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1
Stern, Robert J. "The evolution of plate tectonics." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2132 (October 2018): 20170406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0406.
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To understand how plate tectonics became Earth's dominant mode of convection, we need to address three related problems. (i) What was Earth's tectonic regime before the present episode of plate tectonics began? (ii) Given the preceding tectonic regime, how did plate tectonics become established? (iii) When did the present episode of plate tectonics begin? The tripartite nature of the problem complicates solving it, but, when we have all three answers, the requisite consilience will provide greater confidence than if we only focus on the long-standing question of when did plate tectonics begin? Earth probably experienced episodes of magma ocean, heat-pipe, and increasingly sluggish single lid magmatotectonism. In this effort we should consider all possible scenarios and lines of evidence. As we address these questions, we should acknowledge there were probably multiple episodes of plate tectonic and non-plate tectonic convective styles on Earth. Non-plate tectonic styles were probably dominated by ‘single lid tectonics’ and this evolved as Earth cooled and its lithosphere thickened. Evidence from the rock record indicates that the modern episode of plate tectonics began in Neoproterozoic time. A Neoproterozoic transition from single lid to plate tectonics also explains kimberlite ages, the Neoproterozoic climate crisis and the Neoproterozoic acceleration of evolution. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Earth dynamics and the development of plate tectonics’.
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Lenardic, A. "The diversity of tectonic modes and thoughts about transitions between them." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2132 (October 2018): 20170416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0416.
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Plate tectonics is a particular mode of tectonic activity that characterizes the present-day Earth. It is directly linked to not only tectonic deformation but also magmatic/volcanic activity and all aspects of the rock cycle. Other terrestrial planets in our Solar System do not operate in a plate tectonic mode but do have volcanic constructs and signs of tectonic deformation. This indicates the existence of tectonic modes different from plate tectonics. This article discusses the defining features of plate tectonics and reviews the range of tectonic modes that have been proposed for terrestrial planets to date. A categorization of tectonic modes relates to the issue of when plate tectonics initiated on Earth as it provides insights into possible pre-plate tectonic behaviour. The final focus of this contribution relates to transitions between tectonic modes. Different transition scenarios are discussed. One follows classic ideas of regime transitions in which boundaries between tectonic modes are determined by the physical and chemical properties of a planet. The other considers the potential that variations in temporal evolution can introduce contingencies that have a significant effect on tectonic transitions. The latter scenario allows for the existence of multiple stable tectonic modes under the same physical/chemical conditions. The different transition potentials imply different interpretations regarding the type of variable that the tectonic mode of a planet represents. Under the classic regime transition view, the tectonic mode of a planet is a state variable (akin to temperature). Under the multiple stable modes view, the tectonic mode of a planet is a process variable. That is, something that flows through the system (akin to heat). The different implications that follow are discussed as they relate to the questions of when did plate tectonics initiate on Earth and why does Earth have plate tectonics. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Earth dynamics and the development of plate tectonics’.
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Widjaja, M.T., Robert Rianto. "TANTANGAN TEKTONIKA DIGITAL." JoDA Journal of Digital Architecture 2, no. 1 (November 25, 2022): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24167/joda.v2i1.5547.
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The rapid development of digital technology has an impact on the ease of processing mass forms and the appearance of buildings in architecture. This significantly influenced tectonics as an important part of architecture. Tectonics is like finding a new window of view from the same existence. This situation demands an explanation of the position and role of tectonics in contemporary architectural works. This explanation is very important to rediscover the nature of tectonics as an art of construction in the new face of digital technology. This paper will examine the classical tectonic discourse that has developed from the core form and art form to the understanding of ontology and representation which is the beginning of the discussion of digital tectonics. Through a study of several relevant cases, it can be found that epistemologically, digital tectonic still has the same nature as classical tectonic. The difference lies in the richness of the quality and richness of the truth representation which implicitly gives birth to hidden truth conditions in digital tectonic representations. The existence of this hidden truth poses a challenge for digital tectonics to survive as the art of construction.
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Brown, Michael, Tim Johnson, and Nicholas J. Gardiner. "Plate Tectonics and the Archean Earth." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 48, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 291–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-081619-052705.
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If we accept that a critical condition for plate tectonics is the creation and maintenance of a global network of narrow boundaries separating multiple plates, then to argue for plate tectonics during the Archean requires more than a local record of subduction. A case is made for plate tectonics back to the early Paleoproterozoic, when a cycle of breakup and collision led to formation of the supercontinent Columbia, and bimodal metamorphism is registered globally. Before this, less preserved crust and survivorship bias become greater concerns, and the geological record may yield only a lower limit on the emergence of plate tectonics. Higher mantle temperature in the Archean precluded or limited stable subduction, requiring a transition to plate tectonics from another tectonic mode. This transition is recorded by changes in geochemical proxies and interpreted based on numerical modeling. Improved understanding of the secular evolution of temperature and water in the mantle is a key target for future research. ▪ Higher mantle temperature in the Archean precluded or limited stable subduction, requiring a transition to plate tectonics from another tectonic mode. ▪ Plate tectonics can be demonstrated on Earth since the early Paleoproterozoic (since c. 2.2 Ga), but before the Proterozoic Earth's tectonic mode remains ambiguous. ▪ The Mesoarchean to early Paleoproterozoic (3.2–2.3 Ga) represents a period of transition from an early tectonic mode (stagnant or sluggish lid) to plate tectonics. ▪ The development of a global network of narrow boundaries separating multiple plates could have been kick-started by plume-induced subduction.
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Chandra ; Jonathan Hans Yoas Sihotang, Jansen. "SOPO BATAK TOBA RESILIENCE TECTONICS TOWARD EARTHQUAKE STUDY OBJECT: SOPO NAGARI SIHOTANG." Riset Arsitektur (RISA) 3, no. 03 (July 5, 2019): 222–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/risa.v3i03.3333.222-239.
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Abstract- Sopo is a granary house in traditional Batak Toba architecture. Sopo is important for Batak Toba community because it serves as a place to store rice which is the source of life. Nowadays sopo is harder to find than ruma. Most of the sopo has transformed into Batak Toba house and uses as a residence. Sopo is located in Lake Toba, North Sumatra, which is prone to earthquakes. Sopo Nagari Sihotang was built in the 1920s and has experienced many earthquakes, now the sopo still survive without any structural damage. The resistance of the sopo over the years proves the sopo resilience to earthquakes. From the evidence of resilience to earthquake, its interesting to investigate the tectonics of this sopo. The purpose of the research is to understand the tectonic of Sopo Nagari Sihotang that resilience to earthquake and find local wisdom in facing earthquake disaster.The research used descriptive method with qualitative approach by describing the existing state of Sopo Nagari Sihotang and comparing it with tectonic theory and earthquake resistant structure. The sopo’s data were collected by field observation and literature study. The data are grouped into four parts, namely construction, detail, space, and ornaments that become points for analysis of tectonics. Tectonic analysis is associated with the theory of earthquake resistant structures to find out what makes tectonic of the sopo resilient to earthquakes.The result is the tectonic resilience of the Sopo Nagari Sihotang to earthquakes are found in the tectonics construction in the use of materials; tectonics detail on vertical structures and horizontal structures; and tectonics space at the story height – the activity, the spatial form – the building hape, the spatial form - the structure, and the activity - the structure. The tectonic resilience of Sopo Nagari Sihotang to earthquakes is not found in the tectonics construction and tectonics ornament. The local wisdom which are the main factors make the sopo resilience to earthquake are found on, the tectonics detail of the sopo post-batu ojahan can retain the sopo by relying on the frictional force resulting from self-weight of the sopo; the tectonics detail of the sopo post-ransang can bind every sopo posts; the use of lightweight wood materials thus reducing inertia forces. Key Words: resilience, tectonics, sopo, earthquake, Batak Toba
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MUSUMECI, DANIELE, STEFANO BRANCA, and LUIGI INGALISO. "MAGMATOLOGICAL TECTONICS: ALFRED RITTMANN’S PARADIGM." Earth Sciences History 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 266–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-40.1.261.
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ABSTRACT The aim of this research is to present the life and research of Alfred Rittmann (1893–1980). He was an Earth scientist in the broadest sense: a petrographer, mineralogist, magmatologist, tectonist, geodynamicist, planetologist, volcanologist and, what is more, a philosopher of geosciences. He is considered the founder of contemporary, volcanology by combining in his interdisciplinary research the study of volcanic phenomena at the surface with tectonic activity and magmatology. In his books, Rittmann discussed the first correlations between volcanism and tectonics; his geodynamic model comprises complex studies of geology, volcanology, magmatology and geodynamics. We propose to name his scientific worldview ‘Magmatological Tectonics’ (MT) and to describe it as a Kuhnian paradigm. The leading concept of all geological processes is the fundamental law. Rittmann also made abundant use of Chamberlin’s method, the method of multiple working hypotheses. Some brief interpretations will be proposed regarding the importance of Rittmann in the history of geosciences in the twentieth century and the emergence of some philosophical problems deriving from this research.
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O'Neill, Craig, Simon Turner, and Tracy Rushmer. "The inception of plate tectonics: a record of failure." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2132 (October 2018): 20170414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0414.
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The development of plate tectonics from a pre-plate tectonics regime requires both the initiation of subduction and the development of nascent subduction zones into long-lived contiguous features. Subduction itself has been shown to be sensitive to system parameters such as thermal state and the specific rheology. While generally it has been shown that cold-interior high-Rayleigh-number convection (such as on the Earth today) favours plates and subduction, due to the ability of the interior stresses to couple with the lid, a given system may or may not have plate tectonics depending on its initial conditions. This has led to the idea that there is a strong history dependence to tectonic evolution—and the details of tectonic transitions, including whether they even occur, may depend on the early history of a planet. However, intrinsic convective stresses are not the only dynamic drivers of early planetary evolution. Early planetary geological evolution is dominated by volcanic processes and impacting. These have rarely been considered in thermal evolution models. Recent models exploring the details of plate tectonic initiation have explored the effect of strong thermal plumes or large impacts on surface tectonism, and found that these ‘primary drivers’ can initiate subduction, and, in some cases, over-ride the initial state of the planet. The corollary of this, of course, is that, in the absence of such ongoing drivers, existing or incipient subduction systems under early Earth conditions might fail. The only detailed planetary record we have of this development comes from Earth, and is restricted by the limited geological record of its earliest history. Many recent estimates have suggested an origin of plate tectonics at approximately 3.0 Ga, inferring a monotonically increasing transition from pre-plates, through subduction initiation, to continuous subduction and a modern plate tectonic regime around that time. However, both numerical modelling and the geological record itself suggest a strong nonlinearity in the dynamics of the transition, and it has been noted that the early history of Archaean greenstone belts and trondhjemite–tonalite–granodiorite record many instances of failed subduction. Here, we explore the history of subduction failure on the early Earth, and couple these with insights from numerical models of the geodynamic regime at the time. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Earth dynamics and the development of plate tectonics'.
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Barnes, Gina L. "Tectonic Archaeology as a Foundation for Geoarchaeology." Land 10, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10050453.
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This article proposes a new subdiscipline, Tectonic Archaeology, based on the efforts of Japanese archaeologists to deal with the effects of earthquakes, volcanic tephra cover, and tsunami on archaeological sites. Tectonic Archaeology is conceived as an umbrella term for those efforts and as a foundation for Geoarchaeology in general. Comparisons distinguish between Geoarchaeology and Tectonic Archaeology, and a survey of major archaeological journals and textbooks reveals how the concept of ‘tectonics’ and specifically the processes of Plate Tectonics have been treated. Al-though the term ‘tectonics’ occurred fairly frequently, particularly as affecting coastlines and sea levels, it was not thoroughly defined and discussed. Volcanic activity was most mentioned in journals due to its provision of resources and modification of the landscape, while the 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan seems to have stimulated more studies in Archaeoseismology. The textbooks were found to have scattered references to Plate Tectonic processes but no clear approach tying these together. The major exception is the Encyclopedia of Archaeology which addresses volcanoes, Archaeoseismology, and tsunami—soon to be linked together vis à vis Earth processes. Tectonic Archaeology attempts first to explain the processes of Plate Tectonics to underwrite investigation of their effects; it is applicable worldwide, in continental and coastal contexts.
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Hansen, Vicki L. "Global tectonic evolution of Venus, from exogenic to endogenic over time, and implications for early Earth processes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2132 (October 2018): 20170412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0412.
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Venus provides a rich arena in which to stretch one's tectonic imagination with respect to non-plate tectonic processes of heat transfer on an Earth-like planet. Venus is similar to Earth in density, size, inferred composition and heat budget. However, Venus' lack of plate tectonics and terrestrial surficial processes results in the preservation of a unique surface geologic record of non-plate tectonomagmatic processes. In this paper, I explore three global tectonic domains that represent changes in global conditions and tectonic regimes through time, divided respectively into temporal eras. Impactors played a prominent role in the ancient era, characterized by thin global lithosphere. The Artemis superstructure era highlights sublithospheric flow processes related to a uniquely large super plume. The fracture zone complex era, marked by broad zones of tectonomagmatic activity, witnessed coupled spreading and underthrusting, since arrested. These three tectonic regimes provide possible analogue models for terrestrial Archaean craton formation, continent formation without plate tectonics, and mechanisms underlying the emergence of plate tectonics. A bolide impact model for craton formation addresses the apparent paradox of both undepleted mantle and growth of Archaean crust, and recycling of significant Archaean crust to the mantle. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Earth dynamics and the development of plate tectonics’.
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Ruban, Dmitry A., Anna V. Mikhailenko, and Vladimir A. Ermolaev. "Tectonics-Related Geosites: Towards Accurate Nomenclature." Geosciences 9, no. 6 (June 22, 2019): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9060275.
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Accurate nomenclature of geological heritage sites (geosites) is necessary to facilitate their description and territorial geodiversity evaluation (both important for sustainable development and efficient land-use planning). As suggested by previous geological heritage studies, tectonics-related geosites are termed differently and, chiefly, provisionally (e.g., as tectonic geosites or structural geosites). Moreover, the nomenclature should take into account modern advances in the understanding of some basic tectonic phenomena. We propose abandoning the separation of structural, neotectonic, and seismic types of geosites and replacing with a single tectonic type. This can be further subdivided into subtypes, although one should consider the complexities in the links between tectonic and other geological phenomena (e.g., unique seismic features are essentially tectonic, but these can be expressed via geomorphological or sedimentary features—a geosite retains tectonic and geomorphological/sedimentary types in this case). The development of accurate nomenclature of tectonics-related geosites requires debates by experts in geological heritage.
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BAHARVAND, Siamak, Biswajeet PARDHAN, and Salman SOORI. "Evaluation of active tectonics using geomorphic indices in a mountainous basin of Iran." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 111, no. 2 (May 27, 2020): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691020000031.
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ABSTRACTThis study aims to evaluate the tectonic activities of the Vark basin, located in the great basin of Dez River in northwestern Iran, using geomorphologic indices combined with the geographical information system technique. Some geomorphic indices were used to achieve this aim. In this regard, the indices of stream length (SL), drainage asymmetry (Af), hypsometric integral (Hi), valley floor ratio (Vf), basin shape (Bs), and mountain sinuosity (Smf) were estimated to reach an average index of relative tectonics (Iat), indicating the intensity classes of tectonic activity. The mean SL, Hi, Vf, and Bs values were estimated as 2273, 0.55, 0.45, and 1.75, respectively, regarding the active class of tectonic activity. Therefore, considering the Af and Smf indices with values of 27 and 1.14, the basin was categorised as having semi-active conditions. The overall Iat, with a value of 1.33, represented the very high class (1.0 < Iat < 1.5) of tectonic activity. Hence, by calculating the index of relative active tectonics, the study area is observed as the intensive class concerning tectonic movements. Overall, the mean values of the Iat for all sub-basins were calculated as 1.50, 1.17, and 1.83, revealing the very high and high classes of active tectonics in the basin. The results obtained on tectonic activity were further confirmed during field observations by examining the structurally complex joints, folds, slips, faults, and fractures of the area, which reflect the dynamic nature of the regional tectonics.
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Klimczak, Christian, Paul K. Byrne, A. M. Celâl Şengör, and Sean C. Solomon. "Principles of structural geology on rocky planets." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, no. 12 (December 2019): 1437–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2019-0065.
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Although Earth is the only known planet on which plate tectonics operates, many small- and large-scale tectonic landforms indicate that deformational processes also occur on the other rocky planets. Although the mechanisms of deformation differ on Mercury, Venus, and Mars, the surface manifestations of their tectonics are frequently very similar to those found on Earth. Furthermore, tectonic processes invoked to explain deformation on Earth before the recognition of horizontal mobility of tectonic plates remain relevant for the other rocky planets. These connections highlight the importance of drawing analogies between the rocky planets for characterizing deformation of their lithospheres and for describing, applying appropriate nomenclature, and understanding the formation of their resulting tectonic structures. Here we characterize and compare the lithospheres of the rocky planets, describe structures of interest and where we study them, provide examples of how historic views on geology are applicable to planetary tectonics, and then apply these concepts to Mercury, Venus, and Mars.
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Cavadas, Bento, and Sara Aboim. "Using PhET™ interactive simulation plate tectonics for initial teacher education." Geoscience Communication 4, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gc-4-43-2021.
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Abstract. Using digital educational resources (DERs) in science education is an effective way of promoting students' content knowledge of complex natural processes. This work presents the usage of the digital educational resource CreativeLab_Sci&Math | Plate Tectonics, designed for exploring the PhET™ Plate Tectonics simulator, in the context of the education of pre-service teachers (PSTs) in Portugal. The performance of the PSTs was analysed based on the five tasks into which the DER was organized. Results show that the DER contributed to the successful achievement of the following learning outcomes for PSTs: describing the differences between the oceanic crust and continental crust regarding temperature, density, composition and thickness, associating the plate tectonic movements with their geological consequences, and identifying the plate tectonic movements that cause the formation of some geological structures. Results also show that PSTs considered the PhET™ Plate Tectonics simulator a contributor to their learning about plate tectonics.
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Hematang, Yashinta Irma Pratami, and Ikaputra Ikaputra. "Four Aspects of Architectural Tectonics Through Exploration of the Meaning of Tectonics with a Systematic Literature Review Method." Journal of Architectural Design and Urbanism 5, no. 1 (October 21, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jadu.v5i1.15470.
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Architectural tectonics which has a meaningful relationship with aesthetic and construction aspects in buildings is still sometimes understood separately from one another. In addition to the need for architectural practice and education, in this context, this article seeks to enrich the meaning of architectural tectonics by exploring and synthesizing meaning from leading online and architectural dictionaries as well as various libraries of journals, proceedings, reports, and architectural books. Tectonics in architectural research and design still needs to be explored where this concept can be useful in the design process because it does not separate structure and aesthetics in architecture. In this study, it is known that there have been various theories from architectural experts about the architectural tectonic theory from 1781 to 2022. This research is a literature review method with a systematic review method with synthesis results through narrative (qualitative) techniques from analogy processes and meaning synthesis. The results of this study, among others, produce the meaning of tectonic in synthesis 1, namely architectural tectonics in aspects of the appearance on the surface, aspects of tectonics processes, and aspects of internal factors. Meanwhile, in synthesis 2, other aspects were produced outside of the three aspects in synthesis 1.
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Zavarichin, Svetozar, and Wladimir Temnov. "Architectural Tectonics as a “Living Pattern” of Building Structures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 725-726 (January 2015): 1171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.725-726.1171.
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The paper considers tectonics, one of the main means of architectural composition. Analysis is made of different approaches to this notion. It is established as the main version in the understanding of architectural tectonics as a plastic image of tension distribution in a constructive system of a concrete object. Considered at this viewing angle are specific forms of the tectonic expression of different constructive systems and epochs, from antiquity to modern times. A typology of tectonic systems is presented. Singled out are graphic, naturally authentic, “natural”, false and neutral tectonic systems. Emphasized is the secondary character of the task of achieving the tectonic imagery in most of the historic epochs. Accentuated is the start-up condition of forming a tectonically expressive architectural form, the anthropologic nature of the ancient architectural creative endeavors. A conclusion is made on completion of the centuries-long era of development of historic systems of tectonic imagery and on transition to the era of “natural” tectonics without pre-established imagery. Forecast is given for development of non-tectonic architectural structures approaching, in terms of principles of formation, a large-scale design or sculptural plastics.
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Brocklehurst, Simon H. "Tectonics and geomorphology." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 34, no. 3 (June 2010): 357–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133309360632.
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The field of tectonic geomorphology is in a state of tension. The widespread availability of high-quality, high-resolution digital topographic data encourages the development of simple morphological ‘tools’ which can be used to deduce recent tectonic evolution. Meanwhile, process geomorphologists recognize that current models have a significant empirical basis, and lack insight into the underlying physics of erosion processes. Most tectonic geomorphology research is concerned with rivers, but glaciers, debris flows and hillslope processes also play a key role in hypotheses linking climate to tectonics, via surface processes, while submarine geomorphology has barely been investigated in a tectonic context. Studies combining field data collection, exposure, burial and low-temperature thermochronologic dating, digital topographic analysis, laboratory experiments and numerical models are successfully incorporating physics into geomorphic process ‘laws’, and demonstrating key tectonic geomorphology hypotheses. The approaches required for further progress have been outlined, but many exciting challenges remain.
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Odhipio, Deogratias Anguandia, and Maombi Kalimuli Kakule. "Influence of Regional Tectonics on The Geological Formations of The Locality of Mabuku in Beni Territory." Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences 2, no. 2 (December 26, 2022): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.52562/injoes.v2i2.404.
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The locality of Mabuku is located in the eastern DRC, in a landscape where tectonic effects are visible. The main cause of this environmental disturbance is known as tectonics. This study aims to determine the influence of regional tectonics (like Kibalian, Ruzizian and Kibarian tectonics) on rocks of the locality of Mabuku, and their types. After the fieldwork and the data processing, we got the following results: firstly, none filled faults were due to constraints of the compressive type, which are also similar to those affecting the formations of the group of Ruzizi. Secondly, the schistosity of these rocks was due to extensive type stresses and its direction is similar to Kibarian tectonics. Moreover, the veins were generated by a constraint of the compressive type, bounding them to Kibalian tectonics. In conclusion, in the locality of Mabuku there’s a combination of the Ruzizian, Kibalian, and Kibarian tectonics.
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Khomichev, V. L., and N. E. Egorova. "TECTONICS AND MAGMATISM." Geology and mineral resources of Siberia, no. 3 (2020): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20403/2078-0575-2020-3-3-12.
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Tectonics and magmatism are inextricably interconnected phenomena of the single tectonic-magmatic process. Their scales must be a priori commensurate. However, in practice of geological work, small magmatic complexes often do not correspond to extended magma-controlling structures, due to the notorious complex creation that distorts the geological history, leads to genetic misconceptions and errors in forecasting and searching for mineralization. The urgency of the problem of correct identification of magmatic complexes is illustrated by examples on the materials of large tectonic structures of the Urals, Siberia and the Far East of Russia.
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Parfenov, L. M., G. Badarch, N. A. Berzin, A. I. Khanchuk, M. I. Kuzmin, W. J. Nokleberg, A. V. Prokopiev, M. Ogasawara, and H. Yan. "Summary of Northeast Asia geodynamics and tectonics*." Stephan Mueller Special Publication Series 4 (September 17, 2009): 11–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/smsps-4-11-2009.
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Abstract. The compilation, synthesis, description, and interpretation of regional geology and tectonics of major regions, such as Northeast Asia (Eastern Russia, Mongolia, Northern China, South Korea, and Japan) and the Circum-North Pacific (the Russian Far East, Alaska, and Canadian Cordillera), requires a complex methodology that includes: (1) definitions of key terms; (2) compilation of a regional geodynamics map that can be constructed according to modern tectonic concepts and definitions; and (3) formulation of a comprehensive tectonic model. This article presents a summary of the regional dynamics and tectonics of Northeast Asia as developed for a new summary geodynamics map of the region. This article also describes how a high-quality summary geodynamics map and companion tectonic analysis substantially aids in the understanding of the origin of major rock units, major structures, and contained mineral and fuel resources, and provides important guidelines for new research. * Prepared in memory of Leonid M. Parfenov, the leader of the geodynamics map team for the International collaborative project on NE Asia tectonics and metallogenesis.
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Callot, Jean-Paul, Charlotte Ribes, Charlie Kergaravat, Cédric Bonnel, Haluk Temiz, André Poisson, Bruno Vrielynck, Jean-François Salel, and Jean-Claude Ringenbach. "Salt tectonics in the Sivas basin (Turkey): crossing salt walls and minibasins." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 185, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.185.1.33.
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Abstract The Sivas basin (Turkey) shows pronounced salt tectonics activity involving the Oligocene evaporites. Despite the complete exposure of the structures, the tectonic evolution of the basin has been so far misunderstood because it has only been envisioned in a context of thrust tectonics. The core of the basin, a 35×25 km area, displays rounded minibasins separated by evaporitic walls, and partially covered by remobilized gypsum (either sedimentary or flowage). The minibasins are filled by Mid-Oligocene to Early Miocene clastics (fluvial silts and sandstones), marls, and lacustrine to marine limestones, the thickness of which may reach 4 kilometres. The stratal architecture along evaporite walls records the progressive subsidence of the minibasins, with strong rotation of beds, unconformities and local reworking of evaporites. Within the basin, the sediments show lateral thickness variations and spectacular angular unconformities. The observed geometries show striking similarities with the seismic data from petroleum basins suffering strong salt tectonism (gulf of Mexico, Precaspian basin, Angolan margin).
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Дорошенко, Юрій Олександрович, and Владислав Геннадійович Келюх. "Тектоніка як засіб поетизації архітектурних об’єктів." Theory and practice of design, no. 24 (December 22, 2021): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18372/2415-8151.24.16333.
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Мета: висвітлення ролі і значення тектоніки як засобу поетизації архітектурних об’єктів та обґрунтування взаємозв’язку фізичної і метафізичної складових архітектури у цьому контексті. А також здійснення ретроспективного аналізу трансформації розуміння поняття «тектоніка» та з’ясування відповідності його класичного трактування реаліям сучасної архітектурної практики у контексті виявлення сучасного стану академічного дискурсу щодо поняття тектоніки та її поетичної складової.Методологія: узагальнення за результатами аналізу існуючих підходів щодо опису та осмислення поняття архітектоніки; аналіз прикладів використання тектонічних властивостей форм в архітектурній практиці; порівняння різних методів прояву тектонічних властивостей конструкцій; аналіз існуючих тенденцій в архітектурній справі з метою окреслення подальшого розвитку теми дослідження.Результати: проаналізовано сутність поняття тектоніки та з’ясовано її роль у формуванні поетики архітектурного твору; проаналізовано низку зразків архітектурних творів на предмет тектонічної виразності; виявлено закономірності в розвитку наукового дискурсу щодо сутнісного наповнення поняття тектоніки; охарактеризовано тенденції та особливості розвитку тектонічної семіотики; обґрунтовано необхідність врахування тектонічного аспекту у архітектурному дизайні.Наукова новизна: виявлено історичну трансформацію сутності архітектоніки; виявлено і схарактеризовано значення архітектоніки в архітектурному дизайні; обґрунтовано необхідність врахування тектонічого аспекту в проєктуванні архітектурних об’єктів; підсумовано нинішній стан професійного дискурсу теми дослідження; проведено аналіз тенденцій та перспектив подальшого розвитку науки архітектоніки;Практична значущість: результати дослідження можуть бути використані у теоретизації поняття тектоніки, подальшій розробці і систематизації досліджень з архітектоніки. Purpose: to highlight the role and significance of tectonics as a means of poeticization of architectural objects and to substantiate the relationship between physical and metaphysical components of architecture in this context. As well as a retrospective analysis of the transformation of understanding the concept of “tectonics” and clarifying the relevance of its classical interpretation to the realities of modern architectural practice in the context of identifying the current state of academic discourse on the concept of tectonics and its poetic component.Methodology: generalization based on the results of the analysis of existing approaches to the description and understanding of the concept of architecture; analysis of examples of the use of tectonic qualities of forms in architectural practice; comparison of different methods of manifestation of tectonic qualities of structures; analysis of existing trends in architecture in order to outline the further development of the research topic.Results: the essence of the concept of tectonics was analyzed and its role in the formation of the poetics of an architectural work was clarified; a number of samples of architectural works for tectonic expressiveness were analyzed; regularities in the development of scientific discourse on the essential content of the concept of tectonics were revealed; tendencies and features of development of tectonic semiotics were characterized; the necessity of taking into account the tectonic aspect in architectural design was substantiated.Scientific novelty: the historical transformation of the essence of architecture was revealed; the significance of architectonics in architectural design were revealed and characterized; the necessity of taking into account the tectonic aspect in the design of architectural objects was substantiated; summary of the current state of professional discourse of the research topic was provided; an analysis of trends and prospects for further development of the science of architecture was accomplished;Practical significance: the results of the research can be used in theorizing of tectonical concept. Also, it can be used in further development and systematization of research in architecture.
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Hosseini, M. W. "Molecular tectonics: from tectons to networks." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 61, a1 (August 23, 2005): c52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767305097801.
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Rawat, Ashish, Sayandeep Banerjee, and Yaspal Sundriyal. "Geomorphological and Statistical Assessment of Tilt-Block Tectonics in the Garhwal Synform: Implications for the Active Tectonics, Garhwal Lesser Himalaya, India." Geosciences 11, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11080345.
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Active tectonics is manifested in geomorphological features such as drainage basins and drainage patterns. Geomorphic parameters asymmetry factor (AF) and transverse topography symmetry factor (T) is calculated for 94 third order basins of the Garhwal synform to decipher the tilt-block tectonics based on remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) techniques. The quantitative analysis of the AF suggests that all the 94 basins are asymmetric and gentle to steeply tilted, indicating active tectonics and early and late stage of development, respectively. The mean vector magnitude (θv) of T suggests the migration of the basin stream towards the south in most basins (60%), suggesting a unidirectional tilting of the tectonic block. The χ2 test for statistical significance indicates that the θv is significant for southern and northern limb basins. The χ2 test affirms that the third order basin position on either side of the main channel of the river basin influences the tilt direction. The regional tectonics suggests migration of the Lansdowne klippe towards the south, as the majority of third order basins show southward tilt. The study provides a quick appraisal of tilting in the tectonic blocks of active margins, such as in the Himalayas.
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Zerkle, Aubrey L. "Biogeodynamics: bridging the gap between surface and deep Earth processes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2132 (October 2018): 20170401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0401.
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Life is sustained by a critical and not insubstantial set of elements, nearly all of which are contained within large rock reservoirs and cycled between Earth's surface and the mantle via subduction zone plate tectonics. Over geologic time scales, plate tectonics plays a critical role in recycling subducted bioactive elements lost to the mantle back to the ocean–biosphere system, via outgassing and volcanism. Biology additionally relies on tectonic processes to supply rock-bound ‘nutrients’ to marine and terrestrial ecosystems via uplift and erosion. Thus, the development of modern-style plate tectonics and the generation of stable continents were key events in the evolution of the biosphere on Earth, and similar tectonic processes could be crucial for the development of habitability on exoplanets. Despite this vital ‘biogeodynamic’ connection, directly testing hypotheses about feedbacks between the deep Earth and the biosphere remains challenging. Here, I discuss potential avenues to bridge the biosphere–geosphere gap, focusing specifically on the global cycling and bioavailability of major nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) over geologic time scales. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Earth dynamics and the development of plate tectonics’.
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Livina, Josephine, and Yenny Gunawan. "CRAFTSMANSHIP IN WARUNG CITARASA’S TECTONICS." Riset Arsitektur (RISA) 5, no. 04 (October 27, 2021): 402–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/risa.v5i04.5304.402-418.
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Abstract- Tectonics in architecture is a construction element associated with the material, goals, and builders of a building. It does not stop there, the result of combining abstract thinking (implicit) and the ability to make (explicit). Craftsmanship also talks about how craftsmen think in creating. The study was conducted to understand the role of designers, craftsmen, in craftsmanship to form tectonics and connections that should be able to bring stories and characters in architecture, especially in this modern era.
Oky Kusprianto (1977-2019) was the principal architect of Studio Apta. Studio Apta's works pay a lot of attention to architectural materials and tectonics. Through tectonics, his work presents liveliness of space in cafes, adventures in stores, and solitude in urban forests. The object taken was Lembang Citarasa Warung, the reason being that it was one of the projects that was experimental on material and was still just being built (2017-2018). The articulation of the expression of the burden between the connections is strong with the appearance of honest elements. Thus what needs to be known is the craftsmanship method used in Warung Citarasa which is related to thinking and making and its adaptation in the modern world which is already relatively different from what was known about previous craftsmanship.
This study uses a qualitative descriptive method by describing the tectonics that are formed and how they are formed through the craftsmanship process. Data collected through direct observation, literature study and interviews. Tectonics are divided into three based on the main material, namely stone, iron and wood tectonics. The results then become a reference in the identification of craftsmanship in the process of forming the tectonics. The first is based on knowledge (thinking hand) which is subdivided into explicit and implicit knowledge. Then identified again by the skills (working hand) which is divided into analog and digital tools. After that, an analysis of the aspects of collaboration between the development actors responsible for tectonic formation. Finally, the results of the analysis of the three aspects are combined to analyze the craftsmanship process that occurs in each tectonics.
Tectonics can be classified into three, namely stone, iron and wood. In experimental wood tectonics, there is little knowledge or experience, but most exchanges of knowledge between actors and the use of analog design tools. In contrast, in stone and iron tectonics, there is more explicit knowledge and experience possessed by actors. The effect, design flow and construction are linear. The majority of stone and iron tectonic design processes use digital media, this is in line with the statement that architect craftsmanship in modern times cannot be separated from digital influence. The lack of digital use is rewarded by the collaborative process between designers and builders who have the same goal in forming the tectonics, strong communication skill and tools, shared common knowledge, and the advancement of analog media in translating hand language using painting software with tablets.
Key Words: craftsmanship, architecture, tectonics, warung citarasa lembang
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Zhazhlayi, Paiwast, and Ali Surdashy. "Neo-Tectonism and Quantitative Morphotectonic Analysis of Roste Valley at Imbricated-Suture Zones, Kurdistan Region, Iraq." Iraqi Geological Journal 55, no. 2E (November 30, 2022): 35–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.55.2e.3ms-2022-11-17.
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The morphotectonic analysis was done of the Roste valley, within the Imbricated and Suture zone of the Zagros Fold,Thrust Belt. The formations of the Imbricate Zone are of Jurassic and Cretaceous ages and the Suture Zone is covered by Zagros nappes of the Tertiary period. The Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt passes through several stages and tectonic phases. During the last stage of the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt development from the Savian to Valahian and Pasadenian tectonic phases, the study area is influenced by active tectonic activity which is reflected by geomorphic properties in each subbasin. The migration of the Roste stream across oblique fault leaves 7 levels of the river terraces which are also signs of Neotectonics. The study area is divided into 18 subbasins for the morphotectonic analysis through applying geomorphic indices (HI, SL, Vf, Af, Smf, and Bs) and accordingly the index of relative active tectonics was indicted. The morphotectonic study reveals that the index of relative active tectonics is higher in the Suture Zone than in the Imbricated Zone. The index of relative active tectonics of the Suture Zone’s subbasins ranges from high to very high neotectonics activity (1.67-1.17), whereas of the Imbricate Zone’s subbasins ranges from medium to high active tectonic activity (2.33-1.67). The results are related to morphotectonic indices that show the balance between the tectonic and erosion process.
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CAVADAS, BENTO. "PLATE TECTONICS IN PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH SCIENCE TEXTBOOKS: FROM THE 1960s TO THE 1980s." Earth Sciences History 40, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 538–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.538.
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Plate tectonics caused a revolution within earth sciences which then was transposed into science textbooks. The main objective of this paper is to explore how plate tectonics influenced Portuguese and Spanish science textbooks published from the 1960s through the 1980s. For this purpose, a qualitative method based on the concept of didactic transposition is used. The didactic transposition of seafloor spreading evidence such as ridges, rifts and trenches, transform faults, seafloor sediments, the age of seafloor basaltic rocks, the magnetic anomalies on the seafloor, the Benioff zones and the subduction process, and also the didactic transposition of the formation of mountains ranges and island arcs, convection currents, plate tectonics concepts, boundaries and motion, and plate tectonics acceptance are studied in a comprehensive sample of science textbooks. The analysis of textbooks shows that the didactic transposition of seafloor spreading, and plate tectonics started mainly in 1970s Portuguese and Spanish textbooks and had a strong development in 1980s textbooks. No major differences were found between the approaches to plate tectonics in similar age Portuguese and Spanish textbooks. At the beginning of the 1970s, textbooks presented partial evidence for seafloor spreading, such as magnetic anomalies and the characteristics of ridges, rifts and trenches. They also addressed convection currents but only those that were related to geosynclines. In the mid 1970s and in the 1980s, textbooks presented more comprehensive evidence of seafloor spreading, by adding didactical transpositions of transform faults, seafloor sediments and the age of seafloor rocks. They also presented in more detail topics such as magnetic anomalies, the Benioff zones, orogenic processes and the tectonic significance of ridges, rifts and trenches. Plate tectonic theory was presented in major textbooks as widely accepted, and discussions about speculative facts or processes were rare.
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Sissingh, W. "Palaeozoic and Mesozoic igneous activity in the Netherlands: a tectonomagmatic review." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 83, no. 2 (June 2004): 113–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600020084.
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AbstractTo date, igneous rocks, either intrusive or extrusive, have been encountered in the Palaeozoic-Mesozoic sedimentary series of the Netherlands in some 65 exploration and production wells. Following 17 new isotopic K/Ar age determinations of the recovered rock material (amounting to a total of 28 isotopic ages from 21 different wells), analysis of the stratigraphic distribution of the penetrated igneous rock bodies showed that the timing of their emplacement was importantly controlled by orogenic phases involving intra-plate wrench and rift tectonics. Magmatism coincided with the Acadian (Late Devonian), Sudetian (early Late Carboniferous), Saalian (Early Permian), Early Kimmerian (late Late Triassic), Mid-Kimmerian (Late Jurassic), Late Kimmerian (earliest Cretaceous) and Austrian (latest Early Cretaceous) tectonic phases. This synchroneity presumably reflects (broadly) coeval structural reorganizations of respectively the Baltica/Fennoscandinavia-Laurentia/Greenland, Laurussia-Gondwana, African-Eurasia and Greenland/Rockall-Eurasia plate assemblies. Through their concomitant changes of the intra-plate tectonic stress regime, inter-plate motions induced intra-plate tectonism and magmatism. These plate-tectonics related events determined the tectonomagmatic history of the Dutch realm by inducing the formation of localized centres, as well as isolated spot occurrences, of igneous activity. Some of these centres were active at (about) the same time. At a number of centres igneous activity re-occurred after a long period of time.
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McCann, Tom. "Tectonics & Sedimentation." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 162, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1860-1804/2011/0162-0091.
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Ghelichkhani, Milad. "Investigating the tectonic effects of openings as ‘built-things’: case of Çavuşoğlu house." Open House International 45, no. 1/2 (June 7, 2020): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2020-0014.
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Purpose This paper aims to trace the tectonic effects of openings as Heideggerian “built-things”. Design/methodology/approach This study has been organized in two phases. The first phase attempts to set up the theoretical framework through exploring the links between Heidegger’s notion of “built-thing” and contemporary tectonic discourses on dialectics between the values of matheme (construction, technology) and poetics (representation, meaning) to identify the key indicators in tectonic effects of openings. Accordingly, as the term “tectonic effects” is concerned with feelings and emotions that tectonics may evoke in people, the author searches for the indicators based on the poetic aspects of tectonic values and applies them within the phenomenological method implemented in the second phase of the research to explore the indicators in the designated case of the “Çavuşoğlu house”. Findings The results of this study indicate the significance of ontological nexus between tectonics as “poetic revealing” and the ability of the “built-thing” to generate tectonic effects within the embodied experience of dwellers. In fact, an opening can generate ontological tectonic effects in space only if it is brought about through a truthful build-dwell process which responds in a poetic way to the daily-life needs of the dwellers. The tangible examples of this fact are evident in the openings of the Çavuşoğlu house. Originality/value The theory of tectonics of openings as a separate “built-thing”, which is put forward in the present study, is a subject that has not been sufficiently studied so far and has the potential to be developed through further research. In light of this, the theoretical results of this study can contribute to tectonic thinking during the design process.
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Karpenko, I. V. "Synergetic tectonics. 2. Tectonic taxonomy of global cycles." Geofizicheskiy Zhurnal 34, no. 6 (December 1, 2012): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24028/gzh.0203-3100.v34i6.2012.116696.
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Gasparo Morticelli, Maurizio, Vera Valenti, Raimondo Catalano, Attilio Sulli, Mauro Agate, Giuseppe Avellone, Cinzia Albanese, Luca Basilone, and Calogero Gugliotta. "Deep controls on foreland basin system evolution along the Sicilian fold and thrust belt." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 186, no. 4-5 (July 1, 2015): 273–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.186.4-5.273.
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Abstract Neogene-Quaternary wedge-top-basins arose during the Sicilian fold and thrust belt (FTB) build-up. The infilling sedimentary successions are: i) middle-upper Miocene silicoclastics succession, accommodated on top of the accreted Sicilide and Numidian flysch nappes; ii) upper Miocene-lower Pliocene deepening-upwards sediments unconformably overlying the inner Meso-Cenozoic deep-water, Imerese and Sicanian thrust units; iii) Upper Pliocene-Quaternary coastal-open shelf deposits unconformably covering (in the outer sector of the FTB) a tectonic stack (Gela thrust system). These successions are characterized by a basal unconformity on the deformed substrate believed to be the depositional interface common both to the coeval wedge-top and foredeep basins. The tectono-sedimentary evolution of the syn-tectonic basins was controlled by the progressive deepening of the structural levels, which were active during the growing of the FTB. The palinspastic restoration of a crustal geological transect in central Sicily points to: i) the occurrence of two subsequent, basal main thrusts (MT1 and MT2) active during the Neogene-middle Pleistocene tectonic evolution, as well as ii) a decrease in slip- and shortening-rate, estimated for the later MT2 as compared to earlier MT1 basal main thrust. The foreland-basin system evolution recorded during these two steps suggests: – the regional lithofacies distribution, during late Tortonian-early Pliocene, accounted for a wide depozone including the Iblean plateau and its offshore;– a crucial change was recorded by the late Pliocene-Pleistocene wedge-top depozone, when the deeper basal main thrust (MT2) involved and thickened (in the inner sector of the FTB) the crystalline basement (thin- to thick-skinned thrust tectonics); this change influenced the depozones, progressively narrowing up to the present-day setting. As regards this general evolutionary framework, thin-skinned and thick-skinned thrust tectonics can be recognized in the Sicilian FTB evolution. The late Tortonian-early Pliocene, thin-skinned thrust tectonics include two main tectonic events, a “shallow-seated” Event 1 and a “deep-seated” Event 2, with the Pliocene-Pleistocene thick-skinned thrust tectonics representing a third tectonic event (Event 3).
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Loreto, Maria Filomena. "Editorial of Special Issue “Tectonics and Morphology of Back-Arc Basins”." Geosciences 12, no. 2 (February 14, 2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12020086.
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Voulgaris, N., I. Parcharidis, M. Pahoula, and E. Pirlis. "CORRELATION OF TECTONICS, SEISMICITY AND GEOTHERMICS OF LESBOS ISLAND USING REMOTE SENSING DATA AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 2 (July 23, 2018): 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16895.
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The development of a specialized Geographical Information System aiming at the better understanding of the relation between tectonics, seismicity and geothermal potential of Lesbos Island is discussed in the present paper. The development of this system was based on the processing and analysis of satellite images in order to identify both tectonic and thermal anomalies for further correlation with available vector and raster data. For this purpose a database including topology, geology, tectonics, seismicity and geothermy, was created. This data set derived from digitizing the topographic and geological maps of HAGS and IGME, from the analysis of the satellite image and from bibliography. As a result of the data processing there were indications about new evidence concerning the tectonics and the geothermy of Lesbos Island.
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Hayden, Michael V. "Tectonics." World Affairs 179, no. 2 (September 2016): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0043820016673776.
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Lardeaux, Jean-Marc, Philippe Münch, Michel Corsini, Jean-Jacques Cornée, Chrystèle Verati, Jean-Frédéric Lebrun, Frédéric Quillévéré, et al. "La Désirade island (Guadeloupe, French West Indies): a key target for deciphering the role of reactivated tectonic structures in Lesser Antilles arc building." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 184, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2013): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.184.1-2.21.
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Abstract In this paper we present and discuss new investigations performed on both the magmatic basement and the sedimentary formations of La Désirade. We report structural and sedimentary evidences for several episodes of deformation and displacement occurring prior to the present day tectonics. The main faults, respectively N130 ± 10°, N040 ± 10° and N090 ± 10°, previously considered as marker of the current tectonic regime corresponds to reactivated tectonic structures developed first during late Cretaceous compression and second during Pliocene to early Pleistocene extension. We demonstrate also the importance of late Pliocene-early Pleistocene and middle-late Pleistocene vertical movements in this part of the Lesser Antilles fore-arc as well as the role of compressive tectonics in the over thickened character of the arc basement in the Guadeloupe archipelago.
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Chen, Chang Yong. "Basic Discussion on Tectonics and Regional Architecture Creation." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 1373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.1373.
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This paper attempts to summarize the idea of tectonics in regional architecture creation, analyze its technical and artistic characteristics, and consider its significance and limitations. It also analyzes the usage methods of local building materials in terms of practicing regional tectonic design, by testing the idea.
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LEEDER, MICHAEL R. "Tectonic sedimentology: sediment systems deciphering global to local tectonics." Sedimentology 58, no. 1 (January 2011): 2–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2010.01207.x.
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Goryainov, Sergey. "Alpine tectonic movements and salt tectonics of Eastern Ukraine." Visnyk of V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, series Geology. Geography. Ecology, no. 56 (June 1, 2022): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2410-7360-2022-56-04.
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Within Eastern Ukraine, in the course of previous studies, neotectonic movements were established, caused by both salt tectonics and Attic (post-Miocene - pre-Pliocene) thrust dislocations of northeastern vergence. They are partially displayed in modern relief. The aim of the study was to reveal the structural results of the interaction of post-Pliocene fold-thrust deformations and modern salt tectonics of Eastern Ukraine. Research methodology. The base of the Cenozoic deposits of Eastern Ukraine was chosen as an indicator surface reflecting both those and other movements. Its initial orientation is horizontal. Deviations from the horizontal reflect the direction and amplitude of deformations. The morphology of this surface was depicted by isolines with a vertical step of 20 m. To build a map of the supporting surface, state geological maps and data from more than 2,100 wells drilled in this area were used. Research results. A map of the shape of the Cenozoic base in tectonic blocks between the Attic thrusts and beyond their development has been constructed. Uplifts of this surface, which are not associated with thrust movements, have been revealed. The dimensions of such uplifts are 8÷30 × 6÷15 km with vertical amplitude of 40 - 100 m or more. The uplifts are usually contoured by ring or arc compensation troughs a few kilometers wide and 20-100 m deep. Some of these uplifts are associated with the known salt domes of the area. Other uplifts do not contain such domes. It is possible that they formed over salt "pillows", which did not have enough salt reserves to form salt diapirs. The area of distribution of such uplifts approximately corresponds to the area of distribution of Devonian salt deposits at a depth of 5-10 km or more. Scientific novelty. Neotectonic uplifts were discovered, similar in shape and size to those caused by salt tectonics, but located outside the areas of distribution of known salt-bearing strata. It is hypothesized that this is related to the older Hercynian overthrusts. The uplifts are located above the hanging blocks of the Hercynian overthrusts in the north and south of the study area. These thrusts were formed on the northern and southern sides of the former Dnieper-Donetsk depression during its destruction by the Hercynian folding. It is possible that the nappes over thrusts the Devonian salt-bearing deposits with metamorphic rocks of the crystalline basement. The decrease in the level of the World Ocean in the Quaternary period further increased the lithostatic load on the salt-bearing strata. This activated the isostatic upwelling of salt and the formation of gently sloping neotectonic uplifts. Practical significance. These results clarify the geological structure of the territory and make it possible to expand the area of hydrocarbon prospecting.
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Gerya, T. "Tectonic overpressure and underpressure in lithospheric tectonics and metamorphism." Journal of Metamorphic Geology 33, no. 8 (July 14, 2015): 785–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12144.
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Vernikovsky, V. A., N. L. Dobretsov, D. V. Metelkin, N. Yu Matushkin, and I. Yu Koulakov. "Concerning tectonics and the tectonic evolution of the Arctic." Russian Geology and Geophysics 54, no. 8 (August 2013): 838–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2013.07.006.
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Bartashchuk, Оleksiy. "Сollision deformations of the Dnieper-Donets Depression. Article 1. Tectonics of the articulation zone with the Donets folding structure." Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals 3, no. 180 (December 18, 2019): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2019.03.076.
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The article is the first part of a trilogy devoted to the study of post-rift deformations of the riftogenic structure of the Dnieper-Donets paleorift. The mechanisms of collision warping of the horizons of the sedimentary cover of the southeastern part of the Dnieper-Donets depression are considered. According to the previous mapping data, the tectonic deformations of the sedimentary cover were controlled by systems of faults of the north, north-west, and south-east vergence. The lattices of tectonites of the Hercynian, Lamaric, and Attic generations determine the specific “cross-thrust” structure of pushing. Overthrusts and linear folding of three generations permeate the sedimentary sequence of the transition zone from east to west for hundreds of kilometers within the eastern part of Izyumsky paleorift segment. The analytical base of the research was the materials of geological mapping of the zone of the junction of the depression with the Donets fold structure. Using field definitions of the tectonite vergency of the Hercynian, Laramide and Attic phases of tectogenesis, the original method of reconstruction of tectonic deformation fields and tectonophysics analysis of structures, collision deformations of the sedimentary cover of the south-eastern part of the Dnieper-Donets paleorift are studied. The tectonophysical analysis of tectonites of different ages indicates that together they control the cover-thrust and folded deformations of the riftogenic structure. Overthrusts and linear reverse-folding of three generations form the West-Donetsk integumentary-folding region, within which a segment of the same name tectonic thrust is distinguished. By pushing the system of repeatedly deformed, crushed into folds of geomass sedimentary rocks on weakly deployed syneclise deposits, the riftogenic structure of the south-eastern part of the basin is completely destroyed. The structural-tectonic framework of the allochthone, pushed from the side of the Donets structure, is composed of dynamically conjugated lattices of Hercynian, Laramide, and Attic tectonites. They control the echelon backstage of linear reverse-folds, tectonic plate-covers of transverse extrusion of sedimentary geomass from axial to airborne zones and folded covers of longitudinal thrust from the south-east. The riftogenic structure of the transition zone between the Dnieper-Donets basin and the Donets folded structure was completely destroyed by deformations of three generations of platform activation. The dynamically coupled tectonite lattice, the overlays, and the folded zones of the Hercynian, Laramide, and Attic generations jointly form the West-Donets fold-fold region within its boundaries. The main tectonic element of the area is the eponymous subregional tectonic thrust segment. The central structural zone is Veliko-Kamyshevakhskaya, Novotroitskaya, Druzhkovsko-Konstantinovskaya and Main anticlines. The central zone divides the body of the segment into two tectonic regions according to the tectonic style and intensity of deformation of the sedimentary sequence. The northern part is occupied by the Luhansk-Kamyshevakhsky region of the rocky-layered linear folding of the thrust, and the southern part is the Kalmius-Toretsky region of scaly tectonic covers.
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Leevianto, Joshua Dwiky. "THE ARCHITECTURAL TECTONICS OF Y.B. MANGUNWIJAYA’S DESIGN AT THE HOLY VIRGIN MARY’S CAGE COMPLEX IN SENDANGSONO." Riset Arsitektur (RISA) 1, no. 02 (July 17, 2017): 209–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/risa.v1i02.2393.209-228.
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Abstract - Apart from paying close attention to architecture as a constructional skill connected with material structure and construction, tectonics also covers its expression. One of the architects closely associated with tectonics is Y.B. Mangunwijaya, and in each of his works of architecture the tectonic content is put to the front or highlighted. Referring to Kenneth Frampton’s definition of tectonics as the Art of Joinings, it may be quite interesting to focus on the relationship between the three purposes to be found in a work of architecture, namely spatial distribution, construction, and ornamention.. One of the architectural works designed by Y.B. Mangunwijaya that has given shape to these three objectives is the Gua Maria Complex devoted to Mother Mary in Sendangsono. In Sendangsono there is a main route for pilgrims that is most commonly visited and passed by visitors to this sacred place. The analysis of architectural tectonics in this research study has been limited based on the ordering of the space passed via the main pilgrim route in Sendangsono. The spatial sequence consists of an entry, the Way of the Cross (Via Crucis), a basin for holy water, a yard featuring the Cave of Mother Mary (Gua Maria), and finally the yard across the river. Its scope includes the tectonics of space, structure, and ornamentation. The analysis indicates that the architectural tectonics in this complex has been designed with the concept of oneness and respect for nature in mind, so hat it has become one with the surrounding natural elements. The local materials used are environment-friendly. The next step is to further refine the elements used for this spatial and structural lay-out by way of ornamentation in order to enrich the Christian significance of it all.Keywords: architecture, tectonics, Y.B. Mangunwijaya
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Vérard, Christian, and Ján Veizer. "On plate tectonics and ocean temperatures." Geology 47, no. 9 (August 2, 2019): 881–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46376.1.
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Abstract Plate tectonics, the principal vehicle for dissipation of planetary energy, is believed to buffer the δ18O of seawater at its near-modern value of 0‰ SMOW (Standard Mean Ocean Water) because the hot and cold cells of hydrothermal circulation at oceanic ridges cancel each other. The persistence of plate tectonics over eons apparently favors attribution of the well-documented oxygen isotope secular trends for carbonates (cherts, phosphates) to progressively warmer oceans, from 40–70 °C in the early Paleozoic to 60–100 °C in the Archean. We argue that these oceanic hydrothermal systems are dominated by low-temperature (<350 °C) cells that deplete the percolating water in 18O. Seawater δ18O is therefore a proxy for, rather than being buffered by, the intensity of plate tectonics. Detrending the Phanerozoic carbonate δ18Oc secular trend for its “tectonic” component yields a stationary time series that, interpreted as a proxy for Phanerozoic climate, indicates low-latitude shallow ocean temperatures oscillating between 10 and 30 °C around a baseline of 17 °C, attributes comparable to modern temperature values.
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McGrew, Allen J., and Joshua J. Schwartz. "Introduction: Active Margins in Transition—Magmatism and Tectonics through Time: An Issue in Honor of Arthur W. Snoke." Geosphere 17, no. 4 (June 10, 2021): 981–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02422.1.
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Abstract The evolution of active margins through time is the record of plate tectonics as inscribed on the continents. This themed issue honors the eclectic contributions of Arthur W. Snoke (Fig. 1) to the study of active margins with a series of papers that amply demonstrate the broad scope of active margin tectonics and the diverse methods that tectonic geologists employ to decipher their histories. Taken together, this set of papers illustrates the diversity of boundary conditions that guide the development of active margins and the key parameters that regulate their evolution in time and space.
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Verrios, S., V. Zygouri, and S. Kokkalas. "MORPHOTECTONIC ANALYSIS IN THE ELIKI FAULT ZONE (GULF OF CORINTH, GREECE)." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 4 (January 1, 2004): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16578.
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Morphotectonic analysis using geomorphic indices has been developed as a basic reconnaissance tool in order to identify areas experiencing rapid tectonic deformation or estimate relative variations of tectonic activity in a specific area. We applied this analysis in Eliki fault zone, which is located in the western part of the Gulf of Corinth. Eliki fault zone was selected because it displays a spectacular geomorphic expression and hosts historic and recent seismicity. The intensity of active tectonics is interpreted through a detailed geomorphic study of the fault-generated mountain fronts and fluvial systems. Tectonic geomorphology analysis of the Eliki footwall area includes the application of the most commonly used geomorphic indices, such as the mountain front sinuosity index (Smf), the valley floor / width ratio index (Vf), the stream gradient index (SL) and the transverse topographic symmetry factor (T). These indices were estimated on topographic maps and aerial photographs of the study area in order to correlate active tectonics and erosional processes. Our results imply that the Eliki fault zone can be assigned to a tectonic class of the higher tectonic activity. However, spatial variations of tectonic activity along the segmented studied fronts point to a general trend of increasing activity towards the east, which is gradually decreasing towards the west.
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Yang, Chengwei, Chenghu Wang, Mingruo Jiao, Yujiang Li, and Pu Wang. "Multisource stress data constraints on Cretaceous—present regional tectonic stress field evolution in the southern Jinzhou area, North China Craton." Journal of Geophysics and Engineering 18, no. 6 (December 2021): 1007–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jge/gxab068.
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Abstract Regional tectonic stress fields are key crustal stress elements that drive tectonic movements and are associated with regional tectonics and geological resources. Regional tectonic stress field evolution of the Jinzhou area, located in the eastern block of the North China Craton (NCC), may provide a deeper understanding of tectonics of western Liaoning and the NCC. This work conducted borehole television, hydraulic fracturing and focal mechanism solutions to invert the paleo and present regional tectonic stress fields. Four groups of tensile fracture in the southern Jinzhou area were identified via borehole television, and their azimuths were NNW–SSE, NWW–SEE, nearly W–E and NE–SW in temporal order representing four stages of extensional tectonic events. Hydraulic fracturing and focal mechanism solutions showed that the stress status was normal fault and strike-slip, revealing that the southern Jinzhou area is undergoing NEE–SWW-oriented compression and nearly N–S-oriented extension in accordance with the strike-slip mechanism. From the Early Cretaceous to the present, the direction of the regional extensional stress in the southern Jinzhou area has evolved counterclockwise and sequentially from NNW–SSE to NWW–SEE, W–E, NE–SW and nearly N–S, and the regional tectonic mechanism has transited from extension to extension-strike-slip to strike-slip, leading to the current tectonic framework.
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Zovoili, E., E. Konstantinidi, and I. K. Koukouvelas. "TECTONIC GEOMORPHOLOGY OF ESCARPMENTS: THE CASES OF KOMPOTADES AND ΝΕΑ ANCHIALOS FAULTS." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 4 (January 1, 2004): 1716. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16579.
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Most active processes on the surface imply that tectonics and geomorphology converge in a way that landscape change may be used as a tectonic signal, given that erosion and weathering have been taken into account. We selected two faults, the Kompotades and the Nea Anchialos faults in the Sperchios and South Thessaly rift zones respectively, and we performed a morphometric analysis. This analysis comprises geomorphic indices that have been used successfully in studies of active tectonics, as the mountain front sinuosity index (Smf), stream gradient index (SL) and valley floor width to valley height ratio (Vf). At both studied mountain fronts, the Vf index ranged between 0,4 to 1,2, implying high uplift rates, while the Smf «1 index revealed relatively high tectonic activity, which decreases towards the west. On the other hand, the SL index though more sensitive to non-tectonic processes, (i.e. the rock resistance, stream length) is less indicative of tectonic activity. Based on the distribution of the geomorphic indices a two-fault strand model is suggested forming the mountain front in the two examples with the range-ward fault strand to be more appropriate for Kompotades fault and the basinward fault strand for Nea Anchialos fault.
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Coulthard, T. J., and M. J. Van de Wiel. "Climate, tectonics or morphology: what signals can we see in drainage basin sediment yields?" Earth Surface Dynamics Discussions 1, no. 1 (June 10, 2013): 67–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurfd-1-67-2013.
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Abstract. Sediment yields from river basins are typically considered to be controlled by tectonic and climatic drivers. However, climate and tectonics can operate simultaneously and the impact of autogenic processes scrambling or shredding these inputs can make it hard to unpick the role of these drivers from the sedimentary record. Thus an understanding of the relative dominance of climate, tectonics or other processes in the output of sediment from a basin is vital. Here, we use a numerical landscape evolution model (CAESAR) to specifically examine the relative impact of climate change, tectonic uplift (instantaneous and gradual) and basin morphology on sediment yield. Unexpectedly, this shows how the sediment signal from significant rates of uplift (10 m instant or 25 mm a−1) is lost due to internal storage effects within even a small basin. However, the signal from modest increases in rainfall magnitude (10–20%) can be seen in increases in sediment yield. In addition, in larger basins, tectonic inputs can be significantly diluted by regular delivery from non-uplifted parts of the basin.
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Coulthard, T. J., and M. J. Van de Wiel. "Climate, tectonics or morphology: what signals can we see in drainage basin sediment yields?" Earth Surface Dynamics 1, no. 1 (October 7, 2013): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-1-13-2013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Sediment yields from river basins are typically considered to be controlled by tectonic and climatic drivers. However, climate and tectonics can operate simultaneously and the impact of autogenic processes scrambling or shredding these inputs can make it hard to unpick the role of these drivers from the sedimentary record. Thus an understanding of the relative dominance of climate, tectonics or other processes in the output of sediment from a basin is vital. Here, we use a numerical landscape evolution model (CAESAR) to specifically examine the relative impact of climate change, tectonic uplift (instantaneous and gradual) and basin morphology on sediment yield. Unexpectedly, this shows how the sediment signal from significant rates of uplift (10 m instant or 25 mm a−1) may be lost due to internal storage effects within even a small basin. However, the signal from modest increases in rainfall magnitude (10–20%) can be seen in increases in sediment yield. In addition, in larger basins, tectonic inputs can be significantly diluted by regular delivery from non-uplifted parts of the basin.