk showed a moderate correlation with a freezing of the gait and a postural instability. Regarding changes over the course of 1 year (n = 34), the total scores on part III of the MDS-UPDRS and the forward tilt angle of the neck improved, while the lateral tilt angle of the trunk worsened. (4) Conclusion: Taken together, the forward and lateral tilt angles of the neck and trunk as measured by AKIRA® can be a candidate for quantitative severity index in patients with PD.

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Khan, Nida, Prakash Agarwal, Saroj Gupta, and Khalid Khan. "To measure angle of anterior chamber using Topcon SD-OCT: A new technique." Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 7, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijceo.2021.106.

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The proposed new method of measuring angle of anterior chamber is an effective method of measuring the angles. Identification of narrow anterior chamber angle is important for glaucoma screening and prophylactic treatment prevents acute angle closure glaucoma event.Aim of this study wasto measure the angle of anterior chamber using Topcon spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT).In this cross-sectional study 120 normal subjects above the age of 40 years were enrolled. The study was done at the tertiary health care center of central Indian. All volunteers had visual acuity of at least 6/9 with no ocular diseases. Using OCT the angle opening distance (AOD-500), trabecular–iris angle (TIA) and trabecular-iris space area (TISA-500) were measured. In this study the mean AOD was 0.430 µm in nasal and 0.433 µm in temporal quadrant. The mean TISA in nasal was 0.405 µm and temporal quadrant was 0.408 µm. While the mean trabecular iris angle (TIA) was 26.9° in nasal and 26.01° in temporal quadrant. The study proved that the proposed method of measuring AOD, TISA, TIA is the effective method as the Topcon-2000 OCT does not have any inbuilt software like that of other ASOCT machines.

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Nakashima, Yuki, Daisuke Iwaki, Toshihiro Kawae, Kenichi Fudeyasu, and Hiroaki Kimura. "Reliability of joint position sense measured in the knee using the level function of the iPhone “Measure” application." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 27, 2021): e0256561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256561.

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An impaired joint position sense (JPS) causes activity limitations, postural imbalance, and falls. This study compares the reliability of knee JPS measurements between the iPhone’s “Measure” application and VICON motion capture system. Eleven healthy participants were recruited for the study. To conduct the study measures, the blindfolded participant, with an iPhone fixed to the lower non-dominant leg, was seated with their lower limbs in a relaxed position. The examiner held the participant’s leg at the target angle (30°/60° from initial position) for 5 s before releasing it. The participant was then instructed to move the leg to the same target angle and hold it for 5 s (replicated angle). Absolute angular error (AAE), i.e., the difference between the target and replicated angles, was measured. Intraclass and Pearson correlation coefficients established statistically significant relationships. The study comprised 6 males and 5 females of mean age 27.6±5.6 years, mean height 1.67±0.10 m, and mean body weight 60.7±10.3 kg. Strong correlations existed between iPhone and VICON 30° (ICC = 0.969, r = 0.960, P < 0.001) and 60° AAEs (ICC 0.969, r = 0.960, P < 0.001). Bland-Altman plots showed a mean difference of 0.43° and 0.20° between the AAE measurements at 30° and 60°, respectively. The iPhone’s “Measure” application is a simple and reliable method for measuring JPS in clinical practice and sports/fitness settings.

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Tran Trung, Dung, Phuong Nguyen Huy, Tung Pham Son, Thien Chu Dinh, and Toi Chu Dinh. "Anatomical Study of Femoral Condylar Index in Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Implication to Total Knee Replacement Surgery for Vietnamese People." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 24 (December 20, 2019): 4362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.836.

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BACKGROUND: The femoral rotation angle is important element in total knee replacement (TKR). AIM: To measure this angle, we determine through the axes: the transepicondylar axis (cTEA and sTEA), the posterior condylar axis (PCA), the anteroposterior axis (APA – Whiteside axis). METHODS: Measuring the angles created by the four axes: cTEA, sTEA, PCA and APA in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); determining the femoral rotation angle and application TKR. RESULTS: the angle between APA and cTEA: 90.41° ± 3.35°, the angle between APA and sTEA: 94.47° ± 3.31°, the angle between APA and PCA: 96.40° ± 4.59°, the angle between cTEA and sTEA: 4.00° ± 1.02°, the angle between cTEA and PCA: 6.53° ± 2.55°, the angle between sTEA and PCA: 3.48° ± 1.91°. CONCLUSION: The angle between sTEA and PCA is the angle that best represents the femoral rotation angle. However, in case of sTEA or PCA is difficult to identify, it can be measure via the APA or cTEA. These angles don’t differ by age, gender and place of knee joint.

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Ocal, M. K., and S. S. Sabanci. "Lateral and medial tibial plateau angles in normal dogs." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 27, no. 02 (2014): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-13-04-0043.

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SummaryTo measure lateral and medial tibial plateau angle values in isolated canine tibiae and to compare lateral and medial tibial plateau angle values between dogs based on sex and breed.Tibiae of 90 dogs from 24 different breeds were used. Photographs were taken of the medial and lateral aspects of the tibiae for measurement of the medial and lateral tibial plateau angles. Additionally, the medial tibial plateau angle was measured from radiographs of the tibiae. Two-way analysis of variance was used to test the effects of side, sex and breed on the medial and lateral tibial plateau angles as measured from photographs as well as the medial tibial plateal angles as measured from radiographs. The photographic and radiographic medial tibial plateau angles were compared by paired t-test, whereas the medial and lateral photographic tibial plateau angles were compared by t-test.When all dogs were included in the analysis, the difference between the mean medial tibial plateau angle (24.0 ± 3.19°) and the mean lateral tibial plateau angle (25.5 ± 3.84°) as measured from photographs was significant (p <0.05). The difference in the photographic medial tibial plateau angle between male and female dogs was significant (p <0.05), whereas the difference in the photographic lateral tibial plateau angle between sexes was not significant. There was a significant difference between the medial and lateral tibial plateau angles as measured from photographs in male dogs (p <0.05) but not in female dogs. Breed comparisons also showed significant differences for the photographic lateral tibial plateau angle (p <0.05).The axial rotation of the femoral condyles on the tibial plateau is probably affected by the discrepancy between the medial and lateral tibial plateau angles, and this difference in certain breeds might influence the prevalence of cranial cruciate ligament disease.

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Pagni, David. "Angles, Time, and Proportion." Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 10, no. 9 (May 2005): 436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtms.10.9.0436.

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When we use an analog clock to teach children about different angles formed by the hour hand and the minute hand, we have the added benefit of connecting a specific time with a specific angle measure. For example, what is the measure of the angle formed by the hour hand and minute hand at 3:00? See figure 1. Reasoning that the hour hand and minute hand must be perpendicular (a horizontal line intersecting a vertical line), we can conclude that the angle measure is 90°.

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Mareš, Tomáš, Matej Daniel, Aleš Iglič, Veronika Kralj-Iglič, and Miha Fošnarič. "Determination of the Strength of Adhesion between Lipid Vesicles." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/146804.

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A commonly used method to determine the strength of adhesion between adhering lipid vesicles is measuring their effective contact angle from experimental images. The aim of this paper is to estimate the interobserver variations in vesicles effective contact angle measurements and to propose a new method for estimating the strength of membrane vesicle adhesion. Theoretical model shows for the old and for the new measure a monotonic dependence on the strength of adhesion. Results obtained by both measuring techniques show statistically significant correlation and high interobserver reliability for both methods. Therefore the conventional method of measuring the effective contact angle gives qualitatively relevant results as the measure of the lipid vesicle adhesion. However, the new measuring technique provides a lower variation of the measured values than the conventional measures using the effective contact angle. Moreover, obtaining the adhesion angle can be automatized more easily than obtaining the effective contact angle.

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Olson, Melfried, Fay Zenigami, and Claire Okazaki. "Take Time for Action: Students' Geometric Thinking about Rotations and Benchmark Angles." Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 14, no. 1 (August 2008): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtms.14.1.0024.

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The Measurement Standard states that understanding angles and angle measurement is important in the middle grades (NCTM 2000). To minimize misconceptions that the measure of an angle is determined by the length of its rays (Keiser 2000) or by its interior “space,” our curriculum research and development team decided to introduce angles and angle measurement using transformational geometry, specifically, the motion of rotation. Our class included ten fifth-grade students who had introductory experience with transformational geometry in the fourth grade. Our goals were for students to understand that 360 degrees measured a full rotation and to use this information to determine benchmark angles of 90 degrees, 180 degrees, and 270 degrees. To help achieve these goals, clockwise and counterclockwise movements were also emphasized. We hope the description of our students' developing understandings of angles and angle measurements will help you explore your students' thinking about these concepts.

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Guex, Kenny, Francois Fourchet, Heiko Loepelt, and Gregoire P. Millet. "Passive Knee-Extension Test to Measure Hamstring Tightness: Influence of Gravity Correction." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 21, no. 3 (August 2012): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.21.3.231.

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Context:A passive knee-extension test has been shown to be a reliable method of assessing hamstring tightness, but this method does not take into account the potential effect of gravity on the tested leg.Objective:To compare an original passive knee-extension test with 2 adapted methods including gravity’s effect on the lower leg.Design:Repeated measures.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:20 young track and field athletes (16.6 ± 1.6 y, 177.6 ± 9.2 cm, 75.9 ± 24.8 kg).Intervention:Each subject was tested in a randomized order with 3 different methods: In the original one (M1), passive knee angle was measured with a standard force of 68.7 N (7 kg) applied proximal to the lateral malleolus. The second (M2) and third (M3) methods took into account the relative lower-leg weight (measured respectively by handheld dynamometer and anthropometrical table) to individualize the force applied to assess passive knee angle.Main Outcome Measures:Passive knee angles measured with video-analysis software.Results:No difference in mean individualized applied force was found between M2 and M3, so the authors assessed passive knee angle only with M2. The mean knee angle was different between M1 and M2 (68.8 ± 12.4 vs 73.1 ± 10.6, P < .001). Knee angles in M1 and M2 were correlated (r = .93, P < .001).Conclusions:Differences in knee angle were found between the original passive knee-extension test and a method with gravity correction. M2 is an improved version of the original method (M1) since it minimizes the effect of gravity. Therefore, we recommend using it rather than M1.

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Chevidikunnan, Mohamed Faisal, Amer Al Saif, Harish Pai K, and Lawrence Mathias. "Comparing goniometric and radiographic measurement of Q angle of the knee." Asian Biomedicine 9, no. 5 (January 31, 2017): 631–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5372/1905-7415.0905.433.

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AbstractBackgroundThe Q angle is a relevant clinical diagnostic measurement to detect various disorders of the knee. The common method used to measure the Q angle in the routine clinical practice is by radiography. An alternative to radiographic measurement is goniometry, by which exposure to x-rays can be avoided.ObjectivesTo compare and correlate the goniometric measurement of Q angle with radiographic measurement of the Q angle in patients with acute knee pain.MethodsWe selected 45 patient participants with a mean age of 32.5 years who satisfied the inclusion criteria for this study. All the patients underwent goniometric measurement of the Q angle followed by x-ray imaging of the entire lower limb. Later the bony prominences were marked on the x-ray image and the Q angle formed was measured using a protractor. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the goniometric and radiographic measurements was determined.ResultsWe found a significant relationship between Q angles obtained using a goniometer and x-ray imaging in the supine position (r = 0.91, P = 0.001). The mean difference between the goniometric measurement of Q angle and the radiographic measurement was 0.1°, which is not significant.ConclusionsGoniometry can be used to measure Q angle as accurately as radiography, and can be used as an inexpensive and radiation free alternative.

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Clayton, David G. "A Trigonometrical Ratio to Replace the Dimensionless Angle in Radians." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education 38, no. 2 (April 2010): 132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/ijmee.38.2.4.

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Equations for use with SI radian units have the option of showing the radian unit or not. When the radian is not shown, identical purely numerical values for angles (θ) are produced in each equation. This is the common procedure. When the radian is shown, not all the θ values can show a radian unit: some must remain as pure numbers. This procedure is used whenever convenient, usually for extra clarity. The article proposes that the constantly numerical values of θ be treated as trigonometrical ratios, currently recognised as the ‘radian measure’ or the ‘circular measure’ (abbreviated: circ) of angles, and replaced by ‘circ θ’. This measure equals the length ratio (subtended arc/radius) for an angle θ at the circle centre. By this means the need for the dimensionless version of ‘angle in radians’ vanishes. In fact even dimensional angles in radians need not be used, because ‘circ θ’ allows any angle units to be used for θ.

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Alyami, Hanan. "A Radian Angle Measure and Light Reflection Activity." Mathematics Teacher: Learning and Teaching PK-12 115, no. 6 (June 2022): 422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtlt.2021.0217.

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During a Desmos activity, students adjust the measures of angles in radians to reposition a laser and a mirror so the beam passes through three stationary targets. The Radian Lasers activity can be extended to simulate project-based learning.

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Lopes, Karen de Carvalho, Mário Sérgio Lei Munhoz, Marco Aurélio Rocha Santos, Márcio Flávio Dutra Moraes, and Adriana Gonzaga Chaves. "Graphic angle measure as an electrocochleography evaluation parameter." Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 77, no. 2 (April 2011): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1808-86942011000200011.

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Tindall, A. J., C. B. D. Lavy, B. Msamarti, and P. Igbigbi. "Overhead cubital angle as a measure of age." Tropical Doctor 35, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0049475054036986.

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Obst, Martin. "A perimeter-based angle measure in Minkowski planes." Aequationes mathematicae 92, no. 1 (December 27, 2017): 135–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00010-017-0526-3.

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Garner, Brian A., Jaeho Shim, and Scott Wilson. "An Apparatus and Protocol to Measure Shoulder Girdle Strength." Journal of Medical Devices 1, no. 4 (August 10, 2007): 246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2796190.

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Muscles actuating the shoulder girdle are important for stabilizing the scapula and coordinating phased kinematics of the shoulder complex. If these muscles become weak or imbalanced, joint instability and injury may result. Reliable measurement of shoulder strength is thus important for prevention, diagnosis, and rehabilitation of shoulder problems. To date, studies quantifying the strength of the shoulder girdle are limited. The purpose of this work was to design and evaluate a custom apparatus and corresponding protocol for measuring maximal, voluntary, isometric strength of the shoulder girdle during various forms of shrugging exercise. A custom apparatus was constructed as a rigid frame with a vertical post supporting a seat, seat back, and horizontal beam. The beam extends laterally on either side beyond and around the shoulders of a seated subject. A pair of arm extension members pivots on the beam about an axis aligned with the shoulder flexion-extension axis. These members can be locked in place at any angle. Between them is mounted a force-sensing grip assembly, which can be adjusted proximally or distally to accommodate varying shoulder girdle positions. Subjects grasp the grip assembly handles with extended elbows and push or pull as forcefully as possible. Nine female and ten male subjects participated in a protocol using the apparatus to measure maximum isometric force generated at three positions each for elevation, depression, protraction, and retraction of the shoulder girdle (3positions×4modes=12tests). A video motion capture system was used to measure shoulder girdle angles. The reliability of the approach was evaluated based on the repeatability of measured shoulder elevation angle, protraction angle, and total force over three days of testing. The apparatus performed well during the tests, providing a stable, rigid, yet adjustable platform for measuring shoulder girdle strength. Repeatability of force measurements was interpreted as very good to excellent, with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (2,1) values ranging from 0.83 to 0.95 for all tests except one (ICC=0.79). Repeatability of angle measurements was interpreted as good to excellent. For tests measuring elevation and depression strength, the ICC of elevation angle ranged from 0.85 to 0.89. For tests measuring protraction and retraction strength, the ICC of protraction angle ranged from 0.68 to 0.88. This type of apparatus could be an effective clinical tool for measuring strength in the shoulder girdle muscles. Use of the video motion capture system is optional.

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Pinna, Stefania, Francesco Lanzi, and Chiara Tassani. "The Effect of Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture on Range of Motion in Dogs." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8070119.

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Range of motion (ROM) is a measure often reported as an indicator of joint functionality. Both the angle of extension and that of flexion were measured in 234 stifle joints of dogs with cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture. The aims of this study were to investigate the correlation between CCL rupture and alterations in the range of stifle joint motion and to determine whether there was a prevalence modification of one of the two angles. All the extension and flexion angles were obtained from clinical records and were analysed in various combinations. A significant relationship was found between normal angles and abnormal angles; concerning the reduction in the ROM, a significant prevalence in the alteration extension angle was found. Of the 234 stifles, 33 (13.7%) were normal in both angles. These results could offer important insights regarding the influence of CCL rupture on compromising the ROM. This awareness could be a baseline for understanding the ability of surgical treatment to restore one angle rather than another angle, to address the choice of treatment and to help physiotherapists in their rehabilitation program.

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Khan, Mehwish, Faheem Nake Akhtar, Abdullah Jan, Fatima Hamid, and Sana Tariq. "GONIAL ANGLE DETERMINATION; A COMPARISON BETWEEN LATERAL CEPHALOGRAM AND BOTH HEMISPHERES OF ORTHOPANTOMOGRAM." PAFMJ 71, no. 4 (August 27, 2021): 1460–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v71i4.3346.

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Objective: To evaluate the mean values of Genial angle measured by Lateral cephalogram and Orthopantomogram. Study Design: comparative cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi, from Aug 2018 to Feb 2019. Methodology: Patients irrespective of gender between the ages of 13-20 who reported for the treatment of class I malocclusion with complete anterior dentition were included. Orthopantomogram and lateral cephalogram were drawn by the same person. Gonial angle on orthopantomogram was measured by drawing tangents on posterior border of ramus and lower border of mandible on both halves of orthopantomogram. On lateral cephalogram the angle was measured between ramus and mandible. Gonial angle measured from lateral cephalogram and orthopantomogram were compared. T-test was applied. Results: Mean age of the individuals was 18.33 ± 3.97 years. The mean gonial angle measured on lateral cephalogram was 122.66 ± 1.64 degrees while the mean gonial angle measured on right and left side of orthopantomogram was 122.41 ± 1.56 degrees and 122.33 ± 1.55 degrees respectively. Conclusion: Orthopantomogram can also be used to measure gonial angle as accurately as a lateral cephalogram with the advantage that there are no superimpositions and both the gonial angles can be measured simultaneously on orthopantomogram.

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Joshi, Gaurav, Khaja Abdul Moin Baig, Aparajita Chaturvedi, Jnaneshwari Jayaram, Yashvant S. Rathore, and Sunil Chumber. "Study of ergonomics in terms of angle of manipulation and angle of azimuth in laparoscopic splenectomy." International Surgery Journal 8, no. 7 (June 28, 2021): 2145. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20212723.

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As per baseball diamond concept of port position, experimentally it is well known that putting camera port in the line of target organ and working port equidistant from camera port such that they form a 30º angle each gives optimum ergonomic advantage. However while performing laparoscopic surgeries in humans it is seldom possible to achieve such port position. No such study has ever been attempted to find out value of angle of manipulation and angle of azimuth while performing laparoscopic procedure. Purpose of our study was to measure such angles in our patients during laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) and to verify the concept of baseball position of ports in the procedure. This was a prospective observational study where angle of manipulation between right and left working port of surgeon and angle of azimuth of both working instruments with the camera were measured intraoperatively. In our series of 12 patients who underwent LS in lateral position, we found angle of manipulation ranging from 41-85°. The azimuth angle between first working port (epigastric) and camera port was in the range of 22-45° and the azimuth angle between camera port and second working port was in the range of 19-40°. This was a first study that gave valuable insight into the application of theoretical concept of triangulation in port placement in LS. This study may guide the surgeons to measure and to modify the port position to gain advantage of better ergonomics and better long term health.

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Ghazinouri, Behrad, Siyuan He, and Trevor S. Tai. "A position sensing method for 2D scanning mirrors." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 32, no. 4 (March 9, 2022): 045007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6439/ac58df.

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Abstract This paper presents a cost-effective position sensing method for 2D scanning mirrors. The method uses only one 1D PSD (position sensitive detector) located at the backside of the 2D scanning mirror plate to retrieve the 2D rotation angle about the two axes separately in real time. Any 2D scanning mirror with resonant vibration about one axis and quasi-static vibration such as sinusoidal, saw tooth, triangular oscillation about the other axis can use this method. The two vibration axes are orthogonal to each other to form the scanning patterns, which are most desired in scanning 3D LiDAR systems. 3D scanning LiDAR is the targeted application for this research. The method uses timing measurement to measure the resonant vibration angle and Lagrange interpolation polynomial approximation to retrieve the quasi-static vibration angle. A prototype has been built to measure the 2D rotation angle of a 2D micromirror. The measured angle using the proposed method was verified using a 2D PSD. The largest errors for the vertical/horizontal angles were 9.6% and 5.36% respectively. The position sensing mechanism is also integrated to a scanning 2D micromirror based LiDAR system to demonstrate it as real time capability.

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Frąckiewicz, Waldemar. "The aesthetics of the eyes and mouth position in a three-point face schema." Anthropological Review 64 (June 30, 2001): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1898-6773.64.07.

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Oculographical research of people watching a human face indicates that beholder.s eyes stop most often and for the longest period of time on the eyes and the mouth of the face looked at and that they move among these three points most frequently. The position of the eyes and mouth in relation to one another can be described with a single number being a measure of an angle with the vertex in the middle of the mouth and with arms crossing the centers of the eye pupils. The angles were measured from photographs of people from all over the world, as well as of residents of Lublin. Subsequently, the subjects from Lublin were asked to make face schemas by positioning the eyes and the mouth in the way they considered most attractive. The eye-mouth-eye angle of these schemas was measured. Additionally, measurements of the same angle were taken from the faces depicted on icons. The schemas of the most attractive . according to the subjects . faces were characterized by angles approximating the mean angle from the photographs, and significantly greater than the mean angle from the icons.

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Düvelmeyer, Nico. "Angle Measures and Bisectors in Minkowski Planes." Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 48, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cmb-2005-048-0.

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AbstractWe prove that a Minkowski plane is Euclidean if and only if Busemann's or Glogovskij's definitions of angular bisectors coincide with a bisector defined by an angular measure in the sense of Brass. In addition, bisectors defined by the area measure coincide with bisectors defined by the circumference (arc length) measure if and only if the unit circle is an equiframed curve.

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Peck, Jeffrey, Armando Villamil, Kara Fiore, Cheryl Tano, and Jessica Leasure. "Inter- and intra-observer variability of radiography and computed tomography for evaluation of Zurich cementless acetabular cup placement ex vivo." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 29, no. 06 (November 2016): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-16-05-0068.

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SummaryObjective: To evaluate the inter- and intra-observer variability in measurement of the angle of lateral opening (ALO) and version angle measurement using digital radiography and computed tomography (CT).Methods: Each hemipelvis was implanted with a cementless acetabular cup. Ventrodorsal and mediolateral radiographs were made of each pelvis, followed by CT imaging. After removal of the first cup, the pelves were implanted with an acetabular cup in the contra-lateral acetabulum and imaging was repeated. Three surgeons measured the ALO and version angles three times for each cup from the mediolateral radiographic projection. The same measurements were made using three-dimensional multiplanar reconstructions from CT images. Two anatomical axes were used to measure pelvic inclination in the sagittal plane, resulting in six measurements per cup. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance evaluated inter- and intra-observer repeatability for radiographic and CT-based measurements.Results: Version angle based on radio-graphic measurement did not differ within surgeons (p = 0.433), but differed between surgeons (p <0.001). Radiographic measurement of ALO differed within surgeons (p = 0.006) but not between surgeons (p = 0.989). The ALO and version angle measured on CT images did not differ with or between surgeons.Clinical significance: Assessment of inter-and intra-observer measurement of ALO and version angle was more reproducible using CT images than conventional mediolateral radiography for a Zurich cementless acetabular cup.

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Bowlt, K., J. A. Gines, M. R. Owen, and M. A. Bush. "Effect of use of different landmark methods on determining stifle angle and on calculated tibial tuberosity advancement." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 24, no. 03 (May 2011): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-10-07-0104.

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SummaryObjectives: Firstly, to investigate the effect that using different landmarks has on the measured stifle angle. Secondly, to determine whether any differences in measured stifle angle would lead to variations in the required extent of tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA).Methods: Three greyhound stifles were positioned in a total of 66 different angles. Radiographic exposures of each stifle angle were made. For each radiograph i) the stifle angle was measured using each of three sets of landmarks and ii) the extent of TTA required to obtain a patella tendon angle of 90° was measured. Each radiograph was plotted graphically according to the stifle angle and the extent of TTA required. Linear regression analysis was used to calculate the TTA required for a stifle angle of 135° measured using each of the three landmark sets.Results: On average, the stifle angle determined by the Long Axes method differed by 18° from the stifle angle determined with the Kinematic method. The stifle angle determined using the Eminence method differed from that determined using the Kinematic method by three degrees. The use of the Long Axes of the tibia and femur as landmarks to determine a stifle angle resulted in 5 mm and 4 mm over-advancement of the tibial tuberosity compared to the use of Kinematic or Eminence landmark methods respectively.Clinical significance: The method used to measure the stifle joint angle can influence the value of the required TTA advancement. This is an additional variable that should be considered during TTA planning and when comparing in vivo and in vitro studies.

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Xue, Li, Wen Bang Sun, Hai Yan Tang, and Jie Min Wang. "Research on Height Measure Based on Shadow Feature." Applied Mechanics and Materials 618 (August 2014): 498–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.618.498.

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At present, the height measure is an important content of image processing. But the height is determined by solar height angle achieved by look-up table, and the method is imprecise and inconvenient. To overcome such drawbacks, a novel determination method was proposed in the paper. First, the imaging time is adjusted to Solar Time. Then, the solar height angle at imaging time is calculated. Finally, the height of an object is calculated based on solar height angle and shadow length. The theoretical analysis and experiment results show that the proposed method is more effectual.

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Jung, Jung-Mo, Yoshiki Matsushita, and Seonghun Kim. "Study on Reducing Towing Drag by Varying the Shape and Arrangement of Floats and Gears." Applied Sciences 12, no. 15 (July 28, 2022): 7606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12157606.

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Many studies have been conducted with the aim of reducing fuel consumption by the fishing industry. We examined whether drag can be reduced by changing the arrangement of gears without requiring the development of new parts for the conventional float and ground gear. Ten differently shaped floats and ground gears were measured in a water flume tank. The float and ground gear were fixed to a steel rod to measure fluid drag according to attack angle, using a multi-component load cell. To estimate the frictional drag of ground gear on the seabed, five types of large ground gear were towed on flat land while changing attack angle using the load cell to measure tension. The fluid drag of the float and ground gear was highest at an attack angle of 60°, regardless of shape, size, and flow velocity. The resistance coefficients of the float and ground gear varied depending on the attack angle and tended to be lower at small attack angles. The frictional drag of the ground gear was greater when the axis of rotation had a small attack angle in the towing direction compared to other attack angles. We then investigated a method for designing bottom-towed gear that reduces drag while maintaining the size, buoyancy, and sinking force of conventional fishing gear parts. This gear design showed 1.2% drag reduction and an estimated 0.8% improvement in fuel efficiency per haul.

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Sofia, Alves-Pimenta, Colaço Bruno, and Ginja Mário. "Radiographic Determination of the Canine Elbow Joint Angle in Collimated Views." Acta Veterinaria 71, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acve-2021-0001.

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Abstract The mediolateral flexed, extended, or neutral elbow radiographic views are commonly used in clinical practice. However, there is currently no standardized methodology to accurately measure the elbow joint angle in mediolateral images that include only the elbow joint and surrounding tissues. The main aim of this work is to compare elbow joint angles obtained from mediolateral radiographs that include the complete arm and forearm of the dog, with angles measured in radiographs including only the elbow. Ninety mediolateral views of elbow joints were obtained from 50 canine thoracic limbs, with 39 joints <90º, 30 ≥90 - ≤120º and 21 >120º. Radiographs were centered on the elbow joint and include the shoulder and carpal joints. For each complete forelimb radiographic image, the elbow angle was measured using the methodology described in previous studies. Then, the digital images were cut to obtain only the joint and surrounding tissues, establishing a new set of anatomical landmarks to measure the joint angles: the lateral humeral epicondyle was used as an angular point, with the linking points being the nutritional orifice of the radius at the antebrachial interosseous space and the intersection point of the lateral supracondylar crest with the cranial humeral endosteum. There was a good agreement observed between the two elbow angle measurement methodologies. The intraclass correlation coefficient was statistically significant, with the lower limits of the 95% confidence interval (CI) at >0.75, and with zero being included in the standard error of the mean 95% confidence interval in the Bland-Altman test. This elbow angle measurement methodology based on anatomic landmarks next to the elbow joint is accurate and may be used for clinical and research purposes.

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Montazeri, Mahshid, Ali Shams Nateri, and Keivan Ansari. "Recovering spectral data of metallic paints at various observation angles by digital camera." Sensor Review 34, no. 1 (January 14, 2014): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-02-2012-618.

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Purpose – In this article, a simple system will be presented to measure reflectance of metallic surfaces quickly and precisely based on goniospectrophotometric geometry. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This system works by capturing reflected light from different colored patches by digital camera and with the knowledge of spectral power distribution of light source and defined observer, reflection of each sample can be reproduced. By fixing the light source, the position of the detector would be eliminated to four angles of observation. Findings – This method can achieve acceptable reconstruction accuracy for metallic samples. This approach confirmed repeatability and practicality of the simple imaging acquisition to replace spectral reflectance measurement devices in different viewing angles. Originality/value – The reflectance of metallic samples has been measured at several angles such as 20°, 45°, 75° and 110° from specular reflection. A simple system was used to measure multi-angle reflectance of metallic surfaces by digital camera. By suggested system can be measured the reflectance without contact and limitation in the shape of surfaces. This method achieved acceptable reconstruction accuracy for metallic samples. This simple imaging acquisition is comparable with goniospectrophotometer for measuring multi-angle reflectance of metallic samples.

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Horne, Stephen, Richard T. Coates, and Alexei Bolshakov. "Do dipole sonic logs measure group or phase velocity (revisited)?" GEOPHYSICS 84, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): C311—C322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0722.1.

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We have revisited the debate about whether flexural waves from dipole sonic tools and standard processing algorithms measure group or phase velocities in anisotropic formations. We observe that much of the confusion arises from a failure to understand the different meanings of group and phase velocities. Using a transversely isotropic medium with a vertical axis of symmetry that exhibits a triplication in its S-wave group slowness surface, we generate synthetic flexural sonic waveforms corresponding to boreholes at angles of 0°–90° with respect to the anisotropy symmetry axis in 1° increments. We processed these synthetic data using standard time- and frequency-domain semblance methods. The results conclusively demonstrate that dipole sonic logs measure the group slowness for the group angle corresponding to the angle between the borehole and the anisotropic symmetry axis. In addition, data that we have evaluated suggest that current tool geometries and semblance processing may not always be sensitive enough to resolve all branches of the group slowness triplication surface.

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Tadros, Ayman M. A., Thomas R. Oxland, and Peter O’Brien. "The Retroacetabular Angle Determines the Safe Angle for Screw Placement in Posterior Acetabular Fracture Fixation." ISRN Orthopedics 2013 (May 28, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/432675.

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Introduction. A method for the determination of safe angles for screws placed in the posterior acetabular wall based on preoperative computed tomography (CT) is described. It defines a retroacetabular angle and determines its variation in the population. Methods. The retroacetabular angle is the angle between the retroacetabular surface and the tangent to the posterior acetabular articular surface. Screws placed through the marginal posterior wall at an angle equal to the retroacetabular angle are extraarticular. Medial screws can be placed at larger angles whose difference from the retroacetabular angle is defined as the allowance angles. CT scans of all patients with acetabular fractures treated in our institute between September 2002 to July 2007 were used to measure the retroacetabular angle and tangent. Results. Two hundred thirty one patients were included. The average (range) age was 42 (15–74) years. The average (range) retroacetabular angle was 39 (30–47) degrees. The average (range) retroacetabular tangent was 36 (30–45) mm. Conclusions. Placing the screws at an average (range) angle of 39 (33–47) degrees of anterior inclination with the retroacetabular surface makes them extraarticular. Angles for medial screws are larger. Safe angles can be calculated preoperatively with a computer program.

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Lusetti, Filippo, Andrea Bonardi, Chadi Eid, Anna De Bellesini, and Filippo Maria Martini. "Pelvic limb alignment measured by computed tomography in purebred English Bulldogs with medial patellar luxation." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 30, no. 03 (2017): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-16-07-0116.

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SummaryObjectives: The aim of the study was to describe the differences in pelvic limb alignment between healthy purebred English Bulldogs and those with medial patellar luxation through the measurement of femoral and tibial angles on computed tomography images in multiplanar reconstruction modality (MPRCT).Methods: Twenty-one purebred English Bulldogs were included and divided into two groups: one including healthy dogs (15 limbs) and the other including those with medial patellar luxation (24 limbs). Three different observers used MPR-CT to measure the following angles: anatomical lateral proximal femoral angle (aLPFA), anatomical lateral distal femoral angle (aLDFA), mechanical lateral proximal femoral angle (mLPFA), mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA), angle of inclination of the femoral neck (AI), angle of anteversion (AA), mechanical medial proximal tibial angle (mMPTA), mechanical medial distal tibial angle (mMDTA), mechanical caudal distal tibial angle (mCdDTA), mechanical caudal proximal tibial angle (mCdPTA), and the tibial torsion angle (TTA). A Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare each variable in both groups.Results: The values for aLDFA and mLDFA in the medial patellar luxation population were significantly increased compared to healthy subjects (p <0.05). No significant differences were observed for the other variables.Clinical significance: In our population, an increased distal femoral varus was associated with medial patellar luxation. Our results could be useful to determine whether or not angular deformity of the femur is present and help determine the degree of correction necessary to restore alignment.ORCID iD:FMM: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9615-2540

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Chalmers, Peter N., Thomas Suter, Matthijs Jacxsens, Yue Zhang, Chong Zhang, Robert Z. Tashjian, and Heath B. Henninger. "Influence of Radiographic Viewing Perspective on Glenoid Inclination Measurement." Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Arthroplasty 3 (January 2019): 247154921882498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2471549218824986.

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Introduction The purposes of this study were to determine (1) whether glenoid inclination (GI) could be accurately measured on plain radiographs as compared to a gold-standard 3-dimensional (3D) measure and (2) whether GI could be reliably measured on plain radiographs. Materials and Methods Digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) were made from 3D computed tomography reconstructions of 68 normal cadaver scapulae. DRRs were made in a variety of viewing angles. Inclination was measured on these DRRs. These measurements were also made using a gold-standard 3D method. Measurements were made by 2 orthopedic surgeons and 1 surgeon twice, to calculate interrater and intrarater intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Results The gold-standard 3D β was 83 ± 5° (72°–98°). On neutral plain radiographs, the mean ± standard deviation 2D β angle was 80 ± 6° (range, 66°–99°). With regard to accuracy, the 2D β angle was significantly different from the 3D β angle, with the 2D β underestimating the 3D β by 5° (95% confidence intervals −1 to 12). With regard to reliability, interrater ICCs for 2D β with a neutral viewing angle was 0.79. Two-dimensional β varied widely with viewing angle from 0.24 to 0.88. Interrater ICCs for the 3D method was 0.83 (0.60–0.92). Intrarater ICCs for all 3 techniques were high (>0.91). Conclusions Two-dimensional radiographic GI measurement is not accurate, as it underestimates the 3D value by an average of 5° when compared to the gold-standard 3D measurement. GI 2D measurement reliability varies with viewing angle on plain radiographs and thus to accurately and reliably measure inclination 3D imaging is necessary.

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Mehrgardt, Philip, Seid Miad Zandavi, Simon K. Poon, Juno Kim, Maria Markoulli, and Matloob Khushi. "U-Net Segmented Adjacent Angle Detection (USAAD) for Automatic Analysis of Corneal Nerve Structures." Data 5, no. 2 (April 14, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data5020037.

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Measurement of corneal nerve tortuosity is associated with dry eye disease, diabetic retinopathy, and a range of other conditions. However, clinicians measure tortuosity on very different grading scales that are inherently subjective. Using in vivo confocal microscopy, 253 images of corneal nerves were captured and manually labelled by two researchers with tortuosity measurements ranging on a scale from 0.1 to 1.0. Tortuosity was estimated computationally by extracting a binarised nerve structure utilising a previously published method. A novel U-Net segmented adjacent angle detection (USAAD) method was developed by training a U-Net with a series of back feeding processed images and nerve structure vectorizations. Angles between all vectors and segments were measured and used for training and predicting tortuosity measured by human labelling. Despite the disagreement among clinicians on tortuosity labelling measures, the optimised grading measurement was significantly correlated with our USAAD angle measurements. We identified the nerve interval lengths that optimised the correlation of tortuosity estimates with human grading. We also show the merit of our proposed method with respect to other baseline methods that provide a single estimate of tortuosity. The real benefit of USAAD in future will be to provide comprehensive structural information about variations in nerve orientation for potential use as a clinical measure of the presence of disease and its progression.

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Khan, Fayaz, Mohamed Faisal Chevidikunnan, Mashael Ghazi Alsobhi, Israa Anees Ibrahim Ahmed, Nada Saleh Al-Lehidan, Mohd Rehan, Hashim Abdullah Alalawi, and Ahmed H. Abduljabbar. "Diagnostic Accuracy of Various Radiological Measurements in the Evaluation and Differentiation of Flatfoot: A Cross-Sectional Study." Diagnostics 12, no. 10 (September 22, 2022): 2288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12102288.

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Arch angle is used to indicate flatfoot, but in some cases, it is not easily defined. The presence of flatfoot deformity remains difficult to diagnose due to a lack of reliable radiographic assessment tools. Although various assessment methods for flatfoot have been proposed, there is insufficient evidence to prove the diagnostic accuracy of the various tools. The main purpose of the study was to determine the best radiographic measures for flatfoot concerning the arch angle. Fifty-two feet radiographs from thirty-two healthy young females were obtained. Five angles and one index were measured using weight-bearing lateral radiographs; including arch angle, calcaneal pitch (CP), talar-first metatarsal angle (TFM), lateral talar angle (LTA), talar inclination angle (TIA) and navicular index (NI). Receiver-operating characteristics were generated to evaluate the flatfoot diagnostic accuracy for all radiographic indicators and Matthews correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the cutoff value for each measure. The strongest correlation was between arch angle and CP angle [r = −0.91, p ≤ 0.0001, 95% confidence interval (CI) (from −0.94 to −0.84)]. Also, significant correlations were found between arch angle and NI [r = 0.62, p ≤ 0.0001, 95% CI (0.42 to 0.76)], and TFM [r = 0.50, p ≤ 0.0001, 95% CI (from 0.266 to 0.68)]. Furthermore, CP (cutoff, 12.40) had the highest accuracy level with value of 100% sensitivity and specificity followed by NI, having 82% sensitivity and 89% specificity for the cutoff value of 9.90. In conclusion, CP angle is inversely correlated with arch angle and considered a significant indicator of flatfoot. Also, the NI is easy to define radiographically and could be used to differentiate flat from normal arched foot among young adults.

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Nguyen, Brandon T., Nick A. Baicoianu, Darrin B. Howell, Keshia M. Peters, and Katherine M. Steele. "Accuracy and repeatability of smartphone sensors for measuring shank-to-vertical angle." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 44, no. 3 (April 21, 2020): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364620911314.

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Background: Assessments of human movement are clinically important. However, accurate measurements are often unavailable due to the need for expensive equipment or intensive processing. For orthotists and therapists, shank-to-vertical angle is one critical measure used to assess gait and guide prescriptions. Smartphone-based sensors may provide a widely available platform to expand access to this measurement. Objectives: Assess accuracy and repeatability of smartphone-based measurement of shank-to-vertical angle compared to marker-based 3D motion analysis. Study design: Repeated-measures. Methods: Four licensed clinicians (two physical therapists and two orthotists) measured shank-to-vertical angle during gait with a smartphone attached to the anterior or lateral shank surface of unimpaired adults. We compared the shank-to-vertical angle calculated from the smartphone’s inertial measurement unit to marker-based measurements. Each clinician completed three sessions/day on two days with each participant to assess repeatability. Results: Average absolute differences in shank-to-vertical angle measured with a smartphone versus marker-based 3D motion analysis during gait were 0.67 ± 0.25° and 4.89 ± 0.72°, with anterior or lateral smartphone positions, respectively. The inter- and intra-day repeatability of shank-to-vertical angle were within 2° for both smartphone positions. Conclusions: Smartphone sensors can be used to measure shank-to-vertical angle with high accuracy and repeatability during unimpaired gait, providing a widely available tool for quantitative gait assessments. Clinical relevance Smartphone sensors demonstrated high accuracy and repeatability for monitoring shank-to-vertical angle during gait. Measurement of shank-to-vertical angle from the front of the shank was more accurate than the side of the shank. Smartphones may expand access to quantitative assessments of gait.

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Yasuda, Tomohisa, Norihito Etoh, Yasutomo Araki, Keiko Souma, and Takanobu Kunihiro. "Attempt to Measure the Rotatory Angle in Foulage test." Equilibrium Research 75, no. 2 (2016): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3757/jser.75.41.

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McClay, Irene, and James Bray. "The Subtalar Angle: A Proposed Measure of Rearfoot Structure." Foot & Ankle International 17, no. 8 (August 1996): 499–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110079601700812.

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The purpose of this study was to propose a new measure of rearfoot structure to further enhance the understanding of the function of the foot. Landmarks visible on sagittal plane radiographs were used to represent the approximate direction of the subtalar joint axis in the sagittal plane based upon descriptions from the literature of its orientation. Four landmarks were chosen, resulting in four calculated angles. One hundred lateral view radiographs were analyzed. The mean values ranged from 28.7° to 47.7°. These values are within the ranges reported from both cadaver and in vivo studies. Tests of repeatability of the measures resulted in intraclass coefficient values between 0.94 and 0.98, suggesting good reliability. All four angles correlated highly among each other ( r = 0.88–0.97). Examination of the validity of any one of these measures is left to those who are able to accurately calculate the orientation of the subtalar joint axis.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Angle measure'

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