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Academic literature on the topic 'And structure of fault zones'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "And structure of fault zones"

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Zhou, Hui, Yihuan Shen, Yong Zhu, Gang Han, Chuanqing Zhang, and Ning Zhang. "Multilevel Structural Characteristics of Jinshajiang Main Fault and Its Influence on Engineering." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (March 8, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7852652.

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It is of great significance to study the geological characteristics of faults and the corresponding displacement patterns for the tunnel engineering crossing active faults. On the basis of field investigation and geological data analysis, it is found that the secondary weak structures, such as narrow cleavage bands, narrow joint bands, fault gouge zones, and small folds, often appear in the fault fracture zones and affected zones. The multilevel structure of fault is proposed from mechanics and engineering by summarizing their main characteristics. Taking the outcrop of fracture zones of Batang section, Jinshajiang main fault in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as the research object, the geometric characteristics of rock masses, the particle size, mineral composition, and mechanical characteristics of rocks in the fault are studied through field investigation, geological mapping, mineral composition analysis, and mechanical tests. In addition, a displacement model of multilevel structure fault is presented by numerical simulation. The results show that the Jinshajiang main fault comprises a primary structure and several secondary weak structures, which has a typical structure of multilevel fault. There are several secondary weak structures in the outcrop of the fracture zone. Compared with the rock masses in the primary structure, the joints of the rock masses in the secondary weak structure are more developed, and the rock particle size is smaller, the mud content is higher, and the mechanical strength is lower. The geometric morphology, mineral composition, and mechanical properties of the rock masses in the secondary weak structure are obviously different from those of the primary structure. The overall displacement mode of multilevel structural fault is S-shaped distribution, and the secondary weak structure will affect the displacement distribution pattern and have the possibility of sliding when the fault moves. Therefore, the secondary weak structure section in the tunnel should be a priority for prevention and control when designing tunnels through active faults. The multilevel structure of the fault, together with centralized structure, distributed structure, and stepped structure of the fault, can be used as a structure classification method of fault structure, which provides a reference for the study of disaster mechanisms, and prevention and control measures of tunnels crossing active faults.
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Kolyukhin, Dmitriy R., Vadim V. Lisitsa, Maxim I. Protasov, Dongfang Qu, Galina V. Reshetova, Jan Tveranger, Vladimir A. Tcheverda, and Dmitry M. Vishnevsky. "Seismic imaging and statistical analysis of fault facies models." Interpretation 5, no. 4 (November 30, 2017): SP71—SP82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2016-0202.1.

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Interpretation of seismic responses from subsurface fault zones is hampered by the fact that the geologic structure and property distributions of fault zones can generally not be directly observed. This shortcoming curtails the use of seismic data for characterizing internal structure and properties of fault zones, and it has instead promoted the use of interpretation techniques that tend to simplify actual structural complexity by rendering faults as lines and planes rather than volumes of deformed rock. Facilitating the correlation of rock properties and seismic images of fault zones would enable active use of these images for interpreting fault zones, which in turn would improve our ability to assess the impact of fault zones on subsurface fluid flow. We use a combination of 3D fault zone models, based on empirical data and 2D forward seismic modeling to investigate the link between fault zone properties and seismic response. A comparison of spatial statistics from the geologic models and the seismic images was carried out to study how well seismic images render the modeled geologic features. Our results indicate the feasibility of extracting information about fault zone structure from seismic data by the methods used.
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Seminsky, К. Zh, A. S. Cheremnykh, O. M. Khlystov, and G. G. Akhmanov. "Fault Zones and Stress Fields in the Sedimentary Fill of Lake Baikal: Tectonophysical Approach for Seismic and Hydroacoustic Data Interpretation." Russian Geology and Geophysics 63, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): 840–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/rgg20204293.

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Abstract —This paper presents a schematic summary of comprehensive analysis of seismic, reflection profiling, and hydroacoustic data on faults which caused sediment deformation in the central segment of the Central Baikal basin. According to the tectonophysical analysis results, the fault pattern within sediment fill has been recognized as zone-block, i.e., it represents a network of high-density fracture zones limiting weakly deformed blocks. The structure of large NE-trending fault zones (Olkhon, Beregovoy, Gydratny, and Svyatoy Nos) is controlled by main fault planes (or their segments) bounded by subsidiary faults. Geomorphic expression of NW cross faults in the sedimentary cover as broad zones of smaller-scale fractures accounts for early stages of the evolution of basement faults. In a longitudinal direction, they divide the basin into large fragments. The zone–block structure of the sedimentary strata was developed in different stress regimes: strike-slip and extension at the early and late orogenic rifting stages, respectively. At the modern stage of tectogenesis, the established network of fault zones controls the gaseous (including hydrate formation) and seismic activity expression in the subsurface. Hydrate-bearing mud volcanoes and seeps are confined to major faults, while earthquake epicenters are confined to fault zones and form clusters at junctions of large NE-trending faults with NW-oriented extension zones and E–W left-lateral strike-slip faults.
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Karson, Jeffrey A., Bryndís Brandsdóttir, Páll Einarsson, Kristján Sæmundsson, James A. Farrell, and Andrew J. Horst. "Evolution of migrating transform faults in anisotropic oceanic crust: examples from Iceland." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, no. 12 (December 2019): 1297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2018-0260.

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Major transform fault zones link extensional segments of the North American – Eurasian plate boundary as it transects the Iceland Hotspot. Changes in plate boundary geometry, involving ridge jumps, rift propagation, and related transform fault zone migration, have occurred as the boundary has moved relative to the hotspot. Reconfiguration of transform fault zones occurred at about 6 Ma in northern Iceland and began about 3 Ma in southern Iceland. These systems show a range of different types of transform fault zones, ranging from diffuse, oblique rift zones to narrower, well-defined, transform faults oriented parallel to current plate motions. Crustal deformation structures correlate with the inferred duration and magnitude of strike-slip displacements. Collectively, the different expressions of transform zones may represent different stages of development in an evolutionary sequence that may be relevant for understanding the tectonic history of plate boundaries in Iceland as well as the structure of transform fault zones on more typical parts of the mid-ocean ridge system.
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Özsayin, Erman, and Kadir Dirik. "The role of oroclinal bending in the structural evolution of the Central Anatolian Plateau: evidence of a regional changeover from shortening to extension." Geologica Carpathica 62, no. 4 (August 1, 2011): 345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10096-011-0026-7.

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The role of oroclinal bending in the structural evolution of the Central Anatolian Plateau: evidence of a regional changeover from shortening to extensionThe NW-SE striking extensional Inönü-Eskişehir Fault System is one of the most important active shear zones in Central Anatolia. This shear zone is comprised of semi-independent fault segments that constitute an integral array of crustal-scale faults that transverse the interior of the Anatolian plateau region. The WNW striking Eskişehir Fault Zone constitutes the western to central part of the system. Toward the southeast, this system splays into three fault zones. The NW striking Ilıca Fault Zone defines the northern branch of this splay. The middle and southern branches are the Yeniceoba and Cihanbeyli Fault Zones, which also constitute the western boundary of the tectonically active extensional Tuzgölü Basin. The Sultanhanı Fault Zone is the southeastern part of the system and also controls the southewestern margin of the Tuzgölü Basin. Structural observations and kinematic analysis of mesoscale faults in the Yeniceoba and Cihanbeyli Fault Zones clearly indicate a two-stage deformation history and kinematic changeover from contraction to extension. N-S compression was responsible for the development of the dextral Yeniceoba Fault Zone. Activity along this structure was superseded by normal faulting driven by NNE-SSW oriented tension that was accompanied by the reactivation of the Yeniceoba Fault Zone and the formation of the Cihanbeyli Fault Zone. The branching of the Inönü-Eskişehir Fault System into three fault zones (aligned with the apex of the Isparta Angle) and the formation of graben and halfgraben in the southeastern part of this system suggest ongoing asymmetric extension in the Anatolian Plateau. This extension is compatible with a clockwise rotation of the area, which may be associated with the eastern sector of the Isparta Angle, an oroclinal structure in the western central part of the plateau. As the initiation of extension in the central to southeastern part of the Inönü-Eskişehir Fault System has similarities with structures associated with the Isparta Angle, there may be a possible relationship between the active deformation and bending of the orocline and adjacent areas.
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Johnson, Jeffrey A. "Off-fault Deformation Associated with Strike-slip Faults." Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 24, no. 4 (December 21, 2018): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/eeg-2030.

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Abstract Habitable buildings can be protected from surface fault rupture by establishing structure “setback zones” similar in purpose to legally mandated zones in California and Utah. But post-earthquake surveys of offset and warped linear cultural features, believed to have been straight prior to the event, demonstrate that potentially damaging inelastic strains or off-fault deformation can extend tens of meters beyond the principal slip zone of strike-slip surface fault ruptures. Setback zones designed to also mitigate off-fault deformation are likely to be prohibitively wide, indicating the need for structural and geotechnical engineering solutions to accommodate the potentially damaging strains within adequate design buffers. This study analyzes nine strike-slip surface fault ruptures between 1906 and 2014 and develops a simplified procedure to quantify off-fault deformation based on earthquake magnitude and distance from the principal slip zone of strike-slip faults.
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Cherubini, Y., M. Cacace, M. Scheck-Wenderoth, and V. Noack. "Influence of major fault zones on 3-D coupled fluid and heat transport for the Brandenburg region (NE German Basin)." Geothermal Energy Science 2, no. 1 (April 4, 2014): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gtes-2-1-2014.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> To quantify the influence of major fault zones on the groundwater and thermal field, 3-D finite-element simulations are carried out. Two fault zones – the Gardelegen and Lausitz escarpments – have been integrated into an existing 3-D structure of the Brandenburg region in northeastern Germany. Different geological scenarios in terms of modelled fault permeability have been considered, of which two end-member models are discussed in detail. In addition, results from these end-member simulations are compared to a reference case in which no faults are considered. <br><br> The study provides interesting results with respect to the interaction between faults and surrounding sediments and how it affects the regional groundwater circulation system and thermal field. <br><br> Impermeable fault zones seem to induce no remarkable effects on the temperature distribution; that is, the thermal field is similar to the no-fault model. In addition, tight faults have only a local impact on the fluid circulation within a domain of limited spatial extent centred on the fault zone. Fluid flow from the surrounding aquifers is deviated in close proximity of the fault zones acting as hydraulic barriers that prevent lateral fluid inflow into the fault zones. <br><br> Permeable fault zones induce a pronounced thermal signature with alternating up- and downward flow along the same structures. Fluid flow along the plane of the faults is principally driven by existing hydraulic head gradients, but may be further enhanced by buoyancy forces. Within recharge domains, fluid advection induces a strong cooling in the fault zones. Discharge domains at shallow depth levels (~<−450 m) are instead characterized by the presence of rising warm fluids, which results in a local increase of temperatures which are up to 15 °C higher than in the no-fault case. <br><br> This study is the first attempt to investigate the impact of major fault zones on a 3-D basin scale for the coupled fluid and heat transport in the Brandenburg region. The approach enables a quantification of mechanisms controlling fluid flow and temperature distribution both within surrounding sediments and fault zones as well as how they dynamically interact. Therefore, the results from the modelling provide useful indications for geothermal energy exploration.</p>
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Qiu, Chun, Ming Xue Zhang, and Xiao Yan Lv. "The Local Structure Research on the Nanpu 5th Construct." Applied Mechanics and Materials 733 (February 2015): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.733.80.

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The Nanpu 5th construct is in the western part of Huanghua Depression Nanpu Sag of Bohai Bay Basin, was a complicated anticline belt that develops between Jian Dong fault and the downthrown side of the southwestern Zhuang fault and the favorable exploration area is 120km2. On the basis of the region's large number of multi-channel seismic data analysis and interpretation, the trap types, structural characteristics and distribution of local structures between the layers of the region are researched. Interlayer local structures in the area are mainly divided into nose structure and small anticline. The fault zone is a structural high in the region, to promote oil and gas to migrate and accumulate to the low-potential zones that become favorable zones for hydrocarbon accumulation, but the real decisive construct parts of the hydrocarbon accumulation is positive local structure in favorable zones which point out the region for hydrocarbon accumulation.
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Kirkwood, Donna, and Michel Malo. "Across-strike geometry of the Grand Pabos fault zone: evidence for Devonian dextral transpression in the Quebec Appalachians." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, no. 7 (July 1, 1993): 1363–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e93-117.

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The principal faults of southeastern Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec consist of a central high-strain zone that is characterized by mainly ductile deformation structures and bordered by low-strain zones each dominated by brittle deformation structures. The overall geometry of shear fractures within the low-strain zones is quite similar to the expected geometry of Riedel shear fractures. The brittle structures overprint the dominant C–S-type fabric of the high-strain zone, which implies that brittle deformation outlasted ductile deformation. The asymmetry of local micro- to meso-scale deformation features along the fault zones reflects the non-coaxiality of the shear. Other features described within the fault zone (stylolitic cleavage, shear bands, and reverse faults) are evidence for a component of shortening perpendicular or oblique to the fault zone. The geometry of the Grand Pabos fault zone (GPFZ), a major fault of southern Gaspé, indicates that deeper seated fault rocks (high-strain zone) have been brought up to higher crustal levels and are presently in contact with brittlely deformed fault rocks (low-strain zone). The proposed model for the evolution of the GPFZ involves Early to Late Devonian, dextral, transcurrent movement accompanied by relatively minor amounts of vertical slip within a dextral transpressive regime. The main pulse of the Acadian orogeny in Gaspé is restricted to the Devonian and therefore occurred later than elsewhere in the Canadian Appalachians.
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Putra, Ahmad Dedi, Norasiah Sulaiman, Norsyafina Roslan, Habibah Jamil, and Khairunnisa Alias. "Fault Zone Identification for Groundwater Flow Assessment Based On Seismic Reflection Survey Data at the Area of Felda Lepar Utara, Pahang, Malaysia." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2309, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2309/1/012037.

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Abstract Geological structures such as faults and fractures have an important influence in the process of fluid movement below the surface. The hydraulic behavior in aquifers can be determined by proper characterization of fractures, fault zones and their connectivity. In this study, we concern on detection and identification of fault zones in the groundwater basin to verify whether faults in the basin area connect to the surface, and whether the fault zones occurring serve as conduits or barriers for groundwater to flow. The seismic reflection method with Common Depth Point (CDP) profiling technique has been applied in this study. Through this study, we have identified that several large and small-scale faults were found in the study area. Generally, these large-scale faults cut the bedrock (granodiorite) up to impermeable layer. This large-scale fault group can be a barrier that block the groundwater flow. The fault zone is connected to the surface as evidenced by the presence of normal fault that is clearly observed at the surface. This seismic method is good to apply in this study because it can be used to record deeper subsurface conditions, especially for fault zone detection purposes.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "And structure of fault zones"

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Childs, Conrad James. "The structure and hydraulic properties of fault zones." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367208.

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Soden, Aisling Mary. "The initiation and evolution of ignimbrite faults, Gran Canaria, Spain." Connect to e-thesis, 2008. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/191/.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2008.
Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Department of Geographical and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 2008. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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Fondriest, Michele. "Structure and mechanical properties of seismogenic fault zones in carbonates." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424540.

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In many seismically active areas (e.g. Italy, Greece) earthquakes, sometimes destructive, nucleate within (aftershocks surely do) and propagate through carbonates in the upper crust (e.g. L’Aquila earthquake, 2009, Mw 6.1). Seismology, geophysics and geodesy furnish key parameters related to the earthquake source (e.g. seismic moment, static stress drop, radiated energy) but lack sufficient resolution to constrain detailed three-dimensional fault zone geometry and coseismic on- and off-fault deformation processes at scales relevant to earthquake physics. In this thesis it is proposed to study the internal structure and mechanics of fault zones hosted in carbonate rocks using a multidisciplinary approach, complementary to the seismological-based one. This includes detailed structural survey to quantify the architecture of exhumed fault zones in carbonates both by field and remote sensed methods (e.g. use of a drone to get high-resolution aerial images), rock deformation experiments under conditions relevant to the seismic cycle (e.g. use of rotary shear apparatus, uniaxial press, Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar), microstructural-mineralogical characterization (optical and scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analyses, X-ray powder diffraction, cathodoluminescence, X-ray microtomography, white light interferometry, image analysis) of natural and experimental fault rocks to infer the physico-chemical processes occurring during earthquakes. Two fault zones cutting dolostones exhumed from < 3 km depth in the Italian Southern Alps were described: the Borcola Pass Fault Zone (BPFZ) and the Foiana Fault Zone (FFZ). In both cases the internal structure of the two fault zones was strongly influenced by the reactivation of preexisting anisotropies such as regional-scale joint sets and bedding surfaces. The BPFZ is a secondary strike-slip branch of the regional Schio-Vicenza Line that developed in a fluid-rich upper crustal environment. The microstructural characteristics of the principal and secondary slip zones of the BPFZ, including detailed analysis of the clast size distribution of injected cataclasites, suggested coseismic fluidization processes during faulting, most likely related to the propagation of ancient seismic ruptures in to the shallow crust. The FFZ is a major sinistral transpressive fault zone that developed in a fluid-poor upper crustal setting. Systematic along-strike and down-dip changes in the structure of the FFZ were recognized, allowing a comparison to be made between field observations and the predictions of three-dimensional earthquake rupture simulations. A noteworthy characteristic of the FFZ is the presence of thick belts (hundreds of meters) of in-situ shattered dolostones cut by discrete mirror-like fault surfaces. The origin of mirror-like fault surfaces and in-situ shattered dolostones in the FFZ was investigated using, respectively, low- to high-velocity (0.0001-1 m/s) rotary shear friction experiments on dolostone gouges and low- to high-strain rate (quasi-static 10-3 s-1, dynamic > 50 s-1) uniaxial compression tests on dolostone rock cylinders. At applied normal stresses and displacements consistent with those estimated for the FFZ, experimental mirror-like fault surfaces comparable to the natural examples (e.g. clast truncation along fault surfaces, similar surface roughness) were formed in rotary-shear experiments only at seismic slip rates (v ≥ 0.1 m/s). I suggest therefore that small-displacement mirror-like fault surfaces developed in dolostone gouge layers represent markers of seismic slip. In-situ shattered dolostones similar to those found within the FFZ (i.e. rock fragments up to a few millimeters in size elongated in the stress wave loading direction, incipient zones of microfracturing down to the micrometer scale) were formed during uniaxial compression tests only above strain rates of ~ 200 s-1. The association of in-situ shattered dolostones cut by discrete mirror-like fault surfaces is interpreted to record the propagation of multiple earthquake ruptures within the shallow crustal portions of the FFZ. Lastly, the structural complexity of the studied fault zones in terms of three-dimensional geometry of the fault-fracture network, fault rock spatial distribution, fault orientation and kinematics, compares favorably to the predicted damage distribution in three-dimensional earthquake rupture simulations, as well as the structure of active seismic sources hosted in carbonate rocks as illuminated by seismological techniques
In molte regioni sismiche dell’area Mediterranea, tra cui l’Italia e la Grecia, gran parte dei terremoti, anche distruttivi, enucleano e propagano in sequenze di rocce carbonatiche della crosta superiore (terremoto dell’Aquila, 2009, Mw 6.1). Questo è vero soprattutto per le sequenze di foreshock e aftershock. Le indagini sismologiche, geofisiche e geodetiche forniscono dei parametri fondamentali per la caratterizzazione delle sorgenti sismiche (momento sismico, caduta di sforzo statico, energia elastica irradiata) ma non hanno risoluzione spaziale sufficiente per descrivere in maniera dettagliata la geometria delle sorgenti sismiche e i processi chimico-fisici attivi nelle zone di faglia durante un terremoto. Questi aspetti limitano fortemente la nostra conoscenza della fisica dei terremoti. In questa tesi la struttura interna e le proprietà meccaniche di zone di faglia sismogenetiche in rocce carbonatiche sono state studiate utilizzando un approccio multidisciplinare e complementare rispetto a quello classico basato su dati sismologici principalmente ricavati dall’inversione delle onde sismiche. I metodi utilizzati sono: (i) il rilevamento strutturale di dettaglio di zone di faglia esumate in carbonati con tecniche di terreno e di telerilevamento (ad es. utilizzo di un drone per ottenere immagini ad alta risoluzione di grandi affioramenti), (ii) la realizzazione di prove meccaniche su roccia (e polveri di roccia) in condizioni di deformazione rilevanti per il ciclo sismico (utilizzo di apparati di tipo rotary, pressa uniassiale e Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar), (iii) lo studio mineralogico-microstrutturale (microscopia ottica e a scansione elettronica, microsonda elettronica, diffrazione a raggi X su polveri, catodoluminescenza, microtomografia a raggi X, interferometria in luce bianca, analisi di immagine) di rocce di faglia naturali e sperimentali per vincolare i processi chimico-fisici attivi in carbonati durante un terremoto. Sono state selezionate due zone di faglia in dolomie: la zona di faglia del Passo della Borcola (BPFZ) e la zona di faglia di Foiana (FFZ). Entrambe le zone di faglia sono esumate da profondità < 3 km e affiorano nel settore delle Alpi Meridionali (Italia). L’architettura interna delle due zone di faglia è fortemente controllata dalla riattivazione di strutture ereditate come sistemi di giunti a scala regionale e superfici di strato. La BPFZ è una faglia secondaria trascorrente appartenente al sistema della Linea Schio-Vicenza. La presenza all’interno della BPFZ di zone di scivolamento estremamente localizzate e spesso organizzate in livelli cataclastici ed ultracataclastici con bordi irregolari (a lobi e cuspidi), iniettati lungo fratture estensionali e caratterizzati da una forte selezione granulometrica ha suggerito l’attivazione di fenomeni di fluidizzazione durante la propagazione di rotture sismiche in un ambiente ricco in fluidi. La FFZ è una faglia transpressiva sinistra a scala regionale che presenta sistematiche variazioni nella propria struttura interna (e.g. spessore della zona di faglia, orientazione e cinematica delle faglie minori) lungo la direzione e l’immersione della faglia. La zona di faglia esposta è caratterizzata dalla presenza di dolomie frantumate senza evidenze significative di deformazione per taglio (dolomie frantumate in-situ) associate a faglie con piccoli rigetti (< 0.5 m) e superfici a specchio con clasti troncati. L’assenza di vene o fratture sigillate indica che la fagliazione è avvenuta in un ambiente povero in fluidi. L’origine delle faglie con superfici a specchio e delle dolomie frantumate in-situ della FFZ è stata investigata attraverso esperimenti eseguiti (1) con un apparato di tipo rotary imponendo basse ed alte velocità (0.0001-1 m/s) di scivolamento su polveri di dolomia e (2) con un pressa uniassiale e una Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar imponendo basse ed alte velocità di deformazione (quasi-statiche 10-3 s-1, dinamiche > 50 s-1) su cilindri di dolomia. Applicando le condizioni di sforzo normale e rigetto stimate per le faglie della FFZ, superfici a specchio simili a quelle naturali in termini di rugosità delle superfici e di microstrutture (presenza di clasti troncati lungo le superfici di faglia), sono state prodotte negli esperimenti di tipo rotary solo a velocità di scivolamento cosismiche (v ≥ 0.1 m/s). Inoltre dolomie frantumate in-situ con microstrutture simili a quelle descritte lungo la FFZ (frammenti di roccia con dimensioni fino a qualche millimetro allungati nella direzione di applicazione del carico e zone di microfratturazione incipiente) sono state prodotte negli esperimenti con la Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar solo a ratei di deformazione > 200 s-1 : tali ratei di deformazione sono in genere associati alle perturbazioni di sforzo dovute al passaggio di una rottura sismica. Pertanto l’associazione di dolomie frantumate in-situ tagliate da faglie discrete con superfici a specchio è stata interpretata come il risultato della propagazione di rotture sismiche nelle porzioni superficiali della FFZ. Infine, a livello qualitativo, la complessità strutturale delle due zone di faglia studiate in termini di geometria del network di faglie e fratture, distribuzione spaziale delle rocce di faglia, orientazione e cinematica delle faglie, è confrontabile sia con la distribuzione del danneggiamento di faglia predetta da simulazioni di rotture sismiche, sia con la struttura di sorgenti sismogenetiche attuali in carbonati desunta da osservazioni sismologiche
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Wu, Jiedi. "New Constraints on Fault-Zone Structure from Seismic Guided Waves." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28873.

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The structure of fault zones (FZs) plays an important role in understanding fault mechanics, earthquake rupture and seismic hazards. Fault zone seismic guided waves (GW) carry important information about internal structure of the low-velocity fault damage zone. Numerical modeling of observed FZGWs has been used to construct models of FZ structure. However, the depth extent of the waveguide and the uniqueness of deep structure in the models have been debated. Elastic finite-difference synthetic seismograms were generated for FZ models that include an increase in seismic velocity with depth both inside and outside the FZ. Strong GWs were created from sources both in and out of the waveguide, in contrast with previous homogenous-FZ studies that required an in-fault source to create GW. This is because the frequency-dependent trapping efficiency of the waveguide changes with depth. The near-surface fault structure efficiently guides waves at lower frequencies than the deeper fault. Fault structure at seismogenic depth requires the analysis of data at higher frequencies than the GWs that dominate at the surface. Adapting a two-station technique from surface wave studies, dispersive differential group arrival times between two earthquakes can be used to solve for FZ structures between the earthquakes. This method was tested with synthetic data and shallow events recorded in the SAFOD borehole in the San Andreas Fault. A pair of deep earthquakes recorded in the SAFOD borehole indicate a ~150 m wide San Andreas Fault waveguide with >20% velocity contrast at 10-12 km depth. With additional earthquakes, the full FZ structure at seismogenic depth could be imaged. Subsurface FZ structure can also be derived from a surface source and receiver array analogous to a body-wave refraction survey. Synthetic seismograms for such source-receiver geometry were generated and verified that FZGWs are refracted by the increase in velocity with depth. Synthetic data from a surface array were successfully inverted to derive FZ structure in the subsurface. The new methods presented in this dissertation extend the potential of FZGWs to image deeper FZ structure than has been uniquely constrained in the past.
Ph. D.
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Robeson, Kim R. "Three-Dimensional Structure of Small Strike-Slip Fault Zones in Granitic Rock: Implications for Fault-Growth Models." DigitalCommons@USU, 1998. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5608.

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Three small strike-slip fault zones exposed in granitic rock in the central Sierra Nevada, California, provide field-based data to construct three-dimensional 11 representations of each fault zone in order to compare with the geometries predicted by existing fault-growth models. All three fault zones are nearly vertical, strike -N60°E, and have left-lateral slip. The fault zones range from 60 to 140 min length and 1 to 12 m wide. Each fault zone consists primarily of parallel to subparallel fracture and fault traces 2 to 56 m long and is separated 25 cm to 7 m by intact rock. One fault zone contains two simple fault zones that consist of fractured rock separated from relatively unfractured rock by two nearly parallel boundary faults. Fracture and fault trace characteristic s are a function of fault zone development and complexity. Traces interconnect primarily by way of junctions and steps, with traces branching away from each other at junctions having angles between 10° to 80° whereas steps branch away at angles between 10° to 40°. Faults terminating as a splay or horsetail splay are rare. Splay fractures strike away from the fault traces at angles of 10° to 60°. Individual faults and the fault zones have irregular displacement-length profiles. Episodic brittle fracturing, hydrothermal mineralization, and alteration are pervasive along fractures and faults. Thickness, composition, and location of hydrothermal mineralization and alteration along fault traces show no consistent pattern and indicate a brittle strain softening process occurred . The widespread distribution of chlorite-epidote mineralization suggests that each fault zone acts as a through-going passageway for fluids. Fault-growth models involving the in-plane propagation of shear displacement along faults and having strain as the boundary condition match the field data the best. All three fault zones resemble those fault-growth models in which fault zone development is a nonuniform process with the growth of individual fractures and faults affecting the nucleation, propagation, and geometry of subsequent fractures and faults. Three-dimensional representation of these fault zones will constrain spatial statistical and stochastic modeling of fault zone nucleation and propagation.
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Loveless, Sian. "The hydrogeological structure of fault zones in poorly lithified sediment, Gulf of Corinth rift." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2013. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/47856/.

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Often, the structure of fault zones cutting poorly lithified sediment examined in outcrop indicate such fault zones should behave as hydraulic barriers, but hydrological observations indicate they behave as conduit-barriers. This thesis investigates the hydrogeological structure of fault zones cutting poorly lithified sediment to better understand the observed conduit-barrier behaviour. The macro- and micro-structure of fault zones was investigated at outcrops of five fault arrays cutting syn-rift sediment of the rapidly extending Gulf of Corinth rift, Central Greece. Fault zone evolution was interpreted from these observations and changes to sediment hydraulic characteristics in fault zones estimated. Based upon the field data, characteristic fault zone hydrogeological structure was represented in two-dimensional numerical fluid-flow models in order to assess likely hydraulic impacts. Fault zone structure is found to be dominated by a mixed zone and differs to those previously reported. Two models of fault zone evolution are proposed for faults cutting: 1. Only poorly lithified sediment, in which beds are rotated and smeared in the mixed zone, where these can mix at the grain-scale through distributed, controlled particulate flow. 2. Sediment of contrasting competency, with mixed zones comprising blocks and lenses, and fine-grained smears in which strain localisation and fault-tip bifurcation are central to their evolution. Both models apply to fault zones that juxtapose fine and coarse-grained sediment. Numerical models show that the majority of these fault zones will behave as barriers to fluid-flow due to a reduction in hydraulic conductivity. Fault zones of all sizes influence fluid-flow, but hydraulic impact increases with fault throw. Conduit-barrier behaviour can be explained by anisotropies, particularly from slip-surface cataclasites, in fault zones cutting poorly lithified sediment only. Fault hydraulic behaviour is strongly dependent on structural hetereogeneities and their geometry in the fault zone. The cumulative effects of these faults will be significant for subsurface fluid-flow.
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Ellen, Rachael. "Predicting the internal structure of fault zones in basalt sequences, and their effect on along- and across-fault fluid flow." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2012. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=25466.

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Interest in the architecture and fluid flow potential of fault zones in basalt sequences has intensified over recent years, due to their applications in the hydrocarbon industry and CO₂ storage. In this study, field mapping is combined with micro-structural analyses and flow modelling to evaluate fault growth, evolution, fluid-rock interactions, and permeability changes over time in faults in basalt sequences. Twelve brittle fault zones cutting basalt sequences in the North Atlantic Igneous Province were studied. This study finds that fault architecture is ultimately controlled by displacement and juxtaposition. Self-juxtaposed faults (i.e. basalt faulted against itself) are characterised by wide zones of brecciation, cataclasis, fracturing, mineralisation and alteration. Non self-juxtaposed faults (i.e. basalt faulted against an inter-lava unit) are characterised by relatively narrow principal slip zones, filled with clay smears or clay-rich gouge derived from inter-lava beds. This study also finds that brittle deformation of basalts at the grain scale is mineralogy dependent. Fe-Ti oxides and pyroxenes deform by intragranular fracturing and grain size reduction, whereas olivines and feldspars are susceptible to replacement by clay and zeolites. Fault rock bulk chemistries are likely to differ from their host rocks, and this is controlled by secondary mineral formation, with zeolite and clay minerals playing an important role. Flow modelling in this study shows that controls on along- and across-fault fluid flow can significantly change fault zone bulk permeability over time, as a result of mineralisation and alteration of the fault zone as it evolves. The results from this study are used to propose a model for how fault strength, fault-related alteration, and permeability change over time in fault zones in basalt sequences. Results highlight the impact that fault-related alteration could have on CO₂ storage. A predictive model for fault structure at depth, developed from this study's findings, is presented for fault zones in basalt sequences, which has particular relevance to the hydrocarbon and CO₂ industry.
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Nishiwaki, Takafumi. "Comparison of Damage Zones of the Nojima and the Asano Faults from the Deep Drilling Project: Differences in Meso-to-microscale Deformation Structures related to Fault Activity." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253096.

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Hernandez, Moreno Catalina <1981&gt. "Understanding block rotation of strike-slip fault zones: Paleomagnetic and structural approach." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6829/1/Tesi_Catalina_Hdz_M_1.pdf.

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This thesis is focused on the paleomagnetic rotation pattern inside the deforming zone of strike-slip faults, and the kinematics and geodynamics describing it. The paleomagnetic investigation carried out along both the LOFZ and the fore-arc sliver (38º-42ºS, southern Chile) revealed an asymmetric rotation pattern. East of the LOFZ and adjacent to it, rotations are up to 170° clockwise (CW) and fade out ~10 km east of fault. West of the LOFZ at 42ºS (Chiloé Island) and around 39°S (Villarrica domain) systematic CCW rotations have been observed, while at 40°-41°S (Ranco-Osorno domain) and adjacent to the LOFZ CW rotations reach up to 136° before evolving to CCW rotations at ~30 km from the fault. These data suggest a directed relation with subduction interface plate coupling. Zones of high coupling yield to a wide deforming zone (~30 km) west of the LOFZ characterized by CW rotations. Low coupling implies a weak LOFZ and a fore-arc dominated by CCW rotations related to NW-sinistral fault kinematics. The rotation pattern is consistent with a quasi-continuous crust kinematics. However, it seems unlikely that the lower crust flux can control block rotation in the upper crust, considering the cold and thick fore-arc crust. I suggest that rotations are consequence of forces applied directly on both the block edges and along the main fault, within the upper crust. Farther south, at the Austral Andes (54°S) I measured the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of 22 Upper Cretaceous to Upper Eocene sites from the Magallanes fold-thrust belt internal domains. The data document continuous compression from the Early Cretaceous until the Late Oligocene. AMS data also show that the tectonic inversion of Jurassic extensional faults during the Late Cretaceous compressive phase may have controlled the Cenozoic kinematic evolution of the Magallanes fold-thrust belt, yielding slip partitioning.
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Hernandez, Moreno Catalina <1981&gt. "Understanding block rotation of strike-slip fault zones: Paleomagnetic and structural approach." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6829/.

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This thesis is focused on the paleomagnetic rotation pattern inside the deforming zone of strike-slip faults, and the kinematics and geodynamics describing it. The paleomagnetic investigation carried out along both the LOFZ and the fore-arc sliver (38º-42ºS, southern Chile) revealed an asymmetric rotation pattern. East of the LOFZ and adjacent to it, rotations are up to 170° clockwise (CW) and fade out ~10 km east of fault. West of the LOFZ at 42ºS (Chiloé Island) and around 39°S (Villarrica domain) systematic CCW rotations have been observed, while at 40°-41°S (Ranco-Osorno domain) and adjacent to the LOFZ CW rotations reach up to 136° before evolving to CCW rotations at ~30 km from the fault. These data suggest a directed relation with subduction interface plate coupling. Zones of high coupling yield to a wide deforming zone (~30 km) west of the LOFZ characterized by CW rotations. Low coupling implies a weak LOFZ and a fore-arc dominated by CCW rotations related to NW-sinistral fault kinematics. The rotation pattern is consistent with a quasi-continuous crust kinematics. However, it seems unlikely that the lower crust flux can control block rotation in the upper crust, considering the cold and thick fore-arc crust. I suggest that rotations are consequence of forces applied directly on both the block edges and along the main fault, within the upper crust. Farther south, at the Austral Andes (54°S) I measured the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of 22 Upper Cretaceous to Upper Eocene sites from the Magallanes fold-thrust belt internal domains. The data document continuous compression from the Early Cretaceous until the Late Oligocene. AMS data also show that the tectonic inversion of Jurassic extensional faults during the Late Cretaceous compressive phase may have controlled the Cenozoic kinematic evolution of the Magallanes fold-thrust belt, yielding slip partitioning.
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Books on the topic "And structure of fault zones"

1

Chi-yuen, Wang, ed. Internal Structure of fault zones. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag, 1986.

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Sammis, Charles G., and Yehuda Ben-Zion. Mechanics, structure and evolution of fault zones. Basel: Birkhauser, 2010.

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Ben-Zion, Yehuda, and Charles Sammis, eds. Mechanics, Structure and Evolution of Fault Zones. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0138-2.

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Sibson, Richard H. Structure and mechanics of fault zones in relation to fault-hosted mineralization. Glenside: Australian Mineral Foundation, 1989.

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Mikhaĭlovich, Pushcharovskiĭ I︠U︡riĭ, ed. Razlomnye zony T︠S︡entralʹnoĭ Atlantiki. Moskva: GEOS, 1995.

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Sherman, Semen Ioĭnovich, and K. Zh Seminskiĭ. Vnutrenni︠a︡i︠a︡ struktura kontinentalʹnykh razlomnykh zon: Prikladnoĭ aspekt. Novosibirsk: Izd-vo SO RAN, Filial "Geo", 2005.

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Seminskiĭ, K. Zh. Vnutrenni︠a︡i︠a︡ struktura kontinentalʹnykh razlomnykh zon: Tektonofizicheskiĭ aspekt. Novosibirsk: Izd-vo SO RAN Filial "Geo", 2003.

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(1992), Walker Lane Symposium. Hawthorne area-Central Walker Lane structure and tectonics: Northern Wassuk Range Faults, Walker Lake area-Pine Nut fault zone, Santa Fe Mine-Isabella tectonic setting, Bettles Well Graben tectonics, Cedar Mountain Fault zone, Dicalite Summit Detatchment Fault, Sheep Canyon Fault : April 25-26, 1992. Edited by Craig Steve. Reno, Nev: Geological Society of Nevada, 1992.

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America, Geological Society of, ed. High geologic slip rates since early Pleistocene initiation of the San Jacinto and San Felipe fault zones in the San Andreas fault system, Southern California, USA. Boulder, Colo: Geological Society of America, 2010.

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McCulloh, Thane Hubert. Mountain Meadows dacite: Oligocene intrusive complex that welds together the Los Angeles Basin, northwestern Peninsular Ranges, and central Transverse Ranges, California. [Reston, VA]: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "And structure of fault zones"

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Dieterich, James H., and Deborah Elaine Smith. "Nonplanar Faults: Mechanics of Slip and Off-fault Damage." In Mechanics, Structure and Evolution of Fault Zones, 1799–815. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0138-2_12.

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Ben-Zion, Yehuda, and Charles Sammis. "Mechanics, Structure and Evolution of Fault Zones." In Mechanics, Structure and Evolution of Fault Zones, 1533–36. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0138-2_1.

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Ben-zion, Yehuda, and Charles G. Sammis. "Characterization of Fault Zones." In Seismic Motion, Lithospheric Structures, Earthquake and Volcanic Sources: The Keiiti Aki Volume, 677–715. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8010-7_11.

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Dor, Ory, Judith S. Chester, Yehuda Ben-Zion, James N. Brune, and Thomas K. Rockwell. "Characterization of Damage in Sandstones along the Mojave Section of the San Andreas Fault: Implications for the Shallow Extent of Damage Generation." In Mechanics, Structure and Evolution of Fault Zones, 1747–73. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0138-2_10.

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Beeler, N. M. "Constructing Constitutive Relationships for Seismic and Aseismic Fault Slip." In Mechanics, Structure and Evolution of Fault Zones, 1775–98. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0138-2_11.

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Candela, Thibault, François Renard, Michel Bouchon, Alexandre Brouste, David Marsan, Jean Schmittbuhl, and Christophe Voisin. "Characterization of Fault Roughness at Various Scales: Implications of Three-Dimensional High Resolution Topography Measurements." In Mechanics, Structure and Evolution of Fault Zones, 1817–51. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0138-2_13.

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Hsu, Ya-Ju, Jean-Philippe Avouac, Shui-Beih Yu, Chien-Hsin Chang, Yih-Min Wu, and Jochen Woessner. "Spatio-temporal Slip, and Stress Level on the Faults within the Western Foothills of Taiwan: Implications for Fault Frictional Properties." In Mechanics, Structure and Evolution of Fault Zones, 1853–84. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0138-2_14.

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Regenauer-Lieb, Klaus, David A. Yuen, and Florian Fusseis. "Landslides, Ice Quakes, Earthquakes: A Thermodynamic Approach to Surface Instabilities." In Mechanics, Structure and Evolution of Fault Zones, 1885–908. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0138-2_15.

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Finzi, Yaron, Elizabeth H. Hearn, Yehuda Ben-Zion, and Vladimir Lyakhovsky. "Structural Properties and Deformation Patterns of Evolving Strike-slip Faults: Numerical Simulations Incorporating Damage Rheology." In Mechanics, Structure and Evolution of Fault Zones, 1537–73. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0138-2_2.

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de Joussineau, Ghislain, and Atilla Aydin. "Segmentation along Strike-Slip Faults Revisited." In Mechanics, Structure and Evolution of Fault Zones, 1575–94. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0138-2_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "And structure of fault zones"

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Mohamed, Emad AbdelAziz, and Henry Ewart Edwards. "Capturing Fault Effects in Thin Reservoirs for Geosteering Improvements in Developing Offshore Carbonate Fields." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208160-ms.

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Analogue outcrops can be used to prepare geoscientists with realistic expectations and responses for Geosteering ultra-long horizontal wells (ERD) in thin reservoirs with different scales of faults, and uncertainty in fault zone parameters and characteristics. Geosteering ultra-long horizontal wells in specific, thin, meter-thick target zones within reservoirs is challenged when sub-seismic faults are present or where seismic scale fault throw and fault location is ill-defined or imprecisely known. This paper defines the challenge of how analogue outcrops can be used to prepare geoscientists with realistic expectations and responses to such operational difficulties in faulted carbonates, irrespective of the tools employed to characterize encountered faults. Geosteering wells in reservoirs with different scales of faults and uncertainty in fault zone character and detection limits can lead to: (i) extensive ‘out of zone’ intervals and (ii) undulating wellbores (when attempting to retrieve target layer positioning), whereby well productivity and accessibility are compromised. Using faulted carbonate field analogues can direct the operation geologist's geosteering response to such faulted scenarios. Descriptions from outcrops are used to address subsurface scenarios of marker horizon(s) and their lateral/spatial variability; diagenesis related to faults at outcrop and expected variations along wellbore laterals in the oilfield. Additionally, offsets/throws, damage zone geometries for thin-bed reservoir understanding of fault zone effects in low-offset structures. Appreciation of faults in outcrops allows an understanding of expectations whilst drilling according to the following: (1) Scales of features from seismic to sub-seismic damage zones: what to expect when geosteering within / out of zone, across faults with indeterminate throws. (2) Understandings from 3D analogues/geometries applied predictively to field development, targeting specific thin reservoir zones / key marker beds. Several oil- well case-examples highlight the response in steering wellbores located within specific thin target zones whereby faults were expected, but where fault throw differed significantly to what was anticipated from initial seismic interpretation. Examples elucidating the application include a meter-thick dolomite zone within a very thick limestone reservoir where injector and producer wells are completed, where the wellbore remains within reservoir but out of specific target zone (how to marry smooth wellbore with layer conformance). Furthermore, for very thin reservoirs primarily located within non-reservoir carbonates, minor faults would misdirect wellbore into argillaceous limestone above or below the reservoirs. Faulted zones with water influx mapped from LWD where modelled property responses can be better characterized by low-offset faults with compartmentalizing effects for completion strategies. Even with an extensive suite of logs to characterize fault zones, the objective of Geosteering a well continuously within zone becomes difficult. Selected key tools are required for success. Directly using Early Cretaceous reservoir analogues, with specific fault types and displacements, critically aid geosteering practices for QA, prediction and learnings.
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Grigoriev, A. S., E. V. Shilko, S. V. Astafurov, A. V. Dimaki, E. M. Vysotsky, and S. G. Psakhie. "On the influence of dynamic stress variations on strain accumulation in fault zones." In ADVANCED MATERIALS WITH HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE FOR NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND RELIABLE STRUCTURES. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4932750.

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Kolyukhin, D., and J. Tveranger. "Statistical Modelling of Fault Core and Deformation Band Structure in Fault Damage Zones." In 77th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2015. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201413043.

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Cooke, A., Q. Fisher, E. Michie, and G. Yielding. "Textural Controls on the Permeability and Structure of Fault Zones in Shallow Burial Limestones, Malta." In Fifth International Conference on Fault and Top Seals. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201902312.

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Ruzhich, Valery V., Sergey G. Psakhie, Evgeny V. Shilko, Andrey G. Vakhromeev, and Elena A. Levina. "On the possibility of development of the technology for managing seismotectonic displacements in fault zones." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE ADVANCED MATERIALS WITH HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE FOR NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND RELIABLE STRUCTURES. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5083504.

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Qu, Bing, and Rakesh K. Goel. "Fault-Rupture Response Spectrum Analysis of a Four-Span Curved Bridge Crossing Earthquake Fault Rupture Zones." In Structures Congress 2015. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479117.156.

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Childs, C. J., T. Manzocchi, J. J. Walsh, and M. P. J. Schopfer. "Fault Core/damage Zone; an Unhelpful Description of Fault Zone Structure?" In 3rd EAGE International Conference on Fault and Top Seals. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20143012.

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Kharakhinov, A. V., E. G. Koblov, and N. Nalimova. "Recent Data on Buried Traps Structure in Large Fault Zones, Southeast of North Sakhalin." In First Workshop on Far East Hydrocarbons 2011. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20144313.

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Noufal, Abdelwahab. "Fault Planes Materials Fill Characteristics, UAE." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207217-ms.

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Abstract Abu Dhabi subsurface fault populations triggered basin system in diverse directions, because of their significant role as fluid pathways. Studying fault infill materials, fault geometries, zone architecture and sealing properties from outcrops as analogues to the subsurface of Abu Dhabi, and combining these with well data and cores are the main objectives of this paper. The fault core around the fault plane and in areas of overlap between fault segments and around the fault tip include slip surfaces and deformed rocks such as fault gouge, breccia, and lenses of host rock, shale smear, salt flux and diagenetic features. Structural geometry of the fault zone architecture and fault plane infill is mainly based on the competency contrast of the materials, that are behaving in ductile or in a brittle manner, which are distributed in the subsurface of Abu Dhabi sedimentary sequences with variable thicknesses. Brittleness is producing lenses, breccia and gouge, while, ductile intervals (principally shales and salt), evolved in smear and flux. The fault and fractures are behaving in a sealy or leaky ways is mainly dependent on the percentage of these materials in the fault deformation zone. The reservoir sections distancing from shale and salt layers are affected by diagenetic impact of the carbonates filling fault zones by recrystallized calcite and dolomite. Musandam area, Ras Al Khaima (RAK), and Jabal Hafit (JH) on the northeast- and eastern-side of the UAE represents good surface analogues for studying fault materials infill characteristics. To approach this, several samples, picked from fault planes, were analysed. NW-trending faults system show more dominant calcite, dolomite, anhydrites and those closer to salt and shale intervals are showing smearing of the ductile infill. The other linked segments and transfer faults of other directions are represented by a lesser percentage of infill. In areas of gravitational tectonics, the decollement ductile interval is intruded in differently oriented open fractures. The studied outcrops of the offshore salt islands and onshore Jabal Al Dhanna (JD) showing salt flux in the surrounding layers that intruded by the salt. The fractures and faults of the surrounding layers and the embedment insoluble layers are highly deformed and showing nearly total seal. As the salt behaving in an isotropic manner, the deformation can be measured clearly by its impact on the surrounding and embedment's insoluble rocks. The faults/fractures behaviour is vicious in migrating hydrocarbons, production enhancement and hydraulic fracturing propagation.
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Ruzhich, Valery V., Sergey G. Psakhie, Evgeny V. Shilko, and Elena A. Levina. "Physical mesomechanics based interdisciplinary approach to the development of new methods for managing deformation process in fault zones." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED MATERIALS WITH HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE FOR NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND RELIABLE STRUCTURES 2019. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5132167.

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Reports on the topic "And structure of fault zones"

1

Michelini, A. Fault zone structure determined through the analysis of earthquake arrival times. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5610347.

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Michelini, Alberto. Fault zone structure determined through the analysis of earthquake arrival times. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10132626.

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Tremblay, A., and B. Dube. Structural Relationships Between Some Gold Occurrences and Fault Zones in the Bathurst area, northern New Brunswick. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/132590.

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Davis, George. Structural Geologic Maps of Conjugate Normal-Fault and Strike-Slip Deformation Band Shear Zones in Navajo Sandstone. Geological Society of America, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2013.dmch015.1.

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Wozniakowska, P., D. W. Eaton, C. Deblonde, A. Mort, and O. H. Ardakani. Identification of regional structural corridors in the Montney play using trend surface analysis combined with geophysical imaging, British Columbia and Alberta. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328850.

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The Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) is a mature oil and gas basin with an extraordinary endowment of publicly accessible data. It contains structural elements of varying age, expressed as folding, faulting, and fracturing, which provide a record of tectonic activity during basin evolution. Knowledge of the structural architecture of the basin is crucial to understand its tectonic evolution; it also provides essential input for a range of geoscientific studies, including hydrogeology, geomechanics, and seismic risk analysis. This study focuses on an area defined by the subsurface extent of the Triassic Montney Formation, a region of the WCSB straddling the border between Alberta and British Columbia, and covering an area of approximately 130,000 km2. In terms of regional structural elements, this area is roughly bisected by the east-west trending Dawson Creek Graben Complex (DCGC), which initially formed in the Late Carboniferous, and is bordered to the southwest by the Late Cretaceous - Paleocene Rocky Mountain thrust and fold belt (TFB). The structural geology of this region has been extensively studied, but structural elements compiled from previous studies exhibit inconsistencies arising from distinct subregions of investigation in previous studies, differences in the interpreted locations of faults, and inconsistent terminology. Moreover, in cases where faults are mapped based on unpublished proprietary data, many existing interpretations suffer from a lack of reproducibility. In this study, publicly accessible data - formation tops derived from well logs, LITHOPROBE seismic profiles and regional potential-field grids, are used to delineate regional structural elements. Where seismic profiles cross key structural features, these features are generally expressed as multi-stranded or en echelon faults and structurally-linked folds, rather than discrete faults. Furthermore, even in areas of relatively tight well control, individual fault structures cannot be discerned in a robust manner, because the spatial sampling is insufficient to resolve fault strands. We have therefore adopted a structural-corridor approach, where structural corridors are defined as laterally continuous trends, identified using geological trend surface analysis supported by geophysical data, that contain co-genetic faults and folds. Such structural trends have been documented in laboratory models of basement-involved faults and some types of structural corridors have been described as flower structures. The distinction between discrete faults and structural corridors is particularly important for induced seismicity risk analysis, as the hazard posed by a single large structure differs from the hazard presented by a corridor of smaller pre-existing faults. We have implemented a workflow that uses trend surface analysis based on formation tops, with extensive quality control, combined with validation using available geophysical data. Seven formations are considered, from the Late Cretaceous Basal Fish Scale Zone (BFSZ) to the Wabamun Group. This approach helped to resolve the problem of limited spatial extent of available seismic data and provided a broader spatial coverage, enabling the investigation of structural trends throughout the entirety of the Montney play. In total, we identified 34 major structural corridors and number of smaller-scale structures, for which a GIS shapefile is included as a digital supplement to facilitate use of these features in other studies. Our study also outlines two buried regional foreland lobes of the Rocky Mountain TFB, both north and south of the DCGC.
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Johnson, A. M., N. A. Johnson, K. M. Johnson, W. Wei, R. W. Fleming, K. M. Cruikshank, and S. Y. Martosudarmo. Analecta of structures formed during the 28 June 1992 Landers-Big Bear, California earthquake sequence (including maps of shear zones, belts of shear zones, tectonic ridge, duplex en echelon fault, fault elements, and thrusts in restraining steps). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/677054.

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7

Harris, L. B., P. Adiban, and E. Gloaguen. The role of enigmatic deep crustal and upper mantle structures on Au and magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr mineralization in the Superior Province. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328984.

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Aeromagnetic and ground gravity data for the Canadian Superior Province, filtered to extract long wavelength components and converted to pseudo-gravity, highlight deep, N-S trending regional-scale, rectilinear faults and margins to discrete, competent mafic or felsic granulite blocks (i.e. at high angles to most regional mapped structures and sub-province boundaries) with little to no surface expression that are spatially associated with lode ('orogenic') Au and Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr occurrences. Statistical and machine learning analysis of the Red Lake-Stormy Lake region in the W Superior Province confirms visual inspection for a greater correlation between Au deposits and these deep N-S structures than with mapped surface to upper crustal, generally E-W trending, faults and shear zones. Porphyry Au, Ni, Mo and U-Th showings are also located above these deep transverse faults. Several well defined concentric circular to elliptical structures identified in the Oxford Stull and Island Lake domains along the S boundary of the N Superior proto-craton, intersected by N- to NNW striking extensional fractures and/or faults that transect the W Superior Province, again with little to no direct surface or upper crustal expression, are spatially associated with magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr and related mineralization and Au occurrences. The McFaulds Lake greenstone belt, aka. 'Ring of Fire', constitutes only a small, crescent-shaped belt within one of these concentric features above which 2736-2733 Ma mafic-ultramafic intrusions bodies were intruded. The Big Trout Lake igneous complex that hosts Cr-Pt-Pd-Rh mineralization west of the Ring of Fire lies within a smaller concentrically ringed feature at depth and, near the Ontario-Manitoba border, the Lingman Lake Au deposit, numerous Au occurrences and minor Ni showings, are similarly located on concentric structures. Preliminary magnetotelluric (MT) interpretations suggest that these concentric structures appear to also have an expression in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) and that lithospheric mantle resistivity features trend N-S as well as E-W. With diameters between ca. 90 km to 185 km, elliptical structures are similar in size and internal geometry to coronae on Venus which geomorphological, radar, and gravity interpretations suggest formed above mantle upwellings. Emplacement of mafic-ultramafic bodies hosting Ni-Cr-PGE mineralization along these ringlike structures at their intersection with coeval deep transverse, ca. N-S faults (viz. phi structures), along with their location along the margin to the N Superior proto-craton, are consistent with secondary mantle upwellings portrayed in numerical models of a mantle plume beneath a craton with a deep lithospheric keel within a regional N-S compressional regime. Early, regional ca. N-S faults in the W Superior were reactivated as dilatational antithetic (secondary Riedel/R') sinistral shears during dextral transpression and as extensional fractures and/or normal faults during N-S shortening. The Kapuskasing structural zone or uplift likely represents Proterozoic reactivation of a similar deep transverse structure. Preservation of discrete faults in the deep crust beneath zones of distributed Neoarchean dextral transcurrent to transpressional shear zones in the present-day upper crust suggests a 'millefeuille' lithospheric strength profile, with competent SCLM, mid- to deep, and upper crustal layers. Mechanically strong deep crustal felsic and mafic granulite layers are attributed to dehydration and melt extraction. Intra-crustal decoupling along a ductile décollement in the W Superior led to the preservation of early-formed deep structures that acted as conduits for magma transport into the overlying crust and focussed hydrothermal fluid flow during regional deformation. Increase in the thickness of semi-brittle layers in the lower crust during regional metamorphism would result in an increase in fracturing and faulting in the lower crust, facilitating hydrothermal and carbonic fluid flow in pathways linking SCLM to the upper crust, a factor explaining the late timing for most orogenic Au. Results provide an important new dataset for regional prospectively mapping, especially with machine learning, and exploration targeting for Au and Ni-Cr-Cu-PGE mineralization. Results also furnish evidence for parautochthonous development of the S Superior Province during plume-related rifting and cannot be explained by conventional subduction and arc-accretion models.
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8

Lemieux, Y., R. I. Thompson, and P. Erdmer. Stratigraphy and structure of the Upper Arrow Lake area, southeastern British Columbia: new perspectives for the Columbia River Fault Zone. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/214024.

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9

Seginer, Ido, Louis D. Albright, and Robert W. Langhans. On-line Fault Detection and Diagnosis for Greenhouse Environmental Control. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575271.bard.

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Background Early detection and identification of faulty greenhouse operation is essential, if losses are to be minimized by taking immediate corrective actions. Automatic detection and identification would also free the greenhouse manager to tend to his other business. Original objectives The general objective was to develop a method, or methods, for the detection, identification and accommodation of faults in the greenhouse. More specific objectives were as follows: 1. Develop accurate systems models, which will enable the detection of small deviations from normal behavior (of sensors, control, structure and crop). 2. Using these models, develop algorithms for an early detection of deviations from the normal. 3. Develop identifying procedures for the most important faults. 4. Develop accommodation procedures while awaiting a repair. The Technion team focused on the shoot environment and the Cornell University team focused on the root environment. Achievements Models: Accurate models were developed for both shoot and root environment in the greenhouse, utilizing neural networks, sometimes combined with robust physical models (hybrid models). Suitable adaptation methods were also successfully developed. The accuracy was sufficient to allow detection of frequently occurring sensor and equipment faults from common measurements. A large data base, covering a wide range of weather conditions, is required for best results. This data base can be created from in-situ routine measurements. Detection and isolation: A robust detection and isolation (formerly referred to as 'identification') method has been developed, which is capable of separating the effect of faults from model inaccuracies and disturbance effects. Sensor and equipment faults: Good detection capabilities have been demonstrated for sensor and equipment failures in both the shoot and root environment. Water stress detection: An excitation method of the shoot environment has been developed, which successfully detected water stress, as soon as the transpiration rate dropped from its normal level. Due to unavailability of suitable monitoring equipment for the root environment, crop faults could not be detected from measurements in the root zone. Dust: The effect of screen clogging by dust has been quantified. Implications Sensor and equipment fault detection and isolation is at a stage where it could be introduced into well equipped and maintained commercial greenhouses on a trial basis. Detection of crop problems requires further work. Dr. Peleg was primarily responsible for developing and implementing the innovative data analysis tools. The cooperation was particularly enhanced by Dr. Peleg's three summer sabbaticals at the ARS, Northem Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory, in Sidney, Montana. Switching from multi-band to hyperspectral remote sensing technology during the last 2 years of the project was advantageous by expanding the scope of detected plant growth attributes e.g. Yield, Leaf Nitrate, Biomass and Sugar Content of sugar beets. However, it disrupted the continuity of the project which was originally planned on a 2 year crop rotation cycle of sugar beets and multiple crops (com and wheat), as commonly planted in eastern Montana. Consequently, at the end of the second year we submitted a continuation BARD proposal which was turned down for funding. This severely hampered our ability to validate our findings as originally planned in a 4-year crop rotation cycle. Thankfully, BARD consented to our request for a one year extension of the project without additional funding. This enabled us to develop most of the methodology for implementing and running the hyperspectral remote sensing system and develop the new analytical tools for solving the non-repeatability problem and analyzing the huge hyperspectral image cube datasets. However, without validation of these tools over a ful14-year crop rotation cycle this project shall remain essentially unfinished. Should the findings of this report prompt the BARD management to encourage us to resubmit our continuation research proposal, we shall be happy to do so.
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10

Karasaki, Kenzi, Tiemi Onishi, and Yu-Shu Wu. Development of Hydrologic Characterization Technology of Fault Zones. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/950112.

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