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Graham, Phillip William. "The effect of temperature on Plodia - natural enemy interactions." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414743.
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Straub, Cory Severen. "Exploring the relationship between natural enemy biodiversity and herbivore suppression." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Fall2006/c_straub_111306.pdf.
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Rangel, Andres. "Sleeping with the Enemy, or Putting the Enemy to Sleep? A Theory of Insurgency-State Interaction." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/political_science_theses/40.
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This paper presents a theory of insurgency-state strategic interaction based on the insurgency’s mode of survival. The theory postulates that, ceteris paribus, illegal resources discourage the insurgents from desiring to control the state and the state from regaining control of the insurgent territory, whereas legal lootable resources “force” the insurgency to embrace the suboptimal strategy of trying to topple the government, while causing the state to desire full control of the insurgent territory. Intensity, the number of combatant deaths over time, will be used to test the theory. Civil conflicts involving insurgencies that rely on illegal resources for most of their revenue should be of low intensity. The opposite should hold true for civil wars in which the insurgency’s livelihood is a legal lootable resource.
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Casula, Paolo. "Functional agrobiodiversity : the role of natural enemy diversity in pest control functioning." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501472.
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Barker, Jenny Elspeth. "Arabidopsis thaliana as a model for host plant- herbivore- natural enemy interactions." Thesis, University of Reading, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398395.
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Rodríguez-Gasol, Neus. "Habitat management in Mediterranean fruit orchards to foster pollinator and natural enemy communities." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668668.
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La intensificació agrícola va impulsar la producció d'aliments durant la Revolució Verda del segle passat però també va causar una pèrdua de biodiversitat. Actualment, s'espera que la demanda d'aliments augmenti un 15% en els pròxims 10 anys, per tant l'agricultura enfronta el repte de produir més, i d'una manera sostenible. En aquest context, l'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és el d'aportar nous coneixements sobre diversos aspectes relacionats amb el manteniment i promoció de serveis ecosistèmics (pol·linització i control biològic) en cultius fructícoles mediterranis. La primera part de la tesi avalua els efectes del reg i la consegüent intensificació agrícola en abelles silvestres i sírfids. Per això, vam analitzar les comunitats d'aquests pol·linitzadors a l'àrea fructícola de Lleida. Els nostres resultats van demostrar que la transformació de secà a regadiu provoca més abundància de flors, diferent composició floral i reducció en la cobertura d'habitats seminaturals en les àrees regades. Aquests canvis ambientals comporten una transformació dràstica de les comunitats d'abelles silvestres: augmenta la presència d'abelles socials però disminueix la d'altres abelles solitàries, i es redueix, en conseqüència, la diversitat global d'espècies (Capítol 1). La segona part de la tesi se centra específicament en l'avaluació d'estratègies de maneig d'hàbitat per a la promoció de fauna auxiliar. Primer vam estudiar l'atracció d'un marge floral a enemics naturals de pugons de la pomera (Dysaphis plantaginea i Eriosoma lanigerum), després vam caracteritzar els enemics naturals presents a les colònies de pugó i finalment, vam avaluar la contribució d'aquest marge al control biològic de pugons. Els nostres resultats subratllen la importància dels parasitoides presents als voltants de les finques de fruiters en el parasitisme de les colònies de D. plantaginea (Capítol 2). La tercera part de la tesi estudia l'atracció dels sírfids a diferents característiques florals per tal d'entendre millor el seu comportament de recerca d'aliment. Vam observar que la forma, el nombre i el color de les flors provoquen diversos comportaments en els sírfids: preferien poms de flors circulars i planes, amb combinacions de groc i blanc per sobre d'aquelles que contenien blau. A més, vam observar que femelles aparellades i no aparellades es comportaven diferent (Capítol 3). L'última part de la tesi aborda el potencial i les dificultats d'utilitzar sírfids com a proveïdors de serveis ecosistèmics en els sistemes agrícoles. Per a tal efecte, vam fer una revisió de la literatura existent relacionada amb aquests insectes beneficiosos, amb especial èmfasi en els aspectes clau de la seva ecologia que poden maximitzar el seu potencial com a pol·linitzadors i depredadors (Capítol 4).La intensificación agrícola impulsó la producción de alimentos durante la Revolución Verde del siglo pasado pero también causó la pérdida de biodiversidad. Además, se espera que la demanda de alimento aumente un 15% en los próximos 10 años, por lo que el reto actual de la agricultura es el de proveer más, y de un modo más sostenible. En este contexto, el objetivo de esta tesis es el de aportar nuevos conocimientos sobre diversos aspectos relacionados con el mantenimiento y promoción de servicios ecosistémicos (polinización y control biológico) en cultivos frutícolas mediterráneos. La primera parte de la tesis evalúa los efectos del riego y la consecuente intensificación agrícola en abejas silvestres y sírfidos. Con esta finalidad, analizamos las comunidades de polinizadores en el área frutícola de Lleida. Nuestros resultados demostraron que la transformación de secano a regadío provoca una mayor abundancia de flores, una distinta composición floral y una reducción de la cobertura de hábitats seminaturales en las áreas regadas. Estos cambios ambientales resultan en una transformación drástica de la comunidad de abejas silvestres: aumenta la presencia de abejas sociales, pero disminuye la de abejas solitarias, reduciendo, consecuentemente, la diversidad global de especies (Capítulo 1). La segunda parte de la tesis se centra específicamente en la evaluación de estrategias de manejo del hábitat para la promoción de fauna auxiliar. Primero estudiamos la atracción de un margen floral a enemigos naturales de pulgones del manzano (Dysaphis plantaginea y Eriosoma lanigerum), luego caracterizamos los enemigos naturales presentes en las colonias de pulgón y finalmente, evaluamos la contribución de este margen al control biológico de pulgones. Nuestros resultados destacan la importancia de los parasitoides presentes en los alrededores de las fincas de frutales en el parasitismo de colonias de D. plantaginea (Capítulo 2). La tercera parte de la tesis, estudia la atracción de distintas características florales a sírfidos con la finalidad de entender mejor su comportamiento de búsqueda de alimento. Observamos que la forma, el número y el color de las flores suscitan diversos comportamientos en los sírfidos: preferían ramos de flores circulares y planas, y combinaciones de amarillo y blanco eran preferidas ante combinaciones con azul. Además, observamos que hembras apareadas y no apareadas se comportaban de modo distinto (Capítulo 3). La última parte aborda el potencial y las dificultades de utilizar sírfidos como proveedores de servicios ecosistémicos en los sistemas agrícolas. Para tal efecto, hicimos una revisión de la literatura existente relacionada con estos insectos beneficiosos, con especial énfasis en los aspectos clave de su ecología que pueden maximizar su potencial como polinizadores y depredadores (Capítulo 4).
Agricultural intensification boosted food production during the Green Revolution of the last century but it also caused loss of biodiversity. Nowadays the demand for food is expected to raise by a 15% in the next 10 years, so agriculture must face the challenge of providing more food in a sustainable way. In this context, the aim of this thesis was to give further insight in several aspects of the maintenance and promotion of ecosystem services (pollination and biological control) in Mediterranean fruit orchards. The first part of the thesis evaluates the effects of irrigation and the consequent agricultural intensification on two of the main groups of pollinators: wild bees and hoverflies. For that, we assessed these pollinator communities in the fruit-tree growing area of Lleida. Our results showed that the transformation of dryland into irrigation caused a higher flower abundance, different flower composition and reduced cover of semi-natural habitats in the irrigated areas. These environmental changes resulted in a drastic transformation of the wild bee communities: in the irrigated areas the presence of social bees increased but the presence of other solitary species was hindered, reducing overall wild bee species diversity (Chapter 1). The second part of the thesis specifically focuses on the evaluation of habitat management strategies to promote beneficials. First, we assessed the attractiveness of a specific flower margin to natural enemies of apple aphids (Dysaphis plantaginea and Eriosoma lanigerum), then we characterized the natural enemies present in the aphid colonies and finally, we evaluated the contribution of this margin to aphid biological control. Our results highlight the importance of parasitoids present in the surroundings of the orchards on the parasitism of D. plantaginea colonies (Chapter 2). The third part of the thesis studies the attractiveness of different flower traits to hoverflies to better understand the foraging behavior of these insects. We observed that flower shape, number and color elicit diverse behaviors in hoverflies: they showed a predilection for flat circle-shaped flowers bouquets and, that combinations with yellow and white are preferred to those that contain blue. In addition, we found behavioral differences between mated and unmated females with regard to their flower foraging (Chapter 3). The last part of the thesis addresses the potential and difficulties of using hoverflies as providers of ecosystem services in agricultural systems. For that purpose, we reviewed the existing literature related to these beneficials, with an emphasis on the key aspects of their ecology that can maximize their potential as pollinators and predators (Chapter 4).
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Poppleton, Jo. "'Truth cannot be an enemy to truth' : natural philosophy, poetry and politics, 1680-1730." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426904.
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Larentzaki, Eleni. "Evaluation of 'Franklinothrips vespiformis' (Crawford) (Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae) as a natural enemy of glasshouse pests." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415969.
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Mathews, Clarissa Ruth. "Role of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batcsh] extrafloral nectaries in mediating natural enemy-herbivore interactions." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2066.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.Thesis research directed by: Entomology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Otieno, Mark. "Assessing the drivers of pollinator and natural enemy communities in pigeonpea and field beam crops." Thesis, University of Reading, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533746.
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ASIIMWE, PETER, PETER C. ELLSWORTH, and STEVEN E. NARANJO. "Natural enemy impacts on Bemisia tabaci (MEAM1) dominate plant quality effects in the cotton system." WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621978.
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1. Plant quality (bottom-up effects) and natural enemies (top-down effects) affect herbivore performance. Furthermore, plant quality can also influence the impact of natural enemies. 2. Lower plant quality through reduced irrigation increased the abundance of the cryptic species from the Bemisia tabaci complex [hereafter B. tabaci Middle East Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1)], but not its natural enemies on cotton. It was therefore predicted that lower plant quality would diminish the impact of natural enemies in regulating this herbivore. 3. Over three cotton seasons, plant quality was manipulated via differential irrigation and natural enemy abundance with insecticides. Life tables were used to evaluate the impact of these factors on mortality of immature B. tabaci (MEAM1) over nine generations. 4. Mortality of B. tabaci (MEAM1) was consistently affected by natural enemies but not by plant quality. This pattern was driven by high levels of sucking predation, which was the primary (key) factor associated with changes in immature mortality across all irrigation and natural enemy treatments. Dislodgement (chewing predation and weather) and parasitism contributed as key factors in some cases. Analyses also showed that elimination of sucking predation and dislodgement would have the greatest effect on overall mortality. 5. The top-down effects of natural enemies had dominant effects on populations of B. tabaci (MEAM1) relative to the bottom-up effects of plant quality. Effects were primarily due to native generalist arthropod predators and not more host-specific aphelinid parasitoids. The findings of this study demonstrate the important role of arthropod predators in population suppression and validate the importance of conservation biological control in this system for effective pest control.
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Baptista, Ana Paula Machado [UNESP]. "Entomofauna associada em pomar de goiaba, Psidium guajava L., nas regiões de Jaboticabal e Pindorama no estado de São Paulo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102292.
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baptista_apm_dr_jabo.pdf: 922563 bytes, checksum: e550ed5be3217654b8f34a0ea2b4d436 (MD5)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Considerando-se a importância de estudos relacionados a entomofauna em pomares de goiaba para projetos de manejo integrado de pragas, foi desenvolvido o presente trabalho, com os seguintes objetivos principais: a) Conhecer a dinâmica populacional dos psilídeos e das moscas-das-frutas nos pomares das Regiões de Jaboticabal-SP e Pindorama-SP; b) Analisar a entomofauna associada aos pomares em cada região; c) Relacionar quais tefritídeos são mais freqüentes em cada região; d) Conhecer a entomofauna de solo nas duas regiões e identificar os principais inimigos naturais; e) Avaliar a eficiência do gradiente de concentração de Moscatex, inclusive com mistura de suco açucarado de goiaba; f) Estudar as correlações das dinâmicas populacionais de inimigos naturais com os fatores meteorológicos nas duas regiões. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida durante o período de agosto de 2007 a julho de 2009 em pomares experimentais da FCAV/UNESP Jaboticabal-SP e do Pólo Regional Centro Norte da Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios – Apta em Pindorama-SP e no Laboratório de Seletividade Ecológica da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias da Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP – Campus de Jaboticabal, SP. Com base nos resultados obtidos e nas condições de desenvolvimento do presente projeto, foi possível obter as seguintes conclusões principais: a) Anastrepha sp. é o gênero de maior ocorrência nos pomares de Jaboticabal-SP e Pindorama-SP.; b) Moscatex 5% + suco de goiaba é o tratamento mais atrativo para moscas-das-frutas em Jaboticabal-SP; c) Triozoida sp. apresentou correlação positiva com o inimigo natural Scymnus sp. nos dois pomares experimentais (Jaboticabal-SP e Pindorama-SP); d) Scymnus sp. é o inimigo natural com maior número de indivíduos coletados em armadilhas adesivas amarelas nos pomares de Jaboticabal-SP e Pindorama-SP...
Considered the importance of studies related to entomofauna in guava orchards to project of integrated pest management was developed the present work with the following principal objectives: a) to know the populational dynamic of Psyllidae and fruit fly in orchards in regions of Jaboticabal-SP and Pindorama-SP; b) to analyze the entomofauna associated to orchards in each region; c) to related which Tephritidae insects are more frequents in each region; d) to know the entomofauna of ground in two regions and identify the principal natural enemies; e) to evaluate the efficiency of gradient of concentration of Moscatex, include with mix of sweeten juice of guava; f) to study of the correlations of populational dynamics of naturals enemies with the meteorological factors in two regions. The research was developed during the period of august 2007 to july 2009 in experimental orchards in FCAV/UNESP- Jaboticabal-SP and APTA-Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios in Pindorama-SP and in the Laboratory of Ecological Selectivity of Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias da Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP- Campus de Jaboticabal, SP. The results allowed to conclude: a) Anastrepha is the genus more frequent in orchards in Jaboticabal-SP and Pindorama-SP; b) Moscatex 5% + guava juice is the treatment more attractive to fruit fly in Jaboticabal-SP; c) Triozoida sp. presented positive correlation with the natural enemy Scymnus sp. In two experimental orchards (Jaboticabal-SP and Pindorama-SP); d) Scymnus sp. is the natural enemy with the most number collected in adhesives yellow traps in orchards in Jaboticabal-SP and Pindorama-SP; e) Formicidae is the family with the most number of insects in the traps like pitfall; f) Pheidole sp. is the genus of Formicidae super dominant in the orchards in Jaboticabal-SP and Pindorama-SP... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Blaisdell, Gretchen Kai 1974. "Introduced plant species, herbivores and pathogens, and the host-enemy relationships that accompany invasions." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11227.
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xvi, 109 p. : ill.Invasions by introduced plant species cost billions of dollars each year in the United States and threaten native habitat. The primary goal of my dissertation research was to examine the role that natural enemies (pathogens and herbivores) play in these invasions in both unmanaged and restored plant communities. In two related studies in seasonal wetland prairies in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA, I surveyed natural enemy attack on common native and introduced plant species in a restoration experiment designed to test the effects of site preparation techniques on plant community composition. Restoration treatments had little influence on enemy attack rates. Attack rates depended on idiosyncratic differences in the relationships between host species and plant community characteristics, suggesting that existing theories concerning these relationships have limited predictive power. Another field experiment tested the potential for enemy spillover from introduced to native species and dilution of natural enemy attack on introduced species by native species. I examined natural enemy attack on three native and three perennial grasses that commonly co-occur in the Willamette Valley. The native species are commonly used in restoration. The introduced species are common throughout North America and potentially harbor enemies that could affect both crops and natural communities. There was no compelling evidence of enemy spillover from the introduced to the native species, but dilution of enemies on the introduced species by the native species was evident in year 2 and even stronger in year 3 for two of the three introduced species. Using the same three introduced species from the spillover/dilution study, I tested the enemy release hypothesis, which proposes that introduced species lose natural enemies upon introduction and are thus "released" from population control. I surveyed populations of the three grass species across a wide geographic area in their native and naturalized ranges in Europe and the United States, respectively. I also compared my results to those of a previously published literature survey. My field survey supported release from herbivores but not from fungal pathogens. In contrast, the literature survey found evidence of release from fungal pathogens. This dissertation includes unpublished co-authored material.
Committee in charge: Brendan Bohannan, Chairperson; Bitty Roy, Co-Advisor; Scott Bridgham, Co-Advisor; Eric Seabloom, Member; Robert Mauro, Outside Member
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Trostle, Duke Marcia Katherine. "Classical biological control of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), (Diptera:Tephritidae): natural enemy exploration and nontarget testing." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3877.
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This work covers stages one through seven (of nine stages) of a classical biological
control program for Mediterranean fruit fly (=medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Major
research objectives concentrate on stage five (exploration and collection of natural enemies),
and stage seven (testing and selecting natural enemies for additional work).
Coffee was collected monthly from three locations in Kenya from November 1997
through July 1999. Four species of tephritid flies and ten parasitoid species were recovered.
Four guilds of parasitoids were recorded, and two egg-prepupal endoparasitoids, Fopius
caudatus (Szépligeti) and F. ceratitivorus (Wharton), were discovered. The oviposition behavior
of these two species is contrasted. Domination of this tropical parasitoid assemblage by
koinobionts is discussed relative to the dominance of temperate fruit-infesting tephritid systems
by idiobionts.
Fruit handling procedures were examined for impact on overall percent emergence and
specifically percent emergence of flies versus parasitoids. It was determined that stirring
samples had a significant positive effect on overall emergence, however daily misting of fruit did
not. The only treatment without a significant bias in fly emergence over parasitoids was the
stirred/dry treatment. Effects of these results on rearing procedures are discussed.
Host specificity and host suitability of parasitoids reared from coffee were examined via:
(1) association of parasitoids with host flies based on characteristics of the fly puparia from which parasitoids emerged, (2) rearing of cucurbit infesting tephritids and their parasitoids in
Kenya, (3) rearing of flowerhead infesting tephritids and their parasitoids in Kenya and Hawaii,
and (4) host range testing of Psyttalia species in Kenya and Hawaii. These results are discussed
in terms of their utility for predicting nontarget effects.
Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti) was shipped to Hawaii and tested against the nontarget
gall forming tephritid Procecidochares utilis Stone introduced to control the weed Ageretina
adenophora (Maui pamakani). Psyttalia concolor failed to attack the gall-forming P. utilis both
in choice and no-choice tests, but readily attacked tephritid larvae offered in fruit in choice tests.
Recommendations for further testing and release of the parasitoids from Kenya are
discussed for Hawaii and Latin America.
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Premnath, Priyanka Verfasser], and Irene [Akademischer Betreuer] [Wagner-Döbler. "Weakening the enemy: Novel whole cell reporter for natural product screening / Priyanka Premnath ; Betreuer: Irene Wagner-Döbler." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1175890405/34.
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Sackett, Tara. "Natural enemy ecology in apple orchards: spider colonization of orchards and effects of kaolin on the apple pest «Choristoneura rosaceana» and its natural enemies." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18437.
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Integrated pest management (IPM) uses multiple approaches to keep pest levels below economic injury levels. Integrated pest management combines preventative methods such as biocontrol with curative methods; this synthesis requires an understanding of the ecology of natural enemies in the agroecosystem. Arthropod natural enemy communities in apple orchards are diverse, and spiders (Araneae) are particularly abundant and species rich. Orchard arthropods are affected by multiple factors, both external (e.g. immigration) and internal (e.g. pesticides) to the orchard environment. In this thesis I explored the influence of these factors on natural enemy communities in apple orchards. I investigated which natural habitats adjacent to orchards are potential sources of spiders, and the influence of distance from a source habitat on the composition of colonizing spider assemblages. I tested how kaolin clay, a pest management technique, affects orchard generalist predator communities and the parasitoids of a pest species and prey item of spiders, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). I also examined how applications of kaolin to apple foliage affect the behaviour of C. rosaceana larvae and whether this alters the predation on larvae by spiders. Comparisons of spider assemblages in natural habitats adjacent to apple orchards in southern Québec indicated that deciduous forest had spider assemblages similar in to those in the orchard foliage. The composition of the spiders that colonized the apple orchards changed over a small spatial scale (10-50 m). The relative abundance of individuals among spider species in older orchards was more evenly distributed than in assemblages of recently colonized spiders, suggesting that local dynamics also shape the composition of the spider assemblages over time. Kaolin on apple leaves changed C. rosaceana larval behaviour: third and fourth instar larvae and neonates took longer to build leaf shelters, and neLa lutte intégrée combine plusieurs méthodes de lutte pour maintenir les populations de ravageurs sous des seuils d'intervention. Ces méthodes incluent des mesures préventives, comme l'augmention des agents de lutte biologique, et des mesures curatives. Cette synthèse nécessite des connaissances sur l'écologie des vergers et ses espèces. Les communautés d'espèces utiles dans les vergers sont diverses, et les assemblages d'araignées (Araneae) sont notamment abondants et riches en espèces. Plusieurs facteurs affectent les organismes dans les vergers, incluant les facteurs externes (ex. immigration) et internes (ex. l'application d'insecticides). Dans cette thèse, j'ai étudié l'influence de ces facteurs sur les communautés d'araignées et d'autres espèces utiles. J'ai déterminé quels habitats adjacents au verger ont le potentiel d'être des sources d'araignées, et comment la distance de la source change les dynamiques de colonisation des vergers par les araignées. J'ai déterminé les effets du kaolin (un pesticide à base d'argile) sur les assemblages de prédateurs arthropodes et parasites du ravageur Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) dans les vergers. Les forêts adjacentes au verger ont des assemblages d'araignées similaires à ceux des vergers, vraisemblablement parce que leur structure végétale et leur niveau de dérangement temporel sont semblables. La composition des assemblages d'araignées change à petite échelle spatiale (10-50 m). La répartition des individus parmi les espèces des assemblages d'araignées dans les vergers établis était plus homogène que celle des vergers récemment colonisés. Ceci suggère que les dynamiques locales façonnent aussi la composition des assemblages d'araignées. Le kaolin a changé le comportement des larves de C. rosaceana: les larves ont requis plus de temps pour se faire un abri sur les tiges traitées avec le kaolin. Les larves néonates se sont dispe
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Baptista, Ana Paula Machado. "Entomofauna associada em pomar de goiaba, Psidium guajava L., nas regiões de Jaboticabal e Pindorama no estado de São Paulo /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102292.
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Orientador: Julio Cesar GalliBanca: Arlindo Leal Boiça Júnior
Banca: Francisco Jorge Cividanes
Banca: Valter Arthur
Banca: Antonio Lucio Mello Martins
Resumo: Considerando-se a importância de estudos relacionados a entomofauna em pomares de goiaba para projetos de manejo integrado de pragas, foi desenvolvido o presente trabalho, com os seguintes objetivos principais: a) Conhecer a dinâmica populacional dos psilídeos e das moscas-das-frutas nos pomares das Regiões de Jaboticabal-SP e Pindorama-SP; b) Analisar a entomofauna associada aos pomares em cada região; c) Relacionar quais tefritídeos são mais freqüentes em cada região; d) Conhecer a entomofauna de solo nas duas regiões e identificar os principais inimigos naturais; e) Avaliar a eficiência do gradiente de concentração de Moscatex, inclusive com mistura de suco açucarado de goiaba; f) Estudar as correlações das dinâmicas populacionais de inimigos naturais com os fatores meteorológicos nas duas regiões. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida durante o período de agosto de 2007 a julho de 2009 em pomares experimentais da FCAV/UNESP Jaboticabal-SP e do Pólo Regional Centro Norte da Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios - Apta em Pindorama-SP e no Laboratório de Seletividade Ecológica da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias da Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP - Campus de Jaboticabal, SP. Com base nos resultados obtidos e nas condições de desenvolvimento do presente projeto, foi possível obter as seguintes conclusões principais: a) Anastrepha sp. é o gênero de maior ocorrência nos pomares de Jaboticabal-SP e Pindorama-SP.; b) Moscatex 5% + suco de goiaba é o tratamento mais atrativo para moscas-das-frutas em Jaboticabal-SP; c) Triozoida sp. apresentou correlação positiva com o inimigo natural Scymnus sp. nos dois pomares experimentais (Jaboticabal-SP e Pindorama-SP); d) Scymnus sp. é o inimigo natural com maior número de indivíduos coletados em armadilhas adesivas amarelas nos pomares de Jaboticabal-SP e Pindorama-SP... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Considered the importance of studies related to entomofauna in guava orchards to project of integrated pest management was developed the present work with the following principal objectives: a) to know the populational dynamic of Psyllidae and fruit fly in orchards in regions of Jaboticabal-SP and Pindorama-SP; b) to analyze the entomofauna associated to orchards in each region; c) to related which Tephritidae insects are more frequents in each region; d) to know the entomofauna of ground in two regions and identify the principal natural enemies; e) to evaluate the efficiency of gradient of concentration of Moscatex, include with mix of sweeten juice of guava; f) to study of the correlations of populational dynamics of naturals enemies with the meteorological factors in two regions. The research was developed during the period of august 2007 to july 2009 in experimental orchards in FCAV/UNESP- Jaboticabal-SP and APTA-Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios in Pindorama-SP and in the Laboratory of Ecological Selectivity of Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias da Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP- Campus de Jaboticabal, SP. The results allowed to conclude: a) Anastrepha is the genus more frequent in orchards in Jaboticabal-SP and Pindorama-SP; b) Moscatex 5% + guava juice is the treatment more attractive to fruit fly in Jaboticabal-SP; c) Triozoida sp. presented positive correlation with the natural enemy Scymnus sp. In two experimental orchards (Jaboticabal-SP and Pindorama-SP); d) Scymnus sp. is the natural enemy with the most number collected in adhesives yellow traps in orchards in Jaboticabal-SP and Pindorama-SP; e) Formicidae is the family with the most number of insects in the traps like pitfall; f) Pheidole sp. is the genus of Formicidae super dominant in the orchards in Jaboticabal-SP and Pindorama-SP... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Zhao, Jing-wei. "The biology and ecology of California Red Scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Mask) (Hemiptera : Diaspididae), and its natural enemy, Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae)." Adelaide, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phz63.pdf.
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Silva, Roberta Kélia Bezerra. "Técnica de criação e aspectos do parasitismo de Opius sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) sobre a mosca-minadora, Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae), em meloeiro." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2008. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/70.
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Previous issue date: 2008-04-02Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The leafminer Liriomyza trifolii is nowadays the main pest of melon orchards in the region of Chapada do Apodi, Northeast of Brazil. In order of the high infestation level of this insect, the control based only in pesticides has not been plenty satisfactory. However, considerable parasitism levels occasioned by Opius sp. have been found in field, mainly in the beginning of the production. Because of this fact, the first studies with this parasitoid are been developed in the Entomology Laboratory of UFERSA. The present study had the objective of adapting a rearing technique to the parasitoid Opius sp. in laboratory conditions, and study the aspects of it s parasitism, aiming the future utilization of this parasitoid in the leafminer integrated management programs, in the Semi-Arid conditions of Rio Grande do Norte State. Initially, infested melon leaves with L. trifolii larvae were collected in field to obtain the parasitoids. From the first parasitoids obtained from field, a technique to multiply them in L. trifolii on melon plants was developed. In the observations of the parasitism aspects of Opius sp., was perceived that it prefer to oviposite in 2nd and 3rd instar larvae. In addition, was observed that females present the highest levels of parasitism in the first two days of life
A mosca-minadora Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae), é atualmente a principal praga do meloeiro Cucumis melo L., na região da Chapada do Apodi, nordeste brasileiro. Devido às altas infestações deste inseto, o controle baseado exclusivamente no uso de inseticidas não tem sido plenamente satisfatório. Por outro lado, índices consideráveis de parasitismo, ocasionados pelo parasitóide Opius sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), têm sido constatado em campo, principalmente no início da safra. Em função deste fato, estudos básicos com este parasitóide estão sendo realizados no Laboratório de Entomologia da UFERSA, Mossoró, RN. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho objetivou descrever uma técnica para criação de Opius sp., em condições de laboratório, e estudar aspectos de seu parasitismo, visando sua utilização em futuros programas de manejo integrado da mosca-minadora do meloeiro, nas condições do semi-árido do Rio Grande do Norte. Inicialmente, folhas de meloeiro infestadas com larvas da mosca-minadora foram coletadas em campo para obtenção dos parasitóides. A partir dos primeiros parasitóides obtidos foi adaptada uma técnica para multiplicação destes sobre L. trifolii em plantas de meloeiro. Nas observações sobre os aspectos do parasitismo do Opius sp., constatou-se que estes preferem ovipositar em larvas de 2º e 3º ínstar. Além disso, foi observado que as fêmeas do Opius sp. apresentam maiores índices de parasitismo nos primeiros dois dias de vida
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Miller, Stephanie M. "Biological control tactics for suppression of adult striped cucumber Acalymma vittatum, with natural enemy parasitoid, Celatoria setosa, and insect parasitic nematode, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora." The Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1399901618.
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Van, Wert Kristina K. "Attractiveness of English thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) to arthropod natural enemies and its suitability as a dual use resource." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2020. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2179.
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Current agroecosystem management practices have a negative effect on natural enemies and their ability to control insect pests. Conservation biological control through the addition of flowering resources can manage food resources for natural enemies. These floral resources can also provide multiple ecosystem services. Study goals were to determine if perennial Thymus vulgaris L. was attractive to natural enemies and if so, could it be a dual use resource encouraging pest management and providing harvestable product. In 2018 plots in three locations were used to examine the effect of habitat throughout the growing season on the attractiveness of T. vulgaris. Large numbers of Thysanoptera and Hemiptera were collected in all locations, represented by phytophagous Aphididae and Thripidae, and predatory Anthocoridae. Location influenced other families to varying degrees. Seasonal specimen counts were influenced by vegetation density, floral phenology, and predator/prey relationships. In 2019 replicated plots of three treatments were used to examine if harvesting plant material affected the attractiveness of T. vulgaris to natural enemies. Total specimens in 2019 were not significantly different among treatments, indicating removal of blooms did not significantly affect the attractiveness of T. vulgaris. Significant numbers of Thysanoptera and Hemiptera were again collected in all treatments, represented by phytophagous Aphididae and Thripidae. Greater numbers of Diptera and Hymenoptera were also collected. Significant numbers of Thripidae, Aphididae, Mymaridae, and Platygastridae were found in the Family level analyses. Results from both years indicate T. vulgaris was attractive to natural enemy and phytophagous Families. Data from 2018 suggest natural enemy families were attracted to alternative prey and hosts utilizing the foliage rather than flowers but the use of nectar and pollen cannot be ruled out. Data from 2019 suggest the presence of flowers played an important role in the attractiveness of T. vulgaris to micro-hymenopteran parasitoids, Syrphidae, and native Apidae. In conclusion, Thymus vulgaris has the potential to be a dual use floral resource that benefits growers through supporting native enemy populations and pollination services, as well as provide income from the harvest of foliage. It could also be used as a beneficial, harvestable floral resource in urban gardens to encourage pollinator conservation and natural pest control.
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Morse, Stephen. "The integration of partial plant resistance with biological control by an indigenous natural enemy complex in affecting populations of cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch)." Thesis, University of Reading, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.237839.
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Grbin, Lynne C. "Sublethal effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner on the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), and its natural enemy, Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov : implications for resistance management." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phg785.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 165-188. This research examines biological and behavioural interactions among the diamond-back moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and the microbial insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner. A deterministic simulation model is developed describing the influence of C. plutellae on the evolution of resistance to Bt in a diamond-back moth poulation.
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Gent, Claire. "The influence of climate change on the lifecycle of an invasive forest pest Dendroctonus micans (Kug.) and that of its natural enemy, Rhizophagus grandis (Gyll.)." Thesis, Ulster University, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.699570.
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Ferreira, Filho Pedro José [UNESP]. "Dinâmica populacional do psilídeo-de-concha Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) e parasitismo por Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) em floresta de eucalipto." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105466.
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ferreirafilho_pj_dr_botfca.pdf: 1155400 bytes, checksum: 8e9b3a892a4bc9b6e2a50c148430127a (MD5)O gênero Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) é originário da Austrália e hospeda várias espécies de insetos da família Psyllidae. Dentre elas, o psilídeo-de-concha Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), que é considerada uma das principais pragas introduzidas desta cultura no Brasil e em outros países. O parasitóide Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) é indicado como principal agente no controle biológico desta praga. Devido a sua importância econômica, esse trabalho objetivou estudar as populações de G. brimblecombei e de P. bliteus em floresta de Eucalyptus camaldulensis para determinação de sua distribuição espacial, flutuação populacional, a relação com fatores meteorológicos (temperatura e precipitação), e determinar o índice de parasitismo pós liberação de P. bliteus em campo. O estudo da dinâmica populacional do psilídeo-de-concha e do seu parasitóide foi realizado através da utilização de 53 armadilhas amarelas e da coleta de 53 ramos/avaliação em um talhão de 19 ha com E. camaldulensis em Luiz Antônio, SP, com 42 avaliações, entre janeiro de 2006 a janeiro de 2008. Concluiu-se que as populações de ambas espécies apresentaram distribuição espacial agregada, possuem correlação inversamente proporcional à temperatura, e a precipitação pluviométrica; ocorreu aumento no índice de parasitismo em todos os pontos de liberação de P. bliteus. no período avaliado
The genus Eucalyptus is originally from Australia and hosts several species of insects of the family Psylidae. Among them, the red gum lerp psyllid is considered one of the main pests of this crop introduced in Brazil and other countries. However, for the control of phytophagous hemiptera, the treatment with insecticides proved to be expensive and unsustainable. The psylllid specific parasitic wasp Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is indicated as the main biological control agent of this pest. Due to its economic importance, this study aimed to evaluate G. brimblecombei and P. bliteus population in Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantations to determine their spatial distribution, population fluctuation with weather interactions (temperature and rainfall), and also to determine parasitism rates in the field after release of P. bliteus. The study of population dynamic of red gum lerp psyllid and its parasitoid (53 traps sampled and 53 branches sampled per sampling dates) was carried out on E. camaldulensis plantations in 19 ha area in Luiz Antônio municipality (SP, Brazil), from January 2006 to January 2008 (42 sampling dates). This research indicated that population of both species noticed especial aggregated distribution, inversely proportional subject to temperature. Besides, was found correlation between both species and rainfall. There was also at measured period an increase in the parasitism rate at all release points of P. bliteus
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Saleh, Azzam. "Biological and ecological studies on the polyphagous predatory bug Dicyphus tamaninii Wagner (Heteroptera : Miridae) as a natural enemy of the melon aphid Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae)." Bonn : Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Institut für Pflanzenkraknheiten, 2002. http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/diss_online/landw_fak/2002/saleh_azzam/0026.pdf.
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Grisales, Luisa Fernanda Patiño. "Resposta de Cotesia flavipes a voláteis de plantas de cana de açúcar atacadas ou não por Diatraea saccharalis." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2013. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/3973.
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Previous issue date: 2013-07-22Worldwide sugar cane plantations suffer the pest attack A major pest is the sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). A striking feature of D. saccharalis is the penetration on the stalk, feeding on the tissues; affecting the developmet point, resulting in a condition known as "dead heart" due to the presence of the fungus Colletotrichum falcatum The plants can protect itself from herbivores attack by a combination of constitutive and/or inducible defenses that reduces the performance of herbivores, interrupting the spread of the damage. Accordingly, plants respond to feeding herbivorous arthropods producing a series of secondary metabolites, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are known to attract natural enemies. Natural enemies such as parasitoids, are able to exploit these volatiles to locate their prey, for exemple, using feeding chemical signals. Thus, behavioral studies are important for understanding the interactions that occur between organisms in a food Web. As the knowledge of the chemical compounds that mediate the location of plants infested with herbivores by natural enemies, to have a better understanding of insect-plant interaction influencing the third trophic level. Given this, in this study was investigated the responses of cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to volatile plant sugar cane rustic and current (Archi, White pararia and RB867515) unscathed and infested by D. saccharalis. In the chapter 1 was investigated the preferences of C. flavipes to the set of plants induced to herbivory and plants unharmed in laboratory and semi-field conditions. The results show that the parasitic wasp provides different responses, in the laboratory showed choice for infested specie and semi-infested field conditions show no preference, but present parasitism in the host. In the second chapter we identify the volatile compounds emitted by plants infested with D. Saccharalis and undamaged plants of sugarcane. To access this result was used for GC-MS for the identiñcation of compounds, showing that when compared uninjured plants with infested plants were found and identified a larger quantity of volatile components in the infested plants, especially on the species Archi and White pararia, the profile of volatile of the specie RB867515 is very similar between infested and unharmed sugar cane plants. The results obtained through the identification of these volatile compounds may explain the outputs obtained in the chapter 1, which may mediate the foraging behavior of C. flavipes. In general it can be concluded that this wasp showed parasitism, independently of the complex plant-herbivore, reducing infestation and damage by D. saccharalis in sugarcane plants.
Em todo o mundo plantações de cana de açúcar sofrem o ataque de pragas. Uma das principais pragas é a broca da cana Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), uma caraterística marcante de D. saccharalis é a penetração no colmo, onde se alimenta do tecido afetando o ponto de desenvolvimento, produzindo o chamado "coração morto" devido à presença do fungo Colletotrichum falcatum. As plantas se protegem contra o ataque dos herbívoros através da combinação de defensas constitutivas e/ou induzidas que reduzem o desempenho dos herbívoros, interrompendo a propagação do dano. Consequentemente, as plantas respondem à alimentação de herbívoros artrópodes produzindo uma série de compostos secundários, incluindo os compostos voláteis orgânicos (VOCs), os quais são conhecidos por atrair os inimigos naturais. Os inimigos naturais como parasitoides, são capazes de explorar esses voláteis para localizar seus hospedeiros, como por exemplo, usando os sinais químicos da alimentação. Dessa forma, estudos de comportamento para fontes de odores são importantes para o entendimento das interações que ocorrem entre os organismos em uma teia alimentar. Assim como o conhecimento dos compostos químicos que meiam a localização de plantas infestadas com herbívoros pelos inimigos naturais, para ter uma melhor compreensão da interação inseto-planta influenciando o terceiro nível trófico. Diante isto, este trabalho investigou as respostas de Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenóptera: Braconidae) aos voláteis de plantas de cana de açúcar rústicas e atual (Archi, White pararia e RB867515), ilesas e infestadas por D. saccharalis. No capítulo 1 foram investigadas as preferências de C. flavipes ao conjunto de plantas induzidas a herbivoria e plantas ilesas tanto em laboratório quanto em condições de semi-campo. Os resultados mostram que a vespa parasítica apresenta diferentes respostas, sendo que em laboratório mostra escolha por espécies infestadas quanto em semi-campo não mostra preferência, no entanto apresentando parasitismo no hospedeiro. No segundo capítulo identificamos os compostos voláteis emitidos por plantas infestadas com D. saccharalis e plantas ilesas de cana de açúcar. Para acessar a esse resultado foi utilizado o GC-MS para a identificação dos compostos, mostrando que quando comparamos plantas ilesas com plantas infestadas foram encontrados e identificados uma quantidade superior de compostos voláteis nas plantas infestadas, principalmente das espécies Archi e White pararia, já que o perfil de voláteis da espécie RB867515 é bastante similar quando ilesa e infestada. Os resultados obtidos através da identificação destes compostos voláteis podem explicar as respostas obtidas no capítulo 1, os quais podem mediar no comportamento de forrageamento de C. flavipes. Em linhas gerais, pode-se concluir que esta vespa apresenta parasitismo independente do complexo planta-herbívoro, reduzindo a infestação e o dano por parte de D. saccharalis em plantas de cana de açúcar.
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Cripps, M. G. "Influence of natural enemies on Cirsium arvense — a biogeographic perspective." Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1411.
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Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Californian, Canada, or creeping thistle) is an exotic perennial herb indigenous to Eurasia that successfully established in New Zealand (NZ) approximately 130 years ago. Presently, C. arvense is considered one of the worst invasive weeds in NZ arable and pastoral productions systems. The mechanism most commonly invoked to explain the apparent increased vigour of introduced weeds is release from natural enemies. The enemy release hypothesis (ERH) predicts that plants in an introduced range should experience reduced herbivory, particularly from specialists, and that release from this natural enemy pressure facilitates increased plant performance in the introduced range. In 2007 broad surveys were carried out in NZ and central Europe in order to quantify and compare growth characteristics of C. arvense in its native vs. introduced range. Additionally, permanent field plots were established in NZ and Europe where natural enemies were excluded with the use of insecticide and fungicide applications, and compared with controls (ambient natural enemy pressure). The impact of the specialist leaf-feeding beetle, Cassida rubiginosa Müller, which was recently released in NZ as a biological control agent against thistles, was also assessed. From the field surveys, significantly more endophagous herbivory was present in the native range compared to the introduced range, as predicted by the ERH. Endophagous herbivory in NZ was solely from the capitulum-feeding weevil, Rhinocyllus conicus (Frölich), and was only found in the North Island surveys. No stem mining attack was found anywhere in NZ. The proportion of shoots attacked by the specialised rust pathogen, Puccinia punctiformis (Str.) Röhl., was similar in both the native and introduced ranges. Interestingly, this has casted doubt on the idea that stem-mining vectors, such as Ceratapion onopordi Kirby, are important for transmission of the rust pathogen. Contrary to the ERH, there were no significant difference in plant performance between the native and introduced ranges, or differences could be explained by simple climatic factors. Climate tended to be more favourable for growth of C. arvense in NZ. In the permanent field plots in the native range, population growth of C. arvense was significantly greater where natural enemies were excluded, suggesting that insect herbivores and pathogens might have a regulating influence on the population growth of this plant. Furthermore, the probability of shoots transitioning to the reproductive growth stage was enhanced when insect herbivores were excluded, indicating that natural enemies might influence plant development. The biological control agent C. rubiginosa reduced the growth of C. arvense, although the impact of this herbivore was minimal in comparison to interspecific plant competition. Thus, although there is reduced specialist natural enemy pressure in NZ, the growth of C. arvense is not significantly different from in its native range. Nevertheless, there is some evidence that natural enemies in the native range might have a regulating influence on the population dynamics of the plant, and that the specialist herbivore, C. rubiginosa, can impact the plant in certain conditions.
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Stefanello, Júnior Getulio Jorge. "Seletividade de agrotóxicos registrados para a cultura do milho a adultos de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley,1878 ( Hymenoptera : trichogrammatidae ) em laboratório." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2007. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/2095.
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Previous issue date: 2007-02-26The selectivity of 64 pesticides registered to the culture were assessed to Trichogramma pretiosum Riley , 1879...................
Avalio-se a seletividade de 64 agrotoxicos registrados para a cultura do milho a Trichogramma pretiosum , 1879.............
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Ferreira, Filho Pedro José 1978. "Dinâmica populacional do psilídeo-de-concha Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) e parasitismo por Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) em floresta de eucalipto /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105466.
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Orientador: Carlos Frederico WilckenBanca: Edson Luiz Lopes Baldin
Banca: Nádia Cristina de Oliveira
Banca: Luiz Alexandre Nogueira de Sá
Banca: Leonardo Rodrigues Barbosa
Resumo: O gênero Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) é originário da Austrália e hospeda várias espécies de insetos da família Psyllidae. Dentre elas, o psilídeo-de-concha Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), que é considerada uma das principais pragas introduzidas desta cultura no Brasil e em outros países. O parasitóide Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) é indicado como principal agente no controle biológico desta praga. Devido a sua importância econômica, esse trabalho objetivou estudar as populações de G. brimblecombei e de P. bliteus em floresta de Eucalyptus camaldulensis para determinação de sua distribuição espacial, flutuação populacional, a relação com fatores meteorológicos (temperatura e precipitação), e determinar o índice de parasitismo pós liberação de P. bliteus em campo. O estudo da dinâmica populacional do psilídeo-de-concha e do seu parasitóide foi realizado através da utilização de 53 armadilhas amarelas e da coleta de 53 ramos/avaliação em um talhão de 19 ha com E. camaldulensis em Luiz Antônio, SP, com 42 avaliações, entre janeiro de 2006 a janeiro de 2008. Concluiu-se que as populações de ambas espécies apresentaram distribuição espacial agregada, possuem correlação inversamente proporcional à temperatura, e a precipitação pluviométrica; ocorreu aumento no índice de parasitismo em todos os pontos de liberação de P. bliteus. no período avaliado
Abstract: The genus Eucalyptus is originally from Australia and hosts several species of insects of the family Psylidae. Among them, the red gum lerp psyllid is considered one of the main pests of this crop introduced in Brazil and other countries. However, for the control of phytophagous hemiptera, the treatment with insecticides proved to be expensive and unsustainable. The psylllid specific parasitic wasp Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is indicated as the main biological control agent of this pest. Due to its economic importance, this study aimed to evaluate G. brimblecombei and P. bliteus population in Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantations to determine their spatial distribution, population fluctuation with weather interactions (temperature and rainfall), and also to determine parasitism rates in the field after release of P. bliteus. The study of population dynamic of red gum lerp psyllid and its parasitoid (53 traps sampled and 53 branches sampled per sampling dates) was carried out on E. camaldulensis plantations in 19 ha area in Luiz Antônio municipality (SP, Brazil), from January 2006 to January 2008 (42 sampling dates). This research indicated that population of both species noticed especial aggregated distribution, inversely proportional subject to temperature. Besides, was found correlation between both species and rainfall. There was also at measured period an increase in the parasitism rate at all release points of P. bliteus
Doutor
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Ferreira, Filho Pedro José [UNESP]. "Estudo de populações do psilídeo-de-concha Glycaspis brimblecombei (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) e de seu parasitóide Psyllaephagus bliteus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) em floresta de Euclyptus camaldulensis por dois métodos de amostragem." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105410.
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Os psilídeos são um grupo de pragas amplamente distribuídas, causando perdas consideráveis em sistemas agrícolas e florestais. A recente descoberta da ocorrência do psilídeo-de-concha Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), no Brasil tornou-se um problema de grande importância, por ser específico de Eucalyptus. O parasitóide Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) é indicado como principal agente no controle biológico desta praga. Portanto, para o monitoramento adequado de ambas espécies é necessário um método eficiente de amostragem. Devido a sua importância econômica, esse trabalho objetivou estudar as populações de G. brimblecombei e de P. bliteus em floresta de Eucalyptus camaldulensis por dois métodos de amostragem, utilizando armadilhas amarelas e coleta de folhas para determinação de sua distribuição espacial, flutuação populacional, a relação com fatores meteorológicos (temperatura e precipitação), proporção sexual, e correlacionar os métodos de amostragem com ambas populações. A determinação da distribuição espacial, flutuação populacional, proporção sexual e correlação dos métodos de amostragem (53 armadilhas amarelas e 53 ramos/avaliação) foi realizada em um talhão de 19 ha com E. camaldulensis em Luiz Antônio, SP, com 10 avaliações, entre janeiro e junho de 2005. Concluiu-se que as populações de ambas espécies apresentaram distribuição espacial agregada, possue correlação inversamente proporcional à temperatura, independente do método de amostragem; não foi constatado correlação entre ambas espécies e a precipitação pluviométrica, as armadilhas adesivas amarelas são viáveis como método de amostragem e a proporção sexual (macho : fêmea) foi baixa para populações de G. brimblecombei e alta para populações de P. bliteus, sendo coletados mais fêmeas que machos para ambas espécies, no período avaliado.
Psyllids are a widespread group of pests, causing severe damage on agricultural and forestry systems. The recent discovery about occurrence of red gum lerp psyllid Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), in Brazil is nowadays a great problem in Eucalyptus forests, mainly in E. camaldulensis. The psyllid specific parasitic wasp Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is this pest main biological control agent. Thus, the adequate monitoring of both species by a efficient sampling method would facilitate a future decision making. Due to its economic importance, this study aimed to evaluate G. brimblecombei and P. bliteus populations in Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantation by two sampling methods, using yellow traps and foliage samples to determinate their spatial distribution, population fluctuation with weather interactions (temperature and rainfall) and sexual rate and to correlate sampling methods with both populations. The study of the populational fluctuation, the sexual rate, the spatial distribution and correlation sampling methods (53 traps sampled and 53 branches sampled per sampling dates) was carried out on E. camaldulensis plantations in a 19 ha area in Luiz Antônio municipality (SP, Brazil), between January and June, 2005 (10 sampling dates). This research indicated that population of both species noticed special aggregated distribution, inversely proportional correlation subject to temperature. However between sampling methods, there was no correlation between both species with the rainfall, yellow stick traps were useful as sampling methods, sexual rate (male:female) is low to G. brimblecombei populations and high to P. bliteus populations, have been collected more female than male to both species in the evaluated period.
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Ferreira, Filho Pedro José 1978. "Estudo de populações do psilídeo-de-concha Glycaspis brimblecombei (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) e de seu parasitóide Psyllaephagus bliteus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) em floresta de Euclyptus camaldulensis por dois métodos de amostragem /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105410.
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Orientador: Carlos Frederico WilckenBanca: Wilson Badiali Crocomo
Banca: Luiz Alexandre Nogueira de Sá
Resumo: Os psilídeos são um grupo de pragas amplamente distribuídas, causando perdas consideráveis em sistemas agrícolas e florestais. A recente descoberta da ocorrência do psilídeo-de-concha Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), no Brasil tornou-se um problema de grande importância, por ser específico de Eucalyptus. O parasitóide Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) é indicado como principal agente no controle biológico desta praga. Portanto, para o monitoramento adequado de ambas espécies é necessário um método eficiente de amostragem. Devido a sua importância econômica, esse trabalho objetivou estudar as populações de G. brimblecombei e de P. bliteus em floresta de Eucalyptus camaldulensis por dois métodos de amostragem, utilizando armadilhas amarelas e coleta de folhas para determinação de sua distribuição espacial, flutuação populacional, a relação com fatores meteorológicos (temperatura e precipitação), proporção sexual, e correlacionar os métodos de amostragem com ambas populações. A determinação da distribuição espacial, flutuação populacional, proporção sexual e correlação dos métodos de amostragem (53 armadilhas amarelas e 53 ramos/avaliação) foi realizada em um talhão de 19 ha com E. camaldulensis em Luiz Antônio, SP, com 10 avaliações, entre janeiro e junho de 2005. Concluiu-se que as populações de ambas espécies apresentaram distribuição espacial agregada, possue correlação inversamente proporcional à temperatura, independente do método de amostragem; não foi constatado correlação entre ambas espécies e a precipitação pluviométrica, as armadilhas adesivas amarelas são viáveis como método de amostragem e a proporção sexual (macho : fêmea) foi baixa para populações de G. brimblecombei e alta para populações de P. bliteus, sendo coletados mais fêmeas que machos para ambas espécies, no período avaliado.
Abstract: Psyllids are a widespread group of pests, causing severe damage on agricultural and forestry systems. The recent discovery about occurrence of red gum lerp psyllid Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), in Brazil is nowadays a great problem in Eucalyptus forests, mainly in E. camaldulensis. The psyllid specific parasitic wasp Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is this pest main biological control agent. Thus, the adequate monitoring of both species by a efficient sampling method would facilitate a future decision making. Due to its economic importance, this study aimed to evaluate G. brimblecombei and P. bliteus populations in Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantation by two sampling methods, using yellow traps and foliage samples to determinate their spatial distribution, population fluctuation with weather interactions (temperature and rainfall) and sexual rate and to correlate sampling methods with both populations. The study of the populational fluctuation, the sexual rate, the spatial distribution and correlation sampling methods (53 traps sampled and 53 branches sampled per sampling dates) was carried out on E. camaldulensis plantations in a 19 ha area in Luiz Antônio municipality (SP, Brazil), between January and June, 2005 (10 sampling dates). This research indicated that population of both species noticed special aggregated distribution, inversely proportional correlation subject to temperature. However between sampling methods, there was no correlation between both species with the rainfall, yellow stick traps were useful as sampling methods, sexual rate (male:female) is low to G. brimblecombei populations and high to P. bliteus populations, have been collected more female than male to both species in the evaluated period.
Mestre
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Parker, John D. "Plant-herbivore interactions : consequences for the structure of freshwater communities and exotic plant invasions." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/9460.
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Invasive exotic species threaten native biodiversity, alter ecosystem structure and function, and annually cost over $100 billion in the US alone. Determining the ecological traits and interactions that affect invasion success are thus critical for predicting, preventing, and mitigating the negative effects of biological invasions. Native herbivores are widely assumed to facilitate exotic plant invasions by preferentially consuming native plants and avoiding exotic plants. Here, I use freshwater plant communities scattered broadly across the Southeastern U.S. to show that herbivory is an important force driving the ecology and evolution of freshwater systems. However, native consumers often preferentially consume rather than avoid exotic over native plants. Analyses of 3 terrestrial datasets showed similar patterns, with native herbivores generally preferring exotic plants. Thus, exotic plants appear defensively nave against these evolutionarily novel consumers, and exotic plants may escape their coevolved, specialist herbivores only to be preferentially consumed by the native generalist herbivores in their new ranges. In further support of this hypothesis, a meta-analysis of 71 manipulative field studies including over 100 exotic plant species and 400 native plant species from terrestrial, aquatic, and marine systems revealed that native herbivores strongly suppressed exotic plants, while exotic herbivores enhanced the abundance and species richness of exotic plants by suppressing native plants. Both outcomes are consistent with the hypothesis that prey are susceptible to evolutionarily novel consumers. Thus, native herbivores provide biotic resistance to plant invasions, but the widespread replacement of native with exotic herbivores eliminates this ecosystem service, facilitates plant invasions, and triggers an invasional meltdown. Consequently, rather than thriving because they escape their co-evolved specialist herbivores, exotic plants may thrive because their co-evolved generalist herbivores have stronger negative effects on evolutionarily nave, native plants.
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Dib, Hazem. "Rôle des ennemis naturels dans la lutte biologique contre le puceron cendré, Dysaphis plantaginea Passerini (Hemiptera aphididae) en vergers de pommiers." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00665080.
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Dans le contexte politique (réduction 50% de l'utilisation des pesticides à échéance de 2018 -Plan Ecophyto) et social actuel (mise en place de modes de production plus respectueux pour l'environnement), la sévérité des dommages causés par le puceron cendré du pommier, Dysaphis plantaginea Passerini (Hemiptera : Aphididae), surtout en agriculture biologique, rend nécessaire la mise au point de solutions alternatives s'appuyant sur le rôle des ennemis naturels. Nous avons donc essayé d'apporter des éléments nouveaux sur la connaissance des relations entre le puceron cendré et ses ennemis naturels et sur les conditions à même de favoriser leur action. Des suivis hebdomadaires des arthropodes présents sur les rameaux infestés par D. plantaginea, ont mis en évidence l'effet négatif des auxiliaires sur les populations de D. plantaginea, sans pour autant atteindre une véritable régulation à même d'éviter les dégâts économiques. Nous avons également montré l'action favorisante des fourmis sur la dynamique du puceron cendré et négative sur celle des auxiliaires. Nous avons pu identifier trois groupes d'auxiliaires dominants avec une arrivée séquentielle marquée : les syrphes, dont l'installation coïncide avec le début de l'infestation de D. plantaginea, puis les coccinelles et les forficules qui arrivent plus tardivement. Pour que les auxiliaires jouent un rôle plus important contre D. plantaginea, il faut d'autres pratiques permettant d'abaisser significativement le nombre de traitements pesticides. Une innovation très récente permet la réduction drastique des traitements insecticides : les filets Alt'Carpo. Malgré son influence négative sur l'abondance et la richesse du cortège des auxiliaires présents dans les colonies de D. plantaginea, surtout les coccinelles, cette technique freine le développement des populations de D. plantaginea à l'échelle du rameau ou de l'arbre lorsque les filets sont fermés après la floraison (en conformité avec les préconisations contre le carpocapse). Cependant, la réduction des populations de D. plantaginea sous les filets requiert la présence d'au moins un stade actif d'auxiliaire par rameau, ce qui interroge sur la réalité de la régulation de ce ravageur par le simple usage des filets. Sur la base de leur précocité, pour Episyrphus balteatus De Geer (Diptera : Syrphidae) et de leur abondance dans les colonies de D. plantaginea, pour Forficula auricularia Linnaeus (Dermaptera : Forficulidae) et E. balteatus, ces deux espèces apparaissent comme de bons candidats pour la régulation de D. plantaginea. Nos études en conditions contrôlées ont démontré leur potentiel régulateur sur D. plantaginea, en particulier aux stades les plus âgés. L'efficacité optimale intervient à 20°C pour les deux prédateurs, pour lesquels nous n'observons par ailleurs pas d'interaction négative lorsqu'ils sont associés en présence de fortes densités de D. plantaginea. Sur la base de ces résultats de laboratoire nous avons analysé les possibilités de lâchers printaniers de ces deux prédateurs sur de jeunes colonies de D. plantaginea. Dans nos conditions expérimentales en vergers de pommiers, des lâchers précoces de larves du 3ème stade de F. auricularia n'ont pas permis de limiter les populations de D. plantaginea, confirmant la difficulté des lâchers de prédateurs en cultures de plein champ. De la même manière, des lâchers précoces d'E. balteatus pourtant réalisés sous filets Alt'Carpo restent sans effet sur l'infestation par D. plantaginea. Cette thèse, en s'appuyant sur des essais en conditions contrôlées, semi contrôlées et de plein champ, constitue une étape dans un processus d'élaboration d'un modèle dynamique du développement de D. plantaginea à l'échelle du rameau, prenant en compte le rôle des fourmis et des auxiliaires et l'influence des pratiques de protection (par exemple, les filets Alt'Carpo et les lâchers d'auxiliaires). Elle confirme, si besoin en était, la complexité des phénomènes de régulation, des pucerons en particulier, et la nécessité d'études complémentaires pour définir les conditions d'application de la lutte biologique contre D. plantaginea
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Comont, Richard Francis. "Modelling the impact of an alien invasion : Harmonia axyridis in Britain." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:08de972b-1c12-4862-bb7d-95d614a9e011.
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Harmonia axyridis is a ladybird native to Asia, but introduced widely as a biocontrol agent. It is invasive and detrimental to native species in North America, which meant its arrival in Britain was met with concern. Establishment was seen as an opportunity to track the spread of an invasive alien species (IAS) whilst also monitoring impacts on native species. The aims of this thesis were to examine the responses of native British ladybirds to the arrival of H. axyridis, to establish the effect of the IAS on native ladybirds when compared to other drivers, and to investigate the possible facilitation of the H. axyridis invasion by natural enemy release. Modelling ladybird distributions with life-history and resource-use traits found that species predatory on a wide range of prey families had larger range sizes than those which ate fewer prey types. This suggests that the wide diet breadth of the IAS is likely to have played a critical role in the species’ rapid spread. Dietary niche overlap between H. axyridis and native ladybirds showed positive correlation with declines of native ladybirds. This indicates that the IAS is playing an important role, but the significance of urbanisation suggests habitat destruction is also significant. Abundance of H. axyridis was influenced by habitat type and aphid abundance, but not by the native ladybird community, suggesting the spread of the IAS will not be slowed by biotic resistance. Harmonia axyridis is attacked by native parasitoids, but at a much lower rate than is the native Coccinella septempunctata, in line with natural-enemy release theory. There was no evidence of attack rate increasing with time since arrival in an area. Overall, H. axyridis is an extremely successful IAS, with detrimental effects on native ladybirds which are likely to continue.
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Ferreira, Sergio Daniel. "Análise das questões do ENEM da área de Ciências Naturais pelo enfoque CTS." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/2602.
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Previous issue date: 2011-04-27Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
ENEM has been viewed as a strategy to develop competencies and skills in students, making them more participatory and integrated with the environment in which they live. Added to this, scientific literacy has been developing research and debate on issues involving science, technology and society. Realizing the importance and political dimension, both social and educational issues have taken, this research develops through Content Analysis, a research from the perspective of a particular conception of education in the evaluation of CTS present ENEM in the years 2005, 2006 and 2007. We propose to first do a survey and study of the present discussion of STS education in line with science teaching, then do the same in the documentation and materials ENEM in the area of Natural Sciences, Mathematics and its technologies and, finally, examine the issues in the assessments ENEM, looking for answers: The array of references ENEM, used for construction of the questions from the skills and abilities, brings correlations with the assumptions of an STS Education adopted in this work? The intention with this project, contribute to the study of STS education and focus on this analysis in the development and qualification of high school.
O ENEM vem sendo apontado como estratégia para desenvolver competências e habilidades nos alunos, tornando-os mais participativos e integrados com o meio em que vivem. Somado a isto, a literacia científica vem desenvolvendo debates e pesquisas sobre as questões que envolvem Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade. Percebendo a importância e a dimensão política, social e educacional que ambas temáticas têm tomado, esta pesquisa desenvolve por meio da Análise de Conteúdo, uma investigação sobre sob a ótica de uma determinada concepção de educação CTS presentes na avaliação do ENEM nos anos de 2005, 2006 e 2007. Para tanto, faz primeiramente um levantamento e estudo da discussão da educação CTS presentes na linha de ensino de Ciências, posteriormente faz o mesmo nas documentações e materiais do ENEM na área de Ciências Naturais, Matemática e suas Tecnologias e, por fim, analisa as questões presentes nas avaliações do ENEM, procurando responder: A matriz de referencia do ENEM, utilizada para construção das questões a partir das competências e habilidades, traz correlações com os pressupostos de uma Educação CTS adotados nesse trabalho? Pretende-se com este projeto, contribuir para o estudo sobre a educação CTS bem como enfocar essa análise no desenvolvimento e qualificação do ensino médio.
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Pellegrin, Tatiana Peruchi de. "Manifestações da contextualização no ensino de ciências naturais nas questões do ENEM : reflexões com base na teoria da vida cotidiana de Agnes Heller." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UNESC, 2014. http://repositorio.unesc.net/handle/1/2492.
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Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense–UNESC, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Educação.The theme contextualization has been widespread in schools since the 1990s due to the publication of the new Law of Guidelines and Bases of Education and has expanded with the National Curriculum Guidelines. Subsequently, it is the expression of other guidance document: Curriculum Guidelinesof High School and Reference Matrix of ENEM (High School National Exam). In the present study, contextualization is the object of reflections observingits manifestation in the teaching of Natural Sciences, based on determinations of official documents. The scope of research possibilities required delimitations, which led us to the choice of their manifestations on the questions in the National High School Exam, because they meet the guidelines of these documents. To do so, we based our research on the Theory of Everyday by Agnes Heller, and in methodological terms, on the form of dialectical research using content analysis procedures. The study was based on the following questioning: What are the contextualizing manifestations of Natural Sciences teaching, in the question sin the National High School Exam and what is the possible inter - relationship with the Theory of Everyday by Agnes Heller? The analysis of the questions in ENEM occurred based on three assumptions – the role of language in the appropriation of scientific knowledge; mediation "daily / routine" in the appropriation of scientific knowledge; knowledge and its social use – a which enabled the determination of categories. The study provides evidence that the concern of the documents, which is reflected in the questions in ENEM, is that the contextualization is a way to make: the study more "pleasant"; student more aware of the work world.It therefore has a character of knowledge applicability and of illustrating the mode of transmission of school knowledge. It therefore absolves the possibility of being a mediator in the process of conceptual appropriation for the reflection on the social, economic and environmental implications related. The conception eclecticism fails on the students’development about the understanding that education is the possibility of human formation, as the Theory of Everyday Life conceives.
O tema contextualização tem sido amplamente difundido no meio escolar, a partir da década de 1990, com a publicação da nova Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação e se expande com os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais. Posteriormente, é expressão de orientação em outros documentos: Orientações Curriculares do Ensino Médio e Matriz de Referência do ENEM. No presente estudo, a contextualização se constitui em objeto de reflexões, com olhar para sua manifestação no âmbito do ensino de Ciências Naturais, com base nas determinações dos documentos oficiais. A abrangência das possibilidades de investigação requereu delimitações, o que levou-nos à opção pelas suas manifestações nas questões do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM), por atender as orientações dos referidos documentos. Para tanto, fundamentamo-nos na Teoria do Cotidiano de Agnes Heller e, em termos metodológicos, na modalidade de pesquisa dialética, utilizando procedimentos da análise de conteúdo. O estudo pautou-se no seguinte questionamento: Quais as manifestações de contextualização do ensino de Ciências Naturais, nas questões do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio e possíveis inter-relações com a Teoria do Cotidiano de Agnes Heller? A análise das questões do ENEM ocorreu com base em três pressupostos – o papel da linguagem na apropriação dos conhecimentos científicos; a mediação “dia a dia/cotidiano” na apropriação dos conhecimentos científicos; o saber e seu uso social – que propiciaram a determinação das categorias. O estudo traz evidências de que a preocupação dos documentos, que se reflete nas questões do ENEM, é de que a contextualização se traduz em um recurso capaz de tornar: os conteúdos tratados mais próximos das vivências diárias do estudante; o estudo mais “prazeroso”; o estudante em alerta ao mundo do trabalho. Tem, pois, um caráter de aplicabilidade do conhecimento e de ilustrativo no modo de transmissão do conhecimento escolar. Por consequência, exime-se da possibilidade de ser mediadora no processo de apropriação conceitual para a reflexão sobre as implicações sociais, econômicas e ambientais relacionadas. O ecletismo de concepções deixa à margem o desenvolvimento, nos estudantes, de um entendimento de que a educação escolar é possibilidade de formação humana, como concebe a Teoria do Cotidiano.
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Bachelot, Benedicte Marie-philippe Elanore. "The Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, and Natural Enemy Communities on Seedling Dynamics." Thesis, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7916/D84T6HFV.
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Identifying the mechanisms that prevent competitive exclusion in tropical forests is a key goal of tropical ecology. Because trees are long-lived organisms, it is complicated to test theory related to coexistence. However, the seedling stage, during which tree mortality is the highest, offers an ideal proxy to evaluate mechanisms that promote or hinder tree species coexistence. This dissertation utilizes both theory and empirical approaches to investigate two mechanisms thought to influence seedling dynamics and tree species coexistence: negative feedbacks from tree natural enemies and positive feedbacks from arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi.
Tree natural enemies might promote tropical tree species coexistence by acting as agents of negative density-dependent mortality. Simultaneously, tropical seedlings associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, which can increase seedling growth and survival through enhanced nutrient and water uptake. However, little is known about the effects of AM fungi on tropical tree community dynamics. In chapter 1, I developed a theoretical model that combines competition between trees, predation by tree natural enemies, and mutualism with AM fungi, and showed that a subtle balance between negative and positive feedbacks is required to reach tree species coexistence. In chapters 2 and 3, I used empirical data collected from El Yunque (Puerto Rico) to gain a better understanding of the distribution of soil fungi and tree natural enemies in a secondary tropical forest and to test some of the assumptions of my theoretical model. In chapter 2, I found evidence that soil characteristics and the tree community were important to structure soil fungal communities, and I demonstrated long-lasting effects of past human land use. If AM fungi are important to promote tropical tree species coexistence as suggested by my theoretical model, past land use could influence tree species coexistence by altering AM fungal communities, emphasizing the need for additional studies about land use legacy effects on AM fungal communities. In chapter 3, I showed that seedlings at intermediate conspecific density and from intermediate abundance tree species, hosted the richest community of natural enemies, suggesting that negative density-dependent processes might be non-linear, and partially supporting my theoretical model. Finally in chapter 4, I investigated seedling mortality and showed that natural enemies increase seedling mortality, whereas AM fungal diversity decreases seedling mortality, counteracting the local effects of natural enemies. I also found evidence that AM fungal diversity rescues rare tree species, and natural enemies reduce survivorship of more abundant species, thereby preventing competitive exclusion. Therefore, at the community scale, AM fungal diversity and natural enemies act in the same direction, promoting tropical tree species coexistence, which is consistent with the findings of my theoretical model. In conclusion, this dissertation jointly investigated the effects of negative and positive feedbacks on tropical tree species coexistence, and demonstrated the importance of combining demographic processes that are known to occur simultaneously.
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Whitaker, Paul M. "Habitat management to enhance natural enemy impact in an organic apple orchard in Wisconsin /." 2004. http://www.library.wisc.edu/databases/connect/dissertations.html.
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Ho, Chao-Jan, and 何超然. "A Study of Current Situation and Problems on Biological Control of Natural Enemy Industry in Taiwan." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63213783789814320906.
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碩士國立勤益科技大學
企業管理系
101
Annual Production of 400 million natural enemies in Miaoli District of Agricultural Research and Extension Station, COA, Taiwan, however, the technique transferred company could not long last. The purpose of this study is using the natural enemies as a main commodity. From a supply and demand perspective, firstly, to explore the factors of failure and difficulty of industrial operations by interviewing a manager of a failure transfer company technology and an operating case of Parasitic Wasps Center, Taisugar Corporation (TSC). Secondly, to understand the R &; D future scope of biological control and promotion of organic agriculture policy by interview the agricultural administration officials and biological control experts. Thirdly, to explored the opinions of the strawberry farmers by using a questionnaire at the end of a natural enemy preventing pests project. This study integrated production, policy, and user’s view points to clarify the important issues and proposed a management model of the biological enemy industry. The induction of two cases found that the hinder factors of operating natural enemies industry are production technology, policy grants, and recruitment problems. Results showed that strawberry growers have feeling regarding on prevention and control of non-pesticide and agro-ecological sustainability, and highly acceptance of using natural enemies. However, knowledge of biological control needed to be strengthened, hoping for natural enemy subsidies. Therefore, a high ratio of users is not willing to spend money and to raised natural enemies for his own use. From industry matrix found that “gather resources and reduce cost” is an evitable road of small scale industry development. Make strategic planning and suggestions from supply side, agri-policy and extension side, and user’s side in order to contribute to the sustainable development of the natural enemy industry in Taiwan.
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Hatano, Eduardo [Verfasser]. "Chemical communication in an aphid-natural enemy system: new mechanisms of aphid alarm signalling and wing induction / von Eduardo Hatano." 2010. http://d-nb.info/1006938400/34.
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CAI, SONG-LIN, and 蔡松林. "The effect of chitin synthesis inhibitor on the mango brown leafhopper (chunrocerus niveosparsus (leth)) and its natural enemy, an eggparasitoid (gonatocerus sp.)." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08922775951184778001.
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Alvarez, Juan Manuel. "Biology and oviposition behavior of Cybocephalus nr. nipponicus Endrody-Younga (Coleoptera: Cybocephalidae), a natural enemy of euonymus scale Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) (Homoptera: Diaspididae)." 1996. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/3068.
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Bahlai, Christine Anne. "Abiotic and biotic factors affecting the distribution and abundance of soybean aphid in central North America." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/3570.
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Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, is an important pest of North American soybean. This dissertation identifies and addresses knowledge gaps, and integrates existing knowledge regarding distribution and abundance of this species.
Early summer soybean colonization patterns by A. glycines were examined relative to landscape parameters, including density of overwintering hosts (buckthorn). An information-theoretic model selection approach was used to determine which landscape parameters were most influential in the distribution of colonizing aphids. Though buckthorn abundance best explained aphid colonization and population density, a density-dependent effect was observed. When aphid populations were low, more aphids were found in the vicinity of buckthorn, when aphid populations were higher, more aphids were found farther from buckthorn.
Suction trap captures of migrating populations of A. glycines from 2005-2009 from a suction trap network covering much of central North America were examined. A model selection approach was used to determine the environmental triggers of summer and fall aphid flights, and spatial analysis and modeled wind trajectories were used to examine patterns in the abundance of alates. Two alate activity peaks were observed in fall. In summer, formation of alates was a function of field infestation.
A tritrophic population model was built using DYMEX, a mechanistic lifecycle based modeling software package. The model incorporated soybean, A. glycines, and three natural enemy species, interacting based on phenological, physiological and functional response data available in the literature. The model was validated using Ontario field data, and several simulations were performed and are discussed.
An evaluation of proposed control strategies for efficacy and impact on natural enemies and the environment was conducted. Two novel concepts are presented: the natural enemy unit, a standardization of the impact of predator guild on prey populations by the number of prey an individual predator can eat, and the selectivity index, where the selectivity of a pesticide is a function of the change in ratio of natural enemy units to prey before and after treatment. The selectivity index was inversely correlated with the Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ), a theoretical measure of impact, validating EIQ's field applicability.Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; The Keefer family trust; the Mary Edmunds Williams trust, the family of Fred W. Presant, and the University of Guelph provided scholarship and fellowship funds. Research was funded by a grant to Rebecca Hallett and Art Schaafsma from the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Pest Management Centre’s Pesticide Risk Reduction Program.
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Sujatha, A. "Investigations on the natural enemy complex of coconut leaf caterpillar opisina Arenosella walker (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) with special reference to egg and early larval parasitoids and predators." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/1991.
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Grbin, Lynne C. "Sublethal effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner on the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), and its natural enemy, Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov : implications for resistance management / by Lynne Grbin." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/19046.
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Bibliography: leaves 165-188.ix, 188 leaves, [2] leaves of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm.
This research examines biological and behavioural interactions among the diamond-back moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and the microbial insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner. A deterministic simulation model is developed describing the influence of C. plutellae on the evolution of resistance to Bt in a diamond-back moth poulation.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Crop Protection, 1998
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Saleh, Azzam [Verfasser]. "Biological and ecological studies on the polyphagous predatory bug Dicyphus tamaninii Wagner (Heteroptera: Miridae) as a natural enemy of the melon aphid Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) / von Azzam Saleh." 2002. http://d-nb.info/967116929/34.
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Lapointe, Marie. "Les facteurs écologiques influençant la dynamique d'une espèce exotique envahissante, Acer platanoides, et d'un congénère indigène, A. saccharum, dans une forêt urbaine du sud du Québec." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8136.
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Silva, Daisy da. "Exames nacionais de Biologia em Portugal e no Brasil: o que requerem dos alunos e percepções de professores sobre suas implicações no ensino e na aprendizagem." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/87468.
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Tese de Doutoramento em Ensino das Ciências, no ramo de Ensino da Biologia, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de CoimbraA intervenção dos Ministérios de Educação dos países para garantir a concretização das políticas educacionais como um todo é consensual É também consensual a necessidade de diagnosticar para atuar. Neste contexto, os exames nacionais, também chamados de exames em larga escala (national large-scale assessment), foram introduzidos em muitos países com o objetivo de diagnosticar (melhoria do aprendizado, habilidades cognitivas aprendidas equidade social, dentre outras), para melhorar o sistema educativo. Os Exames Nacionais têm uma grande impacto na vida de alunos, pais e docentes, no processo educativo e nas políticas educacionais. Muitos são os enfoques passíveis de análise quando se refere ao assunto mas, o enfoque a ser desenvolvido nesta pesquisa é totalmente dirigida para o instrumento prova e ao que aí é solicitado ao aluno. Afinal, a elaboração dos instrumentos de avaliação, sejam os realizados em sala de aula ou nos exames de larga escala, deve ser feita com a qualidade pedagógica que assegure funcionalidade instrumental a essas avaliações. Assim sendo, foi objetivo desta tese a análise da relação entre a avaliação em larga escala, as conceções adotadas pelos documentos oficiais e a prática docente, numa perspetiva dos conhecimentos e competências que se deseja desenvolver no ensino da Biologia. Para alcançá-lo, estabeleceram-se os seguintes objetivos específicos: a) descrever as competências que cada aluno deve desenvolver (tendo em conta as orientações curriculares dos documentos oficiais de Portugal e Brasil), b) caracterizar as provas dos Exames Nacionais de Portugal e Brasil, c) analisar os conteúdos e as competências presentes nas questões dos Exames Nacionais de ambos os países, d) identificar práticas e estratégias pedagógicas para ensinar e avaliar na disciplina Biologia, tanto em Portugal quanto no Brasil. Pretendeu-se também caracterizar a preocupação dos professores na preparação dos alunos para os Exames Nacionais de seus respectivos países, e analisar as suas percepções sobre o impacto dos Exames Nacionais nas práticas dos docentes. Para alcançar os objetivos pretendidos, o estudo desenvolveu-se em duas fases. A primeira envolveu um estudo empírico documental de análise das questões das provas de Biologia do Exame Nacional em Portugal e do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM) no Brasil. A segunda foi feita através de um inquérito por questionário, aplicado a docente do ensino secundário de Portugal e Brasil. Os resultados evidenciam que as provas dos exames em larga escala em Portugal e no Brasil, através de suas questões, não constituem um método de avaliação que outorga a indicação da formação esperada nos documentos oficiais de ambos os países. Também se concluiu que os Exames Nacionais, tanto em Portugal quanto no Brasil, impactam sobre as práticas de ensino e avaliação dos professores da disciplina Biologia
The intervention of the Ministries of Education of the countries to ensure the implementation of education policies as a whole is consensual The need to diagnose to act is also consensual. In this context, assessment national, also called national large-scale assessments, were introduced in many countries to diagnose (improved learning, cognitive skills learned social equity, among others) to improve educational system. The National Examinations have a great impact on the lives of students, parents and teachers in the educational process and educational policies. Many are the approaches that can be analyzed when referring to the subject, but the focus to be developed in this research is totally directed to the test instrument and to what is asked of the student. After all, the elaboration of evaluation instruments, whether in the classroom or in large-scale exams, should be done with the pedagogical quality that assures instrumental functionality to these evaluations. Thus, the objective of this thesis was the analysis of the relationship between large - scale evaluation, the conceptions adopted by the official documents and the teaching practice, in a perspective of the knowledge and skills that one wishes to develop in Biology teaching. To achieve this, the following specific objectives were established: a) to describe the competences that each student must develop (taking into account the curricular guidelines of the official documents of Portugal and Brazil), b) to characterize the assessment National Examinations of Portugal and Brazil, c) to analyze the contents and the competences present in the questions of the National Examinations of both countries, d) identify pedagogical practices and strategies to teach and evaluate in Biology, both in Portugal and in Brazil. It was also intended to characterize the concern of teachers in the reparation of students for the National Examinations of their respective countries, and to analyze their perceptions on the impact of the National Examinations on the practices of the teachers. To achieve the intended objectives, the study was developed in two phases. The first involved an empirical documentary study examining the biology exams of the National Exam in Portugal and the National High School Examination (ENEM) in Brazil. The second one was done through a questionnaire survey, applied to secondary school teachers in Portugal and Brazil. The results show that the tests of large-scale exams in Portugal and Brazil, through their questions, do not constitute an evaluation method that provides the indication of the training expected in the official documents of both countries. It was also concluded that the National Examinations, both in Portugal and in Brazil, have an impact on the teaching and assessment practices of Biology teachers