Journal articles: 'Andalusia (Spain) – Rural conditions'

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Martín Martín, José María, Jose Antonio Salinas Fernández, José Antonio Rodríguez Martín, and María del Sol Ostos Rey. "Analysis of Tourism Seasonality as a Factor Limiting the Sustainable Development of Rural Areas." Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 44, no. 1 (September 20, 2019): 45–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1096348019876688.

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Several sustainable development strategies in rural areas have relied on tourism as a tool for economic growth and job creation. The alternating peak and valley periods that seasonality entails—and their corresponding negative economic, environmental, or social impacts—may somewhat condition the success of these policies. The aim of this article is to analyze whether rural destinations suffer from higher levels of seasonality as compared with those of beach and urban tourism. The analysis is applied to Andalusia, a region in southern Spain, one of the major tourist destinations in Europe and a provider of diverse tourist products. The methodological innovation and contribution of this study is to measure seasonality intensity by means of a DP2 synthetic indicator that gathers information derived from various facets of seasonality, ultimately allowing us to overcome the disadvantages of single-variable assessment. We conclude that seasonality in rural tourism should not be evaluated generally, since each destination has specific conditions that determine stability or seasonality in the area. We obtain evidence that some rural areas show a lower level of seasonality than cultural-urban destinations (the most stable in terms of annual activity). Thus, rural destinations will not suffer from the problems associated with high seasonality. Due to the great differences among rural destinations, this methodology should be applied to regions with different characteristics to complement the conclusions drawn from this study and determine which destinations call for public policies and specific strategies to reduce seasonality.

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Millán-Vazquez de la Torre, Maria Genoveva, Juan Manuel Arjona-Fuentes, and Luis Amador-Hidalgo. "Olive oil tourism: Promoting rural development in Andalusia (Spain)." Tourism Management Perspectives 21 (January 2017): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2016.12.003.

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Jiménez‐Brobeil, Sylvia A., Drosia Charisi, Zita Laffranchi, Rosa M. Maroto Benavides, Antonio Delgado Huertas, and Marco Milella. "Sex differences in diet and life conditions in a rural Medieval Islamic population from Spain (La Torrecilla, Granada): An isotopic and osteological approach to gender differentiation in al‐Andalus." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 175, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 794–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24277.

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Sánchez-Zamora, Pedro, and Rosa Gallardo-Cobos. "Diversity, Disparity and Territorial Resilience in the Context of the Economic Crisis: An Analysis of Rural Areas in Southern Spain." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 22, 2019): 1743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061743.

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This paper analyses territorial resilience in rural Andalusia, Spain, after the impact of the recent economic crisis and identifies the factors associated with the highest recovery rates in different contexts and territories. To this end, we developed a methodology that incorporates the heterogeneity and diversity of rural territories and uses composite indices calculated using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in order to measure levels of resilience and identify the factors that impact recovery in rural counties. The results reveal how different aspects of economic, social, human, and natural capital promote resilient territorial dynamics in rural Andalusia. These results provide useful information for political decision-makers in the design of public policies, especially at a time like the present when the EU is immersed in debate on the reform of rural development policies for the next programming period beyond 2020.

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González Relaño, Reyes, Jesús Ventura Fernández, and Gustavo Contreras Cabrera. "CYCLE TOURISM IN RURAL AREAS: PROMOTING A RAIL TRAIL NETWORK IN ANDALUSIA, SPAIN." Cuadernos de Turismo, no. 48 (December 10, 2021): 209–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/turismo.492751.

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Las vías verdes son itinerarios no motorizados resultado de adaptar líneas ferroviarias en desuso al cicloturismo y otras actividades de ocio. El artículo resalta las potencialidades y deficiencias de estas rutas en Andalucía. Con información procedente de sus órganos de gestión, se realiza el diagnóstico con una matriz DAFO como base para abordar la planificación mediante objetivos. Se proponen acciones para resolver los problemas detectados y crear una red de vías verdes eficiente para Andalucía, gestionada de manera coordinada y comparable internacionalmente con respecto a su uso público. Rail trails are non-motorised routes resulting from the conversion of disused railway lines, geared towards cycle tourism and other leisure activities. This paper seeks to highlight the potentialities and shortcomings of rail trails in Andalusia. A diagnosis is made through a SWOT matrix, with information from the management bodies and a coherent planning is applied. The results enable proposals intended to remedy the shortcomings detected and create an effective rail trail network in Andalusia, managed in a coordinated fashion and internationally comparable with regard to public usage.

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Luna, F., and V. Fuster. "Reproductive pattern in a rural Mediterranean population: La Alpujarra, Spain." Journal of Biosocial Science 22, no. 4 (October 1990): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000018903.

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SummaryThe reproductive pattern of a sample of nuclear families from La Alpujarra (Andalusia, Spain) is analysed. The origin of the wife or consanguinity of the couple does not influence fertility. Variability in number of pregnancies is most closely associated with marriage duration followed by the wife's year of birth. Differences in the number of births are explained more by the number of pregnancies than by the number of miscarriages. The number of survivors to the first birthday is dependent on the number of births and to a lower extent on infant mortality. Data from incomplete families show that reproductive performance of the wife below the age of 45 cannot be accepted as a reliable estimate of complete reproduction.

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Garrido-Cumbrera, Marco, José Almenara-Barrios, Enrique López-Lara, Juan Luis Peralta-Sáez, Juan Carlos García-Gutierrez, and Luis Salvador-Carulla. "Development and spatial representation of synthetic indexes of outpatient mental health care in Andalusia (Spain)." Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 17, no. 3 (September 2008): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00001287.

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SummaryIntroduction– There is a need to develop composite indicators to monitor mental health care in countries such as Spain, where there is wide variability of care systems in 17 different regions. The aim of this study is to generate and to test the usability of synthetic indexes in Andalusia (Southern Spain).Method– Seven mental health indicators were selected by expert opinion from a previous list of simple indicators used to compare mental health care systems across Spain (Psicost-74). A Geographical Information Systems (GIS) was used to delineate 71 sectors based on the catchment areas of the mental health centers in Andalusia. Synthetic indexes were obtained through linear combinations of simple indicators via Principal Components Analysis (PCA), using activity data from the Mental Health Information System of Andalusia (SISMA). Maps of these indexes were drawn for 71 catchment areas.Results– Two synthetic indexes were obtained and showed high consistency in the PCA. The Care Load Index (component 1) related to population size and total outpatient care provided within the area. The Case Load Index (component 2) related to assisted morbidity in relation to the population size. The care load index was higher in populated urban areas, whereas the case load was higher in rural areas.Discussion– Care and case load indexes show a different pattern in urban and rural areas. This may be related to a different underlying model of care related to the degree of urbanisation. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) improved recognition and assessment of the spatial phenomena related to the mental health care system, and support policy decision making process in mental health.Declaration of Interest:None.

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Pallarès-Blanch, Marta, Maria-José Prados Velasco, and Antoni Francesc Tulla Pujol. "Naturbanization and Urban – Rural Dynamics in Spain: Case Study of New Rural Landscapes in Andalusia and Catalonia." European Countryside 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 118–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2014-0008.

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Abstract The early 20th century saw the beginning of a process of urbanizing rural space (Berry, 1976a; 1976b), described as counter-urbanization (Champion, 1989). The creation of Protected Natural Areas (PNAs) has defined some rural spaces, relatively far from large urban metropolitan areas, where the ecological and scenic value is a magnet for urbanization (Prados, 2005). Thus, PNAs make rural areas more attractive to new economic and leisure activities and can promote a more positive type of development that has been called naturbanization (Prados, 2009). We address this topic in six sections: (1) Introduction; (2) Conceptual framework of naturbanization; (3) Methodology to analyse the process of naturbanization; (4) Processes of naturbanization in Andalusia and in Catalonia; (5) Comparative analysis of two case studies, and (6) Conclusions and Recommendations

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Suárez-Navaz, Liliana. "Immigration and the politics of space allocation in rural Spain: The case of Andalusia." Journal of Peasant Studies 34, no. 2 (April 2007): 207–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150701516682.

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Seniczak, Stanisław, and Anna Seniczak. "Oribatid mites (Acari, Oribatida) of various habitats in southern Andalusia (Spain)." Biological Letters 47, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10120-009-0015-z.

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Oribatid mites (Acari, Oribatida) of various habitats in southern Andalusia (Spain)Oribatid mites were investigated in some habitats (litter under cypress, pine and larch trees, and patches of grasses, mosses and lichens) in southern Andalusia (Spain) in August 2005. The studied communities of oribatid mites were rather poor in terms of abundance and species diversity. The density of mites in cypress litter from the mountains (Granada, Ronda) was distinctly higher than in the coastal area (Benalmádena), which was probably caused by climatic conditions. The Oribatida achieved the highest density in grassy patches in Granada, but most species occurred in cypress litter from Ronda. Among oribatid species,Oribatula frisiaereached the highest density; alsoO. tibialisandHaplochthonius simplexwere relatively abundant. Some species of Oribatida were rich in juveniles, but the age structure of species greatly depended on the kind of litter.

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Cardoza, Diego, Inmaculada Romero, Teresa Martínez, Encarnación Ruiz, Francisco J. Gallego, Juan Carlos López-Linares, Paloma Manzanares, and Eulogio Castro. "Location of Biorefineries Based on Olive-Derived Biomass in Andalusia, Spain." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 3052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113052.

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A biorefinery integrated process based on lignocellulosic feedstock is especially interesting in rural areas with a high density of agricultural and agro-industrial wastes, which is the case for olive crop areas and their associated industries. In the region of Andalusia, in the south of Spain, the provinces of Jaén, Córdoba and Seville accumulate more than 70% of the olive wastes generated in Spain. Therefore, the valorisation of these wastes is a matter of interest from both an environmental and a social point of view. The olive biorefinery involves a multi-product process from different raw materials: olive leaves, exhausted olive pomace, olive stones and olive tree pruning residues. Biorefinery processes associated with these wastes would allow their valorisation to produce bioenergy and high value-added renewable products. In this work, using geographic information system tools, the biomass from olive crop fields, mills and olive pomace-extracting industries, where these wastes are generated, was determined and quantified in the study area. In addition, the vulnerability of the territory was evaluated through an environmental and territorial analysis that allowed for the determination of the reception capacity of the study area. Then, information layers corresponding to the availability of the four biomass wastes, and layers corresponding to the environmental fragility of the study area were overlapped and they resulted in an overall map. This made it possible to identify the best areas for the implementation of the biorefineries based on olive-derived biomass. Finally, as an example, three zones were selected for this purpose. These locations corresponded to low fragility areas with a high availability of biomass (more than 300,000 tons/year) in a 30 km radius, which would ensure the biomass supply.

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Enríquez, David Galadí, and Ángela Ranea-Palma. "Legal protection of the night sky in Andalusia (Western Europe)." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 10, H16 (August 2012): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921314013325.

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AbstractAndalusia (Spain) houses several astronomical observatories, among them the main observational facility in continental Europe: Calar Alto Observatory. In recent years, the regional government of Andalusia has been setting up a regulation to protect the natural conditions of darkness at night all over the region. This regulation includes several outstanding features and poses specific rules to protect the influence area of Calar Alto Observatory.

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Blancas, F. J., M. Lozano-Oyola, M. González, F. M. Guerrero, and R. Caballero. "How to use sustainability indicators for tourism planning: The case of rural tourism in Andalusia (Spain)." Science of The Total Environment 412-413 (December 2011): 28–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.066.

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Parrón, T., R. Alarcon, M. Requena, and A. F. Hernández. "An ecological study of pesticide exposure and different health conditions in Andalusia (South Spain)." Toxicology Letters 205 (August 2011): S126—S127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.451.

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Rodriguez, Mercedes, Luis Miguel Sanchez, Eugenio Cejudo, and Jose Antonio Camacho. "Variety in local development strategies and employment: LEADER programme in Andalusia." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 65, No. 1 (January 28, 2019): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/106/2018-agricecon.

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For the period 2007–2013 LEADER became the fourth axis of rural development policy. One of the main characteristics of LEADER is that it adopts a bottom-up approach. Local Action Groups (LAGs) have to define and implement area-based local development strategies (LDSs). In this paper, we examine the relationship between variety in the LDSs implemented by LAGs and employment safeguarding over the programming period 2007–2013 in Andalusia, the most populated region of Spain. Firstly, we construct several indicators to capture differences in the number of projects carried out, the grants awarded, the investments made and the safeguarded employment. Secondly, we carry out an exploratory factor analysis. We use cluster analysis to classify LAGs applying similar LDSs. The results obtained show that there is no ideal strategy for employment safeguarding and that spending high amounts of money in a few numbers of projects does not guarantee success. Thus, most LAGs do not show any clear specialisation pattern but obtain moderate results in terms of employment safeguarding. This supports the idea that LAGs need to have sufficient flexibility to find a balance among the different objectives of the rural development policy and to translate this balance into the funding of projects.

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Sánchez-Zamora, Pedro, and Rosa Gallardo-Cobos. "Territorial Cohesion in Rural Areas: An Analysis of Determinants in the Post-Economic Crisis Context." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 7, 2020): 3816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093816.

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One of the main consequences of the impacts of the past economic and financial crisis, which began in 2007–2008, has been the increase in inequalities between countries, regions, and territories of the EU. In the rural sphere, these disparities are not only observed in an urban–rural dichotomy, but are also evident between rural–rural territories. In this context, it is relevant to develop research based on the concept of territorial cohesion aimed at overcoming the development challenges faced by different types of rural territories. This paper addresses the empirical analysis of territorial cohesion in the rural areas of Andalusia (Spain), one of the European regions most affected by the economic crisis. To this effect, a methodology was designed that measures the level of territorial cohesion of different types of rural territories and identifies the factors that influence this cohesion in each case. The results show that factors such as employment and innovation, economic diversification, availability of natural resources and environmental quality, or information and communication technologies (ICTs) contribute to territorial cohesion in rural areas.

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García, M. D., R. De la Puerta, M. T. Sáenz, A. Marquez-Martín, and M. A. Fernández-Arche. "Hypocholesterolemic and Hepatoprotective Effects of “Triguero” Asparagus from Andalusia in Rats Fed a High Cholesterol Diet." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/814752.

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The cultivated species of the wild autochthonousAsparagus officinalisin Andalusia in Spain is commonly called “triguero” asparagus. This vegetable has traditionally been very much appreciated for its organoleptic and nutritional characteristics. This study has been designed to evaluate the potential effect of different concentrations of freeze-dried asparagus (500, 250, and 125 mg/Kg of body weight/day) on oxidative status and lipid profile in rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet. After five weeks of treatment, doses of 250 and 500 mg/Kg of asparagus were able to significantly reduce total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels. Atherogenic index was also significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner by administrating freeze-dried asparagus. A beneficial effect was observed in the HDL cholesterol levels in asparagus-fed groups although the increase was not significant. Consumption of asparagus also improved antioxidant status, assayed superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes, and protected against lipid peroxidation. These results show that the intake of green asparagus from Andalusia (Spain) helps to regulate plasma lipid levels and prevents oxidative damage in hypercholesterolemic conditions.

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Barke, Michael, and Michael Newton. "The EU LEADER initiative and endogenous rural development: The application of the programme in two rural areas of Andalusia, Southern Spain." Journal of Rural Studies 13, no. 3 (July 1997): 319–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0743-0167(97)00027-2.

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Cañete, José Antonio, Francisco Navarro, and Eugenio Cejudo. "Territorially unequal rural development: the cases of the LEADER Initiative and the PRODER Programme in Andalusia (Spain)." European Planning Studies 26, no. 4 (January 12, 2018): 726–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2018.1424118.

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Pizarro-Gómez, Antonio, Giedrė Šadeikaitė, and F. Javier García-Delgado. "The World of Iberian Ham and its Tourist Potential in the Sierra De Huelva (Andalusia, Spain)." European Countryside 12, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 333–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2020-0019.

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AbstractIn the context of agricultural post-productivity, rural spaces acquire new functions or reinforce the existing ones. Thus, the production of quality food, as a part of agroindustry, and tourism appear as common activities in rural development strategies. Special attention is drawn to gastronomic tourism and the creation of routes as a creative expression of the integration and structuring of the territories. The Iberian ham is a unique product, known worldwide, produced exclusively in the SW quadrant of the Iberian Peninsula. It is linked to a unique agro-system of the anthropised Mediterranean forest, also known as dehesa4, and comparably limited Iberian pig livestock, which has given rise to traditional culture and industry constituted in Local Productive System in many municipalities, supported by Protected Designation of Origin. The central objective of the research is to analyse existing tourist attraction related to the Iberian ham, its potential and the routes and products that have arisen around it. Having placed the territorial recognition as the starting point, the analysis of the resources and locations of the activities related to the Iberian ham was carried out based on scientific literature and the use of different databases. Secondly, the analysis of the potential tourism activities in the Sierra de Huelva region was implemented based on primary sources, namely surveys and interviews with intervening actors. The following results are obtained: a) the tourist potential of the Iberian pig world; b) complementarity with other tourist activities; c) difficulties in structuring existing attractions; d) multiplication of disconnected and sometimes coincident tourism initiatives; e) scarce participation of private actors in the initiatives launched.

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Reina-Usuga, Liliana, Carlos Parra-López, and Carmen Carmona-Torres. "Knowledge Transfer on Digital Transformation: An Analysis of the Olive Landscape in Andalusia, Spain." Land 11, no. 1 (January 2, 2022): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11010063.

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The global economy, and agriculture, in particular, faces significant challenges and transformation pressures. A major challenge, and opportunity, is the transformation towards digital agriculture or agriculture 4.0, where knowledge transfer (KT) has an important role to play not only in ensuring that digital innovations reach end-users, but also that these innovations contribute to development in rural landscapes. This paper analyses the role of KT in the framework of digital transformation (DT) in the Andalusian olive landscape. Thus, from the perspective of knowledge-generating agents, the main knowledge emitting and receiving actors in the DT are identified by using Social Network Analysis techniques (SNA). Subsequently, the performance of the Technological Innovation System (TIS) in KT is evaluated by using the multi-criteria Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The results suggest that the knowledge-generating agents, the knowledge transfer actors, and the scientific and dissemination media actors are the main knowledge emitters and highlight their role as cohesive actors of the social network. The main knowledge receivers are olive growers, cooperatives and non-cooperative groups. The results also indicate that the global performance of the TIS in the KT function is medium/low. Furthermore, in the KT sub-functions where the TIS in DT performs best is the quality of the transfer processes of DT, and where it performs worst is the sufficiency of spaces for KT.

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Martínez, José Domingo Sánchez, and Antonio Garrido Almonacid. "Productivism and Post-Productivism in the Olive Groves of Southern Spain." Quaestiones Geographicae 36, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/quageo-2017-0015.

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Abstract This work examines changes in the cultivation of olive groves in the region of Andalusia since the accession of Spain to the European Common Market (1986). The first phase is marked by the triumph of productivism in which some of the basic elements of this model (specialisation and intensification) are overwhelming, according to the statistical sources used for this research, although the behaviour in terms of corporate concentration can be considered unique. Also notable, as we will explain later, are other less desirable effects of the process, which can currently be considered environmentally unsustainable. As the weaknesses and contradictions of the model have become evident, in the recent years - as a result of the new stimuli provided by the Common Agricultural Policy - more attention is paid to the opportunities offered by rural development. For the moment, the results of this approach have been limited, although the 2015-2020 planning period could be decisive for its reorientation.

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Prados, María-José, Marta Pallarès-Blanch, Ramón García-Marín, and Carolina del Valle. "Renewable Energy Plants and Business Models: A New Rural Development Perspective." Energies 14, no. 17 (September 1, 2021): 5438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175438.

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The paper evaluates the rural development (RD) contribution of local economic activities (LEAs), whether generated or affected by the proximity of renewable energy plants (REPs). The study also informs about LEAs’ role as co-players in the fight against climate change. Semi-structured research interviews have been applied to identify LEAs’ BM (business model) in Andalusia, Murcia, and Catalonia, autonomous communities of Spain. Most LEAs present a BM based on the RE plant, and others do not, but they still contribute to RD, rural communities’ well-being and global sustainability. Results show, first, that certain LEAs, due to their inter-connection with large REPs, can innovate and create a significant number of stable jobs. Second, land leasing to REPs allows for temporary farms’ diversification, which is conditioned to its bargaining power. Third, advice on integration RE projects in RD strategies should be provided. Conclusions suggest the need for new governance to favor energy transition coherent with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

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Arnold, Felix. "Das Landhaus des Marqués de Murrieta bei Córdoba." Architectura 47, no. 1-2 (July 24, 2019): 132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/atc-2017-0008.

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AbstractThe architecture of Spain of the 1920s and 1930s remains a little studied aspect of the emergence of the modern movement. In 1926 –1931 the architects Carlos Arniches and Martín Domínguez, both prominent members of the so called ›Generación del 25‹, constructed a country estate near Córdoba for the Marqués de Murrieta. The remains of the now lost villa and garden have recently been investigated by the German Archaeological Institute, as part of a comprehensive study of the 10th century Islamic palace on which the estate had been built. The singular design of the building attests to the search for a new style of architecture based on the ›honest‹ rural architecture of Andalusia, as called for by Fernando García Mercadal and others. The design of a promenade architecturale moreover hints at the innovative potential of the architects and their contribution to the modern movement in Spain.

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Navarro-Valverde, Francisco, Eugenio Cejudo-García, and José Antonio Cañete Pérez. "The Lack of Attention Given by Neoendogenous Rural Development Practice to Areas Highly Affected by Depopulation. The Case of Andalusia (Spain) in 2015–2020 Period." European Countryside 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 352–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2021-0022.

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Abstract How are the problems of depopulation being faced by the Local Action Groups (LAGs) and the LEADER approach? What kinds of proposals are being pointed out to tackle young people’s exodus, the economic depression, the physical and virtual distances, and the marginality from the political and economic centers by these local public-private partnerships to the areas having the more worrying situations? Andalusia, a southern region of Spain, has many municipalities with these severe devepopulation problems. According to this aim, the Local Development Strategies documents (LDSs) of the LAGs for 2015–2020, have been reviewed. The predominance of the top-down approach has limited the attention given to face the rural depopulation. It is relevant to note, as well, the reduced presence of specific objectives and projects to combat depopulation in these deep rural areas. The last finding is that these municipalities with extreme depopulation have been left aside; as no solution placed. Definitely, as empty areas to promote rural development. Depopulation concept and depopulation areas have been forgotten for neoendogenous rural development practices.

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Román Ruiz, Gloria. "‘Democracy builders’: Conflictivity and democratic learning in the educational and cultural spheres during the late-Francoist and Transition periods." International Journal of Iberian Studies 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijis_00037_1.

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The early 1960s in Spain saw the beginnings of a cycle of protest against the dictatorship of Francisco Franco that would end by rendering its continuity unviable after the dictator’s death in 1975. The process of building democracy was undertaken bidirectionally, both from ‘above’ and from ‘below’, and it involved multiple actors. This article pays special attention to those ‘democratizing agents’ in civil society who acted in the cultural and educational spheres, as teachers, students, protest singers or members of the cultural centres and neighbourhood associations that emerged at that time, especially in rural Andalusia. It argues that through day-to-day micro-conflicts and micro-mobilizations, those actors acquired and transmitted civic–democratic guidelines and values.

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Rodrigo, F. S. "A review of the Little Ice Age in Andalusia (Southern Spain): results and research challenges." Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 44, no. 1 (February 20, 2018): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.3316.

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Andalusia (southern Spain) is a region of special climatic interest due to its geographical location, hydrological and orographical characteristics. In this work a summary of different approaches to study the Little Ice Age in this region is presented. From different proxy data (lake and marine sediments, geomorphological evidences, tree-rings, documentary data), it is possible to obtain the main characteristics of this climatic episode, with predominance of colder and wetter conditions than today and great variability. However, some uncertainties persist, related to the chronological limits of the LIA in the region, the variability of thermal and rainfall conditions, and different time resolution of various proxy data analysed. These problems are discussed and future research challenges are proposed.

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Prados, María-José. "Territorial Recognition and Control of Changes in Dynamic Rural Areas: Analysis of the Naturbanization Process in Andalusia, Spain." Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 48, no. 1 (January 2005): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0964056042000308157.

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Navarro Cerrillo, Rafael M., Guillermo Palacios Rodríguez, Inmaculada Clavero Rumbao, Miguel Ángel Lara, Francisco Javier Bonet, and Francisco-Javier Mesas-Carrascosa. "Modeling Major Rural Land-Use Changes Using the GIS-Based Cellular Automata Metronamica Model: The Case of Andalusia (Southern Spain)." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 7 (July 20, 2020): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9070458.

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The effective and efficient planning of rural land-use changes and their impact on the environment is critical for land-use managers. Many land-use growth models have been proposed for forecasting growth patterns in the last few years. In this work; a cellular automata (CA)-based land-use model (Metronamica) was tested to simulate (1999–2007) and predict (2007–2035) land-use dynamics and land-use changes in Andalucía (Spain). The model was calibrated using temporal changes in land-use covers and was evaluated by the Kappa index. GIS-based maps were generated to study major rural land-use changes (agriculture and forests). The change matrix for 1999–2007 showed an overall area change of 674971 ha. The dominant land uses in 2007 were shrubs (30.7%), woody crops on dry land (17.3%), and herbaceous crops on dry land (12.7%). The comparison between the reference and the simulated land-use maps of 2007 showed a Kappa index of 0.91. The land-cover map for the projected PRELUDE scenarios provided the land-cover characteristics of 2035 in Andalusia; developed within the Metronamica model scenarios (Great Escape; Evolved Society; Clustered Network; Lettuce Surprise U; and Big Crisis). The greatest differences were found between Great Escape and Clustered Network and Lettuce Surprise U. The observed trend (1999–2007–2035) showed the greatest similarity with the Big Crisis scenario. Land-use projections facilitate the understanding of the future dynamics of land-use change in rural areas; and hence the development of more appropriate plans and policies

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Gallar Hernández, David, Helena Saracho-Domínguez, Marta Rivera-Ferré, and Isabel Vara-Sánchez. "Eating Well with Organic Food: Everyday (Non-Monetary) Strategies for a Change in Food Paradigms: Findings from Andalusia, Spain." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (February 15, 2019): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11041003.

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In the context of nutritional disaffection with a dominant food and agricultural system and the social questioning of everyday nutritional habits, we studied what Eating Well means to people and what role organic food plays in their lives. We conducted 11 discussion groups that were carried out in Andalusia, Spain; participants had different socio-demographic characteristics—they lived in either rural or urban areas, had different purchasing channels, and practiced varying degrees of organic food consumption. The investigation revealed (1) the motives and limitations for the consumption of organic foods, as perceived by the consumers of organic foods, and (2) the everyday strategies practiced to overcome these limitations. In both cases, this research transcends the classical analyses focused on the price of a product, when proposing a framework for alternative strategies that are based on the ordinary knowledge and practices of the consumers, by looking at consumption through an integrated lens that is rooted in the notion of what consumers consider to be Eating Well. This study shows that Eating Well—according to the criteria of the consumers and the implemented strategies—breaks from the dichotomous or exclusive focus on economic or ideological motives, and revalues feminine and rural knowledge and practices, for a comprehensive management of nutrition.

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Zúñiga, Erick, Joaquín Romero, Andrés Ollero-Lara, María Lovera, Octavio Arquero, Xavier Miarnau, Laura Torguet, Antonio Trapero, and Jordi Luque. "Inoculum and Infection Dynamics of Polystigma amygdalinum in Almond Orchards in Spain." Plant Disease 104, no. 4 (April 2020): 1239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-19-1406-re.

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Red leaf blotch (RLB) disease of almond, caused by Polystigma amygdalinum, is an important foliar disease in most production regions of the Mediterranean basin and the Middle East because severe infections may cause a premature defoliation of the tree. Some key aspects on the epidemiology of P. amygdalinum were studied in multiyear trials in two almond-growing regions in Spain, which included the seasonal development of perithecia and production and germination of ascospores along with the disease incubation and plant infectivity periods. Our results showed that primary inoculum was available in extended periods (January to August). Significant differences in ascospore amounts among regions, higher in the southern Andalusia and lower in the northern Catalonia, and years of study were detected. The factors geographical location, sampling period, and evaluation year were found significant on the development of P. amygdalinum perithecia. Variable ascospore germination rates were observed from April to July: >15% but rarely exceeding 30%. The RLB infectivity period in Catalonia extended from March to mid-June, whereas in Andalusia it was from March to May. The incubation period was mainly in a range of 5 to 10 weeks in Catalonia. The environmental conditions of October to January influence the available ascospore amounts in the next season. RLB infection occurs in spring to summer when mean temperatures are in the range 10 to 20°C. These results represent the first step in developing a prediction model of the disease that might serve as a tool for the control of RLB.

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Bahamonde-Rodríguez, María, Francisco Javier García-Delgado, and Giedrė Šadeikaitė. "Sustainability and Tourist Activities in Protected Natural Areas: The Case of Three Natural Parks of Andalusia (Spain)." Land 11, no. 11 (November 11, 2022): 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11112015.

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As a form of protection, a nature park is often created to protect and valorise natural and cultural heritage in peripheral rural areas. However, in terms of multifunctionality, new nature parks incorporate traditional productive activities, such as recreational and tourist activities, which sometimes compromise sustainability. The research objective is to study the relationship between tourism and sustainability in the nature parks of Sierra de Aracena y Picos de Aroche, Sierra Norte de Sevilla and Sierra de Hornachuelos that make up the Dehesas de Sierra Morena Biosphere Reserve in Andalusia, Spain. Therefore, selective interviews have been carried out with the stakeholders to establish their perception of sustainable tourism and the presence of dominant discourses. The main conclusions indicate: (1) the presence of different dominant discourses on sustainability, namely the conservationist and mercantilist ones, with the prevalence of the economic dimension; (2) poor awareness and adaptation to the context of global change; and (3) the presence of competitive relationships that generate difficulties for the governance of sustainable tourism.

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Córdoba, E., C. I. González-Verdejo, J. Die, B. Román, and S. Nadal. "First Report of Orobanche crenata on Sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) in Andalusia, Southern Spain." Plant Disease 92, no. 12 (December 2008): 1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-12-1709a.

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Crenata broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.), an obligate chlorophyll-lacking root parasite, is the major constraint for growing legume crops in infested soils in southern Spain. Peas (Pisum sativum L), faba beans (Vicia faba L.), and narbon bean (Vicia narbonensis L.) are seriously affected (1,2,4). However, no information is available regarding its ability to attack sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.), which is an important fodder legume grown in rain-fed conditions, yielding as much as 10,000 kg/ha of dry matter. In 2008, we found broomrape shoots infecting 4 to 5% of sulla plants in a trial field (two land races, P-26 and P-3, in a 500-m2 area) in Cordoba (Andalusia, southern Spain). The shoots developed numerous fertile flowering stalks throughout the field. The previous crop, narbon bean, was heavily infected during 2007 by O. crenata. Infection of sulla plants was confirmed by digging up the plant to verify the attachment of the broomrape plant to the sulla roots. The level of infection was low with only one to two emerged broomrape shoots per sulla plant infested. Morphology was typical of O. crenata. The calyx of the flowers was 13 to 18 mm long with free, bidentate segments. The white corolla of the flowers was 18 to 28 mm long and glandular pubescent. The lips were divergent, large, not ciliate, and filaments inserted 2 to 3 mm above the base of the corolla are hairy at base with glandular hair at the apex. The anthers were brown (3). Specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of the University of Córdoba (identification number COA 45358). To our knowledge, this first report of O. crenata parasitizing sulla shows that control methods for O. crenata will be needed if sulla is to be used as an alternative legume fodder in the infested soils of southern Spain. References: (1) J. I. Cubero and M. T. Moreno. Page 41 in: Some Current Research on Vicia faba in Western Europe. D. A. Bond et al., eds. Luxembourg, 1979. (2) S. Nadal et al. Plant Breed. 126:110, 2007. (3) A. J. Pujadas-Salvá. Page 187 in: Resistance to Orobanche: The State of the Art. Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain, 1999. (4) D. Rubiales et al. Crop Prot. 22:865, 2003.

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Luque-Revuelto, Ricardo Manuel, and Rafael Molero-Baltanás. "Multi-scale strategies in environmental education, that pursue appreciation of the natural and rural areas of the Mediterranean mountains, in southern Spain." Revista de Estudios Andaluces, no. 44 (2022): 113–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/rea.2022.i44.06.

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The meridional mountains of Europe are located in Andalusia, in the south of the Iberian Peninsula. In this region, orographic and climatic factors are the main circumstances that condition the landscape and cultural peculiarities. Nowadays, its ecosystems show a high vulnerability to climate change, its traditional ways of life are in crisis and its cultural heritage is endangered by abandonment and depopulation. This paper analyzes some of the main documents that include proposals of environmental education at European, national and regional levels from the point of view of its adaptation the territory of the Andalusian Mediterranean mountains. Some educational actions are also evaluated in order to detect the possible existence of dysfunctionalities or deficiencies among the different educational policies and projects. Finally, a series of actions are proposed to optimize environmental education programs.

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Molero, David, Óscar Gavín-Chocano, Esperanza Vargas-Cuevas, and Inmaculada García-Martínez. "Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Optimism According to Gender and Social Context (Urban vs. Rural)." Social Sciences 11, no. 7 (June 22, 2022): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11070268.

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of Emotional Intelligence on optimistic–pessimistic attitudes in a sample of 177 people from the Autonomous Community of Andalusia (Spain). The sample consisted of 102 women (57.60%) and 75 men (42.40%), who live in different localities depending on the number of residents (urban and rural context). The instruments used in the study were: The Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT-R), Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQi-C), and Wong–Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS-S). The results indicated that Emotional Intelligence was positively related to optimism and negatively related to pessimism (p < 0.01). In addition, pessimism was found to be significantly related to the rural context, but not to the urban context. The multigroup Structural Equations model was developed for the gender variable, and it had good structural validity (χ2 = 96.485; RMSEA = 0.056; GFI = 0.901; CFI = 0.900; IFI = 0.907), which was greater for the female gender. The practical consequences of this study help to understand the usefulness of EQ on optimism–pessimism as an attribute between urban vs. rural areas and the effect of living in socio-culturally different environments.

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Reyes-Martín, M. P., M. L. Martínez-Cartas, I. Ortiz-Bernad, L. M. San-Emeterio, and E. Fernández-Ondoño. "Mineralization of bagged pruning waste in agrosystem on the subtropical coast of Andalusia (Spain)." Journal of Agricultural Science 158, no. 8-9 (November 2020): 634–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859621000113.

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AbstractSpreading of pruning waste over the soil surface may increase soil organic carbon, thus improving soil physical properties and serving as a source of nutrients and energy for microbial populations. The aim of this study was to test the effect of the environmental conditions and the biochemical composition of pruning waste from avocado, cherimoya, mango and gardens on their decomposition process in a Mediterranean subtropical climate. Bagged pruning and garden waste were placed on the ground at a distance of 1 m around the trunk of the three trees from each crop. The concentrations in C, N, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, other extracts and ash were determined at the beginning of the experiment (T0), after six (T6) and 24 (T24) months in the field. Initially, significant differences were detected for all types of waste, especially in lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose and other extracts. No significant differences were found in the N content and the C content in mango pruning waste was significantly lower than that in avocado. The greatest weight loss recorded at T24 (63.2%) was related to the lower content in lignin, cellulose and other extracts. Weight losses and C concentrations showed negative correlations with lignin content. Despite the intense decomposition of all the waste, between 55 and 36.8% of the original weights were recorded at the end of the experiment. Recalcitrant C could be the result of the lignin concentrating in the case of the garden waste applied to the different crops.

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Landa, B. B., M. Montes-Borrego, F. J. Muñoz-Ledesma, Alcaliber S.A., and R. M. Jiménez-Díaz. "First Report of Downy Mildew of Opium Poppy Caused by Peronospora arborescens in Spain." Plant Disease 89, no. 3 (March 2005): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0338b.

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Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is an economically important pharmaceutical crop in Spain with approximately 7,400 ha cultivated annually. In the spring of 2004, severe attacks by a new foliar disease were observed approximately 500 km apart in commercial opium poppy fields in the Castilla-La Mancha and Andalusia regions of central and southern Spain, respectively. The incidence of affected fields ranged from 40 to 50%, and incidence of diseased plants ranged from 20 to 30%. Initial disease symptoms included irregularly shaped, chlorotic-to-light yellow leaf lesions (ranging in size from 0.5 to 4 cm). Affected tissues curled, thickened, and became deformed and necrotic as disease developed. Lesions expanded in size and often coalesced, eventually giving rise to large necrotic areas in leaves or death of entire leaves. In wet weather or conditions of high relative humidity, a dense felt of sporangiophores with sporangia was produced on the abaxial leaf surface and occasionally on the adaxial surface. Microscopic observations revealed sporangiophores branching dichotomically at least four to six times, ending with sterigmata bearing single sporangia. Sporangia were hyaline, elliptical to spherical in shape, and measured 18 to 24 × 14 to 18 μm (average 19 ± 1.2 × 15 ± 1.6 μm). Occasionally, oospores formed in necrotic leaf tissues. Oospores were dark brown (the surface was irregularly ridged) and measured 36 to 46 μm in diameter (average 39 ± 4.4 μm). The oospore wall was 3 to 11 μm thick. On the basis of the observed morphological features of six symptomatic plant samples from fields at Castilla-La Mancha and Andalusia regions, we identified the pathogen as Peronospora arborescens (1). Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculating 4- to 6-week-old opium poppy plants (cv. nigrum) with an isolate collected from a field in Ecija, Andalusia. Seed of test plants was surface disinfested and germinated under sterile conditions. Plants were sprayed with a suspension of 1 to 5 × 105 sporangia per ml in sterile distilled water. Plants sprayed with sterile water served as controls. There were five replicate plants per treatment. Plants were enclosed in sealed plastic bags and kept in the dark for 24 h. This was followed by incubation in a growth chamber at 21°C, 60 to 90% relative humidity, and a 12-h photoperiod (fluorescent light: 360 μE·m-2·s-1). After 5 to 7 days, typical downy mildew symptoms developed in inoculated plants. All control plants remained symptomless. Sporulation by the pathogen on symptomatic leaves occurred when affected plants were sprayed with water, enclosed in sealed plastic bags, and incubated at 21°C in the dark for 24 h. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. arborescens infecting opium poppy in Spain. Infestations of poppy weeds (Papaver rhoeas) and wild Papaver somniferum were also observed in affected opium poppy fields, which may bear importance in the epidemiology of the disease as alternative hosts for inoculum increase and survival of P. arborescens under field conditions. References: (1) S. M. Francis. No. 686 in: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1981.

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Recio Espejo, J. M., C. Borja Barrera, F. Díaz del Olmo, and F. Borja Barrera. "Physico-chemical determinant parameters in the color of vertisolization and tirsification processes." Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 19, no. 2 (May 11, 2019): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041908.

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A statistical analysis is carried out on the influence that certain physico-chemical parameters exert on tirsification and vertisolization pedological processes that occur under certain geomorphological conditions in Andalusia region (Spain). Both processes occur on a parent material with high contents in smectitic clays, massive and uniform and contrasting climatic conditions where periods of humidity and those of drought alternate. Chromic Vertisol (tirsificated) versus Calcium Vertisol (vertisolizated) (FAO, 2015) shows a greater interrelation between parameters given its greater weathering. Organic carbon controls a large part of its physical-chemical processes where the lateral washing of salts and carbonates together with manganese, always in a lower concentration than iron, play a definitive role in the blackening of its horizons. The chemical fertility is always low and the geomorphological conditions seems to account for its agricultural capacity.

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Murillo, J. M., F. Moreno, I. F. Girón, and M. I. Oblitas. "Conservation tillage: long term effect on soil and crops under rainfed conditions in South-West Spain (Western Andalusia)." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2004021-58.

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Aljabri, Samia. "The efforts of the Ottomans to support the Moriscos in Andalusia During the tenth century AH / sixteenth century AD." Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Social Sciences 14, no. 4 (December 28, 2022): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54940/ss45800493.

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This study, which is titled "Ottomans Efforts in Supporting the Moriscos", aims to know the Moriscos and their conditions, especially after the fall of Granada, and the motives that led to their expulsion from Spain, in addition to stating the position of the Ottoman Empire towards the Moriscos before the final decision of their expulsion from Spain was issued. This position is represented in the preparation of military campaigns to invade the southern Spanish coasts or offer diplomatic mediation with some European countries. Afterwards comes knowing the Ottoman position towards the Moriscos after implementing the final decision of expulsion and the Ottomans' efforts in facilitating their transfer to the countries of the Islamic Maghreb. The study is concluded by explaining several points, the key of which is the failure of the Spanish policy in implementing the Christianisation decision on the Muslims of Andalusia, despite the inhumane practices committed by the Inquisition against Muslims. With the deteriorating living conditions of the Moriscos, they found in the Ottoman Empire their safe haven and their only salvation from torture and murder. The Ottomans did not disappoint the Moriscos' hopes in them, but their efforts were unsuccessful due to external conspiracies and internal intrigues that limited the State's focus on the Moorish issue.

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Kallas, Z., J. A. Gómez-Limón, M. Arriaza, and O. Nekhay. "Análisis de la demanda de bienes y servicios no comerciales procedentes de la actividad agraria: El caso del olivar de montaña andaluz." Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales 6, no. 11 (October 18, 2011): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7201/earn.2006.11.03.

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Agricultural multifunctionality is the recognition of the joint exercise of economic, environmental and social functions by this sector. In order to make this concept operative for the design of public policies, it is necessary to estimate the social demand for such functions. The main objective of this article is to present an empirical application in this line. For this purpose we have taken the agricultural system of mountain olive groves in Andalusia (Southern Spain) at risk of abandonment after the decoupling of the EU subsidies as a case study. The economic valuation technique used is the Choice Experiment. According to the results, there is a different contribution of each attribute to the improvement of the Society level of utility. Thus, and taking into account its WTP for each attribute, keeping rural population in their villages and fighting soil erosion seem to be the most valued functions by Andalusian citizens. It follows the improvement of the visual quality of the rural landscapes and the reduction of food residuals. Finally, although the results suggest a significant demand for the different functions, this demand is heterogeneous, depending on the socio-economic characteristics of the individuals.

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Belous, Ju А., and A. S. Tarasov. "FACTORS OF CENTRIFUGAL POLITICAL TENDENCIES IN SPAIN: A QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS." Вестник Пермского университета. Политология 15, no. 1 (2021): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2218-1067-2021-1-45-56.

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The purpose of this article is to analyze the centrifugal tendencies in 17 Autonomous Communities of Spain by demonstrating that certain differences in the configurations of factors have led to varying degrees of the loss of autonomy. The main conclusion is that for the configurations leading to less autonomy, there is a low level of economic development, a low volume of EU funding, and an absence of local languages as a factor of identity. The cases of Andalusia, Asturias, and Galicia are of particular importance in these configurations. For the configurations that lead to greater autonomy, two patterns are identified. The first group (Catalonia and the Basque Country) demonstrates a link between centrifugal tendencies and three conditions: the existence of regionalist parties in the parliaments of Autonomous Communities (AC), a high level of economic development and a high level of identification with a regional language. The second group of cases (Valencia and the Canary Islands) demonstrates the added importance of funding under the EU regional policy programs for the period from 2014 to 2020. The scientific novelty of the article lies in its analysis of the dynamics of centrifugal tendencies in Spain via crisp-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (csQCA).

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Koroleva, Alina. "Cultural policy of regional Government of Andalusia (Junta de Andalucía)." Latin-American Historical Almanac 36, no. 1 (November 19, 2022): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/2305-8773-2022-36-1-59-75.

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The Andalusian Culture and public cultural policy in the last 40 years was hold as a construction of the autonomous community in the context of the transition to democracy and the construction a new cultural administration. Under the cul-tural policy of the Junta of Andalusia, the infrastructural ac-tivities of the autonomous community in the field of culture and art, expressed in the form of protection and stimulation of the development of the cultural sector in the region by providing guarantees and creating favorable framework socio-political conditions for them, are considered. The cultural policy in Andalusia over the past forty years is not difficult to describe. As in all of Spain, culture was included in the con-struction of the Andalusian autonomy. At the same time, this was due to the urgent need to create a cultural administration that would contribute to the creation of the Andalusian cultur-al system. All this, moreover, had to be done quickly. Two directions of cultural policy were formed, as it were: trans-versal and sectoral. The transversal direction began to take shape from the very beginning, as it was necessary to form a new generation of civil servants, managers in the field of cul-ture, focused on the political aspects of cultural policy, the task was to attract different social groups to the field of culture, access to which was previously limited. The second direction was a response to the external challenges of subsequent years, associated with the growth of cultural activity provoked by the Junta and the building of public-private partnerships in the industry.

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Redondo-Gómez, Daniel, Jesús Bautista, José María Gil-Sánchez, Francesc Parés, Antonio Hernández-Matías, Jaime Resano-Mayor, Joan Real, Christian Pacteau, Agustín Madero, and Marcos Moleón. "Towards accurate and simple morphometric sex differentiation in Bonelli’s Eagle Aquila fasciata nestlings: Interpopulation variations and influence of growth conditions." Avian Biology Research 15, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17581559211063123.

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Morphometric methods of sex differentiation may be cheap, simple, quick, and reliable alternatives to molecular approaches. However, there are still important uncertainties regarding the use of morphometric methods in birds, particularly regarding their applicability to different populations and environmental conditions. Between 2004 and 2019, we sampled 245 Bonelli´s Eagle Aquila fasciata nestlings, 197 from nests in Catalonia (northeastern Spain) and Andalusia (southeastern Spain) and 56 that were partially or totally raised in captivity. Our objective was to develop morphometry-based sexing methods for Bonelli’s Eagle nestlings that can be applied in situ to different subpopulations and growth conditions. We recorded up to nine measures related to nestling body mass, bill, tarsus, and claw length. Tail and wing length were used to control for the age of nestlings, and all individuals were sexed genetically. We found important morphometric differences between the two natural subpopulations. According to our discriminant analyses, body mass and claw length were the most discriminant variables, both in wild and captivity conditions. Differences between sexes were more prominent during the flight feathers’ growing period. Feeding ad libitum in captivity conditions led to larger nestlings and reduced between-sexes differences. We provide different models for sexing Bonelli’s Eagle nestlings that can be applied according to the studied geographic location, growth conditions (wild versus captive), and balance between accuracy and simplicity. Overall, our findings highlight that extrapolating sex discriminant functions to different subpopulations and growth conditions may be risky.

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Manan, Nuraini A. "Kemajuan dan Kemunduran Peradaban Islam di Eropa (711M-1492M)." Jurnal Adabiya 21, no. 1 (July 17, 2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/adabiya.v21i1.6454.

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Spain is more commonly known as Andalusia, the Andalusia comes from the word Vandalusia, which means the country of the Vandals, because the southern part of the Peninsula was once ruled by the Vandals before they were defeated by Western Gothia in the fifth century. This area was ruled by Islam after the rulers of The Umayyah seized the peninsula's land from the West Gothies during the time of the Caliph Al-Walid ibn Abdul Malik. Islam entered Spain (Cordoba) in 93 AH (711 AD) through the North African route under the leadership of Tariq bin Ziyad who led the Islamic army to conquer Andalusia. Before the conquest of Spain, Muslims had taken control of North Africa and made it one of the provinces from the Umayyad Dynasty. Full control of North Africa took place in the days of Caliph Abdul Malik (685-705 AD). Conquest of the North African region first defeated until becoming one of the provinces of the Umayyad Caliph spent 53 years, starting from 30 H (Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan's reign) to 83 H (al-Walid's period). Before being defeated and then ruled by Islam, in this region there were sacs which became the basis of the power of the Roman Empire, namely the Gothic Kingdom. In the process of conquering Spain there were three Islamic heroes who could be said to be the most effective in leading units of troops there. They are Tharif ibn Malik, Tariq ibn Ziyad, and Musa ibn Nushair. Subsequent territorial expansion emerged during the reign of Caliph Umar ibn Abdil Aziz in the year 99 AH/717 AD, with the aim of controlling the area around the Pyrenian mountains and South France. The second largest invasion of the Muslims, whose movement began at the beginning of the 8th century AD, has reached all of Spain and reached far to Central France and important parts of Italy. The victories achieved by Muslims appear so easy. It cannot be separated from the existence of external and internal factors. During the conquest of Spain by Muslims, the social, political and economic conditions of this country were in a sad state. Politically, the Spanish region was torn apart and divided into several small countries. At the same time, the Gothic rulers were intolerant of the religious beliefs adopted by the rulers, namely the Monophysites, especially those who adhered to other religions, Jews. Adherents of Judaism, the largest part of the Spanish population, were forced to be baptized to Christianity. Those who are unwilling brutally tortured and killed. The people are divided into the class system, so that the situation is filled with poverty, oppression, and the absence of equality. In such situations, the oppressed await the arrival of the liberator and the liberator was from Muslims. Warrior figures and Islamic soldiers who were involved in the conquest of Spain are strong figures, their soldiers are compact, united, and full of confidence. They are also capable, courageous, and resilient in facing every problem. Equally important are the teachings of Islam shown by the Islamic soldiers, like tolerance, brotherhood, and help each other. The attitude of tolerance of religion and brotherhood contained in the personalities of the Muslims caused the Spanish population to welcome the presence of Islam there. Since the first time Islam entered in the land of Spain until the collapse of the last Islamic empire was about seven and half centuries, Islam played a big role, both in fields of intellectual progress (philosophy, science, fiqh, music and art, language and literature) and the splendor of physical buildings (Cordova and Granada). The long history passed by Muslims in Spain can be divided into six periods. Spanish Muslims reached the peak of progress and glory rivaled the glory of the Abbasid sovereignty in Baghdad. Abdurrahman Al-Nasir founded the Cordova University. He preceded Al-Azhar Cairo and Baghdad Nizhamiyah.

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Rodríguez Sousa, Barandica, and Rescia. "Estimation of Soil Loss Tolerance in Olive Groves as an Indicator of Sustainability: The Case of the Estepa Region (Andalusia, Spain)." Agronomy 9, no. 12 (November 21, 2019): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120785.

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Spain is the world's leading producer of olive oil, with the largest number of olive agro-systems in the Andalusia region. However, rural migration, low profitability, and biophysical limitations to production have compromised their sustainability. Soil erosion is the main cause of declining production and must be controlled to sustain production and keep soil loss below a threshold (soil loss tolerance, SLT). In this paper, the Soil Loss Tolerance Index (SLTI) for non-specific crops was calculated, theoretically, in different Andalusian olive-growing areas. A new Soil Loss Tolerance Index specifically for olive groves was developed (SLTIog) using soil variables related to erosion corresponding to the Estepa region. This index and the Soil Productive Index (SPI) were estimated. Andalusian olive groves with severe erosion were unsustainable for a 150-year period according to SLTI. However, applying the SLTIog in olive groves of Estepa, soil loss was not unsustainable. Although no statistically significant differences were detected between the two SLT indices, the consideration of specific soil variables in the SLTIog made it more accurate and reliable for the assessment of potential long-term sustainability. The use of specific indices for olive groves can inform the adoption of management measures to maintain productivity and support conservation.

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Cejudo-García, Eugenio, Marilena Labianca, Francisco Navarro-Valverde, and Angelo Belliggiano. "Protected Natural Spaces, Agrarian Specialization and the Survival of Rural Territories: The Cases of Sierra Nevada (Spain) and Alta Murgia (Italy)." Land 11, no. 8 (July 27, 2022): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11081166.

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In Europe today, there is increasing interest in the management of protected spaces, not only in an attempt to ensure their conservation but also because of their enormous potential for promoting rural development. These protected spaces are generally designed from the top down, although, in an increasing number of cases, they are being promoted by rural communities themselves. The situation across Europe with regard to protected areas is extraordinarily complex due, among other reasons, to the variety of categories and types of protected areas at the regional level. The objective of this study was to compare two parks: the Sierra Nevada National and Natural Park in Andalusia, Spain, and the Alta Murgia National Park in Apulia, Italy, in order to identify any similarities and/or differences between them. To this end, we performed a dynamic analysis of the evolution of the crops, uses, and livestock species using a specific indicator that can detect local dynamics by comparing areas inside the parks with those in the immediate surrounding areas. The results pointed, in part, to a resurgence of these places. In both cases, a trend was observed towards more extensive farming of certain crops and livestock species that are more profitable and/or more highly regarded as quality products. In other cases, there was a risk of traditional crops and agricultural landscapes being abandoned and lost. Various threats were identified in relation to capital-intensive forms of agriculture, especially involving greenhouse cultivation on the Mediterranean coast in the provinces of Granada and Almeria.

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48

Molina, Rosa, Giorgio Manno, Carlo Lo Re, Giorgio Anfuso, and Giuseppe Ciraolo. "A Methodological Approach to Determine Sound Response Modalities to Coastal Erosion Processes in Mediterranean Andalusia (Spain)." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8030154.

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Human occupation along coastal areas has been greatly increasing in recent decades and, in many places, human activities and infrastructures are threatened by erosion processes that can produce relevant economic and human losses. In order to reduce such impacts and design sound management strategies, which can range from the “no action” to the “protection” option, coastal managers need to know the intrinsic coastal sensitivity and the potential vulnerability and value of land uses. In this paper, in a first step, coastal sensitivity was determined by calculating the following: (i) the spatial distribution at the coast of the wave forcing obtained by using the ERA5 wave dataset and defined as the energy associated with the 50-year return period storm. Two storm conditions were considered, that is, one for the eastern and one for the western parts of the Andalusia Mediterranean coast, respectively, characterized by a height of 8.64–7.86 m and 4.85–4.68 m and (ii) the existence of a buffer zone, namely the dry beach width expressed as a multiple of the 20-year predicted shoreline position that was calculated using a dataset of aerial photographs covering a time span from 1956 to 2016. Coastal sensitivity values were divided into five classes with class 1 indicating the lowest sensitivity (i.e., the presence of a wide buffer zone associated with low wave energy flux values) and class 5 the highest sensitivity (i.e., a narrow buffer zone associated with very high wave energy flux values). In a second step, land uses were obtained from the official Land Use Map of the Andalusia Region, based on the results of the “Coordination of Information on the Environment” (CORINE) European Project. Such uses were divided into five classes from class 1 including natural areas (typologies “A” and “B” of the CORINE Project) to class 5 including very capital land uses (typologies “E1” and “E2”). In a third step, information concerning coastal sensitivity and land uses was crossed to determine the best mitigation strategies to cope with erosion processes. The “no action” option was observed at the westernmost area of Cádiz Province and at some areas from the west coast of Almería Province, where both coastal sensitivity and land use classes show low values; the “adaptation” option was recorded along more than one half of the coast studied, essentially at natural areas with high sensitivity and at urbanized areas with low sensitivity; and the “protection” option was observed especially at some areas from the center and eastern part of Málaga Province and at the easternmost areas of Almería Province, where both coastal sensitivity and land use classes presented high values.

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Sánchez-Martínez, José Domingo, Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Cohard, Antonio Garrido-Almonacid, and Vicente José Gallego-Simón. "Desafíos territoriales en áreas rurales: desempeño y potencial del cooperativismo oleícola innovador en Andalucía (España) / / / \ \ \ Territorial challenges in rural areas: performance and potential of innovative olive cooperatives in Andalusia (Spain)." TERRA: Revista de Desarrollo Local, no. 10 (July 26, 2022): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/terra.10.23725.

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Resumen: En la lógica de la especialización regional productiva, el olivar se ha conformado como la principal ocupación del suelo agrícola en Andalucía. En los municipios más rurales, de hecho, las opciones para el mantenimiento de la población están muy condicionadas por la evolución de este sector productivo. Una de las características más interesantes del mismo es el fuerte peso que la economía social tiene en la fase de molturación de la aceituna, de forma que las cooperativas son responsables del setenta por ciento del aceite obtenido. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los procesos de innovación que se están desarrollando en estas empresas aceiteras para hacer frente a los desafíos de la competencia y para operar como palanca de desarrollo rural. A partir de entrevistas en profundidad con responsables de cooperativas se presenta un balance de la situación actual, concluyendo que una profundización, mejora y generalización de las transformaciones que están en marcha pueden ser claves para mejorar la capacidad competitiva de los territorios en los que operan. Palabras clave: aceites de oliva, desarrollo rural, economía social, innovación, globalización. Abstract: In the logic of regional productive specialization, the olive grove has become the main occupation of agricultural land in Andalusia. In the most rural municipalities, in fact, the options for the maintenance of the population are highly conditioned by the evolution of this productive sector. One of the most interesting characteristics of this sector is the strong weight that the social economy has in the olive milling phase, so that the cooperatives are responsible for seventy percent of the oil obtained. The aim of this work is to analyze the innovation processes that are being developed in these olive oil companies to face the challenges of competition and to operate as a lever for rural development. Based on in-depth interviews with cooperative managers, a balance of the current situation is presented, concluding that a deepening, improvement and generalization of the transformations that are underway can be key to improve the competitive capacity of the territories in which they operate. Key words: olive oils, rural development, social economy, innovation, globalization.

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López, Antonio, Pablo Ruiz, Vicent Yusà, and Clara Coscollà. "Methodological Aspects for the Implementation of the Air Pesticide Control and Surveillance Network (PESTNet) of the Valencian Region (Spain)." Atmosphere 12, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12050542.

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A large amount of pesticide, applied mainly during agricultural practice, is released into the atmosphere, decreasing air quality and potentially causing public health problems. The Valencian region, after Andalusia, is the Spanish region with the highest consumption of pesticides owing to its large areas of agricultural land and the existence of crops that require intensive use of pesticides. In this work, we describe the sampling and analytical tools developed in the last decade and their transference to the Regional Department for Environment, where the main objective of the research was the creation and implementation of an Air pesticide control and surveillance network (PESTNet) in the Valencian region in Spain. To be able to confirm that the established strategies were appropriate, a pilot scheme comprising three different sampling stations (two rural and one urban) was developed and implemented in 2020. The results showed that as many as 30 pesticides were detected in the three sampling stations, with the frequency detection ranging from 6% (beta-endosulfan, chlorpropham, endosulfan-sulfate, kresoxim-m, prochloraz) to 100% (azoxystrobin, chlorpyrifos-m, metalaxyl-M). On the other hand, the concentrations of the pesticides found oscillated between 14.4 (boscalid) and 4373.0 pg m−3 (chlorpyrifos-m). Moreover, a risk assessment was carried out, and no risks were observed for the studied population (infants, children, and adults) in the evaluated stations.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Andalusia (Spain) – Rural conditions'

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