Dissertations / Theses: 'And related simulations'

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Söderberg, Magnus. "Coupled models related to manufacturing simulations." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Material- och solidmekanik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26698.

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Manufacturing simulations is today on a level where a manufacturingchain can be simulated including various steps such as machining, welding, metal deposition and heat treatment. This opens up for the possibility to investigate different manufacturing routes without the high costsof experimental work. In the case of welding and metal deposition theeffect of fixtures and ordering of weld sequences can be evaluated withrespect to deformation and residual stress. If a heated tool is included ina hot forming simulation there is a possibility to find process parameters that produces the desired microstructure in the sheet metal component.The work in this thesis has focused on techniques for increased effi-ciency in the context of large and complex structures and also alleviatingthe work during model definition for metal deposition and Joule heating.
Godkänd; 2014; 20131125 (magsod); Nedanstående person kommer att hålla licentiatseminarium för avläggande av teknologie licentiatexamen. Namn: Magnus Söderberg Ämne: Materialmekanik/Material Mechanics Uppsats: Coupled Models Related to Manufacturing Simulations Examinator: Professor Lars-Erik Lindgren, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Bitr. professor Mats Näsström, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Fredag den 7 februari 2014 kl 09.00 Plats: E246, Luleå tekniska universitet

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Baranowski, Rafal. "Investigation on debris related fuel failures in BWRsupported by CFD simulations." Thesis, KTH, Fysik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-147836.

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Mühlhausen, Axel G. [Verfasser]. "Virtual portfolios for earthquake insurance related risk simulations / Axel G. Mühlhausen." Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1155948955/34.

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Donat, Markus G. [Verfasser]. "European wind storms, related loss potentials and changes in multi-model climate simulations / Markus G. Donat." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1024542270/34.

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Walker, Alice Rachel. "Computational Simulations of Cancer and Disease-Related Enzymatic Systems Using Molecular Dynamics and Combined Quantum Methods." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1157647/.

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This work discusses applications of computational simulations to enzymatic systems with a particular focus on the effects of various small perturbations on cancer and disease-related systems. First, we cover the development of carbohydrate-based PET imaging ligands for Galectin-3, which is a protein overexpressed in pancreatic cancer tumors. We uncover several structural features for the ligands that can be used to improve their binding and efficacy. Second, we discuss the AlkB family of enzymes. AlkB is the E. coli DNA repair protein for alkylation damage, and has human homologues with slightly different functions and substrates. Each has a conserved active site with a catalytic iron and a coordinating His...His...Asp triad. We have applied molecular dynamics (MD) to investigate the effect of a novel single nucleotide polymorphism for AlkBH7, which is correlated with prostate cancer and has an unknown function. We show that the mutation leads to active site distortion, which has been confirmed by experiments. Thirdly, we investigate the unfolding of hen egg white lysozyme in 90% ethanol solution and low pH, to show the initial steps of unfolding from a native-like state to the disease-associated beta-sheet structure. We compare to mass spectrometry experiments and also show differing pathways based on protonation state. Finally, we discuss three different DNA polymerase systems. DNA polymerases are the primary proteins that replicate DNA during cell division, and have various extra or specific functions. We look at a proofreading-deficient DNA polymerase III mutant, the effects of solvent on DNA polymerase IV's ability to bypass bulky DNA adducts, and a variety of mutations on DNA polymerase kappa.

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Alzubaidi, Hasan Mohammed O. "Numerical simulations of the spiking activity and the related first exit time of stochastic neural systems." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/numerical-simulations-of-thespiking-activity-and-therelated-first-exit-time-ofstochastic-neural-systems(27cd84b8-a805-4e52-8a15-2e0426c8bf58).html.

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The aim of this thesis was to study, using numerical simulation techniques, the possible effects of an additive noise on the firing properties of stochastic neural models, and the related first exit time problems. The research is divided into three main investigations. First, using SDELab, mathematical software for solving stochastic differential equations within MATLAB, we examine the influence of an additive noise on the output spike trains for the space-clamped Hodgkin Huxley (HH) model and the spatially-extended FitzHugh Nagumo (FHN) system. We find that a suitable amount of additive noise can enhance the regularity of the repetitive spiking of the space-clamped HH model. Meanwhile, we find the FHN system to be sensitive to noise, requiring that very small values of noise are chosen, in order to produce regular spikes. Second, under additive noise, we use fixed and exponential time-stepping Euler algorithms, with boundary tests, to calculate the mean first exit times (MFET) for one-dimensional neural diffusion models, represented by a stochastic space-clamped FHN system and the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) model. The strategies and theory behind these numerical methods and their convergence rates in the MFET are also considered. We find that, for different values of noise, these methods with boundary tests can improve the rate of convergence from order one half to order one, which coincides with previous studies. Finally, we look at spatially-extended systems, represented by the Barkley system with additive noise that is white in time and correlated in space, calculating mean nucleation times and mean lifetimes of traveling waves, using an efficient numerical simulation. A simple model of the dynamics of the underlying Barkley model is introduced, in order to compute the mean lifetimes, particulary for interacting waves. The reduced model is easy to use and allows us to explore the full dynamics of the kinks and antikinks, in particular over long periods. One application of the reduced model is to calculate the mean number of kinks at a given time and use this to obtain the probability that the system is excitable at a given position. With these three investigations into the effects of additive noise on stochastic neural models, we have demonstrated some of the interesting results that can be achieved using numerical techniques. We hope to extend this work, in the future, to include the effects of multiplicative noise.

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Zhang, Huan Verfasser], and Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] [Fraedrich. "Extreme rainfall events in simulations, theory and related large-scale dynamic processes / Huan Zhang. Betreuer: Klaus Fraedrich." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1051435463/34.

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Saremi, Amin G. "Effects of Specific Cochlear Pathologies on the Auditory Functions : Modelling, Simulations and Clinical Implications." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för neurovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-105810.

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A hearing impairment is primarily diagnosed by measuring the hearing thresholds at a range of auditory frequencies (air-conduction audiometry). Although this clinical procedure is simple, affordable, reliable and fast, it does not offer differential information about origins of the hearing impairment. The main goal of this thesis is to quantitatively link specific cochlear pathologies to certain changes in the spectral and temporal characteristics of the auditory system. This can help better understand the underlying mechanisms associated with sensorineural hearing impairments, beyond what is shown in the audiogram. Here, an electromechanical signal-transmission model is devised in MATLAB where the parameters of the model convey biological interpretations of mammalian cochlear structures. The model is exploited to simulate the cell-level cochlear pathologies associated with two common types of sensorineural hearing impairments, 1: presbyacusis (age-related hearing impairment) and, 2: noise-induced hearing impairment. Furthermore, a clinical study, consisting of different psychoacoustic and physiological tests, was performed to trace and validate the model predictions in human. The results of the clinical tests were collated and compared with the model predictions, showing a reasonable agreement. In summary, the present model provides a biophysical foundation for simulating the effect of specific cellular lesions, due to different inner-ear diseases and external insults, on the entire cochlear mechanism and thereby on the whole auditory system. This is a multidisciplinary work in the sense that it connects the ‘biological processes’ with ‘acoustic modelling’ and ‘clinical audiology’ in a translational context.

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Chien, Cheng-Chih. "The effectiveness of interactive computer simulations on college engineering studdent conceptual understanding and problem solving ability related to circular motion." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1241103352.

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Chien, Cheng-Chih. "The effectiveness of interactive computer simulations on college engineering student conceptual understanding and problem solving ability related to circular motion /." Connect to resource, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1241103352.

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Di, Biase Emanuela. "Systematic development of predictive molecular models of high surface area activated carbons for the simulation of multi-component adsorption processes related to carbon capture." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/16155.

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Adsorption in porous materials is a promising technology for CO2 capture and storage. Particularly important applications are adsorption separation of streams associated with the fossil fuel power plants operation, as well as natural gas sweetening. High surface area activated carbons are a promising family of materials for these applications, especially in the high pressure regimes. As the streams under consideration are generally multi-component mixtures, development and optimization of adsorption processes for their separation would substantially benefit from predictive simulation models. In this project we combine experimental data and molecular simulations to systematically develop a model for a high surface area carbon material, taking activated carbon Maxsorb MSC-30 as a reference. Our study starts from the application of the well-established slit pore model, and then evolves through the development of a more realistic model, based on a random packing of small graphitic fragments. In the construction of the model, we introduce a number of constraints, such as the value of the accessible surface area, concentration of the surface groups and pore volume, to bring the properties of the model structure close to the reference porous material. Once a plausible model is developed, its properties are further tuned through comparison between simulated and experimental results for carbon dioxide and methane. The model is then validated by predictions for the same species at different conditions and by prediction of other species involved in the carbon capture processes. The model is applied to simulate the separations involved in pre and post combustion capture processes and sweetening of sour natural gas, using realistic conditions and compositions for the multicomponent mixtures. Finally, it is used to explore the effect of water in pre and post combustion separations.

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Dahlgren, Sofia. "Evaluation of a Flooring System to Help Reduce Fall-Related Injuries among Elderly : A Compilation of Requirements together with Hip Impact Simulations, using a Computational Human Body Model." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknik och hälsa (STH), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-148452.

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Fall-related incidents are the most common cause of injury among elderly, and may result in hip fractures. Svein Kleiven and Hans von Holst, professors at the Royal Institute of Technology, have developed a technology for a compliant flooring system with the intention of reducing the peak force acting on the proximal femur during a fall. A project is underway to make the floor commercially available, where this thesis was a part of the first phase of the project. The goal with this thesis was to modify a computational human body model (HBM) to predict hip fractures when falling, using different material and geometry regarding the flooring system. It was also to compile a set of requirements that the final product would need to fulfill. The human body model was validated and modified using a study where cadavers had been tested. With the Finite Element Method (FEM), impacts were performed with the human body model and a flooring system. Requirements regarding the flooring system were compiled using literature studies, a study visit in a geriatric care facility and dialogues with well-informed people. Modifications involving contacts, material and the proximal femur were made on the model. A total of 18 simulations were performed using different flooring systems. When compared to rigid floor condition, all configurations showed a reduction in peak force on the proximal femur. The maximal attenuation was calculated to 33.04%, provided by pins with a diameter of 3 mm and with a distance of 5 mm between their midpoints.

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Göbel, Kathrin [Verfasser], Kerstin [Akademischer Betreuer] Sonnabend, and Oliver [Akademischer Betreuer] Kester. "Measurement of the 94Mo(γ,n) reaction by Coulomb dissociation and related post-processing nucleosynthesis simulations for the p-process / Kathrin Göbel. Gutachter: Kerstin Sonnabend ; Oliver Kester. Betreuer: Kerstin Sonnabend." Frankfurt am Main : Univ.-Bibliothek Frankfurt am Main, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1071890328/34.

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Malve, Priyanka. "Cost-benefit analysis of mitigation of outages caused by squirrels on the overhead electricity distribution systems." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16924.

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Master of Science
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Anil Pahwa
Unpredictable power outages due to environmental factors such as lighting, wind, trees, and animals, have always been a concern for utilities because they are often unavoidable. This research aims to study squirrel-related outages by modeling past real-life outage data and provide the optimal result which would assist utilities in increasing electric system reliability. This research is a novel approach to benchmark system performance in order to identify areas and durations with higher than expected outages. The model is illustrated with seven years (2005-2011) of animal-related outage data and 14 years of weather data (1998-2011) for four cities in Kansas, used as training data to predict future outages. The past data indicates that the number of outages on any day varies with the seasons and weather conditions on that day. The prediction is based on a Bayesian Model using conditional probability table, which is calculated based on training data. Since future weather conditions are unknown and random, Monte Carlo Simulation is used with the past 14 years of weather data to create different yearly scenarios. These scenarios are then used with the models to predict expected outages. Multiple runs of Monte Carlo analysis provide a probability distribution of expected outages. Further work discusses about cost-to-benefit analysis of implementation of outage mitigation methods. The analysis is performed by considering different combinations of outage reduction and mitigation levels. In this research, eight cases of outage reduction and nine cases of mitigation levels are defined. The probability of benefit is calculated by a statistical approach for every combination. Several optimal strategies are constructed using the probability values and outage history. The outcomes are compared with each other to propose the most beneficial outage mitigation strategy. This research will immensely assist utilities in reducing the outages due to squirrels more effectively with higher benefits and therefore improve reliability of the electricity supply to consumers.

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Zelenka, Stefan. "Stress-related problems in process simulation /." Zürich, 2001. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=14220.

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Desai, Kaajal H. "Simulation of atomic structures for nuclear related applications." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501470.

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Adolfson, Magnus. "Simulation of Emission Related Faults on a Diesel Engine." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1506.

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Today's legislation on exhaust gas emissions for heavy duty diesel (HDD) vehicles is more stringent than ever and will be even more tough in the future. More over, in a few years HDD vehicles have to be equipped with OBD (On-Board Diagnostics). This place very high demands on the manufacturers to develop better engines and strategies for OBD. As an aid in the process models can be used.

This thesis presents extensions of an existing diesel engine model in Matlab/Simulink to be able to simulate emissions during standardized european test cycles. Faults in the sensor and actuator signals are implemented into the model to find out if there is an increase or decrease in the emissions. This is used to create a fault tree where it can be seen why predefined emission thresholds are exceeded. The tree is an aid when developing OBD.

The results from the simulations showed that almost no faults made the emissions cross the thresholds. The only interesting faults were faults in the ambient temperature sensor and the injection angle actuator. This means that the OBD-system only needs to monitor a few components which implies a smaller system and less work.

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Gunawan, Harry Putu. "Numerical simulation of shallow water equations and related models." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PEST1010/document.

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Cette thèse porte sur l'approximation numérique des équations de Saint-Venant et de quelques problèmes qui leur sont reliés. Dans la première partie, nous analysons les propriétés mathématiques et les applications des schémas numériques sur grilles décalées. La robustesse de ces schémas est prouvée sur des applications telles que les équations de Saint-Venant dans un domaine en rotation, en vue des écoulements géostrophiques, ainsi que l'extension de ces équations au cas visqueux. Dans la seconde partie, nous présentons des modèles basés sur les équations de Saint-Venant. Nous commençons par étudier le couplage avec l'équation d'Exner, qui porte sur le transport des sédiments. Nous observons des propriétés de convergence numérique vers la solution exacte dans un cas de solution analytique, et nous constatons un bon accord avec des données expérimentales dans le cas de la rupture de barrage avec fond érodable. Nous continuons par l'étude d'un schéma numérique, basé sur une méthode de volumes finis colocalisés (HLLC) pour l'approximation du modèle de Richard-Gavrilyuk. Ce modèle étend les équations de Saint-Venant au cas des écoulements avec cisaillement. Des tests numériques montrent la validité du schéma
This thesis is devoted to the numerical approximation of the shallow water equations and of some related models. In the first part, we analyze the mathematical properties and the applications of the staggered grid scheme. The robustness of this scheme is validated on various applications such as the rotating shallow water equations for geostrophic flows model and viscous shallow water equations. In the second part, we consider some related models. Firstly focusing on the coupling between the Exner equation and the shallow water equations, modelling bedload sediment transport, we observe in a particular case the numerical convergence of the scheme to the exact solution, as well as a good agreement with the experimental data in the dam-break with erodible bottom test. Secondly, we present a numerical scheme based on the finite volume collocated scheme (HLLC) in order to approximate the Richard-Gavrilyuk model. This model is an extension of the shallow water model, fit for modelling the shear shallow water flows. Some numerical tests provide a validation of the scheme

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Tschaufeser, Petra. "Computer simulation studies of zeolites and related microporous materials." Thesis, University of Bath, 1992. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306781.

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Xia, Xilin. "High-performance simulation technologies for water-related natural hazards." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3798.

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Water-related natural hazards, such as flash floods, landslides and debris flows, usually happen in chains. In order to better understand the underlying physical processes and more reliably quantify the associated risk, it is essential to develop a physically-based multi-hazard modelling system to simulate these hazards at a catchment scale. An effective multi-hazard modelling system may be developed by solving a set of depth-averaged dynamic equations incorporating adaptive basal resistance terms. High-performance computing achieved through implementation on modern graphic processing units (GPUs) can be used to accelerate the model to support efficient large-scale simulations. This thesis presents the key simulation technologies for developing such a novel high-performance water-related natural hazards modelling system. A new well-balanced smoothed particle hydrodynamic (SPH) model is first presented for solving the shallow water equations (SWEs) in the context of flood inundation modelling. The performance of the SPH model is compared with an alternative flood inundation model based on a finite volume (FV) method in order to select a better numerical method for the current study. The FV model performs favourably for practical applications and therefore is adopted to develop the proposed multi-hazard model. In order to more accurately describe the rainfallrunoff and overland flow process that often initiates a hazard chain, a first-order FV Godunovtype model is developed to solve the SWEs, implemented with novel source term discretisation schemes. The new model overcomes the limitations of the current prevailing numerical schemes such as inaccurate calculations of bed slope or friction source terms and provides much improved numerical accuracy, efficiency and stability for simulating overland flows and surface flooding. To support large-scale simulation of flow-like landslides or debris flows, a new formulation of depth-averaged governing equations is derived on the Cartesian coordinate system. The new governing equations take into account the effects of non-hydrostatic pressure and centrifugal force, which may become significant over terrains with steep and curved topography. These equations are compatible with various basal resistance terms, effectively leading to a unified mathematical framework for describing different type of water-related natural hazards including surface flooding, flow-like landslides and debris flows. The new depthaveraged governing equations are then solved using an FV Godunov-type framework based on the second-order accurate scheme. A flexible and GPU-based software framework is further designed to provide much improved computational efficiency for large-scale simulations and ease the future implementation of new functionalities. This provides an effective codebase for the proposed multi-hazard modelling system and its potential is confirmed by successfully applying to simulate flow-like landslides and dam break floods.

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Rydén, Patrik. "Statistical analysis and simulation methods related to load-sharing models." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Matematisk statistik, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-46772.

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We consider the problem of estimating the reliability of bundles constructed of several fibres, given a particular kind of censored data. The bundles consist of several fibres which have their own independent identically dis-tributed failure stresses (i.e.the forces that destroy the fibres). The force applied to a bundle is distributed between the fibres in the bundle, accord-ing to a load-sharing model. A bundle with these properties is an example of a load-sharing system. Ropes constructed of twisted threads, compos-ite materials constructed of parallel carbon fibres, and suspension cables constructed of steel wires are all examples of load-sharing systems. In par-ticular, we consider bundles where load-sharing is described by either the Equal load-sharing model or the more general Local load-sharing model. In order to estimate the cumulative distribution function of failure stresses of bundles, we need some observed data. This data is obtained either by testing bundles or by testing individual fibres. In this thesis, we develop several theoretical testing methods for both fibres and bundles, and related methods of statistical inference. Non-parametric and parametric estimators of the cumulative distribu-tion functions of failure stresses of fibres and bundles are obtained from different kinds of observed data. It is proved that most of these estimators are consistent, and that some are strongly consistent estimators. We show that resampling, in this case random sampling with replacement from sta-tistically independent portions of data, can be used to assess the accuracy of these estimators. Several numerical examples illustrate the behavior of the obtained estimators. These examples suggest that the obtained estimators usually perform well when the number of observations is moderate.

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Ghiasi, Golnoush. "Simulation of turbulent flames at conditions related to IC engines." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/278054.

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Engine manufacturers are constantly seeking avenues to build cleaner and more ef cient engines to meet ever increasing stringent emission legislations. This requires a closer under- standing of the in-cylinder physical and chemical processes, which can be obtained either through experiments or simulations. The advent of computational hardware, methodologies and modelling approaches in recent times make computational uid dynamics (CFD) an important and cost-effective tool for gathering required insights on the in-cylinder ow, combustion and their interactions. Traditional Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) methods and emerging Large Eddy Simulation (LES) techniques are being used as a reli- able mathematical framework tools for the prediction of turbulent ow in such conditions. Nonetheless, the combustion submodels commonly used in combustion calculations are developed using insights and results obtained for atmospheric conditions. However, The combustion characteristics and its interaction with turbulence at Internal combustion (IC) engine conditions with, high pressure and temperatures can be quite different from those in conventional conditions and are yet to be investigated in detail. The objective here is to apply FlaRe (Flamelets revised for physical consistencies) model for IC engines conditions and assess its performance. This model was developed in earlier studies for continuous combustion systems. It is well accepted that the laminar burning velocity, SL, is an essential parameter to determine the fuel burn rate and consequently the power output and ef ciency of IC engines. Also, it is involved in almost all of the sophisticated turbulent combustion models for premixed and partially premixed charges. The burning velocities of these mixtures at temperatures of 850 ≤ T ≤ 950 decrease with pressure up to about 3 MPa as it is well known, but it starts to increase beyond this pressure. This contrasting behaviour observed for the rst time is explained and it is related to the role of pressure dependent reaction for iso-octane and involving OH and the in uence of this radical on the fuel consumption rate. The results iv seem to suggest that the overall order of the combustion reaction for iso-octane and gasoline mixture with air is larger than 2 at pressures higher than 3 MPa. The FlaRe combustion is used to simulate premixed combustion inside a spark-ignition engine. The predictive capabilities of the proposed approach and sensitivity of the model to various parameters have been studied. FlaRe approach includes a parameter βc representing the effects of ame curvature on the burning rate. Since the reactant temperature and pressure inside the cylinder are continually varying with time, the mutual in uence of ame curvature and thermo-chemical activities may be stronger in IC engines and thus this parameter is less likely to be constant. The sensitivity of engine simulation results to this parameter is investigated for a range of engine speed and load conditions. The results indicate some sensitivity and so a careful calibration of this parameter is required for URANS calculation which can be avoided using dynamic evaluations for LES. The predicted pressure variations show fair agreement with those obtained using the level-set approach. DNS data of a hydrogen air turbulent premixed ame in a rectangular constant volume vessel has been analysed to see the effect of higher pressure and temperature on the curvature parameter βc. Since the reactant temperature and pressure inside the cylinder are continually varying with time, the mutual in uence of ame curvature and thermo-chemical activities are expected to be stronger in IC engines and thus the parameter βc may not be constant. To shed more light on this, two time steps from the DNS data has been analysed using dynamic βc procedure. The results show that the effect of higher pressure and temperature need to be considered and taken into account while evaluating βc. When combustion takes place inside a closed vessel as in an IC engine the compression of the un-burnt gases by the propagating ame causes the pressure to rise. In the nal part of this thesis, the FlaRe combustion model is implemented in a commercial computational uid dynamics (CFD) code, STAR-CD, in the LES framework to study swirling combustion inside a closed vessel. Different values of βc has been tested and the need for dynamic evaluation is observed.

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Huntington, James E. "Computer simulation studies of nuclear reactor fuel and related uranium phases." Thesis, Keele University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384936.

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Ennaoui, Karima. "Computational aspects of infinite automata simulation and closure system related issues." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne‎ (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAC031/document.

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La thèse est consacrée à des problématiques d’algorithmique et de complexité sur deux sujets. Le premier sujet s’intéresse à la composition comportementale des services web. Ce problème a été réduit à la simulation d’un automate par le produit fermé d’un ensemble d’automates. La thèse étudie dans sa première partie la complexité de ce problème en considérant deux paramètres : le nombre des instances considéré de chaque service et la présence des états hybrides : état à la fois intermédiaire et final dans un automate. Le second sujet porte sur les systèmes de fermeture et s’intéresse au calcul de l’extension maximale d’un système de fermeture ainsi qu’à l’énumération des clefs candidates d’une base implicative. On donne un algorithme incrémental polynomial qui génère l’extension maximale d’un treillis codé par une relation binaire. Puis, la notion de key-ideal est définie, en prouvant que leur énumération est équivalente à l’énumération des clefs candidates. Ensuite, on donne un algorithme qui permet de générer les key-ideal minimaux en temps incrémental polynomial et les key-ideal non minimaux en délai polynomial
This thesis investigates complexity and computational issues in two parts. The first concerns an issue related to web services composition problem: Deciding whether the behaviour of a web service can be composed out of an existing repository of web services. This question has been reduced to simulating a finite automata to the product closure of an automata set. We study the complexity of this problem considering two parameters; the number of considered instances in the composition and the presence of the so-called hybrid states (states that are both intermediate and final). The second part concerns closure systems and two related issues; Maximal extension of a closure system : we give an incremental polynomial algorithm that computes a lattice's maximal extension when the input is a binary relation. Candidate keys enumeration : we introduce the notion of key-ideal sets and prove that their enumeration is equivalent to candidate keys enumeration. We then give an efficient algorithm that generates all non-minimal key-ideal sets in a polynomial delay and all minimal ones in incremental polynomial time

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Ray, Sherry Rene. "Issues Related to Implementing High-Fidelity Simulation in a Nursing Program." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4753.

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Due to the shortage of clinical sites, nursing educators, deans, and directors are compelled to implement alternative clinical solutions such as high-fidelity simulation (HFS). The problem is that nursing educators are often not prepared to implement HFS as a teaching strategy. Faculty readiness is imperative for a successful simulation program and student outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions and practices of faculty, deans, and directors on the implementation of HFS across the nursing curriculum. Kolb's experiential learning theory provided the theoretical support for both the teaching and learning required by faculty for a successful simulation program. The key research question was to investigate how nursing educators perceived the implementation of HFS across the curriculum and how nursing deans and directors provided support for integrating HFS throughout the curriculum. The study population included 13 nursing faculty and 7 deans using simulation at prelicensure programs. Data collection included interviews, observations of simulation labs, and document analysis. Data were analyzed using open and priori coding. Five themes emerged relating to need for faculty development, need for time, need for resources, need for space, and need for support. These findings were consistent with the literature. Based on the findings, a professional development program in simulation pedagogy was developed. The faculty development program could lead to a positive social change by reducing barriers and increasing the use of simulation. Increasing the use of simulation allows nursing students to practice clinical reasoning skills and gain confidence and competence with the goal of improving patient outcomes.

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Ahmad, Nasir. "Numerical simulation of transport processes in multicomponent systems related to solidification problems /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1995. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=1349.

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Marianayagam, Kristin Reka. "Numerical Simulation Study on Parameters related to Athabasca Bitumen Recovery with SAGD." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for petroleumsteknologi og anvendt geofysikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-19302.

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The world’s total oil reserves are to some extent dominated by heavy oil. The heavy oil reserves are doubled in volume compared to conventional oil reserves. As conventional oil reservoirs are depleting, heavy oil and bitumen possesses a great potential in covering parts of the future energy demand. The possibility of horizontal drilling has created a pathway for SAGD (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage), which is the most preferred heavy oil and bitumen recovery method. The mechanism of SAGD involves two parallel horizontal wells, one for production and one for injection. The production well is situated at the bottom of the reservoir and the injection well is placed above. Steam is injected and heats up the oil which is then able to flow to the production well by gravity drainage. In the present thesis, a numerical study of parameters has been performed in relation to SAGD implementation in the Athabasca field. The thermal simulator utilized is CMG STARS. The Athabasca field is located in Northern Alberta in the Western Canada Sedimentary basin. Due to the complexity of core extraction in bitumen reservoirs, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis is significant in order to determine the appropriate production approach. The present study confirmed that a decrease in viscosity and increase in porosity yielded higher oil recoveries. All oil recoveries found in 3D simulations were within model uncertainties compared to the 2D result. Increase in horizontal and vertical permeabilities resulted in higher oil recovery up to a certain limit, where exceeding permeabilities provided limited increase in oil recovery. The effect of different vertical well spacing proved to have minor effect on amount of oil produced. Yet, based on cumulative steam oil ratio (CSOR) it was proposed to maintain a vertical well spacing in the range of 3.5 to 7 meters.

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Cheung, David Lai Gwai. "Structures and properties of liquid crystals and related molecules from computer simulation." Thesis, Durham University, 2002. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3882/.

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Computer simulations provide a powerful tool for the investigation of liquid crystalline phases. In this thesis the ability of simulations to calculate accurately the values of material parameters of liquid crystal molecules is investigated. An all-atom force field for liquid crystal molecules is developed using first principles density functional theory calculations on small organic molecules, which encompass key structural features of a range of common liquid crystalline molecules. Molecular dynamics simulations of these 'fragment' molecules are carried out in the liquid phase to test the force field parameters by determining densities and heats of vapourisation. Good agreement is found between experimental values and those calculated from simulation. Equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) calculations were then performed for the nematogen n-4-(trans-n-pentylcyclohexyl)benzonitrile (PCH5). These simulations were performed using a fully atomistic model for several temperatures. The MD trajectories were used to obtain densities, order parameters, and values for the rotational viscosity coefficient 71. Several methods of obtaining 71 were tested based on the director angular velocity correlation function, the director mean-squared displacement, and statistical mechanics methods based on the rotational diffusion model. Good agreement is obtained between experimental values of 71 and those found from simulation. Further MD simulations of PCH5 using a 216 molecule system and the force field derived in this thesis were carried out to calculate the flexoelectric coefficients e(_s) and e(_b) for PCH5. The temperature dependence of and was examined along with the separate contributions to e(_s)and e(_b)arising bom the electrostatic and van der Waals interactions. The calculated values of e(_s)and e(_b) are consistent with available experimental data. The van der Waals and electrostatic contributions are found to be of similar magnitude and opposite sign.

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Sibanda, Nokuthaba. "Bayesian analysis of genetic mapping and related problems via simulation based techniques." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/1262.

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Gary, Michael Shayne. "The dynamics of resource sharing in related diversification : a feedback simulation modelling approach." Thesis, London Business School (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325689.

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Cefalu, Gabriella. "Simulating event related potentials in tasks involving conflict resolution: a neural network." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/7648/.

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In this thesis, the main Executive Control theories are exposed. Methods typical of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience are introduced and the role of behavioural tasks involving conflict resolution in the response elaboration, after the presentation of a stimulus to the subject, are highlighted. In particular, the Eriksen Flanker Task and its variants are discussed. Behavioural data, from scientific literature, are illustrated in terms of response times and error rates. During experimental behavioural tasks, EEG is registered simultaneously. Thanks to this, event related potential, related with the current task, can be studied. Different theories regarding relevant event related potential in this field - such as N2, fERN (feedback Error Related Negativity) and ERN (Error Related Negativity) – are introduced. The aim of this thesis is to understand and simulate processes regarding Executive Control, including performance improvement, error detection mechanisms, post error adjustments and the role of selective attention, with the help of an original neural network model. The network described here has been built with the purpose to simulate behavioural results of a four choice Eriksen Flanker Task. Model results show that the neural network can simulate response times, error rates and event related potentials quite well. Finally, results are compared with behavioural data and discussed in light of the mentioned Executive Control theories. Future perspective for this new model are outlined.

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Hötzel, Markus [Verfasser], and G. [Akademischer Betreuer] Drexlin. "Simulation and analysis of source-related effects for KATRIN / Markus Hötzel. Betreuer: G. Drexlin." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1029141932/34.

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Vaccaro, Loredana. "Multidrug resistance in bacteria : simulation studies of the AcrAB/TolC system and related proteins." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436932.

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Lee, Xing Ju. "Statistical and simulation modelling for enhanced understanding of hospital pathogen and related health issues." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/103762/1/Xing%20Ju_Lee_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis investigated the temporal occurrence and transmission of within hospital pathogens using appropriate statistical and simulation models applied to imperfect hospital data. The research provides new insights into the transmission dynamics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus within a hospital ward to assist infection control and prevention efforts. Additionally, appropriate statistical methods are identified to analyse hospital infection data which take into account the intricacies and potential limitations of such data.

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Börger, Reik H. "Energy-related commodity futures - statistics, models and derivatives." [S.l. : s.n.], 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:289-vts-60248.

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Kanj, Hassan. "Contribution to risk analysis related to the transport of hazardous materials by agent-based simulation." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAT060/document.

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Le transport de matières dangereuses (TMD) représente une source de danger pour les zones traversées. Ce danger peut produire des conséquences graves pour l’environnement, les biens ou les humains surtout si un accident aura lieu lors du transport. Due à l’importance de ces produits (essence, matières premières, médicaments) dans la vie quotidienne et à l’augmentation de la demande sur ces matières, il est utile d’analyser et d’évaluer le niveau de risque lié au TMD pour le minimiser. Ce risque dépend de la route suivie, de la quantité transportée, du moment de la journée, du trafic, des conditions météorologiques ainsi que de la densité de population des zones traversées. Il est caractérisé par les cibles qui sont exposées pour un temps donné et son niveau qui varie selon le temps et l'espace. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’évaluer et d’estimer le niveau de risque lié à un accident, et plus précisément le risque lié à l’expédition de marchandises dangereuses. Diverses méthodes sont élaborées pour proposer des modèles permettant de résoudre ce problème tout en tenant compte de différents paramètres tels que, le trafic, les conditions météorologiques, le coût et le temps du transport, ainsi que de leurs changements au cours du temps afin de détecter la meilleure route à suivre. La première partie de cette thèse représente l’état de l’art sur les différentes techniques d’analyse de risque pour le transport de matières dangereuses. Ensuite, deux approches sont proposées et étudiées en détail : une approche basée sur la simulation de Monte Carlo qui sert à évaluer le niveau de risque lié à un accident, et une autre qui estime le niveau de risque lié à une expédition de MD. La deuxième partie traite le problème de l’aspect temporel dans l’analyse de risque. En effet, l’importance du trafic, le taux d’occupation des bâtiments et les conditions météorologiques changent fortement selon le moment de la journée. À cause de la complexité de notre système (plusieurs entités, systèmes distribués, entités avec plusieurs niveaux d'abstraction, etc.), nous sommes tournés vers une approche de simulation multi-agents et nous proposons et implémentons un méta modèle d’agents avec une facette « risque ». Cette facette nous permet de représenter l’analyse de risque et la propagation de défaillance dans un modèle multi-agents. La troisième partie de cette thèse porte sur l’évaluation du niveau de risque lié au TMD. Dans un premier temps, nous proposons une approche d’évaluation basée sur l’évaluation de la fréquence d’un accident et de sa gravité. Ensuite, nous implémentons un simulateur en proposant le couplage de chacune de deux approches présentées dans la première partie avec le méta modèle d’agents présenté dans la seconde partie. Dans un second temps, comme la prise de décision est affectée par l’aspect économique et temporel (coût d’une expédition et durée du trajet), nous sommes face à un problème de décision multicritère (MCDM). Pour prendre en compte le fait que plusieurs paramètres utilisés dans l’analyse de risque sont incertains, nous avons utilisé une approche à base de nombres flous avec une extension de méthodes MCDM pour traiter ces incertitudes. Toutes ces méthodes sont implémentées sous Eclipse. Ensuite, un outil de simulation est développé. Il permet d’analyser le niveau de risque et de réaliser des cartographies qui illustrent la position instantanée du camion avec les zones impactées au cas d’accident. Ce travail est inscrit dans le cadre du projet GEOTRANS-MD
Dangerous Goods Transport (DGT) represents a source of danger to the crossed areas. This danger can produce serious consequences for the environment, property or human beings. Due to the importance of these products (gasoline, first material, medicines) in everyday life and the increasing demand on these products, it is important to analyze and assess the level of risk related to DGT in order to minimize it. This risk depends on the followed route, the quantity of transported products, the time of day, the weather conditions and the population density of crossed areas. It is characterized by the targets that are exposed for a given time, and by the risk level that varies with time and space.The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate and assess the risk level related to an accident and especially risk related to DGT. Several methods to calculate the risk level, related to DGT, have been proposed in the literature. In most of these methods, the temporal aspect has not been taken explicitly into account in spite of its importance. Indeed, the volume of traffic, the building occupancy rates or weather conditions could greatly change depending on the time of day.The first part of this thesis summarizes the state of the art on risk analysis. Next, we present two approaches for assessing risk related to DGT systems: the former serves to evaluate the risk level of an accident and it is based on Monte Carlo Simulation, while the latter aims at assessing the risk level along a trajectory.The second part focuses on the temporal aspect and due to the complexity of our system (several entities, distributed systems, entities with multiple levels of abstraction, etc.), we are turned to a multi-agent simulation approach and we define a meta-model agent with a risk facet, a generic facet. This facet allows us to represent the risk analysis and failure propagation in an agent model.The third part of this thesis illustrates a proposed approach to assess the risk level related to DGT. Firstly, we propose formulas to assess the accident frequency and severity. Then, we present the implementation of both simulation approaches proposed in the first part using the agent based model proposed in the second part. Secondly, as decision-making is affected by the economic and temporal aspects (cost of shipping and travel time), we are facing a multi-criteria decision making problem (MCDM). In addition, to take into account the fact that several parameters used in risk analysis are uncertain, we have used fuzzy numbers. Next, we have proposed an approach, which integrates MCDM methods with fuzzy numbers, to identify the best route for DGT among a set of alternatives. The purpose of this approach is to provide decision support for decision makers such as, public authorities and emergency services in case of emergency.A simulation tool is developed in Eclipse, which allows us to analyze the level of risk and realizes maps that show the instantaneous position of the truck with the impacted areas in the case of accident. This work is a part of the GEOTRANS-MD project

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37

Dolney, Timothy J. "VERTUS vehicle emissions related to urban sprawl /." [Kent, Ohio] : Kent State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=kent1182869915.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Kent State University, 2007.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Mar. 19, 2009). Advisor: Jay Lee. Keywords: urban sprawl, vehicle emissions, air pollution, geographic information systems (GIS), home-work journey, simulation. Includes bibliographical references (p. 213-223).

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Tan, Don Bing Dong. "Is the precision of computed solutions more closely related with componentwise condition number than normwise condition number?" HKBU Institutional Repository, 2015. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/153.

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We have a conjecture that “the precision of computed solutions for systems of linear equations is more closely related with componentwise condition number c(A) than normwise condition number κ(A). We conducted simulation experiments to verify this conjecture. A statistical tool, Hotelling-Williams T-Test is employed to check if difference between correlations is significant. Simulation results suggest that our conjecture is true for most of the well-known methods and matrix sizes. Keywords: condition numbers, simulation, correlation coefficients, Hotelling-Williams T-Test

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Gornak, Tatiana [Verfasser], and Oleg [Akademischer Betreuer] Iliev. "Efficient Algorithms for Flow Simulation related to Nuclear Reactor Safety / Tatiana Gornak. Betreuer: Oleg Iliev." Kaiserslautern : Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1053326203/34.

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Keggen, Linda Anne. "Simulation techniques to study the potential for flow related thrombus deposition on prosthetic heart valves." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388707.

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Bîlteanu, Liviu. "Atomic scale simulation of hydrogen related defects in hydrogen implanted silicon - Smart Cut™ technology." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112293.

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Le sujet de cette thèse est lié à l'étape d'implantation de la technologie Smart Cut™. Cette technologie utilise l'hydrogène pour transférer des couches de silicium sur des substrats isolants. Le transfert se fait par une fracture induite par la formation des défauts bidimensionnels appelés dans la littérature des plaquettes (en anglais « platelets »). Plus précisément, nous avons étudié dans le cadre de cette thèse les défauts qui apparaissent dans l'état post implantation et leur évolution de l'endommagement d'implantation vers l'état qui contient des plaquettes. L'étude est organisée en deux parties : une première partie qui contient les résultats obtenus par simulation atomistique et une deuxième partie qui contient l'étude par spectroscopie infrarouge de l'évolution des concentrations des défauts suites à des recuits à différentes températures. Les simulations atomistiques ont été effectuées dans le cadre de la théorie de la fonctionnelle densité et ont permis de calculer des énergies de formation et de migration/recombinaisons. Les défauts étudiés sont les interstitiels d'hydrogène atomique et moléculaire, des lacunes et multi-lacunes hydrogénées et finalement des différents modèles de plaquettes. Ces énergies ont permis réaliser un schéma hiérarchique de stabilité des défauts. Ce schéma a été confronté avec des analyses infrarouge sur des échantillons de silicium implanté par hydrogène (à 37 keV) dans le régime dit de «sous-dose» qui ne permets habituellement la formation immédiate des plaquettes lors de l'étape de l'implantation. Ces analyses ont permis de discriminer des évolutions des concentrations de défauts déduites des comportements lors des recuits des pics correspondants aux défauts. La comparaison entre ces évolutions et le schéma énergétique a permis de valider un scénario d'évolution des défauts vers l'état plaquette
The topic of this thesis is related to the implantation step of the Smart Cut™ technology. This technology uses hydrogen in order to transfer silicon layers on insulating substrates. The transfer is performed through a fracture induced by the formation of bidimensional defects well known in Iiterature as "platelets". More exactly, we have studied within this thesis work the defects appearing in the post implant state and the evolution of the implantation damage towards a state dominated by platelets. The study is organised into two parts: in the first part we present the results obtained by atomic scale simulations while the second part we present an infrared spectroscopy study of the evolution of defects concentrations after annealing at different temperatures. The atomic scale simulations have been performed within the density functional theory and they allowed us to compute the formation energies and the migration and recombination barriers. The defects included in our study are: the atomic and diatomic interstitials, the hydrogenated vacancies and multivacancies and the several platelets models. The obtained energies allowed us to build a stability hierarchy for these types of defects. This scheme has been confronted with some infrared analysis on hydrogen implanted silicon samples (37 keV) in a sub-dose regime which does not allow usually the formation of platelets during the implantation step. The analysis of the infrared data allowed the detailed description of the defects concentration based on the behaviour of peaks corresponding to the respective defects during annealing. The comparison between these evolutions and the energy scheme obtained previously allowed the validation of an evolution scenario of defects towards the platelet state

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42

Schmidt, Sebastian. "Finite element simulation of external ear sound fields for the optimization of eardrum related measurements." Berlin Logos-Verl, 2009. http://d-nb.info/996288031/04.

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Barros, Inácio de. "Soil related limitation to crop production in the semiarid Northeast of Brazil : identification and modeling /." Stuttgart : Inst. für Bodenkunde und Standortslehre, 2002. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=010218120&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Aryal, Gokarna Raj. "Study of laplace and related probability distributions and their applications." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001650.

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45

Sauer, Benjamin [Verfasser]. "Direct numerical simulation of the primary breakup of aircraft engine related two-phase flows / Benjamin Sauer." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1053859708/34.

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MONROE, STUART ROBERT. "COMPUTER SIMULATION MODEL FOR STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT DECISIONS RELATED TO YUMA, ARIZONA CITRUS ORCHARDS (POLICY, OPTIMIZATION, OPERATIONS)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187986.

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This research assisted the Yuma, Arizona citrus orchard manager in his strategic planning for achieving a low-cost position in a focused segment of the citrus industry. Citrus growers in the Yuma district are faced with major changes in their competitive environment and must adopt new strategic plans in order to continue to compete effectively in what has recently become a global industry. Since the planning horizon for new citrus orchards is in excess of 20 years, a long range planning model was developed to aid in evaluating alternative operating strategies. This research established the interrelatedness of water, nitrogen, and phosphorous relative to the yields of Valenica Oranges, Lisbon Lemons, and Redblush Grapefruit on Rough Lemon, Sour Orange, and Troyer rootstocks. A computer simulation model was used to evaluate optimal operating policies for a variety of resource prices and market conditions. The methodology utilized in development of the simulation model was unique in that it emulates individual tree performance from the time of planting until maturation. Four operating strategies were investigated and the profit maximizing and cost minimizing strategies were found to be significant. Evaluation of market selling prices indicated that the profit maximizing strategy was optimal except at very low market prices where the cost minimization strategy was optimal. Price sensitivity for water and fertilizer resources was investigated. Operating strategies were not affected by water price increases over the foreseeable future, however, price changes in nitrogen and phosphorous were found to affect the optimal operating strategy primarily through the substitution of manure in the system. Existing horticultural practices in the Yuma growing area were confirmed by the research. Additional optimal operating strategies were suggested relative to market prices. The long run policy decision making process for orchard managers was enhanced.

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Uchino, Hirotoshi. "Roles of Electron in Physical Processes Related to Magnetic Reconnections in the Earth’s Magnetosphere." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/225409.

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Togawa, Kanali Verfasser], Antonello [Akademischer Betreuer] [Monti, and Albert [Akademischer Betreuer] Moser. "Stochastics based methods enabling testing of grid related algorithms through simulation / Kanali Togawa ; Antonello Monti, Albert Moser." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1130792269/34.

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Togawa, Kanali [Verfasser], Antonello [Akademischer Betreuer] Monti, and Albert [Akademischer Betreuer] Moser. "Stochastics based methods enabling testing of grid related algorithms through simulation / Kanali Togawa ; Antonello Monti, Albert Moser." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:82-rwth-2015-038861.

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Delventhal, Brooke. "Simulation-Based Stability Tests in Total Knee Arthroplasty: Are Component Alignment, KneeLaxity, and Tibiofemoral Contact Forces Related?" The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1574422948246589.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'And related simulations'

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