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1
Göransson, Jenny. "Readout Strategies for Biomolecular Analyses." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för genetik och patologi, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9343.
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This thesis describes three readout formats for molecular analyses. A common feature in all works is probing techniques that upon specific target recognition ideally results in equimolar amounts of DNA circles. These are then specifically amplified and detected using any of the techniques presented herein. The first paper presents a method that enables homogeneous digital detection and enumeration of biomolecules, represented as fluorescence-labelled DNA macromolecules. This method offers precise measurements to be performed with a wide linear dynamic range. As an application, two closely related bacterial species were selectively detected. The second paper further investigates and optimizes the properties of the technique presented in paper one. The third paper demonstrates a platform that enables simultaneous quantitative analysis of large numbers of biomolecules. The array format and decoding scheme together propose a digital strategy for decoding of biomolecules. The array and the decoding procedure were characterized and evaluated for gene copy-number measurements. The fourth paper examines a new strategy for non-optical measurements of biomolecules. Characteristics of this technique are investigated, and compared to its optical equivalent, fluorescence polarization.
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Göransson, Jenny. "Readout Strategies for Biomolecular Analyses /." Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9343.
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Patel, Trupti. "Nanomechanical resonators for SQUID readout." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10043534/.
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Nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS) are an important new class of device, with a growing range of applications, from tests of quantum mechanics through to nanoscale metrology and a vast number of different sensors. Cryogenic operation is also possible, and at low temperatures, nanoscale resonators exhibit quantum behaviour. NEMS resonators require readout of ultra-small, atomic scale displacements. To achieve this at low temperatures we have developed an ultrasensitive nanoSQUID readout of a coupled current-carrying NEMS resonator. The NanoSQUIDs are fabricated by gallium focussed ion beam milling and are based on niobium nanobridge weak links (Dayem bridges). The nanoSQUIDs have low loop inductance and low junction capacitance resulting in high flux and energy sensitivity. This work focusses on the characterisation of the resonator and nanoSQUID after they have been incorporated onto one chip. This is done through nanoindentation to characterise resonators and electronic measurements of the SQUID using a low-temperature preamplifier. It is found that the model used based upon an Euler-Bernoilli beam is correct close the centre of the sample but does not fit data points well close to the contacts. It is found the resonators have Young’s modulus in the range of 3GPa-241GPa. Both beam and paddle-shaped resonators are investigated and the models are made based upon the two different shapes. That for the paddle is based upon the same as the beam but uses a rectangular function to describe the changing area moment of inertia along the length of the resonator. The SQUID devices are characterised and found to have a typical noise floor of 0.2μ 0/pHz. Problems which have arisen due to the orientation of the two magnetic fields and their effect on the SQUID performance are discussed. We consider the geometry and optimum coupling of rectangular and square Si3N4 resonators to matching similar shaped nanoSQUID loops. We also discuss simulations of the nanoSQUID response versus resonator position for both symmetric and asymmetric configurations. It is found that optimal coupling is achieved in the asymmetric case due to the cancelling of the change in flux in the symmetric case. The use of a normal conducting or superconducting resonator is compared. It is found that a superconducting resonator provides a much larger SQUID response when actuated towards the device but cannot be used in the regime due to limitations of the superconducting transition temperature of Al (the resonator) being lower than the non-hysteretic operable temperature of the SQUID. Preliminary measurements are conducted on the coupled devices. It is noted that the signal from the device in the conducting case may be read out at 2! due to the sinusoidal change in flux through the SQUID loop and position of the resonator. The possibility of measuring such a signal is first investigated using a spectrum analyser but it is found the SQUID is pushed to nonlinear regions of its transfer curve. This results in a component of the signal at 2! due to the nonlinearity of the SQUID response. Conditions under which the SQUID is still operating in small signal mode (to preserve linearity of the SQUID response) are considered and from this we conclude there is a need to use phase sensitive detection to achieve optimum sensitivity. This technique is used to conduct the final measurement of the motion of the resonator by the SQUID and a preliminary result is found.
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Klöfver, Per. "Redesign of readout driver using FPGA." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-15157.
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In the ATLAS experiment now being finished at CERN in Geneva, bunches ofprotons will collide at a rate of 40 million times per second. Over 40 TB of datawill be generated every second. In order to reduce the amount of data to a moremanageable level, a system of triggers is put in place. The trigger system mustquickly evaluate if the data from a collision indicates that an interesting physicalprocess took place, in which case the data are to be stored for further analysis. ATLAS uses a trigger system with three steps. The first step, the First LevelTrigger, is responsible of reducing the rate from 40MHz to 75KHz, and is donecompletely in hardware. It receives a new event every 25 ns, and must decidewithin 2.5 μs whether the event should be passed on to the next trigger level. In this document is the redesign of two subsystems of the First Level Triggerdescribed. When prototypes were made 5-10 years ago, both subsystems used 7PLDs. Today, the same logic could be fitted in one FPGA, and because of theflexibility gained by having all logic in a single FPGA, both subsystems could berealized with the same PCB design.
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Gerberding, Oliver [Verfasser]. "Phase readout for satellite interferometry / Oliver Gerberding." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2014. http://d-nb.info/1053543093/34.
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Gebbia, Giuseppe. "A flexible readout board for HEP experiments." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16384/.
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This thesis will present my contributions to the development of the PiLUP board along with a general overview of its features and capabilities.
The PiLUP board is a general-purpose FPGA-based readout board for data acquisition systems under development by the University of Bologna and the Instituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare (INFN) and intended for high energy physics experiments, where the sheer amount of data generated by detectors often requires custom hardware solutions.
This board was initially proposed for the next upgrade of the ATLAS Pixel detector.
In this context its purpose would be to interface the Front-End readout chip RD53A with the FELIX card and provide advanced testing features such as an emulator for the RD53A that will help the development of the other parts of the data acquisition chain.
Nonetheless, since the early stages of development, the hardware has been designed to offer great flexibility so that the same hardware platform could be directly used in other applications.
To this purpose an important feature of the board is the great extendibility offered by the presence of different interfaces, such as and 3 FMC connectors (two low density and one high density), a PCI Express x8 interface, gigabit ethernet and an integrated SFP connector.
The computing power of the PiLUP is provided by of two FPGAs, a Zynq-7 SoC and a Kintex-7 produced by Xilinx, intended to be used in master-slave configuration.
In this case the Zynq, with its dual-core ARM processor and the possibility to run an embedded linux distribution, would be used as main interface with the other functionalities in the board.
The main objective of this thesis is the development of such software and firmware control infrastructure, starting from the firmware solutions for the inter-FPGA communication to the low-level software to control the system.
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Burrell, Alice Heather. "High fidelity readout of trapped ion qubits." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ff74c170-518a-40a5-be85-191ec5bb32d7.
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This thesis describes experimental demonstrations of high-fidelity readout of trapped ion quantum bits ("qubits") for quantum information processing. We present direct single-shot measurement of an "optical" qubit stored in a single calcium-40 ion by the process of resonance fluorescence with a fidelity of 99.991(1)% (surpassing the level necessary for fault-tolerant quantum computation). A time-resolved maximum likelihood method is used to discriminate efficiently between the two qubit states based on photon-counting information, even in the presence of qubit decay from one state to the other. It also screens out errors due to cosmic ray events in the detector, a phenomenon investigated in this work. An adaptive method allows the 99.99% level to be reached in 145us average detection time. The readout fidelity is asymmetric: 99.9998% is possible for the "bright" qubit state, while retaining 99.98% for the "dark" state. This asymmetry could be exploited in quantum error correction (by encoding the "no-error" syndrome of the ancilla qubits in the "bright" state), as could the likelihood values computed (which quantify confidence in the measurement outcome). We then extend the work to parallel readout of a four-ion string using a CCD camera and achieve the same 99.99% net fidelity, limited by qubit decay in the 400us exposure time. The behaviour of the camera is characterised by fitting experimental data with a model. The additional readout error due to cross-talk between ion images on the CCD is measured in an experiment designed to remove the effect of qubit decay; a spatial maximum likelihood technique is used to reduce this error to only 0.2(1)x10^{-4} per qubit, despite the presence of ~4% optical cross-talk between neighbouring qubits. Studies of the cross-talk indicate that the readout method would scale with negligible loss of fidelity to parallel readout of ~10,000 qubits with a readout time of ~3us per qubit. Monte-Carlo simulations of the readout process are presented for comparison with experimental data; these are also used to explore the parameter space associated with fluorescence detection and to optimise experimental and analysis parameters. Applications of the analysis methods to readout of other atomic and solid-state qubits are discussed.
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Salzer, Sebastian [Verfasser]. "Readout Methods for Magnetoelectric Sensors / Sebastian Salzer." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1163603716/34.
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Duell, Anthony Richard. "A versatile readout system for particle detectors." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245557.
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Savran, Cagri Abdullah 1976. "A micromechanical biosensor with inherently differential readout." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17944.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-105).
The ability to detect biomolecules in real-time and without the use of labels has significant benefits for systems biology in terms of cost, time and throughput. Cantilever-based micromechanical sensors detect biomolecular adsorption by means of surface-stress-induced cantilever bending. This technique enables sensitive, scalable and label-free detection of biomolecules in real-time. However, micromachined cantilevers are extremely sensitive to nonspecific chemical effects and temperature changes. This thesis explores a micromechanical sensor that suppresses disturbances by generating an inherently differential signal with respect to a reference surface. The thesis covers the design, fabrication, characterization of the sensor, and its application to protein detection using aptamers; receptor molecules produced in vitro. The sensor is composed of two adjacent cantilevers that form a sensor-reference pair, whereby only the sensing surface is activated with receptor molecules that are specific to the ligand to be detected. The relative, or differential bending between the two cantilevers is directly measured using interferometry. Through direct differential detection, disturbances affecting both cantilevers are suppressed at the measurement level. This eliminates the need for separate detection of each cantilever's motion and off-line processing of the individual signals. At high frequencies, the resolution of the sensor is only limited by its sub-angstrom-level thermomechanical noise. At lower frequencies (frequencies of interest), the resolution is limited by 1/f-type noise which can be reduced by as much as an order of magnitude by direct differential detection, enabling clear observation of receptor-ligand binding
(cont.) reactions in real-time.
by Cagri Abdullah Savran.
Ph.D.
11
Rahman, Rizvi. "Fullerene based systems for optical spin readout." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e604f0ed-7d3c-44a6-9d97-7c03e7a90580.
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Optical spin readout (OSR) in fullerene-based systems has the potential to solve the spin readout and scalability challenges in solid-state quantum information processing. While the rich variety of chemical groups that can be linked (covalently or not) to the fullerenes opens the possibility of making large and controlled arrays of qubits, optical methods can be used to measure EPR down to a single spin thanks to the large energy of optical photons compared to the microwave ones. After reviewing the state of the art of OSR, for which the diamond NV cen- ters constitute the benchmark, we undertake the study of fullerene-based species for OSR. An optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) setup was imple- mented in a commercial EPR spectrometer for this purpose. Each experimental chapter focuses on one of the molecular systems in question: a functionalised C60 fullerene with a phosphonate group (C60-phosphine), porphyrin-fullerene ar- chitectures (weakly, strongly and moderately coupled) and finally erbium-doped trimetallic nitride template (TNT) fullerenes (focusing on ErSc2N@C80). In the C60-phosphine system, coherent optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) in the triplet state has been achieved. Since a large variety of organic and organometallic molecules can be attached to it both via the fullerene cage and the phosponate group, this result makes it a very useful template to study OSR molecules chemically linked to a qubit. In the porphyrin based structures, an intermediate coupling case in the form of a trimer-fullerene host-guest complex is found to allow detection of both the porphyrin and fullerene triplet sates by CW ODMR, which makes organo-metallic complexes a possible coupling route for a qubit to an OSR component. In the TNT fullerene, crystal field mixing makes the Er3+ inaccessible by ODMR. However, optical photons cause a mechanical rearrangement of the en- dohedral cluster which in turns impacts on the observed EPR. In particular, the dynamics of this process have been studied for the first time and hint to- wards diffusion kinetics at low pump power. An orientational selectivity has been discovered by using a polarised pump, and the time dynamics indicate the rearrangement of the matrix via difusion on a free volume around the fullerenes. This shows that the endohedral Er3+ in ErSc2N@C80 can probe the environment outside the cage.
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Ingleby, Stuart. "Cryodetector readout for direct dark matter searches." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.558393.
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The next generation of cryodetector arrays for direct WIMP searches will aim to achieve large increases in WIMP-nucleon scattering target mass, an order of magnitude or more greater than existing detector arrays. The implementation of high-resolution measurements and background suppression by event discrimination will remain of paramount importance. Hardware development must be undertaken to increase the availability and density of read out channels while maintaining low-noise, low-heatload, high-radiopurity cryodetector performance. This thesis describes the development of scalable cryogenic cabling using etched metal foil fabrication techniques and the development of low-temperature high-voltage power supply for scintillation light readout using photomultiplier tubes. Etched metal foil cables were developed for cryodetector read out. Fabrication techniques for low-heatload, low-cost cabling were developed and commissioning tests were carried out to verify low-noise performance in both low-impedance and high-impedance cryodetector read out schemes. SQUID readout cabling with a heatload cost 24 times lower than existing cabling was installed and mean SQUID noise of 5.5 pAHz-l/2 was measured with low- impedance input. Photomultiplier tubes can be used for cryogenic scintillation light measurement, a key technique in cryodetector event discrimination. A low-heatload, low-noise photomultiplier tube power supply circuit was developed. Measurements of cryogenic scintillation light from a CaW04 crystal were carried out using a CWG/PMT module cooled to 0.95 mK.
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Temiz, Yuksel. "Advanced Readout And Control Electronics For Mems Gyroscopes." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12608664/index.pdf.
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This thesis reports the development of advanced readout and control electronics for MEMS gyroscopes developed at METU. These gyroscope electronics are separated into three main groups: high sensitive interface circuits, drive mode amplitude controlled self oscillation loops, and sense mode phase sensitive amplitude demodulators. The proposed circuits are first implemented with discrete components, and then integrated on CMOS chips. A self oscillation loop enabling constant amplitude drive mode vibrations independent of sensor parameters and ambient conditions is developed. A fully functional angular rate system, which is constructed by employing this advanced control electronics together with the transresistance amplifier type interfaces and sense mode electronics, is implemented on a dedicated PCB having 5.4x2.4 cm2 area. This system demonstrates an impressive performance far better than the best performance achieved by any angular rate system developed at METU. Bias instability and angle random walk values are measured as 14.3 º/hr and 0.126 º
/&
#8730
hr, respectively. The scale factor of the system is found as 22.2 mV/(º
/sec) with a nonlinearity of 0.01%, and a zero rate output of 0.1 º
/sec, in ±
50 º
/sec measurement range. CMOS unity gain buffer (UGB) and transimpedance amplifier (TIA) type resistive and capacitive interfaces are characterized through AC, transient, and noise tests. It is observed that on chip biasing mechanisms properly DC-bias the high impedance nodes to 0 V potential. UGB type capacitive interfaces demonstrate superior performance than TIA counterparts due to stability problems associated with TIA interfaces. CMOS differential drive mode control and sense mode demodulation electronics give promising results for the future performance tests.
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Lu, Ming-Lin Ziv 1975. "Micro bolometers and readout circuits for infrared sensing." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79249.
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There are two major types of detectors for IR imaging and sensing: photon detector and thermal detector. Photon detector converts photon energy directly into electrical signal. Thermal detector, on the other hand, has a temperature-sensitive electrical property and its temperature can be easily altered by incident IR radiation. To reduce noise, both photon detector and previous generation bolometer require cooling. A new generation of uncooled bolometer emerged recently and will be the focus of this study.Micromachining processes were used to fabricate bolometers and bolometric material test vehicles. Both surface micromachining and bulk micromachining were attempted. The surface micromachined bolometers were created by the MUMPs process. The material of the bolometer structures was polysilicon. From the measurements carried out, it was shown that the present polysilicon bolometers have a TCR of 0.123%/K and a thermal conductivity of 2 * 10-6 W/K.
For the bulk micromachined bolometers, Bismuth bolometers were deposited on silicon dioxide membranes on top of a silicon wafer. The silicon dioxide membranes were made by overetching the bulk. A TCR of -0.21%/K, thermal conductance of 4.58 * 10-5 W/K and a responsivity of 0.4 V/W were measured.
A 4 by 4 readout circuit was fabricated by TSMC 0.35 mum CMOS process. It consists of pixel biasing, pixel selection, and output amplifying stage. Two do voltage offset correction methods were proposed and examined. The proposed do voltage offset correction methods could minimize the offset voltage to 113 muV.
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Sexauer, Edgar. "Development of radiation hard readout electronics for LHCb." [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=961823666.
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Schmidt, Thomas. "A common readout driver for the COMPASS experiment." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/468.
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Lu, Yong. "Thin film magnetostrictive sensor with on-chip readout." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq22216.pdf.
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Montagner, Elison. "Optical readout system for bi-material terahertz sensors." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5478.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.The objective of this work is to design, assemble, and characterize an optical readout for bi-material MEMs sensor arrays that can be integrated into a THz imaging system. All this effort is a contribution to the goals of the research conducted by the Naval Postgraduate School Sensor Research Laboratory on designing and fabricating THz-optimized bi-material MEMs sensor arrays for THz imaging. Basic concepts of THz radiation and detection are presented. Several aspects of THz imaging, and sensor's array readout possibilities, are discussed in terms of the principle of operation for this type of sensor. An experimental optical readout was assembled during this research, and its configuration is shown, as well as all of its component details. The experimental setup was characterized following a method described in this work, and the obtained results are analyzed. Finally, one possibility of optical readout integration with a THz imaging system is suggested.
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Dunwoody, Una Catherine. "Silicon microstrip detectors with two co-ordinate readout." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321096.
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Guo, Xiaochuan. "A time-base asynchronous readout cmos image sensor." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2002. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0000540.
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MacKellar, Andrew Rae. "Single-shot holographic readout of an atom interferometer." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2018. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29438.
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Atom interferometry is a precision measurement technique that encodes information in the phase of atomic wavefunctions, using matter-wave interference to project the encoded phase information onto some relatively easy-to-measure property at the interferometer output, like the fractional atomic population in a specific momentum or internal state. Atoms are perturbed by influences to which photons are insensitive, offering atom interferometers excellent sensitivity and access to physics outwith the range of conventional optical interferometers. As such, for probing of fundamental physics such as QED corrections, atoms are an obvious test bed. The primary focus of this thesis is the construction and development of an atom interferometer capable of performing single-shot measurements of the fine-structure constant using a holographic readout technique. This achievement allows the holographic interferometer an increased data acquisition rate on the order of 700-times that [sic] a conventional configuration. As an interfering medium we use a Bose-Einstein condensate containing around ~10[to the power of]5 87Rb atoms. We coherently manipulate the momentum of these atoms with the scattering of photons from an optical lattice with fully controllable intensity. We have developed a numerical toolbox capable of calculating optical-lattice pulse-sequences to generate arbitrary atom-optical operations such as mirrors, and beam-splitters, experimentally demonstrated with an efficiency of 99:97±0:03%. We have used these atom optics to create experimental atom interferometers with various applications, shown here in the cases of a magnetic gradiometer and in measurements of recoil frequency. This latter configuration has been used to perform a measurement of the fine-structure constant with a fractional uncertainty of 6500 ppm in a single shot, with a clear pathway to reduce this uncertainty to 2300 ppm per shot, whilst the increased speed of the holographic interferometer allows a corresponding reduction in uncertainty to 60 ppm within a twelve hour integration period.
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Lee, Janice C. (Janice Cheng-Yee) 1978. "Resonant readout of a superconducting persistent current qubit." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37845.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2006.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 211-218).
Superconducting Josephson junction devices rank among the best candidates for realizing a quantum computer. While the coherent control of quantum dynamics has been demonstrated in these solid-state, macroscopic quantum systems, a major challenge has been to increase the coherence times for these qubits. With an objective to reduce the level of readout-induced decoherence, this thesis work focuses on a resonant readout scheme developed for a niobium persistent-current (PC) qubit. This non-dissipative readout approach detects the flux state of the qubit by sensing a change in the Josephson inductance of a SQUID magnetometer. By incorporating the SQUID inductor in a high-Q resonant circuit, we distinguished the flux states of the qubit as a shift in the resonant frequency at 300 mK. The nonlinearity due to the Josephson inductance has characteristic effects on the resonant behavior of the readout circuit. We observed novel manifestation of this nonlinearity given the high quality factor of the resonance. The readout circuit was characterized in the linear as well as the nonlinear regime for its potential use as a bifurcation amplifier. Numerical simulations based on Josephson-junction circuits were also performed to understand the observed nonlinearity in the resonant behavior.
by Janice C. Lee.
Ph.D.
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Varsanik, Jonathan S. "Integrated optic/nanofluidic detection device with plasmonic readout." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66467.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Integrated lab-on-a-chip devices provide the promise of many benefits in many application areas. A low noise, high resolution, high sensitivity integrated optical microfluidic device would not only improve the capabilities of existing procedures but also enable new applications. This thesis presents an architecture and fabrication process for such a device. Previously, the possibilities for such integrated systems were limited by existing fabrication technologies. An integrated fabrication process including glass nanofluidics, diffused waveguides and metal structures was developed. To enable this process a voltage-assisted polymer bond procedure was developed. This bond process enables high strength, robust, optically clear, low temperature bonding of glass - a capability that was not possible before. Bond strength was compared with a glass-to-glass anodic type bond using various materials and a polymer bond using two polymers: Cytop and PMMA. Bond strength was far superior to standard polymer bonding procedures. Design considerations to minimize background noise are presented, analyzed and implemented. Using Cytop as an index-matched polymer layer reduces scattered light in the device. Plasmonic devices driven via evanescent fields were designed, simulated, fabricated, and tested in isolation as well as in the integrated system. A sample device was made to demonstrate applicability of this process to direct linear analysis of DNA. The device was shown to provide enhanced and confined electromagnetic excitation as well as the capability to excite submicron particles. A demonstrated excitation spot of 200nm is the best we have seen in this type of device. Further work is suggested that can improve this resolution further.
by Jonathan S. Varsanik.
Ph.D.
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Coulter, Philip. "Cryogenic phonon-scintillation detectors with NTD germanium readout." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8ee65ffd-1f0f-4318-894f-c82746acaefb.
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Cryogenic detectors are an advanced technology for both dark matter and neutrinoless double beta decay searches, having the key advantage of a range of possible absorber materials that can be used for the detectors. Neutron transmutation doped germanium sensors are highly sensitive thermometers ideal for use at milli kelvin temperatures, with a simple repeatable resistance temperature relation. To discriminate between candidate events and background events simultaneous measurements can be made of the energy deposited in the detector as phonons and the energy emitted by the absorber crystal as scintillation light. Phonon detectors with a calcium tungstate or calcium molybdate crystal as the target and an NTD sensor as a thermometer were made in Oxford, along with a light detector with a light-absorbing silicon layer on a sapphire crystal, also with an NTD thermometer. A system of electronics was designed and tested in Oxford to bias and readout the NTD thermometers, while the setup inside the cryostat was developed to provide a thermally and mechanically stable shielded environment for the detectors. As part of this, prototype semi-rigid kapton cabling for use in the EDELWEISS experiment was installed and tested in the cryostat. Three different NTD germanium sensor types were characterized and calibrated in the cryostat and two of these selected for use on the phonon and light detectors. The detectors were operated at temperatures as low as 9 mK and tested with radioactive sources to produce energy spectra. Baseline resolutions of 1.7 keV and 2.5 keV, respectively, were achieved for the calcium molybdate and calcium tungstate phonon detectors. A working scintillation light detector was demonstrated as part of a phonon-scintillation detector module with a suggested application in double-beta decay searches.
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Hafizi-Moori, Siamak. "Capacitance readout circuits based on weakly-coupled resonators." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/58044.
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Capacitive sensors and their associated readout circuits are well known and have been used in many measurement applications in different industries. Improving the sensitivity, resolution and accuracy of measuring small capacitance changes has always been one of the important research topics, especially in recent years that sensors are becoming smaller in size with lower associated capacitance values. This thesis focuses proposes a new method for implementing capacitance readout circuits with higher sensitivity. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that this method has ever been applied directly in electrical domain for capacitance measurement applications.
The proposed method, which is based on weakly-coupled-resonators (WCRs) concept, can achieve considerably (orders of magnitudes) higher sensitivity while simplifying the analog front end circuitry and reducing the cost. For comparison, capacitance-to-frequency conversion readout circuits were chosen, which are one of the most reliable and best performing designs and also the closest to our WCR method since both involve shift in natural modes due to capacitance changes. Analysis and SPICE simulations followed by experiments proved the concept. The experimental results have shown almost two orders of magnitude higher relative sensitivity for our two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) WCR-based system. In the next step we proposed a novel (named hybrid) method to reduce the measurement error considerably (4 to 6 times lower). Hybrid method is robust and insensitive to variations in excitation frequency, which is one of the main sources for errors. We have also analyzed the use of active inductors in our coupled resonators. The analyses and simulations proved the concept. This opens an avenue towards implementation of WCR-based readout in integrated circuits; specifically applicable for micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) devices, and even integrating both MEMS sensors and the readout circuit in the same integrated circuit (IC) package. Another route on this research was to exploit the insensitivity and robustness of three-degree-of freedom (3DOF) weakly-coupled resonators to resonant frequency deviations. Analyses, followed by simulations, proved that applying 3DOF WCR in sensing differential capacitance changes does not require frequency tracking, yet has the same sensitivity achieved in 2DOF-based readout circuits.Applied Science, Faculty of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Pauwels, Kristof. "Inorganic single crystalline fibers for dual-readout calorimetry." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10017/document.
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L'amélioration de la résolution en énergie des calorimètres hadroniques est adressée dans cette thèse. L'approche envisagée se base sur la technique du dual-readout qui consiste à détecter simultanément les radiations Cherenkov et la scintillation. La comparaison de ces deux signaux permet en effet de compenser les fluctuations observées dans la détection de gerbes hadroniques. Les grenats d'Aluminium et de Lutetium (LuAG), qui sont d'efficaces scintillateurs une fois activés avec des terres rares, peuvent aussi jouer le rôle de radiateur Cherenkov sous leur forme non-dopée. Les deux types de matériaux peuvent alors être assemblés pour former un calorimètre dual-readout performant. Dans l'objectif d'étudier la faisabilité de ce concept, les effets de la concentration en dopant et de l'addition de divers codopants sur le rendement lumineux et les propriétés temporelles ont été étudiés. Nous avons montré le rôle important de la technique de croissance choisie sur la nature et la concentration des défauts structuraux. La géométrie optimale, qui se base sur des monocristaux en forme de fibres, donne l'avantage à la technique de micro-pulling down. Cette technologie ne montre pas de meilleurs résultats que les techniques de Bridgman et de Czochralski mais a été retenue pour des raisons de coût et d'adaptabilité pour une production à grande échelle. L'optimisation des paramètres de croissance a permis la production de fibres monocristallines de LuAG dopées avec du Cérium présentant un rendement lumineux de 8000 photons par MeV et un bon comportement en tant que guide de lumière grâce à une qualité optique bien maitrisée. Des tests avec des faisceaux d'électrons et de pions, en conditions de calorimétrie à haute énergie, permettent désormais d'envisager la production d'un prototype à plus grande échelleThis thesis focuses on the improvement of the energy resolution of hadron calorimeters. The approach is based on dual-readout, which consists in the simultaneous detection of both scintillation and Cherenkov light. The comparison of these two signals allows a compensation of the energy fluctuations, which are inherent to the detection of hadronic showers. Lutetium Aluminium garnets (LuAG), which are efficient scintillators when activated with rare-earth dopants (i.e. Cerium), can also act as Cherenkov radiators when undoped. Both undoped and doped crystals can then be assembled to build an efficient dual-readout calorimeter. With the objective to investigate the feasibility of this concept, the effects of the doping concentration and the use of various co-dopant on the light output and the timing properties of LuAG were studied. The growth method was demonstrated to induce significant differences in the nature and concentration of structural defects. The optimum geometry, which is based on singlecrystals shaped into fibers, favors the micro-pulling down technique. This technology does not outperform Bridgman and Czochralski techniques but was chosen on bases of cost considerations and large scale productions abilities. The optimization of the growth parameters led to the production of single-crystalline fibers of Cerium-doped LuAG with a light output of 8000 photons per MeV and an adequate behavior as light guide due to a well-controlled optical quality. Test with electrons and pions in high energy calorimetry conditions allow to engage a future production of a larger-scale prototype
27
Yildirim, Omer Ozgur. "High Performance Readout Electronics For Uncooled Infrared Detector Arrays." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12607504/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis reports the development of high performance readout electronics for resistive microbolometer detector arrays that are used for uncooled infrared imaging. Three different readout chips are designed and fabricated by using a standard 0.6 µm CMOS process. Fabricated chips include a conventional capacitive transimpedance amplifier (CTIA) type readout circuit, a novel readout circuit with dynamic resistance nonuniformity compensation capability, and a new improved version of the CTIA circuit. The fabricated CTIA type readout circuit uses two digital-to-analog converters (DACs) with multiple analog buses which compensate the resistance nonuniformity by adjusting the bias currents of detector and reference resistors. Compensated detector current is integrated by a switched capacitor integrator with offset cancellation capability followed by a sample-and-hold circuit. The measured detector referred current noise is 47.2 pA in an electrical bandwidth of 2.6 KHz, corresponding to an expected SNR of 530. The dynamic nonuniformity compensation circuit uses a feedback structure that dynamically changes the bias currents of the reference and detector resistors. A special feature of the circuit is that it provides continuous compensation for the detector and reference resistances due to temperature changes over time. Test results of the fabricated circuit show that the circuit reduces the offset current due to resistance nonuniformity 42.5 times. However, the calculated detector referred current noise is 360 pA, which limits the circuit SNR to 70. The improved CTIA type readout circuit introduces a new detector biasing method by using an additional auxiliary biasing transistor for better current controllability. The improved readout circuit alleviates the need for high resolution compensation DACs, which drastically decreases the circuit area. The circuit occupies an area of one seventh of the first design. According to test results, the current compensation ratio is 170, and the detector referred current noise is 48.6 pA in a 2.6 KHz bandwidth.
28
Kepenek, Reha. "Capacitive Cmos Readout Circuits For High Performance Mems Accelerometers." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609310/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis presents the development of high resolution, wide dynamic range sigma-delta type readout circuits for capacitive MEMS accelerometers. Designed readout circuit employs fully differential closed loop structure with digital output, achieving high oversampling ratio and high resolution. The simulations of the readout circuit together with the accelerometer sensor are performed using the models constructed in Cadence and Matlab Simulink environments. The simulations verified the stability and proper operation of the accelerometer system. The sigma-delta readout circuit is implemented using XFab 0.6 µm CMOS process. Readout circuit is combined with Silicon-On-Glass (SOG) and Dissolved Wafer Process (DWP) accelerometers. Both open loop and closed loop tests of the accelerometer system are performed. Open loop test results showed high sensitivity up to 8.1 V/g and low noise level of 4.8 µ
g/&
#61654
Hz. Closed loop circuit is implemented on a PCB together with the external filtering and decimation electronics, providing 16-bit digital output at 800 Hz sampling rate. High acceleration tests showed ±
18.5 g of linear acceleration range with high linearity, using DWP accelerometers. The noise tests in closed loop mode are performed using Allan variance technique, by acquiring the digital data. Allan variance tests provided 86 µ
g/&
#61654
Hz of noise level and 74 µ
g of bias drift. Temperature sensitivity tests of the readout circuit in closed loop mode is also performed, which resulted in 44 mg/º
C of temperature dependency. Two different types of new adaptive sigma-delta readout circuits are designed in order to improve the resolution of the systems by higher frequency operation. The two circuits both change the acceleration range of operation of the system, according to the level of acceleration. One of the adaptive circuits uses variation of feedback time, while the other circuit uses multi-bit feedback method. The simulation results showed micro-g level noise in closed loop mode without the addition of the mechanical noise of the sensor.
29
Sahin, Emre. "High Performance Readout And Control Electronics For Mems Gyroscopes." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12610386/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis reports the development of various high performance readout and control electronics for implementing angular rate sensing systems using MEMS gyroscopes developed at METU. First, three systems with open loop sensing mechanisms are implemented, where each system has a different drive-mode automatic gain controlled (AGC) self-oscillation loop approach, including (i) square wave driving signal with DC off-set named as OLS_SquD, (ii) sinusoidal driving signal with DC off-set named as OLS_SineD, and iii) off-resonance driving signal named as OLS_OffD. A forth system is also constructed with a closed loop sensing mechanism where the drive mode automatic gain controlled (AGC) self-oscillation loop approach with square wave driving signal with DC off-set named as CLS_SquD. Sense and drive mode electronics employ transimpedance and transresistance amplifiers as readout electronics, respectively. Each of the systems is implemented with commercial discrete components on a dedicated PCB. Then, the angular rate sensing systems are tested with SOG (Silicon-on-Glass) gyroscopes that are adjusted to have two different mechanical bandwidths, more specially 100 Hz and 30 Hz. Test results of all of these cases verify the high performance of the systems.
For the 100 Hz bandwidth, the OLS_SquD system shows a bias instability of 4.67 ˚
/hr, an angle random walk (ARW) 0.080 &
#730
/&
#8730
hr, and a scale factor of 22.6 mV/(&
#730
/sec). For the 30 Hz bandwidth, the OLS_SquD system shows a bias instability of 5.12 &
#730
/hr, an ARW better than 0.017 &
#730
/&
#8730
hr, and a scale factor of 49.8 mV/(&
#730
/sec). For the 100 Hz bandwidth, the OLS_SineD system shows a bias instability of 6.92 &
#730
/hr, an ARW of 0.049 &
#730
/&
#8730
hr, and a scale factor of 17.97 mV/(&
#730
/sec). For the 30 Hz bandwidth, the OLS_SineD system shows a bias instability of 4.51 &
#730
/hr, an ARW of 0.030 &
#730
/&
#8730
hr, and a scale factor of 43.24 mV/(&
#730
/sec). For the 100 Hz bandwidth, the OLS_OffD system shows a bias instability of 8.43 &
#730
/hr, an ARW of 0.086 &
#730
/&
#8730
hr, and a scale factor of 20.97 mV/(&
#730
/sec). For the 30 Hz bandwidth, the OLS_OffD system shows a bias instability of 5.72 &
#730
/hr, an ARW of 0.046 &
#730
/&
#8730
hr, and a scale factor of 47.26 mV/(&
#730
/sec). For the 100 Hz bandwidth, the CLS_SquD system shows a bias instability of 6.32 &
#730
/hr, an ARW of 0.055 &
#730
/&
#8730
hr, and a scale factor of 1.79 mV/(&
#730
/sec). For the 30 Hz bandwidth, the CLS_SquD system shows a bias instability of 5.42 &
#730
/hr, an ARW of 0.057 &
#730
/&
#8730
hr, and a scale factor of 1.98 mV/(&
#730
/sec). For the 100 Hz bandwidth, the R2 nonlinearities of the measured scale factors of all systems are between 0.0001% and 0.0003% in the ±
100 &
#730
/sec measurement range, while for the 30 Hz bandwidth the R2 nonlinearities are between 0.0002% and 0.0062% in the ±
80&
#730
/sec measurement range. These performance results are the best results obtained at METU, satisfying the tactical-grade performances, and the measured bias instabilities and ARWs are comparable to the best results in the literature for a silicon micromachined vibratory gyroscope.
30
Toprak, Alperen. "Cmos Readout Electronics For Microbolometer Type Infrared Detector Arrays." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610390/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis presents the development of CMOS readout electronics for microbolometer type infrared detector arrays. A low power output buffering architecture and a new bias correction digital-to-analog converter (DAC) structure for resistive microbolometer readouts is developedand a 384x288 resistive microbolometer FPA readout for 35 µ
m pixel pitch is designed and fabricated in a standard 0.6 µ
m CMOS process. A 4-layer PCB is also prepared in order to form an imaging system together with the FPA after detector fabrication. The low power output buffering architecture employs a new buffering scheme that reduces the capacitive load and hence, the power dissipation of the readout channels. Furthermore, a special type operational amplifier with digitally controllable output current capability is designed in order to use the power more efficiently. With the combination of these two methods, the power dissipation of the output buffering structure of a 384x288 microbolometer FPA with 35 µ
m pixel pitch operating at 50 fps with two output channels can be decreased to 8.96% of its initial value. The new bias correction DAC structure is designed to overcome the power dissipation and noise problems of the previous designs at METU. The structure is composed of two resistive ladder DAC stages, which are capable of providing multiple outputs. This feature of the resistive ladders reduces the overall area and power dissipation of the structure and enables the implementation of a dedicated DAC for each readout channel. As a result, the need for the sampling operation required in the previous designs is eliminated. Elimination of sampling prevents the concentration of the noise into the baseband, and therefore, allows most of the noise to be filtered out by integration. A 384x288 resistive microbolometer FPA readout with 35 &
#956
m pixel pitch is designed and fabricated in a standard 0.6 &
#956
m CMOS process. The fabricated chip occupies an area of 17.84 mm x 16.23 mm, and needs 32 pads for normal operation. The readout employs the low power output buffering architecture and the new bias correction DAC structure
therefore, it has significantly low power dissipation when compared to the previous designs at METU. A 4-layer imaging PCB is also designed for the FPA, and initial tests are performed with the same PCB. Results of the performed tests verify the proper operation of the readout. The rms output noise of the imaging system and the power dissipation of the readout when operating at a speed of 50 fps is measured as 1.76 mV and 236.9 mW, respectively.
31
Musayev, Javid. "Cmos Integrated Sensor Readout Circuitry For Dna Detection Applications." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613645/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This study presents a CMOS integrated sensor chip suitable for sensing biological samples like DNA. The sensing part of the chip consists of a 32 X 32 pixel array with a 15 µm pixel pitch. Pixels have 5 µ
m X 5 µ
m detector electrodes implemented with the top metal of the CMOS process, and they are capable of detecting charge transferred or induced on those electrodes with a very high sensitivity. This study also includes development of an external electronics containing ADC for analog to digital data conversion. This external circuitry is implemented on a PCB compatible with the Opal Kelly XM3010 FPGA that provides data storage and transfer to PC. The measured noise of the overall system is 6.7 e- (electrons), which can be shrunk down to even 5.1 e- with an over sampling rate. This kind of sensitivity performance is very suitable for DNA detection, as a single nucleotide of a DNA contains 1 or 2 e- and as 10 to 20 base pair long DNA&rsquo
s are usually used in microarray applications. The measured dynamic range of the system is 71 dB, in other words, at most 24603 e- per frame (20 ms) can be detected. The measured leakage is 31 e-/frame, but this does not have a dramatic effect on the sensitivity of the system, noting that the leakage is a predictable quantity. DNA detection tests are performed with the chip in addition to electronic performance measurements. The surface of the chip is covered with a nitride passivation layer to prevent the pixel crosstalk and is modified with an APTES polymer for suitable DNA immobilization. DNA immobilization and hybridization tests are performed with 5&rsquo
-TCTCACCTTC-3&rsquo
probe and its complementary 3&rsquo
-AGAGTGGAAG-5&rsquo
target sequences. Hybridization performed in 1 pM solution is shown to have a larger steady state leakage than the immobilization in a 13 µ
M solution, implying the ability to differentiate between the full match and full mismatch sequences. To best of our knowledge, the measured pM sensitivity has not yet been reported with any label free CMOS DNA microarrays in literature, and it is comparable with the sensitivity of techniques like QCM or the fluorescence imaging. The 1 pM sensitivity is not a theoretical limit of the sensor, since theoretically the sensitivity level of 6.7 e- can offer much better results, down to the aM level, as far as the noise of electronics is considered, nevertheless the sensitivity is expected to be limited by DNA immobilization and hybridization probabilities which are determined by the surface modification technique and applied protocol. Improving those can lead to much smaller detection limits, such as aM level as stated above.
32
Chandrasekharan, Rico S. "Design of the light readout for the ArDM experiment /." Zürich : ETH, 2007. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=16985.
Full text
33
Lotze, Sven. "Ion backdrift minimisation in a GEM-based TPC readout." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=979865158.
Full text
34
Lee, Wook. "Diffraction-based integrated optical readout for micromachined optomechanical sensors." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-09292006-115918/.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006.F. Levent Degertekin, Committee Chair ; David S. Citrin, Committee Member ; Paul E. Hasler, Committee Member ; Peter J. Hesketh, Committee Member ; Zhiping Zhou, Committee Member.
35
Zhao, Wei. "Digital radiology using active matrix readout of amorphous selenium." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0014/NQ35450.pdf.
Full text
36
Hunter, David MacKenzie. "Digital radiography by laser-scanned readout of amorphous selenium." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ45465.pdf.
Full text
37
Wang, Guoliang. "Gas sensing based on ellipsometric readout : methodology and development /." Linköping : Univ, 2003. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2003/tek826s.pdf.
Full text
38
Buseck, David Allan 1963. "High-density CD-ROM readout using direct phase measurement." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276545.
Full textAbstract:
Direct measurement of optical phase is used in a high-density optical disk reader. The increased density is achieved by introducing multiple pit depths to replace the single pit depths of a traditional compact disk. Having four independent pit depths can double the storage capacity of a disk. The multi-level pits are read by direct measurement of the phase difference between two laser spots focused onto the disk surface. Extraction of phase information utilizes the equations of phase shifting interferometry with four shifted fringe patterns created simultaneously by a compact optical head. The system speed is therefore limited by the readout electronics instead of by slow mechanical phase shifters. The resulting system can identify four independent levels as well as the direction of transition from one level to another. The system also has low sensitivity to vibrations and to changes in the fringe contrast and beam intensity.
39
Corrin, Emlyn Peter. "Development of digital readout electronics for the CMS tracker." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401285.
Full text
40
Schuldt, Thilo. "An optical readout for the LISA gravitational reference sensor." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16241.
Full textAbstract:
Der weltraumgestützte Gravitationswellendetektor LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) besteht aus drei identischen Satelliten an Bord derer sich jeweils zwei frei schwebende Testmassen befinden. Die Lage der einzelnen Testmassen in Bezug auf die zugehörige optische Bank muss mit einer Genauigkeit besser 1 pm/sqrt(Hz) in der Abstands- und besser 10 nrad/sqrt(Hz) in der Winkelmessung erfolgen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein kompaktes optisches Auslesesystem präsentiert, welches als Prototyp für diese Abstands- und Winkelmetrologie dient. Das dafür entwickelte polarisierende Heterodyn-Interferometer mit räumlich getrennten Frequenzen basiert auf einem hoch-symmetrischen Design, bei dem zur optimalen Gleichtakt-Unterdrückung Mess- und Referenzarm die gleiche Polarisation und Frequenz sowie annähernd gleiche optische Pfade haben. Für die Winkelmessung wird die Methode der differentiellen Wellenfrontmessung eingesetzt. In einem ersten Prototyp-Aufbau wird ein Rauschniveau von weniger als 100 pm/sqrt(Hz) in der Translations- und von weniger als 100 nrad/sqrt(Hz) in der Winkelmessung (beides für Frequenzen oberhalb 0.1 Hz) demonstriert. In einem zweiten Prototyp-Aufbau werden zusätzlich eine Intensitätsstabilisierung und ein Phasenlock der beiden Frequenzen implementiert. Die analoge Phasenmessung ist durch eine digitale, FPGA basierte, ersetzt. Mit diesem Aufbau wird ein Rauschen kleiner 5 pm/sqrt(Hz) in der Translationsmessung und kleiner 10 nrad/sqrt(Hz) in der Winkelmessung, beides für Frequenzen größer 0.01 Hz, erreicht. Eine Rausch-Analyse wurde durchgeführt und die Nichtlinearitäten des Interferometers bestimmt. Das Interferometer wurde im Hinblick auf die LISA Mission entwickelt, findet seine Anwendung aber auch bei der Charakterisierung der dimensionalen Stabilität von ultra-stabilen Materialien sowie in der optischen Profilometrie. Die Adaptierung des Interferometers dazu sowie erste Resultate zu beiden Anwendungen werden in dieser Arbeit präsentiert.The space-based gravitational wave detector LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) consists of three identical satellites. Each satellite accommodates two free-flying proof masses whose distance and tilt with respect to its corresponding optical bench must be measured with at least 1 pm/sqrt(Hz) sensitivity in translation and at least 10 nrad/sqrt(Hz) sensitivity in tilt measurement. In this thesis, a compact optical readout system is presented, which serves as a prototype for the LISA proof mass attitude metrology. We developed a polarizing heterodyne interferometer with spatially separated frequencies. For optimum common mode rejection, it is based on a highly symmetric design, where measurement and reference beam have the same frequency and polarization, and similar optical pathlengths. The method of differential wavefront sensing (DWS) is utilized for the tilt measurement. In a first prototype setup noise levels below 100 pm/sqrt(Hz) in translation and below 100 nrad/sqrt(Hz) in tilt measurement (both for frequencies above 0.1 Hz) are achieved. A second prototype was developed with additional intensity stabilization and phaselock of the two heterodyne frequencies. The analog phase measurement is replaced by a digital one, based on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). With this setup, noise levels below 5 pm/sqrt(Hz) in translation measurement and below 10 nrad/sqrt(Hz) in tilt measurement, both for frequencies above 0.01Hz, are demonstrated. A noise analysis was carried out and the nonlinearities of the interferometer were measured. The interferometer was developed for the LISA mission, but it also finds its application in characterizing the dimensional stability of ultra-stable materials such as carbon-fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) and in optical profilometry. The adaptation of the interferometer and first results in both applications are presented in this work.
41
Lee, Joonsung. "Excitation and readout Designs for high field spectroscopic imaging." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/64578.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 86-90).
In this thesis we state and demonstrate solutions to three engineering problems that arise in magnetic resonance imaging RF excitation with parallel transmission (pTx) and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). Recent work in parallel RF excitation in MRI has been demonstrated to offer dramatically improved flexibility for manipulation of magnetization preparation for imaging than is feasible with conventional single-channel transmission. We address two design problems that need to be solved before this emerging technology can be deployed in the clinical and research domain of human imaging at high field. First, we demonstrate a method for rapid and robust acquisition of the non-uniform fields of RF excitation due to arrays that are commonly used in pTx at high field. Our method achieves high-fidelity single-slice excitation and reception field mapping in 20 seconds, and we propose ways to extend this to multi-slice mapping in two minutes for twenty slices. A fundamental constraint to the application of pTx is the management of the deposition of power in human tissue, quantified by the specific absorption rate (SAR). The complex behavior of the spatial distribution of SAR in transmission arrays poses problems not encountered in conventional single-channel systems, and we propose a pTx design method to incorporate local SAR constraints within computation times that accommodate pTx pulse design during MRI acquisition of human subjects. Our approach builds on recent work to capture local SAR distribution with much lower computational complexity than a brute-force evaluation, and we demonstrate that this approach can reduce peak local SAR by 20~40% for commonly applied pTx design targets. This thesis focuses on the design of excitation methods for high field system (7T parallel transmit (pTx) system) and fast readout and post-processing methods to reduce the lipid contamination to the brain. The contributions include fast B1+ mapping and pTx RF pulse design with the local SAR constraints for excitation. Regarding the readout method we developed a real time filter design, variable density spiral trajectory, and iterative non-linear reconstruction technique that reduce the lipid contamination. The proposed excitation methods were demonstrated using a 7T pTx system and the readout methods were implemented in a 3T system. Our third contribution addresses a recurring problem in MRSI of the brain, namely strong contaminating artifacts in low signal-to-noise ratio brain metabolite maps due to subcutaneous, high-concentration lipid sources. We demonstrate two methods to address this problems, one during the acquisition stage where a spatial filter is designed based on spatial priors acquired from the subject being scanned, and the second is a post-processing method that applies the brain and lipid source prior for further artifact minimization. These methods are demonstrated to achieve 20~4OdB enhancement of lipid suppression in brain MRSI of human subjects.
by Joonsung Lee.
Ph.D.
42
Werner, Andrew Thompson 1981. "A self-triggered readout for a time projection chamber." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28328.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-80).
A self-triggering readout for a time projection chamber (TPC) is presented, with applications to novel forms of data acquisition for high energy physics application. The construction and initial testing of the readout electronics are described, as well as the readout implementation in a prototype drift chamber. Tracking and range information for 800 alpha particle events is compared with theory as a preliminary confirmation of correct readout operation.
by Andrew Thompson Werner.
S.B.
43
Hoffer, Cole R. "Superconducting qubit readout pulse optimization using deep reinforcement learning." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130691.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, February, 2021Cataloged from the official PDF of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 101-106).
Quantum computers promise to solve specific problems significantly faster than classical computers. Superconducting quantum processors comprising more than 50 qubits can achieve quantum supremacy, the ability to outperform existing classical computers for particular problems. However, to build a useful quantum computer, the quantum processor's constituent components such as their control and readout must be very well-calibrated. Qubit-state readout of contemporary superconducting quantum processors is a significant error source. In an efficient, frequency-multiplexed readout of multiple qubits, effects such as drive cross-talk increase the complexity of optimal readout pulse shapes, requiring computationally intensive methods to discover high-fidelity pulse shapes. In this thesis, we extend existing readout optimization methods to work in multi-qubit environments and present a new pulse shaping optimization module using deep reinforcement learning. Compared to conventional readout methods in a simulated environment, we are able to reduce required readout pulse lengths by over 63% in single-qubit environments and by over 57% in multi-qubit environments. In addition to discussing how the deep reinforcement learning pulse shaping module will be used in experimental contexts, we also evaluate the future generalized use of deep reinforcement learning methods in quantum computing.
by Cole R. Hoffer.
M. Eng.
M.Eng. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
44
Goyder, Miriam Sarah. "Capillary electrophoresis with multiple readout techniques for protein analysis." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/9004.
Full textAbstract:
In the era of proteomics, new technologies in separation and identification are required. Separation methods, such as capillary electrophoresis or liquid chromatography, are a crucial part of high throughput proteomic workflows. In this thesis, novel approaches to proteomics using capillary electrophoresis are presented. A platform of technologies based on capillary electrophoresis with continuous deposition of separated proteins onto metallic substrates enables subsequent analyses and identification. Since sample deposition and identification are decoupled, multiple readout techniques can be explored. Readout techniques used include matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), electron-vibration-vibration two dimensional infrared spectroscopy (EVV 2DIR) and fluorescence microscopy. This technology was used without the deposition interface, to achieve advances in ribosomal separations or with the deposition interface, to develop new proteomic strategies of separation and readout. The eukaryotic ribosomal proteins were separated using capillary electrophoresis for the first time. Over 26 peaks were resolved in less than 10 minutes. An outstanding RSD migration time of < 0.5% was achieved, demonstrating that the readout could provide a ribosomal ' fingerprint'. Separations of proteins were successfully analysed using a standard MALDIMS instrument. This work was advanced by the offline coupling of CE to MALDI-imaging and applied to the ribosomal proteins to demonstrate a novel workflow from cell culture to protein identification. Quantitative analysis of protein levels is an important part of proteomics, but is difficult to achieve using mainstream technologies with high throughput and accuracy. EVV 2DIR is a non-linear spectroscopy which is able to achieve absolute quantification of proteins.[1] Coupling of EVV 2DIR to CE (CE- 2DIR) was demonstrated through the deposition and analysis of peptide and proteins. CE-2DIR offers great promise as a new proteomic tool.
45
Tian, Ye. "SiC Readout IC for High Temperature Seismic Sensor System." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Integrerade komponenter och kretsar, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-213969.
Full textAbstract:
Over the last decade, electronics operating at high temperatures have been increasingly demanded to support in situ sensing applications such as automotive, deep-well drilling and aerospace. However, few of these applications have requirements above 460 °C, as the surface temperature of Venus, which is a specific target for the seismic sensing application in this thesis. Due to its wide bandgap, Silicon Carbide (SiC) is a promising candidate to implement integrated circuits (ICs) operating in such extreme environments. In this thesis, various analog and mixed-signal ICs in 4H-SiC bipolar technology for high-temperature sensing applications are explored, in which the device performance variation over temperatures are considered. For this purpose, device modeling, circuit design, layout design, and device/circuit characterization are involved. In this thesis, the circuits are fabricated in two batches using similar technologies. In Batch 1, the first SiC sigma-delta modulator is demonstrated to operate up to 500 °C with a 30 dB peak SNDR. Its building blocks including a fully-differential amplifier, an integrator and a comparator are characterized individually to investigate the modulator performance variation over temperatures. In the succeeding Batch 2, a SiC electromechanical sigma-delta modulator is designed with a chosen Si capacitive sensor for seismic sensing on Venus. Its building blocks including a charge amplifier, a multiplier and an oscillator are designed. Compared to Batch 1, a smaller transistor and two metal-interconnects are used to implement higher integration ICs in Batch 2. Moreover, the first VBIC-based compact model featured with continuous-temperature scalability from 27 to 500 °C is developed based on the SiC transistor in Batch 1, in order to optimize the design of circuits in Batch 2. The demonstrated performance of ICs in Batch 1 show the feasibility to further develop the SiC readout ICs for seismic sensor system operating on Venus.QC 20170911
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Ma, Chon Teng. "Biopotential readout front-end circuits using frequency-translation filtering techniques." Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2182904.
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Yazıcıoğlu, Refet Fırat [Verfasser]. "Biopotential readout circuits for portable acquisition systems / Refet Fırat Yazıcıoğlu." [Dordrecht] : Springer, 2008. http://d-nb.info/992403782/34.
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Srowig, André. "Trajectory sensor and readout electronics of a cosmic dust telescope." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=97431997X.
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Walter, Jochen. "Pulse and hold switching current readout of superconducting quantum circuits." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : AlbaNova universitetscentrum, Kungliga tekniska högskolan, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4156.
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Wang, Tian Jen, and 汪天任. "Environmentally Powered Sensor Readout Circuits." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92274697742699046969.
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碩士長庚大學
電子工程學系
101
This research includes environmental energy harvest circuits, battery charging circuits and sensor circuits. In order to integrate environmental energy sources such as: AC energy (vibration energy and a piezoelectric element) or DC energy (solar energy) into electrical energy, the chip integrates the rectifier, the oscillator, the clock generator, the charge pump, the battery charging protection circuit, the voltage regulator and the instrumentation amplifier. How does the Environmentally Powered Sensor Readout Circuits work?! The boost circuits convert environmental energy into electronic energy. The battery charging circuit is applied to up convert the voltage from energy scavenger and store energy to electricity storage devices such as battery and capacitor. The combination of charging and harvesting blocks make the sensor readout self-rechargeable. Using TSMC 0.35μm process, the chip area is 3.6 mm2. Power consumption is about 1.3mW, vibration power is about 80uW, solar power is about 10mW.