Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Anglais (langue) – Mots grossiers'
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Vallery, Robin. "Tark, shperlack, burfip, and other alien bad words : Investigating a sound-meaning association in English and French swear words." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ULILH061.
Full textSwear words, also known as taboo words, profanities, bad words, etc. are words that are socially forbidden because they are considered extremely impolite or gravely insulting. Why are swear words forbidden and not other words? Part of the explanation is that they have meanings related to taboo semantic domains, like religion, sexuality, or body waste (Bergen 2016a: 12-39); but then the next question is: why are their (near-)synonyms not forbidden, e.g., in English, why is prick a swear word and not penis (Ljung 2011: viii), why is shit a swear word and not excrement or stool (Bergen 2016a: 14-15)? Some researchers hypothesise (Hughes 2006: 343) or propose based on empirical data (Yardy 2010; Bergen 2016a : 52-63; Lev-Ari & McKay 2022; Chiang & Schlatter, ms.) that sounds influence which words are forbidden, because swear words tend to contain some specific phonemes. We can explain this in terms of sound symbolism, the notion that sounds can be associated with meanings (Dingemanse et al. 2015; Haiman 2018: 118-119; Sidhu 2019), or to put it differently, that sounds can be involved in unconscious form-meaning pairings, unconscious constructions in the sense of Construction Grammar (Goldberg 2006). In this thesis, we review what the literature says on swear words and sound symbolism. We then describe three empirical studies conducted on English and French: one study on swear words of English and French, one on fictional swear words in the same two languages, and one on experimental swear words - we asked native speakers of English and French to spontaneously invent words from alien, i.e., extra-terresterial languages as in science-fiction works. Our results suggest the existence of a sound-meaning association between the social and emotional meaning of swear words (Finkelstein 2018: 311, 326) and the least sonorous consonants according to Parker's (2008) sonority scale: plosives (/p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, and /g/), voiceless fricatives (/f/, /θ/, /s/, /ʃ/, and /h/), and affricates (/tʃ/ and /dʒ/). Our data on French swear words also confirm that they have a more the social and emotional meaning, like “violation of hearer's space” or “taboo-breaking”. Finally, we offer a theoretical discussion of what our sound-meaning association and others mean for meaning-making in language. In particular, we propose that even though it is a polemic debate, the classical tenets of linguistics of double articulation (Dingemanse et al. 2015; Martinet 1957) and arbitrariness (Saussure (2005 [1916]) are actually not incompatible with sound symbolism. A reanalysis of Martinet's double articulation and Saussure's arbitrariness suggests that the latter should be redefined more specifically than originally conceived by Saussure, and that arbitrariness thus does not entail double articulation. This reassessment also allows to distinguish between motivated and non-motivated sound-meaning associations. It helps us better understand how speakers can give meaning to sounds, i.e., how sounds can be involved in unconscious sound-meaning pairings that influence language deeply - like the interdiction of swear words - and are not just limited to poetry and other language games
Panov, Sergueï. "La grossièreté et ses représentations en russe : approche sociolinguistique, comparative et interculturelle." Montpellier 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON30062.
Full textThis Ph. D. Dissertation is devoted to a contrastive study of how rude words work in Russian : swearing, insults, vulgar and obscene words. It aims tentatively at investigating the variations in the way the French and the Russians use supposed "four-letter" words in their everyday life and speech. In what context are rude words used in Russian, and what is their function ? What are, from an intercultural point of view, the linguistic mechanisms at work which select some and promote them as the items most used, and in what particular cases of verbal intercourse ? What status should they be assigned : standard vs non-standard ? To that end surveys have been conducted both in Russia and in France to determine the socio-linguistic context of foul expressions. A French-Russian dictionary of obscene words has thus been sketched out with approximately 1000 corresponding words and phrases
Moore, Mauroux Susan. "Les mots composés : analyse de schémas accentuels de l'anglais britannique standard." Poitiers, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002POIT5026.
Full textMignot, Elise. "Recherches sur les noms composés de type nom + nom en anglais contemporain." Paris 4, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA040192.
Full textThis study first examines the morphological and syntactical characteristics of compound nouns (of the type noun + noun) and the semantic relationships between the two nouns. It then broadens its scope to look at the discursive role of the first noun and presents the contexts in which compound nouns occur. This leads to identifying two groups of compound nouns : singly-stressed or doubly-stressed. These two groups of compound nouns are the result of two different formation processes. For singly-stressed compound nouns, the relationship between the two nouns is based on an underlying discourse. In the formation process, the compound noun follows (syntactically and semantically) another type of noun phrase. For doubly-stressed compound nouns, the two bases are brought together at the time of enunciation. The first noun synthesizes a discourse, from which it derives its qualifying function
Ungureanu, Cristina. "Équivalences ou emprunts ? : le français, le roumain et les mots anglais." Amiens, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AMIE0005.
Full textJouneau, Isabelle. "La composition nominale par juxtaposition en anglais contemporain." Besançon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BESA1020.
Full textThe analysis of a compound noun with juxtaposed elements raises problems, particularly concerning the explicit description of the syntactic and semantic relation between the elements of the compound noun. In his transformational approach, Robert Lees (1963, chap. IV) proposes the creation of a minimal source-sentence, from which the compound noun would be derived through successive transformations, but his method is easily applicable only when the syntactic and semantic relation is simple; its application proves to be difficult when the relation becomes complicated, and quite impossible when change of meaning comes into play. In the lexicographic approach, the traditional definition, which is a semantically equivalent periphrasis, is mainly intended to give the meaning of the compound noun. Therefore it gives at best indirect precision on the syntactic and semantic relation between the elements. However the non- limited number of the components of a definition might allow one to analyse and describe explicitly a complex syntactic and semantic relation, even if change of meaning comes into play. A tentative synthesis of the two approaches makes it possible to imagine the creation of an explanatory text which would combine the presentation of the meaning with that of the syntactic and semantic relation. The analysis of a corpus of 8318 compound nouns that have been formed since 1933 (listed from supplements III and IV of the o. E. D. ) and classified in types, enables one to distinguish between various patterns
Arana, Bustamante Raúl. "Agression et transgression : les tabous brisés du langage : gros mots et vulgarité dans l'espagnol du Mexique." Paris 5, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA05H003.
Full textThe main objective of this study is to propose new taxonomic models to describe and interpret the main linguistic expressions of vulgarity within the Spanish-speaking countries, putting a special emphasis on "bad words" as criteria to class them have always been vague or ambiguous due to the following reasons : 1) Confusion between syntactic and semantic analysis, 2) Censorship and prudishness of lexicographers, 3) lack of consistent analytical grid. By overcoming those methodological obstacles, this study sets up the guideliness for a new "argoto-jurological" typology of the Spanish lexicon (based on the study of slang and bad words). To do so, we integrate universal categories such as "mot-souche" ("root-word") and "mot tabou" (taboo word") as well as some neologistic concepts applicable to mexican slang's specific phenomena such as "minimalist euphemism", "acrophonemic stigmatization" and "coaxial polysemous asemantism"
Ahronian, Céline. "Les noms composés anglais, français et espagnols du domaine d'Internet : traduction des composés anglais en français et en espagnol." Lyon 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2005/ahronian_c.
Full textThis research is part of a perspective of translation assistance and neological creation. The scientific object is to draw up the linguistic profile of the English, French and Spanish compound nouns of the Internet lexicon and to design a method for translating the English compounds to come into French and Spanish built upon a standard equivalence system between the source and target compounds. The first part aims at outlining the compound noun and isolating compounds among all the lexical units. The morphosyntactic and semantic profile of the English, French and Spanish compound nouns of the Internet terminology is outlined in the second part so that translators can be supplied with the required information and the foundations for the future equivalence system can be laid. The terms were collected in a trilingual corpus made up of computer magazines. The analysis of the compounds is divided into three parts (morphosyntactic profile, semantic profile and combination rules). The methodological and theoretical background required to develop the standard equivalences is set in the third part. The creation of the English-French and English-Spanish equivalence system, the obtained results and the identification of the exceptions are also explained in this part. After having considered the interest of computerizing the equivalence system for translators, the research ends with the automation of the equivalence system, i. E. The design of a translation assistance tool. A multilingual terminological database is created
Lambert, Michel. "Métacognition et cognition dans l'apprentissage de l'anglais à partir des congénères interlinguaux : étude de leurs relations dans un contexte spécifique." La Rochelle, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LAROF009.
Full textThis research explores the possibility of commencing the teaching of English as a foreign language by paying special attention to transparent words also called interlingual cognates. It suggests that children's attention should be drawn to the large number of words the English and French language have in common. An experimental application in the form of a series of lessons based on cognates was developed in accordance with modern theories of language acquisition so that the practical aspects could be knowingly discussed. This project is qualitative in nature. It is an attempt to perceive and describe the mental representations and experiences of the teachers involved in applying the method. It analyses the impact of the training period on their conceptions of the use of cognates in English lessons in the primary school
León, Baéz Margarita de. "Concepts, images et symboles : une étude des mots composés dans le corpus poétique vieil-anglais." Paris 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA040200.
Full textThe present dissertation is an analysis of substantive compounds of the Old English poetic corpus within the framework of cognitive linguistics. A theoretical approach has been considered in order to elucidate the question of the difficulty of distinguishing compounds from noun phrases, and from phrases involving a genitive pattern. A sample of compounds that stem from a classification according to different domains (mind, space, and knowledge) as well as different cognitif categories has been taken as the basis of my approach for interpreting poetry. Specific arrangements of the versified patterns (techniques of variation, alliteration, ring composition) underlie alternate visions of reality typical of the poet’s mind, in which The Book of God and The Book of Nature are combined. It has been assumed that words are accessed within the lexicon through the structure of compounds (in particular those concepts related to knowledge)
Boughedaoui, Mourad. "Anglais spécialisé de l'informatique : contribution à l'étude de la complexification des noms composés par chaînage." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR2A001.
Full textThis work presents a study of the complexification process of string compound nouns (SCNS) through different registers of a corpus of computer science written texts. This process is characterized by the existence of various overlapping levels of the component parts within SCNS. In this study, these levels are identified using a formal segmentation based essentially on the location of collocational sequences in the linguistic environment of SCNS. This approach made it possible to highlight the active role of collocations in the binary structuring of SCNS as well as in the formation of compound adjectives. In order to establish any inter-relationship between the complexification phenomenon and the four registers studied, a statistical analysis of the frequencies and complexities of SCNS has been carried out. An SCN typology has been drawn up so as to put forward the complex relationship resulting from the multiple potential combinations of the various syntactic categories featuring in SCNS. The last section lays special emphasis on the pedagogic implications
Depierre, Amélie. "La Composition en anglais scientifique : application au domaine de la physico-chimie." Littoral, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DUNK0070.
Full textThis study stems from teaching experience and comes as a response to students' questions and errors. It has two main objectives : on the one hand a critical review of existing research on compounds and other complex nominals in English, and on the other hand the application of the theoretical data available in order to help French-speaking students and researchers, who need to communicate (understand, speak and write) in English, namely in the domain of physico-chemical sciences. After a survey of the characteristics of compounds, and an investigation of axamples taken from several corpora, a new morphological classification of binominal compounds is suggested, then the semantic relations between their elements are pointed out. The results are extended to longer nominals, with a particular attention paid to words built from Greek and Latin bases, and acronyms, which abound in the field of sciences. These competing structures : N₂ N₁, N₂'s N₁ and N₁ of N₂ are contrasted, as they are a major source of error among French speakers, especially at the encoding stage. Lastly, an electronic glossary in Excel format including some of the terms of the domain, together with examples of attested sentences, has been developed. One of the future objectives is to transfer the glossary in HTML format in order to make it more available for use in various domains
Wecksteen-Quinio, Corinne. "Traduction et connotation." Artois, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ARTO0001.
Full textThe object of this doctoral dissertation is to study the translation of connotation. It begins with a general survey of connotation as it has been used in fields such as logic, linguistics and semiotics. Emphasis is laid on the importance of connotation for the construction of meaning, itself a multifaceted and multidisciplinary concept. This research is motivated and justified by the lack of a wide ranging and systematic treatment of the notion in translation studies. The approach is based on the examination of an extensive English-French corpus of contemporary literary texts and it takes into account the notions of variability, subjectivity, ambiguity and implicitness. The study of translation strategies proper is duly preceded by an attempt to define the markers of connotation; Stress is placed on the intrinsic variability of connotation and on the importance of the translator as a person, with subjectivity this necessarily entails. Connotation is viewed as a form of variation which paves the way for a stylistic and sociolinguistic study involving not only registers but accents and dialects. This highlights the fact that the translator has to comply with certain writing constraints but that he also has some leeway as co-author of the target text. Ambiguity is then taken as a thematic link for the analysis of the humorous connotations conveyed by wordplay and for the study of the connotative shifts at work when languages come into contact, as exemplified by calques and loanwords. The last section is devoted to the study of implicitness, in connection with the translation of cultural connotations, and especially onomastics, cultural references and allusions
Vasilescu, Volanschi Alexandra. "Étude et modélisation des phénomènes collocationnels : implémentation dans un système d'aide à la rédaction en anglais scientifique." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA070089.
Full textThe central goal of the present study is to develop a methodology to explore the combinatorial properties of terms belonging to a specific field of biology, yeast biology, based on the analysis of a corpus of scientific articles. This research has led to the production of a writing aid tool meant to help non-native authors write scientific papers in English. A number of theoretical and methodological considerations are outlined in the first part of our study. We begin by analysing the various definitions and defining features of collocations - both in general language and in languages for specific purposes. This led us to formulate a working definition of collocations, well suited for our application. We then review various methods of automatic collocation extraction from corpora and a number of collocation encoding methods used by various lexicographical and terminographical approaches This state-of-the-art discussion prompted a number of thoughts on the choices best suited for our purpose. In the second part, we discuss our collocation extraction method and the specifications of the web interface allowing users to query results. In order to extract terminological collocations specific to yeast biology but also collocations belonging to general scientific language we have built and analysed a large specialised corpus (over 5 million words), composed of research articles on yeast biology. Our hybrid collocation extraction method is based on dependency parsing combined with a number of statistical heuristics : mutual information, frequency and coverage
Iwauchi, Kayoko. "L'agression verbale en japonais : disputes télévisées et forum de plaintes d'enfants." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0044.
Full textThis thesis researches the linguistic characteristics of verba agression in Japanese. A survey carried out among adolescents has revealed taboos that block any direct description of forbidden words during an argument. Two corpora have been chosen to get rounf this difficulty : a series of 11 arguments and an internet forum where children complain about having been victimised by "hurtful words". The analysis of the first corpus has allowed the identification of opposed principles of their enunciative organisation : the argument revolves around the speacker who tries to dominate and crush his opponent. The principale appears at the level of the structure of the interaction, the lexical and syntactical characteristics. This domination of the speacker oppose the rules of ordinary language, entailing "defiance" effects. The analysis of the second corpus illustrates the point of view of the victims of hurtful words by revealing their secret emotive reactions. These express themselves through the use of negative affect verbs and the alternating use of past and non-past tenses, when the mention of these hurtful words reveals always painful personal experiences
Harfi, Saïda. "Les mots de la gauche américaine dans l'hebdomadaire "The Nation" : septembre 2001-novembre 2004." Amiens, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AMIE0011.
Full textThis PhD paper deals with the American left, its history and ideas ans describes the established modus operandi of its various elements. Generally speaking, this thesis studies the way the different constituents within "The Nation" - the oldest weekly magazine in the United States, devoted to politics and culture and advocate of left/liberal ideology - behave, think and speak between September 1, 2001 and the general elections of November 2004. It examines their stand of the US wars in Afganistan and Iraq and how they respectively defend (or criticize) the US presidential candidates' views (George W. Bush, John Kerry, Ralph Nader) on polotical, social and cultural issues. In short this paper looks at the way the editorial writer of "The Nation" and its columnists heterogeneous, multidimensional and deeply divisive space and inside a field which is uncomfortable. While shedding new light on the American left by exploring the instittutional problems aroused by the political circumstances, it intends to identify the particularities of each space in order to bring the salient features of their discourses which try respectively to stregthen their position much debated. The institutional approach is used in the sense that this paper examines the way "The Nation" and more specifically the American left function in practice (in times of crisis and election periods) and analyzes the nature of relationships which exist between the different partners who interact inside the magazine. While giving an account of the reality of the power relationship and especially the power struggles that prevail inside the field (of the American left) in general and within "The Nation" in particular, it mobilizes also the argumentative approach in the senses that it explores the discourse which occurs in a limited space and time and focuses on the way the arguments used to legittimate the positioning are renforced
Missud, Jean. "Analyse linguistique, stylistique et prosodique de l'adjectif composé anglais." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0288.
Full textThe first part consists in a morphologic, linguistic and stylistic study of the English compound adjective. We draw a summary of what the existing literature has said over the years about the adjectival compound form, which allows us to question the morphology of the compound process and the way this phenomenon produces new items of language by associating two or more existing words. We interrogate the possibility of links between the different compound words, notably the connections between the English compound noun and the English compound adjective. This first part also draws boundaries between different processes of morphology; once the compounding process and the compound adjective are defined, we draw a list of the adjectival characteristics of the compound adjective. After having studied the theories surrounding the English compound adjective, we set a typology of the form. This typology is built using the 1,521 instances found in 8 pieces of literature. We then focus our attention on the five most common syntactic formats found in our corpus: each of them is analyzed syntactically and semantically, then stylistically by examining how the authors of our corpus make use of the English compound adjective. The second part of the dissertation proposes to study the English compound adjective and its accentuation. We investigate what has been said in the existing literature about the accentuation of compound forms, notably on the accentuation of compounds versus phrases and on compound nouns
Lange, Marielle. "De l'orthographe à la prononciation: nature des processus de conversion graphème-phonème dans la reconnaissance des mots écrits." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211741.
Full textLoison-Charles, Julie. "Les mots étrangers de Vladimir Nabokov." Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100051/document.
Full textThis thesis shows how central Nabokov’s multilingualism was to his prose in English: after authoring several works in Russian, the writer changed languages and then only wrote his novels in English. It was not merely a second language for him because Nabokov could write English before Russian and he had spoken it since childhood. Besides, he enjoyed a polyglot education and was fluent in French. This thesis studies Nabokov’s style in English by focusing on his linguistic creativity and by examining the founding role that translation played in how his several tongues were going to position themselves in relation to one another. Nabokov’s bilingual identity means that his writing both challenges and deviates from the norm: it is dappled with strangeness and foreignness. In his novels, foreign words irrupt in the midst of the English prose and, typographically and semantically, they destabilize the reading experience: code-switching is at the heart of this thesis and questions the relation between “the narrator’s tyranny” (Couturier) and his reader. English itself loses its familiarity and becomes a foreign language: Nabokov’s bilingualism means he is like a foreigner in this tongue; therefore he reveals the violence of language (Lecercle) and puts it into play through puns and neologisms. Nabokov is what Deleuze calls, thanks to a Proustian expression, a great writer: his books “are written in a kind of foreign language”
Al-Hammouri, Samer. "Enquête sur les représentations de la langue française et de son apprentissage chez les étudiants jordaniens." Thesis, Paris 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA030093.
Full textOur research is about the study of the representations of the French language and its learning by Jordanian students. We tried to discover the images concerning France and French people from a sample of Jordanian students. The purpose of this paper is to explore more the question of the representations of the Jordanian learners in a university bilingual context, little studied from an Arabophone context. We have studied a sample of 68 Jordanian students from the Yarmouk University by means of questionnaire. This study also reveals the representations - stereotypes of both mother and foreign tongues and their places in class of French language as a foreign language. The results of this study show that the students have a very well-balanced about the generally sight of the French language and its apprenticeship. The study also makes evident the existence of relationship between the representations of the target language and the motiv! ation for learning. Moreover; this study shows the importance of understanding the complex nature of the representations of learners towards their mother tongue and the first language learnt in the classroom of French as a Foreign Language
Commissaire, Eva. "Orthographic and phonological coding during L2 visual word recognition in L2 learners : lexical and sublexical mechanisms." Thesis, Lille 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL30007/document.
Full textOrthographic and phonological coding during second language (L2) learning in a school context was examined in the present work. Masked priming techniques revealed that lexical orthographic representations were finely_tuned after only two years of acquisition and that this coding was comparable for words of varying orthographic typically (study 1). Evidence in favour of language non-selectivity during lexical access was uncovered : a cognate inhibition effect emerged in grade 8 for lexical decision (study 2). In addition, tests of cross-language orthographic neighbourhood effects using masked priming revealed cross-language lexical competition in the highest proficiency group only (study 3). Intriguing evidence of facilitation effects in lexical decision for L2 words whose orthography was shared across languages compared to words whose orthography was L2-specific signalled the influence of orthographic typicality during L2 visual word recognition (study 4). Grapheme coding was also shown to be functional after only a few months of L2 learning, though differences emerged across proficiency levels in relation to the orthographic typicality of graphemes (study 5). Finally, evidence was found for the parallel activation of print-to-sound correspondences from both languages in young L2 learners (study 6) and for the influence of first language correspondences on L2 visual word recognition (study 7)
Nasseri, Arezou. "Les difficultés d'apprentissage de l'écrit en français d'apprenants iraniens : le cas des étudiants des niveaux intermédiaire et avancé des instituts de langues de Téhéran." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENL048.
Full textRiou, Marine. "The grammar of topic transition in American English conversation. Topic transition design and management in typical and atypical conversations (schizophrenia)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCA115/document.
Full textThe research presented in this dissertation analyzes topic transition in American English interaction, focusing on audio recordings of spontaneous conversations between friends and relatives. The main object of inquiry is the interactional action of transitioning to a new discourse topic, as well as the different linguistic strategies that participants have at their disposal. Three main types of cues are investigated: questions, discourse markers, and pitch register. Each type of cue is analyzed for its individual contribution to topic transition design, as well as for the way it can combine with, supplement, or contradict other cues. Analyzing different types of cues – verbal and prosodic – creates a composite picture of the various ways in which the topic trajectory of a conversation shapes its grammar – including its prosody. This study uses a mixed-methods approach which draws on the qualitative-oriented theoretical frameworks of Conversation Analysis and Interactional Linguistics, combining them with quantitative methods used in Corpus Linguistics, such as systematic coding and statistics. This multi-domain account is completed by elaborating a comparison between typical and atypical interactions. Persons suffering from schizophrenia can experience difficulties in managing the topics of a conversation, and they can produce non-canonical transitions. Comparing their data with that of typical participants thus sheds light on some of the expectations, preferences and standard formats which can otherwise remain hidden when topic transition goes smoothly
Zoghlami, Naouel. "Processus ascendants et descendants en compréhension de l'oral en langue étrangère - Problèmes et retombées didactiques pour la compréhension de l'anglais." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA080041.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the complex relationship between bottom-up and top-down processes in L2 speech comprehension; i.e. between the use of the signal and the linguistic input on one hand, and the integration of various types of knowledge (linguistic, discourse, pragmatic, general) on the other hand. Despite a large body of research on the cognitive processes underlying listening in psycholinguistics, foreign language (L2) acquisition and teaching (e.g., Cutler & Clifton, 1999; Field, 2008a; Rost, 2002; Brown, 1990), there are still gaps in our understanding of these processes and the impact certain factors have on listening comprehension. Assuming that L1 and L2 listening follow the same cognitive architecture, we first review recent psycholinguistic models of L1 listening. We also examine the main factors constraining L2 listening comprehension. As our summary of the few SLA studies that have investigated the role of bottom-up information and the strategic behavior of L2 listeners points to the important contribution of metacognition, we clarify the terminological fuzziness characterizing this concept, and propose a model of metacognition in real-world unidirectional L2 listening. We then present the results of a study that we conducted to investigate the exact contribution of these different factors to L2 listening. The participants in this study were EFL French and Tunisian teachers (n=23) and learners (n=226). Using mixed quantitative (different tests and questionnaires) and qualitative (protocol analysis and gating experiments - Ericsson & Simon, 1993; Grosjean, 1980) methods, our aim was to investigate: 1) the factors perceived by learners and teachers as influencing L2 listening; 2) the relative contribution of linguistic knowledge, auditory discrimination, spoken word recognition (SWR), and meta-comprehension knowledge to successful L2 listening; 3) on-line listening problems and strategy use. For all of these parameters, we looked more closely at different levels of listening proficiency (various analyses of the performance of skilled and unskilled L2 listeners), as well as the possible influence of the two L1s (French and Tunisian Arabic) involved in the study.Our analyses show that: 1) there is a general discrepancy between what is perceived as making L2 listening difficult and what really renders it problematic; 2) SWR and vocabulary knowledge contribute significantly to the variance in L2 listening, with SWR being a stronger predictor; 3) listening problems encountered on-line are mainly lower-level (segmentation) and, although strategies contribute to speech comprehension, they are not discriminatory. What characterizes a proficient L2 listener seems to be accurate formal processing, not strategic processing of oral input. The findings are discussed from a theoretical and pedagogical perspective. Keywords: listening comprehension, French and Tunisian learners of L2 English, bottom-up and top-down processes, formal processing, integration and situation model, attentional resources, gating, protocol analysis, comparative analysis
Zoghlami, Naouel. "Processus ascendants et descendants en compréhension de l'oral en langue étrangère - Problèmes et retombées didactiques pour la compréhension de l'anglais." Thesis, Paris 8, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA080041.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the complex relationship between bottom-up and top-down processes in L2 speech comprehension; i.e. between the use of the signal and the linguistic input on one hand, and the integration of various types of knowledge (linguistic, discourse, pragmatic, general) on the other hand. Despite a large body of research on the cognitive processes underlying listening in psycholinguistics, foreign language (L2) acquisition and teaching (e.g., Cutler & Clifton, 1999; Field, 2008a; Rost, 2002; Brown, 1990), there are still gaps in our understanding of these processes and the impact certain factors have on listening comprehension. Assuming that L1 and L2 listening follow the same cognitive architecture, we first review recent psycholinguistic models of L1 listening. We also examine the main factors constraining L2 listening comprehension. As our summary of the few SLA studies that have investigated the role of bottom-up information and the strategic behavior of L2 listeners points to the important contribution of metacognition, we clarify the terminological fuzziness characterizing this concept, and propose a model of metacognition in real-world unidirectional L2 listening. We then present the results of a study that we conducted to investigate the exact contribution of these different factors to L2 listening. The participants in this study were EFL French and Tunisian teachers (n=23) and learners (n=226). Using mixed quantitative (different tests and questionnaires) and qualitative (protocol analysis and gating experiments - Ericsson & Simon, 1993; Grosjean, 1980) methods, our aim was to investigate: 1) the factors perceived by learners and teachers as influencing L2 listening; 2) the relative contribution of linguistic knowledge, auditory discrimination, spoken word recognition (SWR), and meta-comprehension knowledge to successful L2 listening; 3) on-line listening problems and strategy use. For all of these parameters, we looked more closely at different levels of listening proficiency (various analyses of the performance of skilled and unskilled L2 listeners), as well as the possible influence of the two L1s (French and Tunisian Arabic) involved in the study.Our analyses show that: 1) there is a general discrepancy between what is perceived as making L2 listening difficult and what really renders it problematic; 2) SWR and vocabulary knowledge contribute significantly to the variance in L2 listening, with SWR being a stronger predictor; 3) listening problems encountered on-line are mainly lower-level (segmentation) and, although strategies contribute to speech comprehension, they are not discriminatory. What characterizes a proficient L2 listener seems to be accurate formal processing, not strategic processing of oral input. The findings are discussed from a theoretical and pedagogical perspective. Keywords: listening comprehension, French and Tunisian learners of L2 English, bottom-up and top-down processes, formal processing, integration and situation model, attentional resources, gating, protocol analysis, comparative analysis
Frini, Marouane. "Diagnostic des engrenages à base des indicateurs géométriques des signaux électriques triphasés." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSES052.
Full textAlthough they are widely used, classical vibration measurements have several limitations. Vibration analysis can only identify about 60% of the defects that may occur in mechanical systems. However, the main drawbacks of vibration measurements are the difficult access to the transmission system in order to place the sensor as well as the consequent cost of implementation. This results in sensitivity problems relative to the position of the installation and the difficulty to distinguish the source of vibration because of the diversity of mechanical excitations that exist in the industrial environment.Hence, the Motor Current Signatures Analysis (M.C.S.A.) represents a promising alternative to the vibration analysis and has therefore been the subject of increasing attention in recent years. Indeed, the analysis of electrical signatures has the advantage of being a technically accessible method as well as inexpensive and non-intrusive to the system. Techniques based on currents and voltages only require the motor’s electrical measurements which are often already supervised for the purposes of the control and the protection of the electrical machines. This process was mainly used for the detection of motors faults such as rotor bars breakage and eccentricity faults as well as bearings defects. On the other hand, very little research has been focused on gear faults detection using the current analysis. In addition, three-phase electrical signals are characterized by specific geometric representations related to their waveforms and they can serve as different indicators providing additional information. Among these geometric indicators, the Park and Concordia transforms model the electrical components in a two-dimensional coordinate system and any deviation from the original representation indicates the apparition of a malfunction. Moreover, the differential equations of Frenet-Serret represent the trajectory of the signal in a three-dimensional euclidean space and thus indicate any changes in the state of the system. Although they have been previously used for bearing defects, these indicators have not been applied in the detection of gear defects using the analysis of electrical current signatures. Hence, the innovative idea of combining these indicators with signal processing techniques, as well as classification techniques for gears diagnosis using the three-phase motor’s electrical current signatures analysis is established.Hence, in this work, a new approach is proposed for gear faults diagnosis using the motor currents analysis, based on a set of geometric indicators (Park and Concordia transforms as well as the properties of the Frenet-Serret frame). These indicators are part of a specifically built fault signatures library and which also includes the classical indicators used for a wide range of faults. Thus, a proposed estimation algorithm combines experimental measurements of electrical signals with advanced signal processing methods (Empirical Mode Decomposition, ...). Next, it selects the most relevant indicators within the library based on feature selection algorithms (Sequential Backward Selection and Principal Component Analysis). Finally, this selection is combined with non-supervised classification (K-means) for the distinction between the healthy state and faulty states. It was finally validated with a an additional experimental configuration in different cases with gear faults, bearing faults and combined faults with various load levels
Li, Shiyu. "L’effet de la langue seconde sur le traitement des mots composés chinois chez les locuteurs bilingues chinois-français et chinois-anglais." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25472.
Full textThe present study investigated whether the French or English translation equivalents of Chinese compound constituents affect Chinese compound recognition and, if so, whether they affect processing in a comparable manner. We conducted a constituent priming experiment, where targets were bimorphemic Chinese compounds, preceded by one of their constituents or an unrelated item. Chinese-French and Chinese-English bilinguals were assigned to three priming conditions, where primes were translated into their L2 French or L2 English or repeated in their L1 Chinese (transcribed as Pinyin syllables). Results from the L2 priming conditions indicated that participants recognized Chinese compounds as real words significantly faster when they were preceded by one of their constituents, in either French or English, than they were when preceded by an unrelated stimulus. This effect was not restricted to a particular L2, as constituent priming effects produced by French primes patterned with English primes. We failed to find a significant constituent priming effect in the L1 priming condition, possibly due to difficulty in processing Pinyin. We argue that the L2 constituent priming effects on Chinese compound processing provide evidence in favour of an integrated bilingual mental lexicon characterized by lexical as well as sublexical connectivity.