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Academic literature on the topic 'And Trust Company'

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Published: 25 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "And Trust Company"

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Wang, Hao. "PRC trust company and PRC trust business." Trusts & Trustees 20, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2014): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tandt/ttt250.

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Fohlin, Caroline, and Zhikun Lu. "How Contagious Was the Panic of 1907? New Evidence from Trust Company Stocks." AEA Papers and Proceedings 111 (May 1, 2021): 514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211097.

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Using a new dataset of all NYC trust company stocks, we study the impact of the Panic of 1907 and the ensuing cash infusion by JP Morgan and the Treasury. Using synthetic controls, we find that three “troubled” trusts performed far worse than the other trusts, whose valuations rebounded within a year. Moreover, trust companies connected to “money trust” banks maintained higher valuation than independents and rebounded much faster. The desire to prevent panic from spreading from infected trusts to financial institutions in his purview could explain Morgan's rapid intervention to stem the contagion.
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Jeni, Michele. "La 'dedicated trust company', l’evoluzione della private trust company nel nuovo sistema regolamentare svizzero." N° 2 (marzo-aprile), no. 2 (April 5, 2023): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35948/1590-5586/2023.293.

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Sunto Con la riforma della attività di trustee professionale in Svizzera è stata introdotta la “dedicated trust company”. Quale declinazione dello schema tradizionale della “private trust company”, l’istituto consente di optare per un veicolo costituito ad hoc, idoneo a assumere l’ufficio di trustee nell’ambito di trust operanti in qualsiasi ordinamento, essendo allo stesso tempo inserito nel sistema vigilato al cui vertice si staglia l’Autorità Federale.
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Yeo, Terence, and Victoria Liu Xin Er. "To good purpose: non-charitable purpose trusts for the specific purpose of holding shares in perpetuity in Singapore." Trusts & Trustees 26, no. 7 (September 2020): 646–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tandt/ttaa059.

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Abstract This article considers the issue of whether Singapore should amend its trust laws to allow for non-charitable purpose trusts (NCPTs) for the specific purpose of holding company shares in perpetuity. The authors argue that such trusts should be allowed for two reasons. First, NCPTs in general should not be regarded as repugnant to the trust concept. Secondly, the practical advantages of allowing non-charitable trusts in a limited fashion outweigh the disadvantages. The article concludes by proposing possible reforms to the Singapore trust legislation.
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Becker, M. "Operating a trust company in Malta." Trusts & Trustees 11, no. 6 (May 1, 2005): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tandt/11.6.24.

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Gowar, M. C. "Private company shares as trust assets." Trusts & Trustees 12, no. 7 (June 1, 2006): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tandt/12.7.8.

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Gerber, S. D. "A Trust Company - Switzerland or Offshore?" Trusts & Trustees 2, no. 5 (April 1, 1996): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tandt/2.5.37.

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Dickson, David. "Wellcome Trust to launch transfer company." Nature 374, no. 6517 (March 1995): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/374006a0.

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Siregar, Baun Rivano, Imam Sonny, and W. Widodo. "How does E-Service Affect Satisfaction of Shipping Companies through Trust?" East African Scholars Journal of Economics, Business and Management 5, no. 8 (September 14, 2022): 228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36349/easjebm.2022.v05i08.005.

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Services are vital for transportation and logistics activities. In the context of sea transportation, services can facilitate shipping activities and determine the satisfaction of shipping stakeholders. Hence, the purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the Foreign Ship Agency Notice (FSAN) Directorate of Marine Traffic and Transportation Management Information System (DMTTMIS) e-service in increasing the satisfaction of shipping companies through trust among national shipping companies in the Indonesian Territory in 2022. The study used a survey method. The sample is 130 shipping companies taken by random sampling from 250 companies. Data analysis used descriptive statistics and path analysis inferential statistics. The results show E-service of FSAN DMTTMIS has an effect on shipping company satisfaction, trust has an effect on shipping company satisfaction, FSAN DMTTMIS e- service affects trust, and FSAN DMTTMIS e-service has an indirect effect on shipping company satisfaction with trust mediation. The conclusion of the study is that the e-service FSAN DMTTMIS has an indirect effect on the satisfaction of shipping companies with trust mediation so that the satisfaction of shipping companies can be increased through improvements to FSAN DMTTMIS e-services and trusts.
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Muritano, Daniele. "La &ldquo;proper purpose rule&rdquo; e le sue ricadute sui trust interni (<em>Grand View </em>v <em>Wong</em>, 8 dicembre 2022)." Trusts, no. 5 (October 4, 2023): 920–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35948/1590-5586/2023.422.

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Tesi L’articolo esamina la sentenza del Privy Council Grand View Private Trust Company And Another (Respondents) v Wong And Others (Appellant) No 2 (Bermuda) e le sue ricadute sui trust interni. La tesi è che il terzo che contrae con il trustee a titolo oneroso non può essere onerato di un controllo sull’appropriatezza dell’atto compiuto rispetto alle finalità proprie del trust e che pertanto il suo affidamento debba essere tutelato. The author’s view The article examines the decision of Privy Council Grand View Private Trust Company And Another (Respondents) v Wong And Others (Appellant) No 2 (Bermuda) and its impact on internal trusts. The thesis is that the third party who contracts with the trustee for consideration cannot be burdened with a control over the appropriateness of the act performed with respect to the trust’s own purposes and that therefore his or her trust must be protected.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "And Trust Company"

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Acosta, Antognoni Hedy. "Trust your company: A multimethod approach based on the Hero model." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/404719.

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The current thesis aims the mediating role of organizational trust based on The HERO Model (Salanova, Llorens, Cifre, & Martínez, 2012) through a multimethod approach. Seven empirical studies confirm the mediating role of organizational trust as an underlying mechanism which mediates the relationship between resources and practices implemented by them and its organizational outcomes. These studies (one qualitative and six quantitative cross-sectional y longitudinal) have been performed using different samples and sources of information, as well as SEM, HLM, and longitudinal analyses. The thesis contributes to a deep understanding of the antecedents and consequences related to the dimensions of organizational trust. This information is an important resource relevant to CEO's in order to make decisions to develop trust in their organizations as an important competitive advantage in modern organizations to be a HERO.
Esta tesis tuvo el objetivo de evaluar el rol de la confianza organizacional basándonos en el Modelo HERO (Salanova, Llorens, Cifre, & Martínez, 2012) a través de una aproximación multimetodo. Siete estudios empíricos confirman el rol mediador de la confianza organizacional, como mecanismo subyacente, entre los recursos y prácticas implementadas y los resultados organizacionales. Estos estudios (uno cualitativos y seis cuantitativos cross-sectional y longitudinal) se han realizado usando diferentes muestras y fuentes de información, así como análisis SEM, HLM y longitudinal. La tesis contribuye a entender en profundidad cuáles son los antecedentes y consecuencias relacionas a las dimensiones de la confianza organizacional. Esta información es un importante recurso para los Gerentes o Gestores de Recursos Humanos para tomar decisiones y desarrollar confianza en sus organizaciones debido a que es una ventaja competitiva en las organizaciones actuales que quieren ser HEROs
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Wadström, Paula. "Trusten - skattesubjekt i Sverige? : The Trust - recognizable for Tax Purposes?" Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-3440.

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I uppsatsen utreds om det utländska institutet trust kan vara ett skattesubjekt inom den svenska skatterätten. I sitt eget hemland är truster ofta inte att betrakta som ett eget skattesubjekt utan där behandlas trusters förvaltare som dess ägare och därmed även som skattesubjekt vid beskattning av trustinkomst, förmögenhet m.m.

När truster figurerat i svenska rättsfall har ofta trusten, utan närmare motivering, liknats vid en stiftelse. Regeringsrätten har ansett en utländsk stiftelse vara en utländsk juridisk person och en i Sverige begränsat skattskyldig person. Kan även trusten vara ett skattesubjekt? Genom att undersöka det civilrättsliga stiftelsebegreppet har upptäckts att stiftelsebegreppet är långt ifrån enhetligt. Vid en genomgång av stiftelsebeskattningspraxis framkommer att stiftelsebeskattning har tillgripits även på förordnanden som inte är stiftelser i strikt mening och att hänsyn måste tas till hur en rättsfigur ser ut och inte hur den benämns. En diskussion förs även kring ur vilken rättsordnings perspektiv som trusten skall granskas.


This essay deals with the question whether a trust can be recognizable for tax purposes in Sweden. In its home state it is often the trustee, and not the trust itself, who is regarded as the owner of the fund and therefore also liable to income tax etc.

Trusts have often, and without any explanation, been compared to a foundation when it has appeared in Swedish legal cases. The Swedish Supreme Administrative Court has considered a foreign foundation to be recognizable to tax in Sweden. Could that be indicating that also a trust could be recognizable? By examining the concept of foundation it is found that it is far from being uniform. Going through case law regarding foundations and tax one can see that in the assessing of taxes no strict line has been upheld for what is a foundation and what is not. One has to take more into consideration than just the name of a legal figure. The question from what legal system a foreign legal figure, such as the trust, is to be viewed is also brought up to discussion.

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Beccu, Gabriele. "Positive effects of strategic corporate social responsibility." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9591.

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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics
In recent years scholars have been developing various theoretical models to measure the effects of corporate social responsibility activities on customer perceptions and on customer-company identification. While significant advances have been made in demonstrating the positive effects of CSR initiatives, little research has been focused on how a structured approach to CSR affects these variables. This study aims to demonstrate the major positive effects of a strategic approach to CSR in comparison to a philanthropic approach, and to provide managers with useful advices for the creation of shared value for the society.
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Mouton, Christoffel Albertyn. "Die invloed van leierskapsvertroue op 'n landboubesigheid / Mouton C.A." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7293.

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The theme of this study is the impact of leadership trust on an agricultural business, with a primarily goal to establish the relationship between the perceptions on leadership and trust of top and middle level management. Furthermore, this study emphasises the importance of the level of the agricultural businesses leadership and trust profile and the important role that it plays in the business. Quantitative research techniques were used to collect the data and after statistical formulation it was found that the leaders’ perceptions based on leadership based on outcomes were high, although the level of trust was low. The implication of this for management is that they must be aware of the perceptions of their leaders regarding leadership and trust.
Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Florén, Jonas, and Marcus Kian Rousta. "Fostering Innovation and Trust when Contracting Service Suppliers : A Case Study at a Retail Company." Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-233235.

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Manufacturing and retail companies outsource their logistics activities to third party logisticsproviders to focus on, and enhance, core competencies. Outsourcing is associated with severalbenefits, e.g. decreasing costs and more flexibility, but it also inherent risks. Uncontrollablebehaviours and suppliers that only act in their own self-interest are common issues that ariseand prevent expected results. During the 21st century, the digitalisation has constantlyrequired companies to acquire new capabilities to cope with new technologies and how to usethem to gain competitive advantage. Therefore, companies choose to outsource IT for thesame reason they outsource logistics. This paper aims to compare outsourcing of logistics andIT outsourcing to draw parallels and highlight differences to create awareness about risks. Aliterature review on third party logistics, IT outsourcing and governance mechanism wasconducted. In addition, a case study at a European retail company, henceforth called Alpha,was carried out. At Alpha, we have investigated how their IT department can work with theirsuppliers, application management service (AMS) providers, to foster innovation and trust.Further, we discuss how Alpha can work with performance measurements to run the ITservices in a resource efficient way. The case study was carried out through two rounds ofinterviews with employees at Alpha.The result shows that there are several similarities between third party logistics and IToutsourcing. The result can be used to create awareness of risks that can arise whenoutsourcing IT. The difference was that studies concerning IT outsourcing emphasized issuescreated by cultural and language barriers, which is not mentioned in studies regarding thirdparty logistics.Moreover, we present a proposal for six areas of improvement for Alpha which can be seen asa foundation for further research.The proposals that we have put forward are as follows:● Develop a travelling agenda for Alpha’s employees to visit service suppliers.● Establishing an innovation fund together with AMS providers● Introduce performance based contracting for AMS providers● Review how Alpha work with and perceive KPIs● Develop a new best practice when contracting AMS providers● Review suppliers role in service development and running business
Varutillverkande företag och återförsäljare förlitar sig ofta på tredjepartsföretag för att utföralogistiska aktiviteter för att fokusera på, och utveckla kärnkompetenser. Outsourcing ärassocierat med flera fördelar såsom minskade kostnader och ökad flexibilitet men detinnefattar också risker. Leverantörer som inte lyssnar på beställaren och som bara agerarutifrån sina egna intressen är problem som kan uppstå. Samtidigt ändras befintliga marknaderi och med digitaliseringen och företag måste agera snabbt för att minska kunskapsgapet somuppstår på grund av digitaliseringen. Företag väljer därför att outsourca IT av sammaanledning som de outsourcar logistik. I denna rapport jämförs outsourcing av logistik och ITför att dra paralleller och identifiera skillnader, för att skapa medvetenhet om vilka risker somkan uppstå. En litteraturstudie kring tredjepartslogistik (third party logistics, 3PL), IToutsourcing, (utläggning av IT verksamhet på entreprenad) och styrningsmekanismer(governance mechanisms) har utförts. Vidare gjordes en fallstudie på ett europeisktvarutillverkande företag, hädanefter kallat Alpha. Hos Alpha undersökte vi hur deras ITavdelningkan arbeta med deras leverantörer, application management service (AMS)providers, för att främja innovation och tillit. Vi diskuterar även hur Alpha kan jobba medstyrmedel för att driva verksamheten på ett resurseffektivt sätt. Fallstudien utfördes genomtvå rundor av intervjuer med anställda på Alpha.Resultatet visar att det finns flera likheter mellan att outsourca logistik och IT. Resultatet kananvändas till att skapa medvetenhet om vilka risker som kan uppstå när man outsourcar IT.Skillnaden var den språk- och kulturbarriär som uppstår när man outsourcar IT till företagsom ofta är baserade utomlands, något som forskningen kring tredjepartslogistik ej berör.Vi presenterar även sex förbättringsförslag för Alpha som kan utgöra grunden för framtidaanalys.De sex förbättringsförslagen är:● Utarbeta en resplan för anställda på Alpha för att besöka AMS leverantörer fysiskt● Introducera en innovationsfond tillsammans med leverantörer där en procentuell andelav kontraktets kostnad går till fonden för att främja innovativt arbete.● Införa performance based contracting med AMS-leverantörer● Utföra en granskning av hur Alpha arbetar med mätetal (KPI)● Etablera en ny best practice vid samarbete med AMS leverantörer● Utreda AMS leverantörernas roll i utvecklandet av nya IT tjänster
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Hafeez, Malik Muhammad. "The role of institutional shareholders in the UK approach to corporate governance : the possible contribution of duties under Company law and Trust law." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=167710.

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Corporate governance refers to a complementary set of legal, economic and social institutions to protect the interests of corporate owners by securing long-term corporate stability. A corporate governance system is comprised of a wide range of practices and institutions, from accounting standards and laws concerning financial disclosure, through executive compensation, to the size and composition of corporate board all envisaging monitoring responsibility on the part of the investors to protect them from expropriation by managers. Managers’ power and prestige in running a large and powerful corporation give them superior access to inside information and thus a privileged position as compared to the numerous and dispersed shareholders. The principal concern of the present work is the UK-model of corporate governance and the role of institutional shareholders in the governance of their investee companies listed on the London Stock Exchange. The proportion of the listed UK equity market owned by major shareholders grew enormously between the early 1960s and 2008. Whereas in the early 1930s, individual investors had 80% of the securities traded on the London Stock Exchange, now the ownership structure of public listed companies has significantly changed so that institutional investors have become the dominant players on the British financial market with 88.7% share-ownership of listed companies. This significant growth of institutional ownership has coincided with the emergence of self-regulatory corporate governance practices. The British model has played a pioneering role for the development of a self-regulatory approach to corporate governance framework from the Code of Best Practices 1992 to the Combined Code 2008 and the UK Corporate Governance Code 2010 and the Stewardship Code 2010. The self-regulatory approach on the basis of the ‘comply or explain’ principle adopted by the British model has now been in operation for the last two decades. The operational flexibility of the ‘comply or explain’ approach not only encourages the companies to adopt the general spirit of the code rather than the letter but also takes into account the monitoring responsibility of the institutional investors. This latter feature of the UK approach is based on the assumption that institutions have an economically-rational self-interest to monitor and actively engage with their investee companies to evaluate the veracity of their disclosure statements and thus to protect their investments.The crucial question asked by this thesis, however, is why institutional investors are not behaving as the model expects them to and thus why they have in fact been acting as ‘absentee owners’. Their perfunctory monitoring behaviour by adopting a ‘box-ticking’ approach on the basis of a ‘comply or perform’ analysis appears to have contributed significantly to the financial crisis. This thesis moves on from this observation, however, in order to consider whether there is anything that can be done to improve the monitoring behaviour of institutional investors. In this regard, it begins by noting that institutional investors are not homogeneous; some are companies while others are trusts; they face different problems of collective action, short-termism, conflicts of interest and managerial manipulation. The thesis accordingly considers whether there are any existing powers and remedies within company law and trust law that could be brought to bear in order to encourage or even enforce improved monitoring by institutional investors within the UK’s corporate governance model, which even in the aftermath of the financial crisis remains steadfastly wedded to self-regulation.
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Hogan, Stephen P. "Creating parental trust in children's toy brands : the antecedents and dimensions of trustworthy behaviour of toy companies." Thesis, Brunel University, 2006. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5332.

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Based around a case study of the traditional toy industry, the research examines how companies create trust with parents, the main toy purchasers, and the importance of ethical behaviour in trust development when a vulnerable community is involved. Previous literature has revealed that trust leads to mutually beneficial company-consumer relationships but scholars have failed to agree on its definition, dimensions or measurement due to its complexity, diversity and intangibility. Few have distinguished between 'trustworthiness' as a moral quality of organisations and 'trust', which is a consumer judgement about companies and brands, made as part of their purchase deliberations. A review of the literature led to the development of a framework of trustworthy behaviour identifying five sets of antecedents (organisational, individual, control, relational and branding factors) and four key dimensions with related variables - 'Integrity' and 'Benevolence', relating to ethical constructs and 'Commitment' and 'Satisfaction', relating to organisational constructs. The model was then substantiated through qualitative research with a sample of senior managers in 12 leading toy companies and other stakeholders including industry body representatives, retailers and parents. The findings revealed that in a challenging economic climate, trust in toy companies is being driven principally by the marketing offer and by external influencers such as legislators, retailers, licensors, and the media. Examples of good ethical practices were identified, although often unnoticed by consumers, and the worthier companies, for whom trustworthiness was important, appeared to be faring less well economically than companies selling third party brands. Consumers' trust was significant in the preschool market but diminished in importance as children matured when their influence overrode parents' more rational purchase considerations. The research revealed a paradox that parents as well as children are vulnerable consumers who are often bypassed in the marketing process. Whatever children's consumer rights, there will always be a lack of trust in the industry whilst young children rather than parents are so blatantly targeted.
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Gamhed, Martin, and Karin Lönroth. "An Internal View of a Company´s Marketing and Relationships : - How to use marketing internally to strengthen relationships." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för ekonomi och teknik (SET), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-15676.

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Satisfying customers’ needs and wants has for a long time been the main focus for many companies, and through this the idea of satisfying the employees’ needs and wants first in order to achieve this has appeared. This has led to a greater focus on internal marketing and thereby the internal customer. It has also in later years been found that internal marketing can be used to build strong internal relationships. Having strong internal relationships has been discovered to be of importance as employees who work with friends work harder, and the work environment becomes more motivating when the relationships between the parties are strong. Considering, that stronger relationships between employees and management as well as between one employee and another is beneficial for the company as a whole, as there is a need to nurture and develop these internal relationships. Therefore building relationships have been proposed as an alternative approach to internal marketing and that this may be the right way to explore the area, however this needs substantial further investigation. This would mean an investigation of how internal marketing can be used for building relationships within a company. It is on this problem that we base this dissertation and choose to raise the question:“How can a company use internal marketing to strengthen the relationships within?”In order to answer this question, literature focusing on internal marketing, relationship marketing and especially what types of factors that is important for building relationships are presented. Based on this literature we have built a proposed model that was tested in order to answer the research question for this dissertation. The model includes five internal marketing tools, which are communication, education and learning, leadership, motivation and recruiting. These were tested to see if they can be used as an aid to strengthen trust and commitment in the company and thereby build stronger relationships between the members. This through analyzing the theoretical framework and the proposed model with a qualitative case study made with Mediaprovider Scandinavia AB including participant observation as well as interviews with focus on the relevant subjects. It was established that companies can use internal marketing in a number of ways in order to strengthen the relationships within. These include using communication, education and learning, leadership, motivation and recruiting as tools that can be adapted in order to achieve this goal. The proposed model was therefore found to be a way of strengthening relationships, however it is beneficial to not only measure strengthened relationships by trust and commitment, as there are other elements that are of importance.
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Shih, Yu Wei, and Anika Koch. "Psychological Safety for Organizational Cultural Change : An exploratory study in a Swedish multinational chemical engineering company." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-37520.

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Implementing cultural change is a huge project for any company. Not only is it time consuming, there are also many factors that determine the success of a cultural change. This study aims to explore a number of these success factors from a social perspective of sustainability, in particular the employees’ perspective. The employee’s psychological perspective is more difficult to expose compared to the economic and environmental perspectives, because it has a qualitative nature and cannot be easily captured in quantitative models. However, this does not make the employees’ psychological perspective less important. Recent studies show that psychological safety supports the individual learning process and creates an openness and motivation for change. Results of this study show that a stronger sense of psychological safety can be created by a positive atmosphere among colleagues, a high level of trust, supportive leader behaviors, and systems that facilitate efficient information and knowledge sharing. Furthermore, the study contributes to the field of organizational theory by investigating the role, effect and perception of psychological safety within one multinational company.
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Larsson, Linda. "Användning av svenska stiftelser i fåmansföretagskonstruktioner." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Redovisning och Rättsvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18809.

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Denna uppsats syftar till att utreda huruvida ändamålet med fåmansföretagsreglerna kan kringgås genom företagskonstruktioner med svenska stiftelser. I utredningen läggs fokus på fåmansföretagsreglerna samt de regler som behandlar kontrollmöjligheten av en stiftelse. Även de skattemässiga konsekvenser som medförs i en fåmansföretagskonstruktion med en svensk stiftelse behandlas. Syftet med fåmansföretagsreglerna är att motverka att en delägares inkomst som härstam-mar från arbetsinsats i företaget omvandlas till kapitalinkomst. Om en utomstående, direkt eller indirekt, i betydande omfattning äger andel i ett företag eller direkt eller indirekt har rätt till utdelning, tillämpas utomståenderegeln som är en undantagsregel från fåmansföre-tagsreglerna. Tidigare lagstiftning har inneburit att utomståenderegeln har kunnat tillämpats vid ett indirekt ägande. Dagens gällande fåmansföretagsregler omfattar dock även indirekt ägda fåmansföretag. Indirekt ägande genom svenska stiftelser är däremot inte reglerat i lag. Författaren kommer fram till att ett indirekt ägande i ett fåmansföretag genom en stiftelse normalt inte kan anses föreligga, trots att vissa möjligheter finns att kontrollera en stiftelse. Istället blir utomståenderegeln tillämplig då en betydande del i företaget ägs av en stiftelse. För en verksam fåmansföretagare som säljer andelarna i företaget till en stiftelse beskattas dock utbetalningarna från stiftelsen i inkomstslaget tjänst. Detta innebär att kapital som härrörs från arbetsinsats i fåmansföretaget, genom företagskonstruktionen med stiftelsen, inte kan omvandlas till kapitalinkomst. På grund av utomståenderegeln kan dock en delä-gare uppnå skattemässiga fördelar genom att bilda en stiftelse och överlåta tillräckliga ande-lar i fåmansföretaget, trots att stiftelsen då har rätt till utdelning motsvarande sin andel.
The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to analyze if the regulations regarding closely held companies serve their purpose in company structures with Swedish trusts. The regulations regarding closely held companies as well as a founder’s possibility to control a trust are cen-tral in this thesis. In addition the thesis deals with the tax consequences which follow a company structure with Swedish trusts. The purpose of the regulations regarding closely held companies is to prevent income de-riving from work efforts to be converted into capital income. The outsider rule is an ex-emption rule in the regulations regarding closely held companies and is applicable if an out-sider, direct or indirectly, owns a significant share in a company or direct or indirectly has the right to dividends. Shareholders in such companies can be taxed solely for capital in-come. According to previous regulations the outsider rule was applicable when a company was owned indirectly. This is no longer the case, however there are no current regulations covering the situation when a company is indirectly controlled through a Swedish trust. The author comes to the conclusion that although a founder has some possibilities to con-trol a trust, a closely held company can normally not be indirectly owned through a trust. Instead, the outsider rule is applicable when a trust owns a significant share of a company. An active shareholder in a closely held company who sells his shares to a trust will be taxed for salary income for the payments received from the trust. Income that derives from work efforts will therefore not be converted into capital income. However, a shareholder can gain tax advantages due to the outsider rule, by founding a Swedish trust and selling a sig-nificant amount of the shares, even though the trust in that situation has the right to an amount of dividends corresponding to its shares.
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Books on the topic "And Trust Company"

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Newcomen Society of the United States., ed. Trust Company of the West. New York: Newcomen Society of the United States, 1996.

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Philip, Smith. The trust-builders: The remarkable rise of Canada Trust. Toronto, Ont., Canada: Macmillan of Canada, 1989.

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Commission, Guernsey Financial Services. Guernsey company and trust law handbook. Guernsey: Guernsey Financial Services Commission, 1991.

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Fisson, Vadim. Peterburgskoe Teatralʹnoe Tovarishchestvo Komik-Trest: St. Petersburg Theatre Company Comic-Trust. Sankt-Peterburg: Dizaĭn-gruppa "Kuna", 2011.

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Diana, Thompson, ed. Guernsey Company, Trust and Partnerships Laws Handbook. St Peter Port: KPMG, 2002.

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1934-, Reaves Bill, Tetterton Beverly, and North Carolina Genealogical Society, eds. North Carolina Freedman's Savings & Trust Company records. Raleigh, N.C: North Carolina Genealogical Society, 1992.

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Fox, David W. The Northern Trust Company celebrating 100 years: 1889/1989. New York: Newcomen Society of the United State, 1989.

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1931-, Fox David W. The Northern Trust Company celebrating 100 years: 1889/1989. New York: Newcomen Society of the United States, 1989.

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Fox, David W. The Northern Trust Company: Celebrating 100 years, 1889-1989. New York: Newcomen Society of the United State, 1989.

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Fox, David W. Northern Trust Company Celebrating 100 Years 1889-1989. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "And Trust Company"

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Vilčinskas, Māra M. "Company Details." In Investment Trust Year Book 1987–88, 91–412. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08664-1_4.

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Vilčinskas, Māra M. "Company Details." In Investment Trust Year Book 1986–87, 83–428. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18298-5_4.

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Hansen, Bradley A. "The First Trust Company." In Institutions, Entrepreneurs, and American Economic History, 13–37. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230619135_2.

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Vilčinskas, Māra M. "Company Details." In Investment Trust Year Book and Who’s Who 1985, 83–418. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-81232-5_4.

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Polst, Svenja, Patricia Kelbert, and Denis Feth. "Company Privacy Dashboards: Employee Needs and Requirements." In HCI for Cybersecurity, Privacy and Trust, 429–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22351-9_29.

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do Carmo Leite de Oliveira, Maria, Junia de Vilhena, and Joana de Vilhena Novaes. "Lack of trust in the organisational context: a study of accounts in a privatised company." In Discourses of Trust, 285–99. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-29556-9_18.

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Mądra-Sawicka, Magdalena. "Social signals as a way of communicating the company with investors." In Communication, Leadership and Trust in Organizations, 49–61. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003370390-5.

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Feldstein, Sylvan G., and David Ratner. "The Depository Trust Company and Real-Time Price Transparency." In The Handbook of Municipal Bonds, 365–71. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119198093.ch20.

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Korombel, Anna, and Olga Ławińska. "Building Brand Trust in Managing Relations Between the Company and the Representatives of Generation Z." In Trust, Organizations and the Digital Economy, 258–71. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003165965-20.

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Hansen, Bradley A. "Introduction: The Farmers’ Loan and Trust Company as an Institutional Entrepreneur." In Institutions, Entrepreneurs, and American Economic History, 1–10. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230619135_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "And Trust Company"

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Cui Zejun. "Risks Confronted by Trust Company in the Development of Trust Business." In 2010 3rd International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (WKDD 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wkdd.2010.149.

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Malancea, Iurie. "The role of branding and integrated communications in strengthening corporate image." In Conferinta stiintifica internationala "Strategii si politici de management in economia contemporana", editia VII. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/icspm2022.28.

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The efforts involved in building a company's image are not just the responsibility of the marketing department or its efforts, but rather cover the entire business. The sensory reflections that define the term company image are characterized by quality, price, product availability, trust, level of service, company history, company reputation, and possibly advertising, which even if it does not have an influence on production quality or price, can shape a presentation of the product and the company to the final consumer. Any company that has interacted with certain stakeholders (e.g., consumers), has communicated its image and the consumer has made their conclusions. Thus, the effort and investment involved in image formation and enhancement is more than justified by the negative effect the image can have when the company does not give attention and importance to this aspect. A strategic approach to branding and the use of integrated marketing communications to strengthen the company's image leads to a positive result that materializes in higher profitability in relation to the competition and which essentially denotes its competitiveness in the market.
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Prosen, Lena, and Jernej Belak. "Planning the Development of Cosmetics Company by Introducing Blockchain Technology." In 8th FEB International Scientific Conference. University of Maribor Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.epf.5.2024.61.

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Our research focuses on Kozmetika Afrodita d.o.o., a leading Slovenian cosmetics company, and the impact of blockchain technology on its business environment. The cosmetics industry is increasingly emphasizing natural products and transparency, with health-conscious consumers demanding more insight into what they put on their skin. Many companies have adopted blockchain technology for transparency from ingredient sourcing to final production. We analyzed Kozmetika Afrodita internal and external environments, identifying opportunities, threats, strengths, and weaknesses. We found that digital transformation and blockchain technology would significantly benefit Kozmetika Afrodita.The new technology would enable the company to have excellent product transparency, consumer trust and competitiveness at home and abroad. Revenues would also increase. Despite some potential disadvantages, we do not perceive these as risky. Blockchain technology is a powerful tool for promoting sustainability, supporting green production processes, and enabling real-time collection and analysis of low-carbon or green data. We analysed the internal and external factors of the company using STEEP (sociocultural, technological, economic, ecological, political-legal environmental factors) and IFAS (internal factors synthesis) methods. We found that blockchain technology would have a positive effect on the company’s product quality, customer loyalty, market position and revenue.
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Giusepponi, Katia. "Enterprise’s Trust in Stakeholders: For a New Culture of Sustainability. Investigation on Companies Listed on the Italian Stock Exchange." In 7th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2021.153.

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The premise of this study is that the essence and concreteness of stakeholder engagement, within sustainability practices, derive from the trust attributed by the company to the value of stakeholder contribution in terms of ideas, points of view and evaluation. The significance of stakehold­er engagement processes and results expressed by the company is there­fore a signal of this trust, indicator which can be identified and appraised by studying the corporate sustainability reporting systems. The work high­lights the findings of an investigation carried out in this field, with the focus on the sustainability reports of large Italian listed companies. Alongside relevant positive examples, some areas of resistance to fully inclusive ap­proaches emerge. Elements of reflection arise from this, in the perspective of the evolution of the corporate culture in terms of integrated sustainability, and quality of business decisions.
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Vo¨lz, Diana, and Anselm Schu¨le. "A New Approach to Trust and Reputation Based Rights Management in Product Development Collaboration." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47825.

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In times of globalization the importance of cross-company collaboration has significantly increased. An appropriate example is the automotive industry where Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) need to collaborate with several globally distributed suppliers to develop innovative high-tech cars. In this case, sharing information with the collaboration partner is a complex and risky process for the company but nevertheless an essential factor for development projects to be successful. Knowledge is the most important resource in today’s economy, especially in specific branches [I]. However, the damage caused by industrial espionage and product piracy has continually increased [2]. Thus, the protection of IP (intellectual property) during data exchange within the product development process is challenging and highly depends on trust between the collaboration partners. Usually, rights management in data exchange is mainly based on user groups and roles as well as by objects and projects. This classification does not meet the requirements of rights management in this paper. A new approach is introduced to manage data exchange rights by trust and reputation in product development collaboration.
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Shengelia, Temur. "DETERMINATION OF CORRELATIVE RELATIONS BETWEEN SOCIAL CAPITAL, TRUST AND MOTIVATION IN THE INTERNATIONAL COMPANY." In 6th Business & Management Conference, Geneva. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/bmc.2017.006.017.

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Yang-shuo, Shen, Tan Zhong-fu, Zhao Yin-hui, and Li Yi-kang. "Notice of Retraction: A study for the quantitative risk management of trust investment company." In 2011 International Conference on E-Business and E-Government (ICEE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icebeg.2011.5881678.

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Marcinkiewicz, Victoria, Qiyuan Zhang, and Phillip Morgan. "The Effects of Cyber Readiness and Response on Human Trust in Self Driving Cars." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003719.

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Self driving cars (SDC) are potentially set to revolutionise the automotive industry. Despite the promise of a plethora of purported benefits (e.g. fewer road traffic accidents, better traffic flow; lower emissions), one key concern relates to the potential for SDCs and their connected infrastructure to be cyber attacked. Aside from material losses, an adverse cyber experience is likely to undermine human trust – with trust being a key contributing factor to the uptake and use of automated technology such as SDCs.Many studies have projected the different types of cyber attacks an SDC could fall victim to [1]. Concerns about the consequences of cyber attacks for e.g. users, other road users, manufacturers, legislators, legal experts, and governments have also been raised. Procedural and technical solutions have been proposed to tackle the SDC-cyber security challenge, which includes the proposition of rankings for SDCs GPS system vulnerabilities [2].Nonetheless, it is inevitable that threat actors will compromise an SDC system(s) through either exploited vulnerabilities and/or user error. It is crucial that such an event(s) does not erode trust (e.g. leading to misuse or even disuse) if the long-term benefits of this technology are to be reaped. Therefore, the study explores whether the capability and obligation from a SDC company (who are most likely to be blamed when an attack happens) to manage a cyber attack – with regards to its readiness and response activities – impacts trust in SDC technology.Using a cutting-edge AV Simulation Driving Simulator and simulation software generated animations (SCANeR Studio) embedded into an online survey, participants watch a futuristic driving scenario where the SDC executes a variety of successful driving manoeuvres before the system falls victim to an unspecified cyber-attack. Self-reported trust is measured after each successful manoeuvre as well as following the cyber attack. The experiment follows a 3x2 – 6 condition design – manipulated between participants. In each condition, all participants are shown the same driving scenario. The independent variables (IVs) consist of the information given to the participant before and after watching the scenario: IV1 being the SDCs cyber readiness (low/medium/high) and IV2, the SDCs company’s response to the incident (positive/negative). Before watching the scenario, information about cars status (including its cyber readiness) is provided. After watching the scenario and experiencing the cyber attack, participants are provided with text detailing how the SDC company responded to the cyber attack. The key prediction is that a company with higher cyber maturity (i.e. has a high level of cyber readiness and responds positively to the incident) will be trusted more than a company/companies with lower cyber security considerations. Currently the experiment is in progress and findings and details on the implications will be presented in the paper. Future research will involve exploring the boundary conditions of the effects and extending to physiological as well as subjective measures of trust.References: [1] Phama, M. & Xiongb, K. (2021) A survey on security attacks and defense techniques for connected and autonomous vehicles, Computers & Security, 109(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2021.102269[2] Sheehan, B., Murphy, F., Mullins, M., Ryan, C. (2019) Connected and autonomous vehicles: A cyber-risk classification framework. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 124(1), 523-536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.06.033The work is part of a PhD funded project by the EPSRC IDTH in Cyber Security Analytics. It is also part of an ESRC-JST (Economic & Social Research Council - Japan Science & Technology Agency) project grant reference: ES/T007079/1, Prof Morgan is UK PI : Rule of Law in the Age of AI: Principles of Distributive Liability for Multi-Agent Societies.
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De-Miguel-Molina, María, Blanca De-Miguel-Molina, Ángel Peiró-Signes, and Marival Segarra-Oña. "Exploring SMEs crowdfunding solutions that can generate trust." In 3rd International Conference. Business Meets Technology. Valencia: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/bmt2021.2021.13288.

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In accordance with the sustainable development goals, it is necessary to increase the access of SMEs to financial services. Crowdfunding has been imposed as an alternative to other traditional financial sources, being an "umbrella" covering the financing of projects and initiatives by various individuals (the crowd) through the Internet. Within the concept, four types are included: Donation, Reward-based, Lending and Equity. The concept of “trust” is a key element in online transactions, reducing the information asymmetries and uncertainty. The generation of trust in crowdfunding can be derived from different components that we will analyze: a) The platform used (and the company that supports it); b) The promoter; c) The quality of the information; d) The investor's disposition and familiarity with the instrument; and e) The network around the promoter and / or the project. In addition, female entrepreneurs generate more trust and would have the opportunity to attract professional local investors (lead investors), through better information on their initiative. That is why, through a content analysis, we will propose the best type and components combination, within the framework of a project based on the SMEs of Bogotá (Colombia).
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OKABE, Noriko. "Trust and satisfaction in the airline: Retention of skilled employees during COVID-19." In 15th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1005327.

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The airline industry has been hard-hit by the COVID-19 pandemic, airline workers' job stability has become uncertain, and many have suffered job instability. Thus, the employees might perceive role ambiguity. Conversely, the role of customer service employees is essential as they can add value to the products and services in the organization. According to previous studies, employees' perception of role ambiguity reduces trust in the organizations and task performance. The author explores how customer service employees' "positive emotion strategic behavior" and "negative emotional effects" played a role in increasing and decreasing the propensity of trust toward their company. The findings show that positive emotion strategic behavior, such as the employees' ''surface acting and deep acting", serve as trust repair and provide a valuable antidote in the workplace. Conversely, negative emotional effects, such as emotional exhaustion due to role ambiguity, devastate employees' intrinsic motivation.
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Reports on the topic "And Trust Company"

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Kang, Jiyun, and Gwendolyn Hustvedt. Building Trust in the Consumer-Company Relationship: The Role of Consumer Perceptions of Transparency and Social Responsibility. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-834.

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Research, IFF. Small and Micro Food Business Operator (FBO) Tracking Survey: Wave 3 2021 - Technical Report. Food Standards Agency, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.sty242.

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The Food Standards Agency (FSA) has been tracking small and micro Food Business Operator (FBO) attitudes towards food-related topics, and trust in the FSA and food system, since 2018. This has helped inform engagement and intervention activity targeted at businesses with fewer than 50 staff. The survey was initially developed to assess the perceived impact of changes as a result of the UK’s exit from the European Union (EU), and the Achieving Business Compliance (ABC) programme, which aims to modernise the regulation of food businesses in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Since then, it has evolved to regularly track small and micro FBO views on a range of subjects. In 2021, the third wave of the annual tracking survey was carried out, with the following aims: To gain insight, and understand the implications of the EU Exit on small and micro enterprises To ‘unpack’ attitudes towards regulation and deepen insights and knowledge of small and micro enterprises, including with regards to the FSA’s ABC priority To measure trust in the FSA and extent to which FSA is considered a modern, accountable regulator All fieldwork for wave 3 was carried out by IFF Research, an independent market research company, commission by FSA. This paper outlines the methodological approach taken for wave 3 of the research, including sampling; feasibility testing; pilot and mainstage fieldwork; response rates; and weighting.
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Goyeneche, Laura, Cynthia Boruchowicz, Florencia Lopez Boo, Luis Tejerina, Benjamin Roseth, and Jennifer Nelson. Pandemics, privacy, and adoption of technology: Perceptions of the use of digital tools and data sharing during COVID-19 from 10 Latin American countries. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004546.

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This study describes the perception, adoption, and acceptance factors involved in the deployment of digital technologies for public health in Latin America and considers the implications for future digital health interventions. We conducted a descriptive analysis using nationally representative data from a phone survey conducted in 2020 in 10 countries in Latin America. We found that early in the pandemic, in countries with existing applications, 74% of the population used a smartphone, 47% had knowledge of the government app to report symptoms, but only 2% reported using it. Those interviewed reported that they are willing to share their personal data during a pandemic (61%) 50 percentage points higher than in non-pandemic times, although understanding how their personal data was used by the government and private companies was extremely low. More than 70% reported that they would use an application to report symptoms and would use an app that accesses their location or that uses contact tracing technology to alert them about possible exposure. Also, at least half of the users agree with preventive measures against COVID-19 such as daily follow-up calls, tracking via GPS for quarantine enforcement, and daily visits. In all countries, adoption of digital technologies increases if individuals or their relatives report they are infected; it decreases when end-users do not trust the anonymity policies or are concerned about government surveillance. Yet, encouraging greater adoption of digital technologies strongly depends on who designed the technology. Results show that 73% of users would prefer an app designed by an international organization such as the WHO to an app designed by the local government (64%) or a telephone company (56%). The study concludes with a reflection on the promising results of digital technologies and discusses the importance of considering users perceptions, factors for acceptance, and trust when pursuing adoption of digital technologies.
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Burdick, A. Measure Guideline: Implementing a Plenum Truss for a Compact Air Distribution System. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1107468.

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Burdick, A. Measure Guideline: Implementing a Plenum Truss for a Compact Air Distribution System. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1221054.

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Baader, Franz, Martin Knechtel, and Rafael Peñaloza. Computing Boundaries for Reasoning in Sub-Ontologies. Technische Universität Dresden, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.171.

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Consider an ontology T where every axiom is labeled with an element of a lattice (L, ≤). Then every element l of L determines a sub-ontology Tl, which consists of the axioms of T whose labels are greater or equal to l. These labels may be interpreted as required access rights, in which case Tl is the sub-ontology that a user with access right l is allowed to see, or as trust levels, in which case Tl consists of those axioms that we trust with level at least l. Given a consequence α (such as a subsumption relationship between concepts) that follows from the whole ontology T, we want to know from which of the sub-ontologies Tl determined by lattice elements l the consequence α still follows. However, instead of reasoning with Tl in the deployment phase of the ontology, we want to pre-compute this information during the development phase. More precisely, we want to compute what we call a boundary for α, i.e., an element μα of L such that α follows from T l iff l ≤ μα. In this paper we show that, under certain restrictions on the elements l used to define the sub-ontologies, such a boundary always exists, and we describe black-box approaches for computing it that are generalizations of approaches for axiom pinpointing in description logics. We also present first experimental results that compare the efficiency of these approaches on real-world ontologies.
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Domínguez, Patricio, and Carlos Scartascini. Willingness to pay for crime reduction: evidence from six countries in the Americas. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004531.

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Crime levels are a perennial development problem in Latin America and a renewed concern in the United States. At the same time, trust in the police has been falling, and questions abound about citizens' willingness to support government efforts to fight crime. We conduct a survey experiment to elicit willingness to contribute toward reducing crime across five Latin American countries and the United States. We compare homicide, robbery, and theft estimates and find a higher willingness to contribute for more severe crimes and for higher crime reductions. In addition, we examine the role of information on the willingness to contribute by conducting two experiments. First, we show that exposing respondents to crime-related news increases their willingness to pay by 5 percent. Furthermore, while we document a 7 percent gap in willingness to pay for crime reduction between people who under- and over-estimate the murder rate, we find that this gap can be wholly eliminated by informing them about the actual level of crime. On average, our estimates suggest that households are willing to contribute around $140 per year for a 20 percent reduction in homicide. This individual-level predisposition would translate into additional investment in public security efforts of up to 0.5 percent of GDP.
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Han, Fei, Monica Prezzi, Rodrigo Salgado, Mehdi Marashi, Timothy Wells, and Mir Zaheer. Verification of Bridge Foundation Design Assumptions and Calculations. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317084.

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The Sagamore Parkway Bridge consists of twin parallel bridges over the Wabash River in Lafayette, IN. The old steel-truss eastbound bridge was demolished in November 2016 and replaced by a new seven-span concrete bridge. The new bridge consists of two end-bents (bent 1 and bent 8) and six interior piers (pier 2 to pier 7) that are founded on closed-ended and open-ended driven pipe piles, respectively. During bridge construction, one of the bridge piers (pier 7) and its foundation elements were selected for instrumentation for monitoring the long-term response of the bridge to dead and live loads. The main goals of the project were (1) to compare the design bridge loads (dead and live loads) with the actual measured loads and (2) to study the transfer of the superstructure loads to the foundation and the load distribution among the piles in the group. This report presents in detail the site investigation data, the instrumentation schemes used for load and settlement measurements, and the response of the bridge pier and its foundation to dead and live loads at different stages during and after bridge construction. The measurement results include the load-settlement curves of the bridge pier and the piles supporting it, the load transferred from the bridge pier to its foundation, the bearing capacity of the pile cap, the load eccentricity, and the distribution of loads within the pier’s cross section and among the individual piles in the group. The measured dead and live loads are compared with those estimated in bridge design.
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Dorman, Eleanor, Zara Markovic-Obiago, Julie Phillips, Richard Szydlo, and Darren K. Patten. Wellbeing in UK Frontline Healthcare Workers During Peaks One and Three of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Analysis. Science Repository, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.ejgm.2022.01.01.

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Background: COVID-19 had a huge impact on the wellbeing of healthcare workers (HCWs). This is well documented during the first peak of the pandemic. With cases in the UK rising for a third peak, hospitalisations and deaths surpassing the first, there is very little known about the mental health of HCWs during this time. Methods: Using a questionnaire, data was collected from patient-facing staff at Barking, Havering, and Redbridge University Trust to quantify and compare the period prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSD during the first peak (P1: March-May 2020) and third peak (P3: December 2020-Feburary 2021) of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as wellbeing service use, demographics of responders and what they found most difficult during the peaks. Results: Of 158 responders, only 22·4% felt they had enough access to wellbeing services during P1 and 21·5% in P3. Of those who used wellbeing services 34·4% found them useful in P1 and 34·6% in P3. 70·3% of responders felt that not enough was done for staff wellbeing. The median anxiety score decreased from P1 (10(range 5-17)) to P3 (8(range 4-16)) p=0·031. Under 30-year-olds’ depression and PTSD scores increased from P1 to P3 (depression: P1 7(1-11), P3 8(3-14), p=0·048, PTSD: P1 4(0-7) peak 3 5(2-9), p=0·037). Several groups showed a decrease in anxiety scores from P1 to P3 including; over 30-year-olds (P1 10(5-17), P3 7(3-15) p=0·002), BME responders (P1 8(3·75-15) P3 6·5(1-12) p=0·006), AHP (P1 14(7-19), P3 11(5-19) p=0·005), ITU workers (P1 15(8-18·25) P3 12(5·75-18·25) p=0·004), and those who were redeployed (P1 8(5-18·25), P3 5(2-14·75), p=0·032). Conclusion: We have observed changes in mental health symptoms within the study population as the peaks of the pandemic continue. With the majority of responders reporting they felt not enough had been done for their wellbeing support - and of those who used the wellbeing services only around 1/3 felt they were useful - we hope that this paper can help inform wellbeing provision and identify groups at higher risk of developing mental health symptoms.
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10

Drury, J., S. Arias, T. Au-Yeung, D. Barr, L. Bell, T. Butler, H. Carter, et al. Public behaviour in response to perceived hostile threats: an evidence base and guide for practitioners and policymakers. University of Sussex, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/vjvt7448.

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Background: Public behaviour and the new hostile threats • Civil contingencies planning and preparedness for hostile threats requires accurate and up to date knowledge about how the public might behave in relation to such incidents. Inaccurate understandings of public behaviour can lead to dangerous and counterproductive practices and policies. • There is consistent evidence across both hostile threats and other kinds of emergencies and disasters that significant numbers of those affected give each other support, cooperate, and otherwise interact socially within the incident itself. • In emergency incidents, competition among those affected occurs in only limited situations, and loss of behavioural control is rare. • Spontaneous cooperation among the public in emergency incidents, based on either social capital or emergent social identity, is a crucial part of civil contingencies planning. • There has been relatively little research on public behaviour in response to the new hostile threats of the past ten years, however. • The programme of work summarized in this briefing document came about in response to a wave of false alarm flight incidents in the 2010s, linked to the new hostile threats (i.e., marauding terrorist attacks). • By using a combination of archive data for incidents in Great Britain 2010-2019, interviews, video data analysis, and controlled experiments using virtual reality technology, we were able to examine experiences, measure behaviour, and test hypotheses about underlying psychological mechanisms in both false alarms and public interventions against a hostile threat. Re-visiting the relationship between false alarms and crowd disasters • The Bethnal Green tube disaster of 1943, in which 173 people died, has historically been used to suggest that (mis)perceived hostile threats can lead to uncontrolled ‘stampedes’. • Re-analysis of witness statements suggests that public fears of Germany bombs were realistic rather than unreasonable, and that flight behaviour was socially structured rather than uncontrolled. • Evidence for a causal link between the flight of the crowd and the fatal crowd collapse is weak at best. • Altogether, the analysis suggests the importance of examining people’s beliefs about context to understand when they might interpret ambiguous signals as a hostile threat, and that. Tthe concepts of norms and relationships offer better ways to explain such incidents than ‘mass panic’. Why false alarms occur • The wider context of terrorist threat provides a framing for the public’s perception of signals as evidence of hostile threats. In particular, the magnitude of recent psychologically relevant terrorist attacks predicts likelihood of false alarm flight incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in those towns and cities that have seen genuine terrorist incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in the types of location where terrorist attacks happen, such as shopping areass, transport hubs, and other crowded places. • The urgent or flight behaviour of other people (including the emergency services) influences public perceptions that there is a hostile threat, particularly in situations of greater ambiguity, and particularly when these other people are ingroup. • High profile tweets suggesting a hostile threat, including from the police, have been associated with the size and scale of false alarm responses. • In most cases, it is a combination of factors – context, others’ behaviour, communications – that leads people to flee. A false alarm tends not to be sudden or impulsive, and often follows an initial phase of discounting threat – as with many genuine emergencies. 2.4 How the public behave in false alarm flight incidents • Even in those false alarm incidents where there is urgent flight, there are also other behaviours than running, including ignoring the ‘threat’, and walking away. • Injuries occur but recorded injuries are relatively uncommon. • Hiding is a common behaviour. In our evidence, this was facilitated by orders from police and offers from people staff in shops and other premises. • Supportive behaviours are common, including informational and emotional support. • Members of the public often cooperate with the emergency services and comply with their orders but also question instructions when the rationale is unclear. • Pushing, trampling and other competitive behaviour can occur,s but only in restricted situations and briefly. • At the Oxford Street Black Friday 2017 false alarm, rather than an overall sense of unity across the crowd, camaraderie existed only in pockets. This was likely due to the lack of a sense of common fate or reference point across the incident; the fragmented experience would have hindered the development of a shared social identity across the crowd. • Large and high profile false alarm incidents may be associated with significant levels of distress and even humiliation among those members of the public affected, both at the time and in the aftermath, as the rest of society reflects and comments on the incident. Public behaviour in response to visible marauding attackers • Spontaneous, coordinated public responses to marauding bladed attacks have been observed on a number of occasions. • Close examination of marauding bladed attacks suggests that members of the public engage in a wide variety of behaviours, not just flight. • Members of the public responding to marauding bladed attacks adopt a variety of complementary roles. These, that may include defending, communicating, first aid, recruiting others, marshalling, negotiating, risk assessment, and evidence gathering. Recommendations for practitioners and policymakers • Embed the psychology of public behaviour in emergencies in your training and guidance. • Continue to inform the public and promote public awareness where there is an increased threat. • Build long-term relations with the public to achieve trust and influence in emergency preparedness. • Use a unifying language and supportive forms of communication to enhance unity both within the crowd and between the crowd and the authorities. • Authorities and responders should take a reflexive approach to their responses to possible hostile threats, by reflecting upon how their actions might be perceived by the public and impact (positively and negatively) upon public behaviour. • To give emotional support, prioritize informative and actionable risk and crisis communication over emotional reassurances. • Provide first aid kits in transport infrastructures to enable some members of the public more effectively to act as zero responders.
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