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Journal articles on the topic 'Angle deposition'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Yurukcu, M., H. Cansizoglu, M. F. Cansizoglu, and T. Karabacak. "Conformality of PVD shell layers on vertical arrays of rods with different aspect ratios investigated by Monte Carlo simulations." MRS Advances 2, no. 8 (2017): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.158.

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AbstractApplications such as batteries, fuel cells, solar cells, and sensors, can benefit from high surface-to-volume ratio core/shell arrays of nanorods. The fabrication of the conformal shell layers on nanorod arrays has been a formidable task. In order to assess the deposition conditions for the production of conformal shell coatings by physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques, we employed Monte Carlo (MC) simulations that involved shell depositions under different flux distributions and angles on arrays of rods. We investigated the conformality of PVD shell layers on nanorod arrays of different aspect ratios, which is defined to be the ratio of rod height to the gaps between nearest-neighbor rods. MC simulated core/shell structures were analyzed for the thickness uniformity of the shell layer across the sidewalls of rods. Our results show that a small angle deposition approach involving a uniform oblique flux (U-SAD) with a small incidence angle ≤ 30o can generate a fairly conformal shell coating around small aspect-ratio rods. However, normal angle deposition with an angular flux distribution (A-NAD) achieves superior conformality both on small and high-aspect-ratio structures compared to U-SAD, conventional uniform normal angle deposition (U-NAD), and SAD with an angular flux distribution (A-SAD). A-NAD can be realized in a PVD system such as by high pressure sputter deposition; while U-SAD can be achieved in thermal evaporation system with a small angle incident flux. In addition, U-NAD and A-SAD can correspond to film growth by normal incidence thermal evaporation and SAD-high pressure sputter deposition, respectively.

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2

Ganguly, Arnab, and Gobind Das. "Combining Azimuthal and Polar Angle Resolved Shadow Mask Deposition and Nanosphere Lithography to Uncover Unique Nano-Crystals." Nanomaterials 12, no. 19 (October 4, 2022): 3464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12193464.

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In this article, we present a systematic investigation on a multistep nanosphere lithography technique to uncover its potential in fabricating a wide range of two- and three-dimensional nanostructures. A tilted (polar angle) electron beam shower on a nanosphere mask results in an angled shadow mask deposition. The shape of the shadow also depends on the azimuthal angle of the mask sitting on top of the substrate. We performed angled shadow mask depositions with systematic variation of these two angular parameters, giving rise to complex nanostructures (down to 50 nm), repeated over a large area without defect. In this article, nanosphere lithography with two- and four-fold azimuthal symmetry was studied at constant tilt angles followed by variations in tilt without azimuthal rotation of the substrate. Finally, both angular parameters were simultaneously varied. The structure of shadow crystals was explained using Matlab simulation. This work stretches the horizons of nanosphere lithography, opening up new scopes in plasmonic and magnonic research.

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3

Potocnik, Jelena, and Maja Popovic. "The effect of thickness and deposition angle on structural, chemical and magnetic properties of nickel slanted columns." Science of Sintering 54, no. 4 (2022): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos2204449p.

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In this work, the influence of different deposition angles on the structural, chemical and magnetic properties of nickel (Ni) thin films was investigated. Nickel samples were deposited by glancing angle deposition technique at two different angles, 65o and 85o. Characterization of the thin films was carried out by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and magneto-optical Kerr effect microscopy. Structural analysis was found that the changes in the deposition angle have a great influence on the porosity of the film as well as on the amount of the present nickel oxide (NiO) in the samples. On the other hand, we have also found that different deposition angle changes the magnetic response of nickel film. The coercivity of the samples deposited at the angle of 85o is significantly higher compared to the samples deposited at lower angle which could be correlated with the higher porosity and the amount of NiO in the thin films.

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4

Mion, Renildo L., Beatriz M. de Sousa, Igor M. Cordeiro, Weberte A. Sombra, José M. de L. Duarte, and Fidel C. B. Lucas. "Calibration of angles of nozzles and deposition of an axial-flow sprayer on dwarf cashew." Engenharia Agrícola 32, no. 4 (August 2012): 802–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162012000400020.

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The study aimed to determine an optimum angle for the nozzles axial-flow sprayers a deposition for better vertical distribution focused on cashew. In laboratory tests were conducted adjusting the angle of the nozzle axial-flow sprayers. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 2x3 factorial with four replications. The treatment for this test were two settings (with and without the adjustment of the angles of the nozzles ) and tree application volumes 273, 699 and 954 L ha-¹.The study was conducted in an orchard of dwarf cashew, with eight years of age. It was concluded that the volumetric distribution profile showed better vertical distribution uniformity when the angles of the nozzles were regulated for the canopy, the adjustment of the angles of the nozzles for the canopy provided greater deposition of droplets, the increased volume of application resulted in higher depositions in the leaves of the crop.

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5

Lu, Xun, Seok-min Kim, and Seong Jun Seo. "Fabrication of a Large-Area Superhydrophobic SiO2 Nanorod Structured Surface Using Glancing Angle Deposition." Journal of Nanomaterials 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8305439.

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A glancing angle deposition (GLAD) technique was used to generate SiO2 nanorods on a glass substrate to fabricate a low-cost superhydrophobic functional nanostructured surface. GLAD-deposited SiO2 nanorod structures were fabricated using various deposition rates, substrate rotating speeds, oblique angles, and deposition times to analyze the effects of processing conditions on the characteristics of the fabricated functional nanostructures. The wettability of the surface was measured after surface modification with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). The measured water contact angles were primarily affected by substrate rotation speed and oblique angle because the surface fraction of the GLAD nanostructure was mainly affected by these parameters. A maximum contact angle of 157° was obtained from the GLAD sample fabricated at a rotation speed of 5 rpm and an oblique angle of 87°. Although the deposition thickness (height of the nanorods) was not a dominant factor for determining the wettability, we selected a deposition thickness of 260 nm as the optimum processing condition based on the measured optical transmittance of the samples because optically transparent films can serve as superhydrophobic functional nanostructures for optical applications.

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6

Zhou, Xiaodong, Selven Virasawmy, Wolfgang Knoll, Kai Yu Liu, Man Siu Tse, and Li Wei Yen. "Fabrication of Gold Nanocrescents by Angle Deposition with Nanosphere Lithography for Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Applications." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 7 (July 1, 2008): 3369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.147.

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The gold nanostructures fabricated on a substrate yield localized surface plasmon resonance. We describe the fabrication and characterization of nanocrescents on a silicon substrate, which are fabricated by depositing a gold film at an oblique angle through nanosphere lithography. Following the etching of the gold perpendicular to the substrate and the removal of the nanospheres by dissolution, nanocrescents with fine nanostructures are generated. By varying the deposition angle of the gold film from 0° to 72°, nanorings, 2D and 3D nanocrescents can be obtained. During the nanocrescent fabrication, we also compared the deposition angle difference between the e-beam and thermal evaporators for oblique depositions of the gold. The 3D nanocrescents fabricated in our experiments are expected to have improved sensitivity in localized surface plasmon resonance measurements when compared to the previously reported 2D nanocrescents, which enable broader biosensor applications. Simulations of the profiles of these 3D nanocrescents using solid geometry show good consistency with the fabricated ones.

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7

HE, LIJUN, CHUAN LI, and XINGZHAO LIU. "RESIDUAL STRESSES IN OBLIQUE INCIDENCE DEPOSITED ALUMINA THIN FILM." Surface Review and Letters 21, no. 02 (April 2014): 1450024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x14500243.

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Residual stresses of alumina thin film deposited on silicon substrate by using electron beam evaporation with oblique angle deposition (OAD) method are studied. The growth parameters that affect the residual stresses of alumina thin film, such as the substrate temperature, the deposition rate, the film thickness, the inclined angle, and the testing temperature are discussed. The results show that the tensile stress value decreases with the increasing substrate temperature, and the compressive stress value increases with the increasing substrate temperature at various inclined angles. Along with the deposition rate increasing, the residual stress value decreases at various inclined angles. With the increasing film thickness, the residual stress value decreases at various inclined angles. With the increasing testing temperature, the residual stress value increases at various inclined angles. While the alumina thin film residual stress value is small at high inclined angle. By choosing the appropriate film preparation parameters, the alumina thin film residual stress is effectively controlled.

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8

Hajihoseini, Hamidreza, Movaffaq Kateb, Snorri Þorgeir Ingvarsson, and Jon Tomas Gudmundsson. "Oblique angle deposition of nickel thin films by high-power impulse magnetron sputtering." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 10 (September 20, 2019): 1914–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.10.186.

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Background: Oblique angle deposition is known for yielding the growth of columnar grains that are tilted in the direction of the deposition flux. Using this technique combined with high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) can induce unique properties in ferromagnetic thin films. Earlier we have explored the properties of polycrystalline and epitaxially deposited permalloy thin films deposited under 35° tilt using HiPIMS and compared it with films deposited by dc magnetron sputtering (dcMS). The films prepared by HiPIMS present lower anisotropy and coercivity fields than films deposited with dcMS. For the epitaxial films dcMS deposition gives biaxial anisotropy while HiPIMS deposition gives a well-defined uniaxial anisotropy. Results: We report on the deposition of 50 nm polycrystalline nickel thin films by dcMS and HiPIMS while the tilt angle with respect to the substrate normal is varied from 0° to 70°. The HiPIMS-deposited films are always denser, with a smoother surface and are magnetically softer than the dcMS-deposited films under the same deposition conditions. The obliquely deposited HiPIMS films are significantly more uniform in terms of thickness. Cross-sectional SEM images reveal that the dcMS-deposited film under 70° tilt angle consists of well-defined inclined nanocolumnar grains while grains of HiPIMS-deposited films are smaller and less tilted. Both deposition methods result in in-plane isotropic magnetic behavior at small tilt angles while larger tilt angles result in uniaxial magnetic anisotropy. The transition tilt angle varies with deposition method and is measured around 35° for dcMS and 60° for HiPIMS. Conclusion: Due to the high discharge current and high ionized flux fraction, the HiPIMS process can suppress the inclined columnar growth induced by oblique angle deposition. Thus, the ferromagnetic thin films obliquely deposited by HiPIMS deposition exhibit different magnetic properties than dcMS-deposited films. The results demonstrate the potential of the HiPIMS process to tailor the material properties for some important technological applications in addition to the ability to fill high aspect ratio trenches and coating on cutting tools with complex geometries.

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9

Akulov, A. A., O. S. Trushin, A. A. Popov, A. N. Pestova, L. A. Mazaletsky, and A. A. Lomov. "Nanostructuring at oblique incidence deposition of cobalt." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2086, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2086/1/012001.

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Abstract Nanocolumnar Co thin films growth by oblique angle deposition on Si substrate is experimentally studied. Formation of regular arrays of tilted Co nanocolumns has been observed at incidence angles more than 70°. It was found that the optimal conditions for nanostructuring are realized at the inclination angle 85°. As obtained films have magnetic anisotropy axis inclined to the substrate surface and oriented along nanocolumns. Such films might be perspective material for applications as a magnetic recording media for next generations of hard disks.

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10

Hill, Nevin, and Mehrdad Haghi. "Deposition direction-dependent failure criteria for fused deposition modeling polycarbonate." Rapid Prototyping Journal 20, no. 3 (April 14, 2014): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-04-2013-0039.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore the dependence of material properties and failure criteria for fused deposition modeling (FDM) polycarbonate on raster orientation. Design/methodology/approach – Tension, hardness and density measurements were conducted on a range of specimens at raster angles between 0 and 90° at 15° intervals. Specimens were manufactured so the raster angle was constant throughout each specimen (no rotation between adjacent layers). The yield strength, tensile strength, per cent elongation, elastic modulus, hardness and density of the material were measured as a function of raster angle. The orientation dependence of the properties was then analyzed and used to motivate a failure mechanism map for the material. Findings – The properties of the material were found to be highly orientation-dependent. The variations in mechanical properties were explained to first order using a failure mechanism map similar to those generated for fiber-reinforced composites. Originality/value – In addition to providing valuable experimental data for FDM polycarbonate, the study proposes micro-mechanisms of failure that appear to explain and capture the angular variation of strength with raster orientation. The fact that analysis methods which have been used for composites appear to apply to FDM materials suggests rich areas for future exploration.

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11

Bayu Aji, L. B., S. J. Shin, J. H. Bae, A. M. Engwall, J. A. Hammons, S. T. Sen-Britain, P. B. Mirkarimi, and S. O. Kucheyev. "Radio-frequency magnetron sputter deposition of ultrathick boron carbide films." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A 41, no. 2 (March 2023): 023407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/6.0002211.

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The deposition of thick B[Formula: see text]C films with low residual stress by conventional direct-current magnetron sputtering is accompanied by the formation of dust particulates contaminating the target, chamber, and substrates and leading to the formation of nodular defects in films. Here, we demonstrate that the formation of particulates is greatly reduced during radio-frequency magnetron sputtering (RFMS). We systematically study properties of B[Formula: see text]C films deposited by RFMS with a substrate temperature of 330 [Formula: see text]C, a target-to-substrate distance of 10 cm, Ar working gas pressure in the range of 4.5–12.0 mTorr (0.6–1.6 Pa), and substrate tilt angles of 0[Formula: see text]–80[Formula: see text]. All films are x-ray amorphous. A columnar structure develops with increasing either Ar pressure or substrate tilt. For columnar films, the column tilt angle decreases with increasing Ar pressure, which we attribute to a corresponding increase in the width of the distribution of impact angles of deposition flux. In contrast to the Keller–Simmons rule, the deposition rate increases with increasing Ar pressure, which suggests a better coupling of the RF energy to the plasma processes that lead to target sputtering at higher pressures. There is a critical substrate tilt angle above which the total residual stress is close to zero. This critical substrate tilt angle is [Formula: see text] for an Ar pressure of 12 mTorr (1.6 Pa). The lower residual stress state, necessary for depositing ultrathick films, is characterized by a larger concentration of nanoscale inhomogeneities and decreased mechanical properties. Based on these results, RFMS deposition of 60-[Formula: see text]m-thick B[Formula: see text]C films is demonstrated.

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12

Alouach, H., and G. J. Mankey. "Epitaxial growth of copper nanowire arrays grown on H-terminated Si(110) using glancing-angle deposition." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 3620–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.0465.

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We report the growth of epitaxial nanowire arrays using the technique of glancing- angle deposition with substrate rotation. Epitaxial copper nanowire arrays were deposited on H-terminated Si(110) using electron beam evaporation. The nanowire arrays were characterized by x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Individual nanowires were confirmed to be single crystalline by examination with transmission electron microscopy. The epitaxial growth involves twin formation with the epitaxial orientation relationships: Cu(111)//Si(110) with Cu[110]//Si[001] and Cu[110//Si[001] for each of the twins. As the angle of incidence is increased, Cu grows as isolated columns with a spacing that increases as the angle of incidence is increased. However, the thickness limit for epitaxial growth is reduced as the angle of incidence is increased, and it is reduced to approximately 300 nm for a deposition angle of 75°. The x-ray rocking curves for samples deposited at increasing polar angles show steadily improving crystal orientation up to a deposition angle of about 35°. Beyond 65° deposition angle, the rocking curves show significantly sharper split diffraction peaks indicating that there are distinct orientations. In addition, the split peaks have a much lower full width at half maximum. The observed behavior is explained based on arguments involving unidirectional diffusion arising from adatom parallel momentum.

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13

Tanto, B., G. Ten Eyck, and T. M. Lu. "A model for column angle evolution during oblique angle deposition." Journal of Applied Physics 108, no. 2 (July 15, 2010): 026107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3465296.

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14

Zhu, Hao, Wei Cao, George K. Larsen, Ryan Toole, and Yiping Zhao. "Tilting angle of nanocolumnar films fabricated by oblique angle deposition." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena 30, no. 3 (May 2012): 030606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4710999.

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15

Mukherjee, S., and D. Gall. "Anomalous scaling during glancing angle deposition." Applied Physics Letters 95, no. 17 (October 26, 2009): 173106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3257377.

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16

Robbie, K. "Advanced techniques for glancing angle deposition." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 16, no. 3 (May 1998): 1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.590019.

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17

Wang, Jianguo, Jianda Shao, Kui Yi, and Zhengxiu Fan. "Layer uniformity of glancing angle deposition." Vacuum 78, no. 1 (April 2005): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2004.12.019.

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18

Pawar, Amar B., and Ilona Kretzschmar. "Patchy Particles by Glancing Angle Deposition." Langmuir 24, no. 2 (January 2008): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la703005z.

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19

Sobahan, KM Abdus, Yong Jun Park, and Chang Kwon Hwangbo. "? Influence of deposition angle on the properties of ZrO2 thin films fabricated by oblique angle deposition." Journal of the Korean Physical Society 56, no. 4(1) (April 15, 2010): 1282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/jkps.56.1282.

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20

Zha, Bailin, Xudong Jia, Jinjin Wang, Yi’ang Shi, Qingdong Su, and Tianhao Zhang. "Effect of HVOF particle deposition angle on particle deposition behaviour." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 546 (August 12, 2020): 042057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/546/4/042057.

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21

Brozak, Matthew, Hilal Cansizoglu, and Tansel Karabacak. "Deposition of quaternary sputtered CIGS nanorods via glancing angle deposition." physica status solidi (RRL) - Rapid Research Letters 11, no. 1 (November 8, 2016): 1600326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssr.201600326.

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22

Zhang, Fei, Zhenxia Liu, Zhengang Liu, and Weinan Diao. "Experimental Study of Sand Particle Deposition on a Film-Cooled Turbine Blade at Different Gas Temperatures and Angles of Attack." Energies 13, no. 4 (February 13, 2020): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040811.

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Particle deposition tests were conducted in a turbine deposition facility with an internally staged single-tube combustor to investigate the individual effect of the gas temperature and angle of attack. Sand particles were seeded to the combustor and deposited on a turbine blade with film-cooling holes at temperatures representative of modern engines. Fuel-air ratios were varied from 0.022 to 0.037 to achieve a gas temperature between 1272 and 1668 K. Results show that capture efficiency increased with increasing gas temperature. A dramatic increase in capture efficiency was noted when gas temperature exceeded the threshold. The deposition formed mostly downstream of the film-cooling holes on the pressure surface, while it concentrated on the suction surface at the trailing edge. Deposition tests at angles of attack between 10° and 40° presented changes in both deposition mass and distribution. The capture efficiency increased with the increase in the angle of attack, and simultaneously the growth rate slowed down. On the blade pressure surface, sand deposition was distributed mainly downstream of the film-cooling holes near the trailing edge in the case of the small angle of attack, while it concentrated on the region around the film-cooling holes near the leading edge, resulting in the partial blockage of holes, in the case of the large angle of attack.

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23

Saitoh, Hiroaki, and Tsunenobu Kimoto. "4H-SiC Epitaxial Growth on SiC Substrates with Various Off-Angles." Materials Science Forum 483-485 (May 2005): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.483-485.89.

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Chemical vapor deposition of 4H-SiC on (0001) substrates with various off-angles from 1o to 45o has been investigated. On large-off-angled (15o-45o) substrates, very smooth surface morphology is obtained in the wide range of C/Si ratio. The micropipe dissociation during epitaxial growth is observed on 4o-45o off-angled substrates with a low C/Si ratio. The incorporation of nitrogen was dramatically suppressed by increasing C/Si ratio irrespective of substrate’s off-angle.

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Peng, Xiang, Yue Zhao, Yan Li Ding, Ming Tao Zhou, Jin He Shi, Li Rong Wang, Xiao Yan Liang, and Jia Hua Min. "The Optical Properties and the Structure of CuInS₂ Thin Films Deposited by Oblique Angle Deposition Technique." Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (February 2014): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.126.

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The oblique angle deposition (OAD) technique was used to deposit copper indium disulfide (CuInS2) films onto glass substrates by a vacuum thermal evaporation method. The powder source used in this work was obtained from the crushed CuInS2 polycrystalline ingot grown by Vertical Bridgeman method. In order to study the influences of depositing angle on the optical property and the structure of the CuInS2 films, the depositing angle θ was varied from 10° to 70° with a 30° gradient. These films were characterized by SEM, XRD and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the optical property and the structure of the films were closely related to the depositing angle θ. When the depositing angle θ increased, the band gap increased and the intensity of (112) characteristic peak of the CuInS2 films decreased.

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25

Yurukcu, Mesut, Fatma M. Yurtsever, Serkan Demirel, and Tansel Karabacak. "Conformality of PVD shell layers on GLAD-nanorods investigated by Monte Carlo simulations." MRS Advances 5, no. 43 (2020): 2241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.335.

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AbstractThe quality of the shell coating around nanorods is critical in device applications. Conventional physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques can be utilized for highly conformal shell coating formation in core-shell structure devices. To identify scalable fabrication techniques for conformal shell coatings, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of PVD growth were performed under different atomic flux distributions and angles on arrays of glancing angle deposition (GLAD) nanorods, which were also generated by MC simulations. We investigated the conformality of PVD films (shell) around GLAD rod arrays (core) and analyzed the thickness uniformity of the shell layer across the sidewalls of rods. Our results show that Angular Flux-Normal Angle (A-NAD), which might correspond to high-pressure sputter deposition at normal incidence (HIPS at θ = 0o) can generate better conformal shell coating compared to others. In Uniform Flux-Normal Angle technique (U-NAD), which corresponds to a thermal evaporation deposition, the growth suffers from poor sidewall coverage. In addition, introducing a small angle to the flux also improves the shell conformality. Therefore, high-pressure sputter deposition technique is expected to provide superior conformality for a catalyst or semiconductor coating around base nanorods, for example for fuel cell and solar cell applications, with the help of obliquely incident atoms of the HIPS flux.

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Su, Chuanchu, and Xizhang Chen. "Effect of depositing torch angle on the first layer of wire arc additive manufacture using cold metal transfer (CMT)." Industrial Robot: the international journal of robotics research and application 46, no. 2 (March 18, 2019): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-11-2018-0233.

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Purpose This paper aims to mainly report the impact of torch angle on the dynamic behavior of the weld pool which is recorded and monitored in real time with the aid of a high-speed camera system. The influence of depositing torch angle on the fluctuation behavior of weld pool and the quality of weld formation are compared and analyzed. Design/methodology/approach The FANUC controlled robotic manufacturing system comprised a Fronius cold metal transfer (CMT) Advanced 4000R power source, FANUC robot, water cooling system, wire feeding system and a gas shielding system. An infrared laser was used to illuminate the weld pool for high-speed imaging at 1,000 frames per second with CR600X2 high-speed camera. The high-speed camera was set up a 35 Â° angle with the deposition direction to investigate the weld pool flow patterns derived from high-speed video and the effect of torch angles on the first layer of wire additive manufacture-CMT. Findings The experimental results demonstrated that different torch angles significantly influence on the deposited morphology, porosity formation rate and weld pool flow. Originality/value With regard to the first layer of wire arc additive manufacture of aluminum alloys, the change of torch angle is critical. It is clear that different torch angles significantly influence on the weld morphology, porosity formation and weld pool flow. Furthermore, under different torch angles, the deposited beads will produce different defects. To get well deposited beads, 0-10° torch could be made away from the vertical position of the deposition direction, in which the formation of deposited beads were well and less porosity and other defects.

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27

Li, Kun-Dar, and Yu-Wei Dong. "Modeling the influence of incident angle and deposition rate on a nanostructure grown by oblique angle deposition." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 50, no. 6 (January 11, 2017): 065302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aa51b0.

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ASHRAFI, M. MOLLA ALI, H. REZAGHOLIPOUR DIZAJI, M. H. EHSANI, and R. ZAREI MOGHADAM. "ZnS FILM PROPERTIES MODIFICATION USING OBLIQUE ANGLE DEPOSITION TECHNIQUE." Surface Review and Letters 25, no. 06 (August 2018): 1850119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x18501196.

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In this study, zinc sulfide thin films were deposited on glass substrates at room temperature by vacuum thermal evaporation using oblique angle deposition technique. The samples were prepared at different incident vapor flow angles 0∘, 65∘, and 85∘. The samples were studied using various characterization techniques. The film crystallinity was found very sensitive to the growth angle. Atomic force microscope images of the samples were used to investigate their morphology and surface roughness. The images of samples obtained by the field emission scanning electron microscopy technique showed that the produced samples had columnar structures with columns tilting toward the incident vapor flow direction. Optical constants were calculated by using the data obtained from UV–Vis analysis.

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29

Zhao, Yiping, Yuping He, and Cameron Brown. "Composition dependent nanocolumn tilting angle during the oblique angle co-deposition." Applied Physics Letters 100, no. 3 (January 16, 2012): 033106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3676665.

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30

CHEW, H. G., W. K. CHOI, W. K. CHIM, and E. A. FITZGERALD. "FABRICATION OF GERMANIUM NANOWIRES BY OBLIQUE ANGLE DEPOSITION." International Journal of Nanoscience 05, no. 04n05 (August 2006): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x06004735.

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In this work, the effects of flux angle, substrate temperature and deposition rate on obliquely deposited germanium ( Ge ) films have been investigated. We observed that the porosity of the film increased as the flux angle became more oblique. It was also possible to obtain polycrystalline Ge films at a substrate temperature of 200°C when deposition was performed using an oblique angle of 87° as compared to normal incident deposition. Raman spectroscopy results indicated that a higher substrate temperature during deposition led to an increase in crystallinity of the film. Agglomeration of the Ge film was reduced at a lower deposition rate and it was possible to obtain isolated polycrystalline Ge nanowires when the deposition was carried out with the vapor flux inclined at 87° to the substrate normal for substrate temperatures between 250°C to 300°C and with a deposition rate of 0.2–1.5 Å/s. Subsequent rapid thermal annealing of such nanowires resulted in the formation of facetted crystallites.

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31

Limnonthakul, Puenisara, Saksorn Limwichean, Pitak Eiamchai, Mati Horprathum, Attawit Supati, Noppadon Nuntawong, Viyapol Patthanasetakul, and Pongpan Chindaudom. "Vertically Aligned Ag Nanorod Arrays for Trace Cypermethrin Detection." Advanced Materials Research 979 (June 2014): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.979.259.

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According to the growing interest in development of high-sensitivity surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates, this study focused on the fabrication of silver nanorods (AgNRs) based on the DC magnetron sputtering, with the glancing-angle deposition (GLAD) technique. The influence of incident angles on the film morphologies and SERS activities of the deposited films were investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. With methylene blue as the test agent, the vertical aligned silver nanorods proved highly potential in highly sensitive SERS detections. The pesticidal cypermethrin were also used as the probe molecules to investigate for future practical applications. This work showed that the increase in the incident angle during the deposition helped promote the porosity of the AgNRs. The SERS signals were significantly enhanced from the vertically aligned silver nanorods grown at 85o incident deposition angle and 20 rpm substrate rotational speed.

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Potocnik, Jelena, and Maja Popovic. "Optical properties of zigzag nickel nanostructures obtained at different deposition angles." Science of Sintering 53, no. 3 (2021): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos2103347p.

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In this study, nickel (Ni) thin films were deposited at two different angles (65o and 85o) using Glancing Angle Deposition technique, to the thicknesses of 60 - 290 nm. Structural analysis of the deposited films was performed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, while spectroscopic ellipsometry was used for the investigation of optical properties. Electrical resitivity of the samples was determined by four-point probe method. Structural analysis showed that the Ni films grow in a shape of zigzag nanocolumns, where the deposition angle strongly affects their porosity. As the thickness of the films increase they absorb light strongly and become less dense. Besides, samples deposited at the angle of 85o exhibit higher values of electrical resistivity as compared to the samples deposited at the angle of 65o, which can be correlated with high porosity and the growth mechanism of the deposited nanostructures.

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Kulkarni, G., J. Fan, J. M. Comstock, X. Liu, and M. Ovchinnikov. "Laboratory measurements and model sensitivity studies of dust deposition ice nucleation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 1 (January 25, 2012): 2483–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-2483-2012.

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Abstract. We investigated the ice nucleating properties of mineral dust particles to understand the sensitivity of modeled cloud properties to different representations of contact angle in the Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT): onset single angle and probability density function (PDF) distribution approaches. These contact angle representations are based on two sets of laboratory deposition ice nucleation measurements: Arizona Test Dust (ATD) particles of 100, 300, and 500 nm sizes were tested at three different temperatures (−25, −30 and −35 °C), and 400 nm ATD and Kaolinite dust species were tested at two different temperatures (−30 and −35 °C). These measurements were used to derive the onset relative humidity with respect to ice (RHice) required to activate 1% of dust particles as ice nuclei, from which the onset single contact angles were then calculated based on the CNT. For the PDF representation, parameters of the log-normal contact angle distribution (mean and standard deviation) were determined by fitting the CNT-predicted activated fraction to the measurements at different RHice. Results show that onset single contact angles are not much different between experiments, while the PDF parameters are sensitive to those environmental conditions (i.e., temperature and dust size). The cloud resolving model simulations show that cloud properties (i.e. ice number concentration, ice water content, and cloud initiation times) are sensitive to onset single contact angles and PDF distribution parameters, particularly to the mean value. The comparison of our experimental results with other studies shows that under similar measurement conditions the onset single contact angles are consistent within &pm;2.0°, while our derived PDF parameters have discrepancies.

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Kulkarni, G., J. Fan, J. M. Comstock, X. Liu, and M. Ovchinnikov. "Laboratory measurements and model sensitivity studies of dust deposition ice nucleation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 16 (August 16, 2012): 7295–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-7295-2012.

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Abstract. We investigated the ice nucleating properties of mineral dust particles to understand the sensitivity of simulated cloud properties to two different representations of contact angle in the Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT). These contact angle representations are based on two sets of laboratory deposition ice nucleation measurements: Arizona Test Dust (ATD) particles of 100, 300 and 500 nm sizes were tested at three different temperatures (−25, −30 and −35 °C), and 400 nm ATD and kaolinite dust species were tested at two different temperatures (−30 and −35 °C). These measurements were used to derive the onset relative humidity with respect to ice (RHice) required to activate 1% of dust particles as ice nuclei, from which the onset single contact angles were then calculated based on CNT. For the probability density function (PDF) representation, parameters of the log-normal contact angle distribution were determined by fitting CNT-predicted activated fraction to the measurements at different RHice. Results show that onset single contact angles vary from ~18 to 24 degrees, while the PDF parameters are sensitive to the measurement conditions (i.e. temperature and dust size). Cloud modeling simulations were performed to understand the sensitivity of cloud properties (i.e. ice number concentration, ice water content, and cloud initiation times) to the representation of contact angle and PDF distribution parameters. The model simulations show that cloud properties are sensitive to onset single contact angles and PDF distribution parameters. The comparison of our experimental results with other studies shows that under similar measurement conditions the onset single contact angles are consistent within ±2.0 degrees, while our derived PDF parameters have larger discrepancies.

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35

Liang, Jingshu, Shuhan Chen, Enyu Lin, and Shaoji Jiang. "Controlled morphology of Ag nanocolumns by oblique angle deposition: kinetic Monte Carlo simulation." Chinese Optics Letters 11, S1 (2013): S10202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201311.s10202.

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Bwayo, Edward, Willy Okullo, Daniel Mukiibi, Denis Okello, Robert Lugolole, and Tumps Winston Ireeta. "Dependence of reflectance on angular deposition and film thickness of ZnS/Ag nanolayers." Engineering and Applied Science Letters 4, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30538/psrp-easl2021.0078.

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This paper presents the spectral reflectance of thermally evaporated ZnS/Ag nanostructures. The coating of ZnS/Ag nanostructures was performed in two steps while varying the film thickness and deposition angle. Silver metal wire (99.99% purity) was heated under vacuum at a pressure of \(2.5 \times 10^{-5}\) mBars and deposited on glass slide substrates in the diffusion pump microprocessor vacuum coater (Edwards AUTO 306). Pieces of zinc sulphide (99.99% purity) were heated and deposited to the glass slides previously coated with silver to form the ZnS/Ag/glass composite. The optical reflectance of the samples was studied by the UV/Vis/NIR spectrometer (Perkin Elmer Lambda 19) with UV-WinLab software. The reflectance was measured at angles of incidence between \(15^o\) and \(75^o\). Spectrophotometric studies showed that reflectance decreased with decrease in film thickness and decreased with increase in deposition angle of silver nanoparticles. The reflectance of ZnS/Ag nanostructures decreased with increase in deposition angle of zinc sulphide.

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Ye, D.-X., Y.-P. Zhao, G.-R. Yang, Y.-G. Zhao, G.-C. Wang, and T.-M. Lu. "Manipulating the column tilt angles of nanocolumnar films by glancing-angle deposition." Nanotechnology 13, no. 5 (September 6, 2002): 615–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/13/5/314.

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Garg, Ashu, Anirban Bhattacharya, and Ajay Batish. "Failure investigation of fused deposition modelling parts fabricated at different raster angles under tensile and flexural loading." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 231, no. 11 (December 3, 2015): 2031–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405415617447.

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Fused deposition modelling is an efficient rapid prototyping process used to rapidly fabricate three-dimensional solid objects with complicated geometries. Many process parameters affect the fused deposition modelling process and their settings influence the quality of the specimen. This article investigates the effect of raster angle on surface roughness (along and across the length direction) and mechanical properties (tensile and flexural strength) of fused deposition modelling parts built at 10 different raster angles (0°–90° at 10° interval). All parts are built using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene P430 material. Surface roughness for circular and parabolic curved surfaces is also measured when specimens are built at different raster angles. Fracture surfaces are inspected with scanning electron microscope to study the modes of failure under different loading conditions. The samples where raster angle is 0° and layers are deposited along the length of the specimen exhibited optimal mechanical strength and good surface finish (when measured along the length). Scanning electron microscope results reveal that for 0° raster angle, failures are mainly due to pulling and rupture of fibres and for 30° and 60° raster angle, failure is due to brittle shear in a direction parallel to raster orientation. Due to the presence of number of heating and cooling cycle in 90° raster orientation, interlayer cracking and distortion of raster take place leading to lower strength.

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Trushin, O. S., A. A. Popov, A. N. Pestova, L. A. Mazaletsky, A. A. Akulov, and A. A. Lomov. "Nanostructuring at Oblique Angle Deposition of Cobalt." Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics 86, no. 5 (May 2022): 542–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1062873822050288.

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Trushin, O. S., A. A. Popov, A. N. Pestova, L. A. Mazaletsky, A. A. Akulov, and A. A. Lomov. "Nanostructuring at Oblique Angle Deposition of Cobalt." Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics 86, no. 5 (May 2022): 542–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1062873822050288.

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Trushin, O. S., A. A. Popov, A. N. Pestova, L. A. Mazaletsky, and A. A. Akulov. "Nanostructuring at Oblique Angle Deposition of Aluminum." Technical Physics Letters 47, no. 8 (August 2021): 617–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063785021060250.

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42

Jensen, M. O., and M. J. Brett. "Periodically Structured Glancing Angle Deposition Thin Films." IEEE Transactions On Nanotechnology 4, no. 2 (March 2005): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnano.2004.842061.

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Dick, B., M. J. Brett, T. J. Smy, M. R. Freeman, M. Malac, and R. F. Egerton. "Periodic magnetic microstructures by glancing angle deposition." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 18, no. 4 (July 2000): 1838–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.582481.

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44

Feng, Cao, Weili Zhang, Jianguo Wang, Haixia Ma, Shijie Liu, Kui Yi, Hongbo He, and Jianda Shao. "Broadband antireflection film by glancing angle deposition." Optical Materials 111 (January 2021): 110720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2020.110720.

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45

He, Yuping, and Yiping Zhao. "Mg Nanostructures Tailored by Glancing Angle Deposition." Crystal Growth & Design 10, no. 1 (January 6, 2010): 440–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg901036a.

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46

Huang, Bin, and Sarat Singamneni. "Raster angle mechanics in fused deposition modelling." Journal of Composite Materials 49, no. 3 (January 10, 2014): 363–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998313519153.

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47

Pawar, Amar B., and Ilona Kretzschmar. "Multifunctional Patchy Particles by Glancing Angle Deposition." Langmuir 25, no. 16 (August 18, 2009): 9057–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la900809b.

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48

Kesapragada, S. V., P. R. Sotherland, and D. Gall. "Ta nanotubes grown by glancing angle deposition." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 26, no. 2 (2008): 678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.2842299.

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E, Khodapanah. "Parametric Investigation of Wettability Alteration of Reservoir Rocks by Asphaltene Deposition: Experimental and Modeling Approaches." Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal 4, no. 1 (2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000217.

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Rock wettability plays an important role in water flooding process as it controls fluid flow, oil recovery and distribution of residual oil in any oil reservoir. In this context, polar oil components such as asphaltene contents may adsorb onto the pore mineral surfaces and alter wettability of the reservoir rock. Due to this importance, this study aims to investigate the effects of different parameters such as concentration of asphaltene, salinity, temperature and time on the rock wettability alteration process. For this purpose, dynamic contact angle measurement was performed. The results showed that the increment of asphaltene concentration in the oleic phase changes the wettability of water-wet sandstone rock to oil-wet condition; the increase in the concentration of asphaltene fraction from 0.1 to 5.0 g/lit increased the contact angle from 0 to 97 degrees. In addition, the increase in the brine salinity from 500 to 8000 ppm increased the ability of asphaltene to adsorb on the rock surface and consequently, increased oil wetness; the equivalent contact angle changed from 0 to 113 degree for 5 g/lit asphaltene content after 192 hours. Moreover, the results illustrated that a rise in temperature from 40 to 70 o C accelerates adsorption of asphaltene, but it has not significant effect on the final contact angle. Furthermore, the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is incorporated into the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to correlate contact angle with the aforementioned parameters. To this end, the obtained experimental data are used to train and test the algorithm. The outputs of ANFIS-PSO algorithm are compared with the measured contact angles in both graphical and statistical manners. The training and testing determination coefficients (R 2 ) have been obtained as 0.99091 and 0.98761, respectively. The analysis indicates that the predictive model can be used with a high degree of confidence to investigate the effect of different parameters on wettability alteration

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Shan, Yao, Pian Liu, Yao Chen, Haotian Zhang, Huatian Tu, Yuxiang Zheng, Rongjun Zhang, Songyou Wang, Jing Li, and Liangyao Chen. "Microstructure-Induced Anisotropic Optical Properties of YF3 Columnar Thin Films Prepared by Glancing Angle Deposition." Nanomaterials 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): 2413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10122413.

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Yttrium fluoride (YF3) columnar thin films (CTFs) were fabricated by electron beam evaporation with the glancing angle deposition method. The microstructures and optical properties of YF3 CTFs were studied systematically. The YF3 films grown at different deposition angles are all amorphous. As the deposition angle increases, the columns in YF3 CTFs become increasingly separated and inclined, and the volume fraction of YF3 decreases, resulting in lower refractive indices. This phenomenon is attributed to the self-shadowing effect and limited adatom diffusion. The YF3 CTFs are optically biaxial anisotropic with the long axis (c-axis) parallel to the columns, the short axis (b-axis) perpendicular to the columns, and the other axis (a-axis) parallel to the film interface. The principal refractive index along the b-axis for the 82°-deposited sample is approximately 1.233 at 550 nm. For the 78°-deposited sample, the differences of principal refractive indices between the c-axis and the b-axis and between the a-axis and the b-axis reach the maximum 0.056 and 0.029, respectively. The differences of principal refractive indices were affected by both the deposition angle and the volume fraction of YF3.

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