Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Anglais Langue Étrangère (EFL)'
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Jiang, Qianhong. "Development of metalinguistic abilities : young learners learning a foreign language by using poetry." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU20079/document.
Full textThe present study proposes an interactive model of metalinguistic awareness, poetry and foreign language learning. It aims at examining the influence from poetry-embedded class of English as a foreign language on pupils’ phonological awareness, with considering the relations between their phonological awareness and the factors in ecological learning environment that includes teacher’s instruction, learners’ language learning strategies, linguistic exposure to English that learners receive outside of classroom, and pupils’ feedback on the poetry sequence. Two case studies are conducted to probe into the development of pupils’ phonological awareness in the context of poetry-embedment English class, as well as the relations mentioned above. A combination of quantitative methods and qualitative methods are employed in the current study. The results of quasi-experiment of phonological awareness indicate poetry-embedment English class globally facilitates the development of pupils’ phonological awareness to some extent. Bialystok’s theory (2001, 2012) Schmidt’s noticing hypothesis (Schmidt,2010), and Tsur’s cognitive poetics (2008) are employed to interpret the results of phonological awareness tests
Clayton, Bernard Rebecca. "Autorégulation, co-régulation et régulation partagée des apprentissages en cours de langue à l’oral : les processus de régulation favorisés par l'évaluation formative par les pairs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Brest, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BRES0029.
Full textIn French higher education settings where students must continue to study English out of obligation rather than choice, the current literature highlights the importance of learning situations in which learners can increase their agency through self-regulation. This approach should enable them both to increase performance and become more independent. Formative peer assessment can help enhance self-regulation, but effects of these methods remain under-explored in the context of oral language-learning tasks. The present thesis draws on a socioconstructivist approach to self-regulated learning, focusing on the social aspects of regulation (essential for meaningful exchange in language learning contexts). Following a systematic literature review, three studies examine individually and shared regulatory processes. The first qualitative study explores individual and shared processes in a learning situation using peer assessment with video feedback. An observational mixed-methods study then examines effects of peer and self-assessment on three regulatory modes (self, co- and socially-shared regulation) in an online setting. Finally, a quasi-experimental quantitative study compares the effects of different peer assessment methods (imposed/co-created criteria) on regulations and self-efficacy. The results of these studies are discussed in light of the literature, providing insights into the social and contextual dimensions of selfregulated learning. Suggestions are made for future research, along with practical recommendations
Normand, Marion. "Analyse des représentations de la langue anglaise en lien avec les compétences en expression orale en L2 chez des apprenants de BTS." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCH024.
Full textAlthough French learners studying at BTS level at the National School of Dairy Industry and Biotechnologies (ENILBio) in Poligny have studied English as a second language for several years, they often have difficulty not only understanding it, but more importantly speaking it. As a teacher, it is a problem I am faced with daily and to which I haven’t been able to find explanations or solutions.The aim of this research is to explore the reasons that explain why students often feel embarrassed when they have to speak the language in and outside school, and to question their own practices and representations. This work aims at understanding why BTS students don’t speak English – or speak it little or badly – by linking their experiences with the language, their representations and their actual speaking skills.This research emphasizes what students have to say about this subject through questionnaires and face-to-face interviews in French. The gathered qualitative and quantitative results are analysed in relation to a speaking task which was carried out by student volunteers.The institutional context plays a crucial part in the fact that students speak English (or not) in and outside school, but the links between the representations of the English language, the students’ representations of themselves as language learners and their exposure to the language remain unclear.What are the prospects to help BTS learners to improve their speaking skills? This research tries to open new ways to answer this question
Tiryakioglu, Gulay. "EFL learners' writing processes : the relationship between linguistic knowledge, composing processes and text quality." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE2047.
Full textWriting is a complex process both in the first language (L1) and in a foreign or second language (L2). Researchon second- and foreign-language writing processes is increasing, thanks to the existence of research tools thatenable us to look more closely at what language learners actually do as they write (Hyland, 2016; Van Waes etal., 2012; Wengelin et al., 2019); research on plurilingual writing behaviour remains, however, scarce. Thisstudy looks at the relationship between knowledge of language, typing skills, writing processes (writing fluency,pauses and revisions) and the quality of texts written by 30 middle school French students (14-15 years old),during writing in their first (French), and second (English) languages. In the second study, we looked at thiscomplex relationship among a sub-group of 15 middle school French-Turkish bilingual students (14-15 yearsold, residing in France) during writing in their home language (Turkish), school language (French), and English(a foreign language, also learned at school). The third study explores this complex relationship between thesubgroup of 17 bilingual learners (15 Turkish-French bilinguals and 2 Arabic-French bilinguals) and 13 Frenchmonolingual learners.We used a mixed-method study design: a combination of keystroke loggings, pre- and post-writingquestionnaires, students' written texts and stimulated recall interviews. Our participants performed three writingtasks (a copy task, a descriptive and a narrative task) in each language on the computer using the keystrokeloggingtool Inputlog (Leijten & Van Waes, 2013). Keystroke logging (the possibility of measuring precisetyping behaviour), which has developed over the past two decades, enables empirical investigation of typingbehaviour during writing. Data related to writing processes were analyzed from this Inputlog data: writingfluency was measured as characters per minute, words per minute, and mean pause-bursts (text producedbetween two pauses of 2000 milliseconds); pausing was measured as numbers of pauses, pause length, andlocation (within and between words); and revisions were measured as numbers of deletions and additions, andrevision-bursts (additions and deletions between two long pauses of 2000 milliseconds). Typing speed wasmeasured with the Inputlog copy task tool in three languages; we developed the Turkish copy task for our study,and it has been standardized and added to the Inputlog software. To assess text quality, a team of evaluatorsused both a holistic and an analytical rating scale to judge content, organization and language use in the L1, L2and L3 texts, and this qualitative assessment is compared with the quantitative Inputlog measures. We alsocollected stimulated recall protocol data from a focus group of seven writers, as they watched the keystrokelogged data unfold; this fascinating process enabled us to obtain information related to the writers’ thoughtsduring long pauses and revisions. Finally, we obtained background data on the participants’ writing behaviorsoutside the classroom with a questionnaire.Analyses of the keystroke logging data reveal important differences between L1 and L2 as well as between L1,L2 and L3 writing processes, which appear to be linked to our bilingual subjects’ linguistic backgrounds, andespecially their contact with written Turkish (Akinci, 2016). Writing processes were more fluent in French, withlonger pause-bursts, fewer pauses and revisions than writing in English and Turkish. Post-hoc comparisons ofwriting processes in the three project languages show that although there are significant differences betweenFrench and Turkish/English writing processes, English and Turkish writing processes are similar, with,however, significant fluency differences
Ruel, Clémentine. "Acquisition de la complexité linguistique en anglais langue maternelle et en français langue étrangère." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL164.
Full textThis research is based on the new hypothesis on acquisition: in the course of the acquisition of their mother tongue, children produce their own utterances from previously heard utterances using transformations called “reformulations”. It consists of the analysis of the reformulation procedures and of some complex phenomena in children aged 8 and 10 years-old’s oral productions in English as a mother tongue (EMT) and of Analysis of the reformulation procedures in teenagers’ oral productions in French as a foreign language after approximately 4 to 5 years of learning.At 8 years-old in EMT, children tend to simplify the source utterances. At 10 years-old, children use a larger number of different kinds of reformulation procedures and they use more complex reformulation procedures. As at 8 years-old, 10-year-old children still tend to simplify some complex verbs. This also shows that these verbs are indeed complex. Lastly, children reformulate more often the source relative clauses with relative clauses than 8-year-old children. Towards 17 years-old and after 4 to 5 years of learning French as a foreign language (FFL), mastering the mother tongue would be a determinant factor in the acquisition of FFL: due to the syntactic proximity between the English and the French languages and to their age, teenagers produce paraphrases that are more complex. Teenagers tend to simplify source utterances when the source utterance is complex at a lexical and syntactical level, as do the children with English as a mother tongue
Trévise, Anne. "Eléments de description de l'acquisition d'une langue étrangère." Paris 7, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA070037.
Full textLeaning a second language in an institutional setting implie a specific type of language activity. The research then must deal with the acquisition of second languages in a "natural" setting, and with the "grammaticalisation" processes. In both kinds of settings, learners have a mealinguistic activity which one must study if one wants to guide it through efficient metalinguistic teaching. In order to study this activity, it is necessary to analyse learners' verbalisation and to compare them with their linguistic activities both in comprehension and in production. On thus needs a theoretical linguistic description of the two systems (source and target). The particular field which is studied here is the aspect tense domain (passe simple passe compose imparfait and english preterit), where the different kinds of lexical verbal constructions are taken into account. One can then study the possible efficiency of teaching in the processes of acquisition learning, and the possible role of a type of mealanguage which would be adapted both to linguistic reality and to the melalinguistic representations of learners
Cooke, Ray. "Utilisation en semi-autonome des matériels destinés à l'apprentissage de l'anglais, langue étrangère." Bordeaux 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BOR30039.
Full textSetting up teaching materials for the semi-autonomous learning of english implies difficulties going beyond the scope of the language teacher in his day-to-day class preparation. Despite an increasing demand for this type of learning, the materials currently available on the market are of limited range, since learners' needs differ and are sometimes unforeseeable. New materials must therefore be made from those at hand. The author thus considers the following with respect to semi-autonomous language learning: the types of learners for whom these specific materials are to be made; the consequences of this on the content and arrangement of such materials; a possible model for a workunit in semi-autonomy, with specific reference to the criteria underlying the themes developed throughout the study
Walton, Martin. ""Phonogénie" de la langue étrangère : prononciation, didactique et arbitrage temporel." Bordeaux 2, 2002. https://theses.hal.science/tel-04152263v1.
Full textA view of speech as the arbitration of timing procedures will provide dynamic comparisons between two natural languages. L1 calls on auditive, gestural and visual modes in progressive processes that occur over longer periods and in stages imposed by a strictly anatomical order of development. L2 however has to call upon accelerating procedures arbitrated by restricted input and may not even be an event in the memory. There is also the renegotiating effect on L2 intake by L1 literacy. Its mental graphics will inevitably eclipse the indispensable phase of pre-lexical arbitration by the phonetic and articulatory modules. This explains the omissions, intrusions, shifting and substitutions in the English of French speakers who equally hear these effects in real time. A new "phonogenic" model will be served by metaphonic comparisons of speech (spontaneous vocalising) and reading, highlighted by pictographic illustrations to colour L1 and L2 orthographic, prosodic and phonemic transcriptions
Narcy-Combes, Jean-Paul. "L'apprenant adulte face à l'acquisition de l'anglais langue étrangère." Bordeaux 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR30010.
Full textThe objective of this research is to facilitate the acquisition process of french adult learners of english. The hypothesis is that learners must know how they learn, and that consequently teachers must have an adequate knowledge of acquisition processes. Part a describes the environment of the research : the university of technology of compiegne and the various institutions which have taken part in the experiments. Then the specific objectives are listed, followed by a description of the tools that were used to implement and control the various experiments. Part b first deals with an analysis of brain mechanisms in verbal communication, then with the various cognitive attitudes as described by theorists. The results of a number of surveys are presented so that the various parameters which must be taken into account before planning a course can be analysed. The final chapters of part b are devoted to a study of how french adults progress in verbal communication and how they envisage the role of culture in the learning process. Part c begins with the presentation of a learning model, followed by the description of system of methodological counselling. Six courses at different levels are presented to check the validity of the methodological assumptions in a non-experimental environment. The last part (d) is a study of how french learners perceive the roles of teachers and institutions (. . . )
Farkamekh, Leila. "Les influences de l'apprentissage de la première langue étrangère (anglais) sur l'apprentissage de la deuxième langue étrangère (français) chez les apprenants persanophones." Phd thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR30049.
Full textIn the Iranian educational system, the English language is taught as the first foreign language, and the study of French usually takes place after the study of English. We study the influences of the previous knowledge of English on the learning of the French language by Persian speakers. We made the hypothesis, based both on our experience as a student and as a teacher, that the students will refer to their previous knowledge of English (L2) for learning French in the position of the third language, because these two languages are typologically close, which is not the case of Persian and French. Focussing on gender, number and on some aspects of word order, we identified. The errors in a corpus that was collected in two Iranian universities, and we interpreted them in the light of contrastive analysis of the three languages, Persian (L1), English (L2) and French (L3). Six parts of speech (article, possessive adjective, demonstrative adjective, qualificative adjective, direct/indirect object pronoun, past participle) are considered, as well as interrogative and négative forms. This morpho-syntactic study provided us with results which reveal the predominance of certain types of errors. The concepts of bridging language and empty notions are summoned to account for the presence of cross-linguistic influences
Truchot, Claude. "L'anglais langue étrangère, formes et fonctions : introduction descriptive à l'étude de nouvelles variétés d'anglais." Paris 13, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA131020.
Full textApres avoir ete etablie par la colonisation dans une soixantaine d'etats, la langue anglaise s'insere actuellement, sous l'effet de facteurs economiques, politiques et culturels, dans le fonctionnement sociolinguistique de la plupart des autres communautes nationales. Cette etude decrit les modes et les formes specifiques de cette insertion, et analyse les consequences de la fonction dominante ainsi devolue a cette langue
Aït, Saada-Juanico Mékioussa. "Enseignement et apprentissage de la production écrite en anglais langue étrangère : le cas d’adultes algériens." Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100209.
Full textThis study investigates the writing quality of adult learners’ essays in English as a foreign language, in multilingual Algeria. It sets out to examine the nature of learners’ difficulties during the writing activity, and to identify their possible origins. Using a qualitative approach, the study consists, firstly, of a linguistic and a textual analysis of some argumentative and narrative written texts produced by EFL students in English; secondly, of an analysis of students’ representations about the teaching and the learning of English by means of a questionnaire; thirdly, of a look into high school syllabi design (Classical Arabic, French and English) and into the syllabus for the B. A. Of English. The discussion of the findings shows that the major difficulties, which multilingual students are facing while writing, mainly remain at the levels of global coherence and local cohesion, even though syntactic, grammatical, lexical and typographical errors can still be found at this stage of learning. Argumentative texts seem to be more difficult to produce than narrative ones. Among the factors that underline such difficulties are: transfer/interference phenomena, the lack of a contrastive approach in the setting of high school syllabi, learners’ motivation, their degree of proficiency in the target language, their partial knowledge and strategic knowledge regarding the notions of coherence and cohesion, and the way writing is taught at university. Some of the implications of these findings for foreign language training in writing are made explicit, among which the contributions of reading and collaborative writing as possible means to improve learners’ written proficiency
Rynski, Corinne. "Cohérence entre les représentations et l'apprentissage d'apprenants de langue étrangère." Nancy 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN21032.
Full textPesty, Marion. "Acquisition d'une langue étrangère et didactique de la phonétique anglaise en France." Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE3016.
Full textNumerous studies have shown that French learners of English as a Second Language have difficulties acquiring a good pronunciation of English. Their mastery of English segments and prosody is most of the time fragile, despite an early learning of the language, as in France, pupils start to learn English in CP (by the age of 5). This poor level in oral English is all the more surprising given that the French Ministry of Education made it a priority to emphasize the teaching of spoken English in class as soon as pupils start to learn the language at school. Literature and a survey that we conducted suggest that this poor level could be due to the way English is taught in classes, as it is claimed that the teaching of pronunciation in ESL classes is regularly neglected by teachers, who would lack professional training to be able to teach pronunciation properly. This way, in this thesis, we conducted experimental research, and our objective was to see if it was possible or not to integrate the teaching of English pronunciation in ESL classes in a productive manner, that would be beneficial for both the learners and the teacher. To do so, two classes of seconde from the city of Orléans (France) were selected. One of them received enhanced training in phonetics to improve their pronunciation of English during 10 weeks (1 hour per week), and the other class did not. Three evaluation sessions were organized during the duration of the experiment (a total of 22 weeks), and made it possible to check if the pupils had improved their pronunciation of English during the experiment, and to check the efficacy of the specific training that wa had proposed. Results suggest that the trained pupils managed to improve their pronunciation of English more than those who were not trained
Goutéraux, Pascale. "Les voies de l'appropriation discursive en langue étrangère : élaboration de concepts didactiques communs pour l'apprentissage de l'anglais chez les apprenants avancés." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA070037.
Full textThis research explores how a didactic approach based on the acquisition of a coherent linguistic system of reference through a variety of pedagogical tools, suited to diverse learning styles, helps advanced students of English build an oral discursive competence. Within the linguistic framework of the Théorie des Opérations Énonciatives, an operating grammatical system is presented, which articulates "primitive relations" between lexical items, determination, tenses and aspects, modality, and the patterns of logical and argumentative operations underlying complex utterances. By a psycholinguistic analysis of a body of oral productions by non-specialist students, the study tests the efficiency of a teaching approach associating communication and conceptualisation in communicative tasks, in a project perspective, and activities to develop language awareness. It examines the complementarity of group teaching techniques and individualised "scaffolding" in one-to-one conversations, for the production of oral speech both fluent and structured
Dodane, Christelle. "La langue en harmonie : influences de la formation musicale sur l'apprentissage précoce d'une langue étrangère." Besançon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2003BESA1007.
Full textBenzerfa, Mohammed. "Etude de quelques opérateurs (anglais, français et arabes) et analyse comparative de productions en langue étrangère." Paris 3, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA03A068.
Full textBerger, Catherine. "Des lycéens et l'anglais : représentations sociales d'une langue étrangère : sens et valeur formatrice d'une discipline." Paris 13, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA131037.
Full textWe have made a comparative study of the way the students of three high schools from very different social backgrounds perceive english, based on a survey through questionaires and interviews. We have highlighted the fact that beyond the common views concerning english (that it is an international and utilitarian language, that the process of learning english requires memory rather than logic, that culture and language are separate, etc. ), there are features which differenciate students from the disadvantaged social classes and those from well-off social backgrounds. English even appears as a subject which accentuates the social divisions in so far as the ease with which pupils link school and outside experience is particularly helpful. Socially disadvantaged students with learning difficulties often lack the ability to control their own language though this is what one needs to do at school. In these circumstances some of these students fail to find any point in classroom activities and give up. The recognition of these various facts led us to question the role of a school system which seems unwilling to counteract certain narrow conceptions of language (seen as a mere means of communication), of learning (limited to the acquisition of a skill) and which does not enable students to go beyond a stereotyped vision of the english-speaking world. By systematically rejecting the social and cultural aspects of a language, which prove essential to make it work, the school system does not equip students to communicate with foreigners in the best conditions. It takes away from classroom activities meanings which could arise from the connection with the students' own experience and which could help to motivate all types. It does not encourage an awareness of the fact that different cultures have their own vision of the world nor does it counter ethnocentrism, therefore depriving the learning of a foreign language of valuable educational contributions
Bouzekri, Ouafae. "Enseignement de l'anglais, langue étrangère au Maroc : une approche critique de "English in life"." Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX10025.
Full textOne of the most basic questions that occupy language researchers is "what is the best way to learn a language?". This explains the proliferation of methods to designing language programmes as a commitement to finding more efficient ways of teaching. Our research intends to investigate english teaching as a foreign language in a particular multilingual and sociocultural context (morocco) through the most common pedagogical tool used, the textbook entitled english in life (eil), and to suggest some proposals to promote the teaching of english. It also raises the ambiguity and vagueness of the official documentation revealing a sharp discrepancy between the achievements of the english instructional programme and the objectives assigned. After a brief survey on different teaching methods used in morocco showing its yearning to cope with the new trends, it underlines the main fundamental notions about second language learning. Moreover, this research aims mainly to analyse eil in terms of selection, gradation and presentation. By determining how its content (phonetics, lexicon and grammar) is selected, how it's arranged to facilitate the process of learning and what types of procedures are used to present it in a helpful way, we investigate whether eil gives prominence to the principles of the communicative approach, which is prevailing nowadays and to which it tends to adhere. Furthermore, the analysis of errors committed by moroccan learners sheds light on some difficulties they meet, indicates to teachers and curriculum designers which part of the target language displays most difficulty and underlines the errors due to the exposure to some aspects of english language in eil
Magno, e. Silva Walkyria. "Etude linguistique d'un corpus de manuels d'informatique : application à la lecture en langue étrangère." Toulouse 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU20048.
Full textA corpus of 23 hardware and software computer manuals was studied in order to find out their main characteristics. Focusing on the "Installation and Use" section of these manuals, a linguistic analysis was conducted under the light of two main theoretical currents. On the one hand, the methodology derived from the theory of sublanguages (Z. Harris, 1968, 1982; L. Hirschman & N. Sager, 1982; J. Lehrberger, 1982) helped establish the common grounds of phrase stuctures found in this written genre. Techniques base on distributional analysis were employed to determine the information format of the six most frequent action verbs in the corpus (J. M. Adam, 1985,1992) proved the high incidence of the procedural discourse and showed the interrelation among this type of text and the descriptive and explanatory ones. Pedagogical actions intended to a public of university students who need to read texts in English in the domain of computer sciences were eventually proposed
Ferhaoui, Dalila. "Quelle dimension culturelle dans l'enseignement de l'anglais comme langue étrangère ? : Etude comparative d'établissements de l'enseignement secondaire en France et en Algérie." Paris 13, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA131011.
Full textDeyrich, Marie-Christine. "La transposition didactique dans l'enseignement de l'anglais de spécialité a l'université : de la linguistique a une grammaire opératoire pour la maitrise des savoir-faire en langue étrangère." Paris 7, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA070055.
Full textSommer, Sylvia. "L'Evaluation sommative de la compétence orale de l'anglais comme langue étrangère en fonction de la compétence communicative en didactique de langues : l'exemple des examens de l'university of Cambridge local examinations syndicate." Lyon 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO31008.
Full textOnken, Busaki. "Letter-sound relationship in modern British English: theoretical considerations and teaching implications for Zairean efl beginners." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213424.
Full textEisele-Henderson, Alice. "La Lecture de textes en anglais langue étrangère chez des étudiants en sociologie : implications didactiques d'une perspective socio-cognitive." Chambéry, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CHAML006.
Full textColina, Zulimar. "DIAALE : Conception, implémentation et évaluation d’un dispositif en ligne d’aide à l’apprentissage de la lecture scientifique en anglais langue étrangère." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAL021/document.
Full textThis thesis proposes to document the fields of the development of the writing comprehension in L2 among non-specialist publics and the integration of the information and communication technologies for the teaching in Venezuelan context. In order to do this, this research is based on the design, implementation and analysis of two devices of learning English as a foreign language, distant, integrating collaborative tools in the context of the faculty of engineering of the University of Carabobo in Venezuela. These two devices allow the collection of researching data and ecological data, which are structured in corpus and then processed. From these heterogeneous data, the collaborative processes between student-engineers in L2 reading tasks, the development of written comprehension skills and the use of mobile electronic devices during these collaborative tasks
Siddiqa, Aisha. "La politesse dans un contexte d'apprentissage, par des francophones, de l'anglais langue étrangère : enjeux pragmatiques, interlangue et acquisition de stratégies." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR2007/document.
Full textThis study of interlanguage pragmatics (ILP) investigates empirical data on English as a foreign language (EFL) learners in French secondary schools to contribute to our understanding of the development of second language (L2) politeness. With the increase in multilingual interactions around the globe, awareness of what is polite or impolite has become indispensable. However, pragmatic skills are generally not easily acquired in foreign language settings. The observation that even advanced learners do not necessarily exhibit target-like norms has led to calls for further investigation (Kasper & Schmidt, 1996; Bardovi-Harlig, 1999). Although there is now a solid body of research in this area, most studies have focused on adult learners (Kasper & Rose, 1999) using written discourse completion tasks (see e.g., Hill, 1997; Billmyer & Varghese, 2000; Su, 2010; Jebahi, 2011) to elicit explicit pragmatic knowledge (Bardovi-Harlig, 1999; 2013). The present study seeks to extend the scope of ILP research by focusing on a large group of young, beginning learners using mixed methods including a cartoon oral production task, open-ended role plays, and naturalistic data from classroom video recordings. Participants were some 240 secondary school learners at three different levels (age 11 to 18) to allow the tracking of ILP development with language proficiency. To contextualise findings, secondary data was collected in the form of additional analysis of classroom films, textbook analysis, and teacher interviews. The analysis of request data is based on the seminal L2 discourse analytic framework cross-cultural speech act research project (Blum-Kula et al., 1989) which allows the analysis of both pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic dimensions of requests. L2 pragmatic development was observed almost exclusively in terms of increased frequency of pragmalinguistic strategies, particularly by the end of upper secondary school, less so in terms of range of strategies or sociopragmatic features, and this across all data collection methods. French baseline data (L1) revealed similar development, suggesting that L1 transfer may be one explanation for the L2 development observed in the study, particularly since analysis of secondary data revealed little focus on ILP in teaching programs
Chen, Xiuwen. "A la recherche du temps à venir : l'apprentissage de l'expression du futur en français par les apprenants sinophones de français langue étrangère." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA070071.
Full textThis thesis studies the learning of future expression in French by Chinese-speaking learners. Fhe temporal-aspectual marker system in Chinese differs from that of target language. In general, the latter marks the future by verb forms: simple future, periphrastic future; while the former uses two modal verbs yào and hui. Our study concerns the development of future time expression in French by Chinese-speaking learners. How do the linguistic means (in particular, lexical future, periphrastic future and simple future) alternate during the processes of French learning by Chinese¬speaking leaners? What are the factors which constitute the constraints on the usage of future variants by Chinese-speaking learners? Does the source language (L1) play a role in the learning? In the order to verify the answer to the last question, we draw a comparison between Chinese¬speaking learners and a group of English-speaking learners. Our thesis is composed of two parts. The first part focuses on a contrastive analysis on the expression of the future in French, Chinese and English, based on precedent studies mentioning the analysis of the future (Barcelô & Brès (2006), Klein (1992; 1994), Vet (1981, 1983, 1994, etc. ), Vetters (1994, 1996, 2001), Touratier (1996), Jeanjean (1988), Kissine (2008), Lansari (2006, 2008, 2009), Hsieh (2001, 2002, 2005, etc. ), You (1998), etc). The second part presents an empiric study to answer the questions proposed above and verify the hypothesis we formulated. This empiric study allows us to discover certain distinctive features in the development of the expression of the future while learning French by Chinese-speaking learners and partially confirms the L 1 's impact when learning French as a foreign language
Beaucamp, Jacques. "L'apprentissage d'une langue vivante étrangère à l'école élémentaire (cycle 3) : opportunité d'un début de conscientisation linguistique." Lille 1, 2004. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2004/50377-2004-4-1.pdf.
Full textAmahzoune, Fatima. "L'application de la pédagogie de la maîtrise, en anglais langue étrangère, dans deux groupes de 6e lettre moderne, d'ordre secondaire, au Maroc." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9957.
Full textBablon, Frédéric. "Apprentissage précoce d'une langue étrangère en milieu institutionnel : influences sur le développememt cognitif de l'enfant et ses activités métalinguistiques." Paris 8, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA080709.
Full textThis thesis treats the effects that may be had in the midst of an institution, the early learning of a foreign language on the cognitive development of the child. This research gives essentially ot metalinguistic activities of children from the age of 4 years old. A comparative study between children who are learning english, and children who are not, permits to analyse the capacity of each group to understand certain semantic aspects of the french language. The results have permitted to conclude that early learning of english as it was practiced in the experiment, has a positive effect on certain metalinguistic activities observed in children aged from 7 years old to 11 years old. This activity valorises the language and favorises globally the intellectual development of the child
Mefidene-Sahel, Tassidit. "Effets du contexte plurilingue sur les pratiques didactiques en classes de langue étrangère en Algérie." Rennes 2, 2010. http://www.bu.univ-rennes2.fr/system/files/theses/TheseMefidene.pdf.
Full textThis research examines the role that the first "foreign language" , i. E. French , can play in the process of learning a second foreign language, i. E. English, in Algeria. The first part is devoted to describing the Algerian sociolinguistic and educational situation and the theoretical concepts that seem relevant to our work. The second part presents, in a first step, the investigation and the corpus used (teacher and student questionnaires, excerpts, interviews), and a second step, the analysis of our data in order to understand, on the hand, the perceptions that teachers and learners have about the languages they use, and on the other hand, the functions of language alternation in second foreign language classes. We show indeed, how learners resort systematically to languages alternation to indicate a moment of distress in their learning or to confirm understanding. The teachers themselves also have resort to language alternation to reach their educational goals either for developing language skills, or for the construction of communication skills. In our conclusion, we recommend the adoption of a contextualised multilingual perspective in a situation of language alternation because of its potential help for acquisition
Chishiba, Gérald. "La didactique comparée de l'écrit en langues nationales, en anglais et en français chez les adolescents/adultes en Zambie." Grenoble 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE39036.
Full textThis research work evolves around the teaching of written expression in Zambia. It has looked at the way written expression is taught in French in comparison to the way it is taught in English and vernacular languages. This work has been divided into three parts. The first part presents the geolinguistic and sociolinguistic situation in Zambia, as well as the controversial issue of the language of instruction in the school system. The second part deals with the question of the theoretical background of the research in relation to text linguistics and written expression teaching theory. This second part deals also with the actual teaching of written expression in Zambian languages, in English and in French. Lastly, the third part presents our qualitative and quantitative analysis of pupils written productions on the basis of the evaluation grid developed by Gerard Vigner in 2001
Tyaglova, Svetlana. "De la déviance à la norme discursive. Médiation didactique pour l'acquisition d'une seconde langue étrangère (Français) par les bilingues (L1 Russe, L2 Anglais)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100096.
Full textThis research is dictated by a view to improving the acquisition of French second foreign language in Russia (notably to State university of Kemerovo, in Translation and Interpreting Faculty), which is generally taught without pre-existing knowledge. But the possession of this knowledge, especially if the first foreign language is English, can be precious, because it's possible to use the transfer from the mother tongue as well as the first foreign language on condition interferences' controlling. In that way, we economize education's time and can develop autonomy and métacognition of the students who need it.Our researches show the students often translate from the mother tongue - qualified as first language bases by theory of R. Lado (1957) - sometimes from English (second language bases). If they can't control interferences, this brings them to linguistic and cultural errors. In this situation, recommendations most often advanced are ’to "avoid" or’ "to forbid" this natural appeal. We propose to control it by strategies founded on the principles which develop the métacognition of our students. The present study examines especially phonetic errors of beginners. It offers strategies of correction, of post correction and of prevention, based on principles which also are applicable to other linguistic levels
Quéré, Gruson Brigitte. "L'enseignement d'une langue étrangère à l'école et au collège : vers une meilleure compréhension des situations didactiques mises en oeuvre : analyse comparative de l'action de deux professeurs de CM2 et de deux professeurs de sixième." Rennes 2, 2006. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01088549.
Full textOur thesis aims at describing and understanding the didactic situations implemented to teach English to young learners. To do so, our work relies on a comparative study of the joint action of four teachers and their pupils: two primary teachers and two secondary teachers. The analyses of the situations described in our thesis relies on the transcription of extracts from the twenty-four lessons filmed in the four observed classes. To carry out our analyses, we use a theoretical framework structured around notions borrowed from the didactics of mathematics and foreign languages, to linguistics and the comparative approach to didactics. To guide our interpretations of the work produced by the teachers and their pupils, we cross our observations with the comments collected near the teachers all along the research process. In our empirical studies, we examine the teaching projects implemented by the four teachers at different levels of analysis. For our fine-grained studies, we have chosen three kinds of situations: the introduction of new knowledge, the study of an oral document and a pair work activity. In our analyses, we examine more particularly the roles played by the didactic contract and the milieu in those situations. At the end of our thesis, we describe new notions which could be useful to study teaching and learning situations of a foreign language. Then, we produce some suggestions to elaborate didactic engineering which could result from a cooperative work between teachers and researchers
Bedoin, Diane. "Être sourd et apprendre l'anglais au collège : la signification identitaire de l'apprentissage d'une langue étrangère à l'épreuve d'une enquête ethnographique." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05H029.
Full textThis work deals with deafness and alterity, body and language. In France, deaf students are required to attend foreign languages classes to learn a third language (other than French and French Sign Language) – mostly English. Thanks to an interactionist approach, we assume that learning a foreign language can influence the perception that deaf students have of themselves and of the others at school. Two questions are raised. Firstly, what are the effects of learning English? It can either help deaf students to be better integrated in the academic system or on the contrary increase their risk of being even more excluded and marginalised. Secondly, what are the boundaries between deaf people and hearing people (as far as signed languages and spoken languages are concerned) and between French people and foreigners (as far as national languages and foreign languages are concerned)? The data were collected through ethnographic fieldwork in several specialised or mainstream secondary schools. Interviews and in-class observations were conducted in order to gather data dealing with discourses, representations but also interactions and practices in foreign language classes. Findings show the complexity of the relationships between deaf young people, foreign languages and foreign cultures. Several case-studies were examined and then combined
Crookall, David. "L'utilisation des jeux et des simulations dans l'enseignement de l'anglais langue étrangère en France : une étude sur la perception des étudiants." Nancy 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN21004.
Full textForeign language teaching methodology is making ever greater use of simulation gaming techniques. This dissertation aims, first, to examine the arguments behind the use of these techniques and, second, to sketch out a picture of the experience of participating in these techniques as expressed by a group of university students. This dissertation thus contains a study on how simulation games were perceived by students during their university classes. The study aimed to examine students' perceptions of (1) the use of simulation games in learning english as a foreign language, and (2) their preferences and behaviours during university english classes where simulation games were used, in contrast with secondary school (lycee) english classes where, in the students' opinions, more traditional techniques tended to be used more often. The results are presented under four headings: descriptive, comparative (statistical significance), correlations and qualitative. They indicate, on the whole, that simulation games, in the eyes of the learners themselves, constitutes a methodology well suited to the learning of communicative competence in english as a foreign language in french universities
Grigoriadi-Svesson, Maria. "Les évolutions des interactions dans un plan d'amélioration d'une formation professionnelle en anglais langue étrangère, intégrant l'enseignement collectif et l'auto-apprentissage tutorisé en centre de ressources multimédia." Lyon 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO31011.
Full textThis research concerns the theorisation of a pedagogical application within a professional context combining collective and guided autonomous learning. Some companies such as renault industrial vehicles have set up an individualised professional training framework in order to integrate the heterogeneity of the employees' initial levels of language acquisition, their availability, their learning pace and the ways in which they perceive language training objectives. Individualisation would appear to be a way in which training frameworks can be run to maximum effect, costs reduced and results improved on for effective training. Within this framework task-oriented methodology based on needs analysis is subdivided into a series of constructive tasks which stem from the employees' professional context and are centred round the work station. Each of these tasks leads to a subdivision which makes up the training framework. Therefore, with the view to adapting training to a specific profession, training is designed with new programmes defined as know-how to be acquired. In this perspective, the training becomes modular being composed of different distinct modules which can be combined in different ways depending on the expected rate of individual progress. Training policy concerns different types of mediators: trainers, management, language auditors, employees/learners, peer-learners, multimedia tools, etc. Such training implies a multidimensional approach, partnership and flexible tools. Hence, to start with, we analyse some pedagogical and methodological,ideas which have emphasised the need for pedagogical change as regards the pedagogical relation and more precisely, the learners'role, since they become partners rather than mere receivers of new information. Secondly, we observe the principles of a training approach especially for adults through individualisation and autonomy in the training programme. Thirdly, from this point, we move on to study the evolution of professional training in france in order to have an overview of the present in-company training framework. Finally, having analysed different types of interaction in this context of professional training, the analysis is concluded with the trainer's differing roles in the realm of autonomous learning
Häggblom, Charlotta. "Young EFL-pupils reading multicultural children's fiction : an ethnographic case study in a Swedish language primary school in Finland /." Åbo : Pargas : Åbo Akademi University Press ; distribution, Tibo-Trading, 2006. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/summary/eng0801/2007358492.html.
Full textGuo, Jing. "Améliorer la compréhension de l'oral en chinois langue étrangère : quelles compétences développer et avec quel scénario de formation hybride ?" Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00788294.
Full textHébrard, Véronique. "Les effets de la résignation apprise sur la compétence de production orale en langue étrangère : le cas de l'anglais chez les techniciens supérieurs de l'enseignement agricole." Thesis, Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NANT2005/document.
Full textOur research deals with the lack of participation in an English class of students with a vocational education background who are currently preparing a Higher National Diploma. The research was undertaken in the context of an increasing number of students wishing to pursue their studies in higher education institutions (Bernard & Troger, 2015) in spite of school careers marked with learning difficulties in “key” subjects such as French, math and English (Cuisinier, Caraglio, Durand, Galicher, & Saguet, 2013) and in spite of a lack of preparation to meet the demands of higher education. It aims at showing how learning difficulties, when they have developed over time, can lead individuals to erroneously believe that they cannot progress, thus limiting their learning potentials. The learned helplessness theory (Seligman & Maier, 1967 ; Raufelder et al., 2017) is at the heart of the research which hypothesizes that a pedagogical approach aimed at developing speaking self-efficacy in English (Bandura, 1997 ; Rahayu & Jacobson, 2012) would reverse the effects of learned helplessness. To test our hypothesis, we have carried out an experiment with a class of students preparing a Higher National Diploma in a Centre de Formation des Apprentis (Apprenticeship Centre). Results of the experimentation enable to propose language teachers a teaching model for developing English speaking skills in their learned helpless students. Beyond the field of languages, the model that we present can also be used to better understand the mechanisms leading to school dropout and to implement prevention and remediation programs within the framework of the actions that have recently been introduced by the French government to encourage students to go back to school or undertake training programs (ministère de l’Éducation nationale, 2018)
Giamarchi, Paulette. "Le rôle de l'anticipation dans la production et la réception du discours écrit : application à l'enseignement et l'apprentissage de la lecture en anglais, langue étrangère." Paris 8, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA080184.
Full textCapliez, Marc. "Acquisition and learning of English phonology by French speakers : on the roles of segments and suprasegments." Thesis, Lille 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL30011/document.
Full textResearchers increasingly highlight the crucial role of prosody in communication, speech comprehensibility, and the detection of a foreign accent. Thus, the learning and teaching of English as a foreign language would benefit from prioritising the suprasegmental, or prosodic, features (i.e., stress, rhythm, and intonation), rather than the segmental features (i.e., consonants and vowels) as many teachers tend to do, all the more so as prosodic errors often have a more detrimental effect than segmental errors. The present doctoral thesis starts from the hypothesis that French-speaking learners of English could improve their oral skills (production and perception) more if they were primarily taught the prosodic characteristics of the target language, rather than putting the segments in the foreground. Our experimental study compares the impact of a “prosody-based” teaching approach with that of a “segment-based” approach on non-beginner French learners of English. Although the two teaching methods enabled the participants to improve their L2 production and perception skills, compared with a non-treated control group, neither of the two methods enabled them to improve their oral skills more than the other, suggesting that it is important to include segmental and suprasegmental aspects alike in the teaching of English as a foreign language
Vraciu, Eleonora Alexandra. "La morphologie temporo-aspectuelle chez des apprenants avancés d’anglais langue étrangère : une étude des facteurs sémantiques, discursifs et inter-linguistiques." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100062/document.
Full textOur dissertation belongs to a recently initiated line of studies seeking to characterise the advanced English L2 variety. We present an integrated analysis of some semantic, discourse and cross-linguistic factors underlying the use of verb forms by advanced French and Catalan learners of English as a foreign language. Using a corpus of oral picture book narratives, we explore the distribution of tense-aspect morphology in relation to the aspectual class of predicates (the Aspect Hypothesis) and the temporal information they encode in narrative discourse (the Discourse Hypothesis). The use of tense-aspect forms is also considered from the perspective of the so called L2 rhetorical style, the systematic linguistic choices learners make in a given communicative task drawing on their learnt repertoire of L2 devices but also on information selection and organisation patterns unconsciously transferred from their L1. While English, Catalan and French grammaticalise aspectual distinctions, this does not ensure a nativelike use of aspectual marking in English L2. Prototypical predicate/form coalitions in learner production were found to remain strong in the use of tense-aspect morphology with durative (a)telic predicates and to lead to an across-the-board reliance on aspectual marking, often in tension with the plot-advancing role of the predicate. The degree of grammaticalisation of the progressive aspect in learners’ L1 seems to interfere with the hypotheses of use concerning the progressive form in English L2. Only a subset of the learners, the most advanced ones, employ tense-aspect forms in a way which is genuinely liberated from the semantic congruence with the predicate, similar to what was observed in English L1. In this case, the progressive has a discourse-specific function and becomes optional when viewpoint information can be retrieved from other elements in the context. Form-function mappings in the domain of tense-aspect morphology remain, nevertheless, more limited or do not match the ones observed in English L1. The analysis of the expression of simultaneity allows us to identify certain proficiency-related traits in the advanced English L2 variety regarding the distribution of the progressive and the non-progressive forms and the use of other linguistic devices, in coalition with tense-aspect morphology. The cross-linguistic comparison with Catalan and French L1 reveals the existence of a subtle L1 temporal perspective in the expression of simultaneity in English L2, even with the most proficient learners. These findings invite to a reflection on the margins of grammaticalised contrasts, where atypical coalitions arise, and how learners can grasp such peripheral uses in an instructional setting. They also indicate that L2 oral production at the advanced stages remains bound to a way of thinking the world which is the legacy of our L1
Lanteri, Marine. "Outils interactifs et approche actionnelle dans le cadre de l'enseignement-apprentissage de l'anglais langue étrangère en contexte institutionnel et présentiel. Quelles synergies possibles pour quels effets ?" Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCA057.
Full textThis doctoral research explores the integration of classroom technologies, particularly the interactivewhiteboard (IWB) and the tablet, in the English as a foreign language (EFL) classroom in task-basedteaching practice, in accordance with Ministry of Education guidelines. Following a pilot studytaking a global approach to classroom research, the main study examines empirical data collected inaction research projects involving four teachers in two primary school classes (8-9 year-olds and 9-11 year-olds) and two secondary classes (14-15 year-olds and 17-18 year-olds). The goal of the studyis to understand the pedagogical affordances of interactive tools for EFL teaching, to consider theircompatibility with task-based teaching and to determine what added value they may contribute tolanguage teaching and learning. Findings suggest a synergetic relationship between interactivetechnologies and task-based language teaching which improves learners’ cognitive engagement inactivities, fosters social and collaborative learning, and also promotes independent learning, taskauthenticity and L2 motivation. Benefits to the participating teachers include an introduction tocollaborative action research, the consolidation of their technopedagogical skills, and the adoption ofa reflective posture towards their own teaching practices, all of which hold promise for continuingprofessional development
Al-Hammouri, Samer. "Enquête sur les représentations de la langue française et de son apprentissage chez les étudiants jordaniens." Thesis, Paris 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA030093.
Full textOur research is about the study of the representations of the French language and its learning by Jordanian students. We tried to discover the images concerning France and French people from a sample of Jordanian students. The purpose of this paper is to explore more the question of the representations of the Jordanian learners in a university bilingual context, little studied from an Arabophone context. We have studied a sample of 68 Jordanian students from the Yarmouk University by means of questionnaire. This study also reveals the representations - stereotypes of both mother and foreign tongues and their places in class of French language as a foreign language. The results of this study show that the students have a very well-balanced about the generally sight of the French language and its apprenticeship. The study also makes evident the existence of relationship between the representations of the target language and the motiv! ation for learning. Moreover; this study shows the importance of understanding the complex nature of the representations of learners towards their mother tongue and the first language learnt in the classroom of French as a Foreign Language
Costa, Eglantine. "Distance transactionnelle et apprentissage autodirigé de langue étrangère avec soutien : ouverture, dialogue, autonomie et appropriation de dispositif de formation." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0063.
Full textThis thesis falls within the research that examines mediation schemes (Peraya 2003,2005, 2009) and more specifically on foreign language learning systems and their uses (Rabardel, 1995), in the context of diversification of practices and habits thanks to the expansion of information and communication technology in education. It seeks to question the notion of distance and particularly transactional distance (Moore, 1993), that is to say the relationship between structure of a learning system, dialogue and autonomy, in relation to the technical and pedagogical hybridism of a contemporary learning system. The research focuses on the process of appropriation (Paquelin, 2004, 2009) of a self-directed learning system of (the) English language, by drawing on the perception of openness from the actors (Jézégou, 2004 , 2005, 2007, 2010c) at a specific time of the conception, the training and that the learning. These perceptions are comparedto show movements in the appropriation process, then the blocks and catalysts are analyzed using the collected data tracked from the digital learning environment. The results suggest that there is a relation of dependence between structure, dialogue and autonomy and underpin this hierarchy within that particular learning system
Abid, Nadia. "Intercultural language learning in tunisian textbooks for efl learners : 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th form basic education pupils as a case study." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0383.
Full textThe aim of this PhD dissertation is to study the role that Tunisian EFL textbooks play in learners' acquisition of an Intercultural Communicative Competence (ICC). By means of quantitative and qualitative methods and following Risager's (1991) and Sercu's (2000) models, the study attempts to evaluate four Tunisian EFL textbooks as well as learners' knowledge and attitudes towards the British people and culture in terms of two variables: their level of education (6th and 9th form Basic Education) and their regional belonging (rural and urban areas, respectively Bouzguem and Sfax). The application of Pearson' Correlation Test on pupils' and textbooks' data has shown no significant role of the Tunisian EFL textbooks evaluated in shaping learners' attitudes and knowledge in both areas and levels of education. Pupils tend to be ethnocentric and have little and erroneous knowledge of the British people and culture. Textbooks, fail to present an unreal image of the British culture. Other sources of information about the target culture seem to be more influential in forming pupils' attitudes and informing them about the culture of the foreign language they are learning. Some recommendations are suggested to modify the textbooks evaluated to be more convenient and efficient to teach English for intercultural communication
Khreim, Jean-Marc. "Apport des Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication (TIC) sur la dénativisation d'apprenants arabophones de l'anglais langue étrangère "dans un contexte syrien"." Paris 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA030103.
Full textThis study focuses on research in language learning and the use of ICT. It is based on actionresearch carried out in courses of English as a second language in two language training centres in Damascus (Al Faiha Institute and Al Majmouha Al Arabia). The phonological nativisation process during the acquisition of English as a second language implies a subsequent work which sometimes raises some difficulties that ICT, more precisely multimedia and speech recognition, can contribute to remedy. This thesis presents a phonological remediation work conceived like a coherent set of macro-tasks and micro-tasks. The objective of didactic research is the observation and the description of practices in order to propose, then to experiment with the best adapted approaches, while confronting the theories to the effects that the environment, here the Syrian context, may generate. An example of action-research carried out in Damascus, in several stages, is described in order to adapt the theoretical positions to the local potentialities and to measure the effects of the hypotheses that permitted to elaborate the learning system and the tasks. The conclusion proposes ways of reflection that will be presented in the form of new hypotheses in order to refine the results and to show that it is possible to bring some modifications or orientations that could be adapted to the local situation
Poussard, Cécile. "La compréhension de l'anglais oral et les technologies éducatives." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/edutice-00000220.
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