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1
Natural enemy. New York, NY: Penguin Books, 1987.
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2
Fry, J. M. Natural enemy databank, 1987: A catalogue of natural enemies of arthropods derived from records in the CIBC Natural Enemy Databank. Wallingford: C.A.B. International, 1989.
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3
Pellowski, Michael. My father, the enemy. New York, N.Y: Hollywood Paperbacks, 1992.
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4
Ramalho, Betânia Leite, and Isauro Beltrán Núñez. Aprendendo com o ENEM: Reflexões para melhor pensar o ensino e a aprendizagem das ciências naturais e da matemática. Brasília, DF: Liber Livro, 2011.
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5
Lobanov, Aleksey. Medical and biological bases of safety. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1439619.
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The textbook considers the subject and tasks of the discipline, highlights the medical and biological foundations of ensuring human security in the conditions of natural, man-made and biological-social emergencies, as well as when using modern weapons of destruction by a probable enemy.
Briefly, but quite informative, the structure of the human body and the basics of its functioning are described. The specificity and mechanism of the toxic effect of harmful substances on a person, the energy effect and the combined effect of the main damaging factors of the sources of emergency situations of peacetime and wartime are shown. The article highlights the medical and biological aspects of ensuring the safe life of people in adverse environmental conditions, including in regions with hot and cold climates (the Arctic). The methods of forecasting and assessing the medical situation in emergency zones and lesions are presented.
The means and methods of medical and biological protection and first aid to the affected are shown. The main tasks and organizational structure of formations and institutions of the medical rescue service of the GO, the All-Russian Service of Disaster Medicine and medical formations of the EMERCOM of Russia are considered. Organizational issues of medical and biological protection in emergency situations are highlighted. The features of the organization of medical support for those affected by terrorist attacks are considered.
It is intended for students and cadets of educational institutions of higher education studying under the bachelor's degree program in the following areas of training: "Technosphere security", "Infocommunication technologies and communication systems", "Information systems and technologies", "State and municipal management", "Economics", "Mechatronics and robotics", "Operation of transport and technological machines and complexes", "Informatics and computer engineering", "Air Navigation", "System analysis and management". It can also be useful for researchers and a wide range of specialists engaged in practical work on planning and organizing medical and biological protection of the population.
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Discussion draft on the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act reauthorization and H.R. 5782, the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act of 2006: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Enegy [sic] and Air Quality of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, one Hundred Ninth Congress, second session, July 27, 2006. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2006.
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7
Natural Enemy. Books on Tape, Inc., 1992.
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8
Langton, Jane. Natural Enemy. MysteriousPress.com, 2012.
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9
Langton, Jane. Natural Enemy. Books On Tape, 1992.
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10
Langton, Jane. Natural Enemy. MysteriousPress.com, 2012.
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11
Langton, Jane. Natural Enemy. MysteriousPress.com, 2012.
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12
Langton, Jane. Natural Enemy. Head of Zeus, 2014.
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13
Natural Enemy Databank. Oxford Univ Pr, 1989.
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14
Langton, Jane. Natural Enemy: A Homer Kelly Mystery. Penguin (Non-Classics), 1990.
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15
Natural Enemy: A Homer Kelly Mystery. Penguin (Non-Classics), 1990.
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16
Ant-Man: Natural Enemy Prose Novel. Marvel Worldwide, Incorporated, 2015.
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17
(Editor), Richard P. Tucker, and Edmund Russell (Editor), eds. Natural Enemy, Natural Ally: Toward an Environmental History of Warfare. Oregon State University Press, 2004.
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18
The Invisible Enemy: A Natural History of Viruses. Oxford University Press, USA, 2003.
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19
Crawford, Dorothy. The Invisible Enemy: A Natural History of Viruses. Oxford University Press, USA, 2000.
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20
Ant-Man : Natural Enemy: A Novel of the Marvel Universe. Titan Books, 2018.
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21
McCabe, Joseph. The Church The Enemy Of The Workers: Rome Is The Natural Ally Of All Exploiters. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007.
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22
The Enemy of Nature: The End of Capitalism or the End of the World?, Second Edition. 2nd ed. Zed Books, 2007.
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23
Kovel, Joel. The Enemy of Nature: The End of Capitalism or the End of the World?, Second Edition. 2nd ed. Zed Books, 2007.
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24
Crawford, Dorothy H. Viruses. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845030.001.0001.
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All around us are minute entities that can damage and kill: the millions of viruses that pervade the natural world. Our bodies harbour many that we have long tolerated, but a new one, which jumps into humans from another species, can be lethal. But what are viruses, how do they cause disease, and how can we fight them? This new edition of Viruses: The Invisible Enemy explores these questions. It describes our long history of living with viruses, considering those behind diseases such as smallpox, polio, various cancers, AIDS, Ebola, and, most recently, COVID-19; how they emerged; why we can expect new killer viruses in the future; and how we can win the battle against such an enemy.
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Paliwal, Avinash. My Enemy's Enemy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190685829.001.0001.
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The archetype of ‘my enemy’s enemy is my friend’, India’s political and economic presence in Afghanistan is often viewed as a Machiavellian ploy aimed against Pakistan. Challenging deeply held beliefs about an India-Pakistan proxy war, the book offers a nuanced explanation of India’s strategic intent and actions, which is critical to resolving the seemingly unending war in Afghanistan, as well as wider bilateral disputes between the two South Asian rivals. Divided into three parts — ‘debating neutrality’, ‘debating containment’, and ‘debating engagement’ — the book offers a detailed examination of the nature of and reasons for New Delhi’s foreign policy conduct. It demonstrates that Indian presence in Afghanistan has been guided primarily by an enduring vision for the region that requires a stable balance of power across the Durand Line.
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Blum, Gabriella. The Dispensable Lives of Soldiers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796176.003.0002.
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This chapter challenges the status-based distinction of the laws of war, calling instead for revised targeting doctrines that would place further limits on the killing of enemy soldiers. The chapter argues that the changing nature of wars and militaries casts doubts on the necessity of killing all enemy combatants indiscriminately. The chapter proposes two amendments. The first is a reinterpretation of the principle of distinction, suggesting that the status-based classification be complemented by a test of threat. The second is a reinterpretation of the principle of military necessity, introducing a least-harmful-means test, under which, whenever feasible, an alternative of capture or disabling of the enemy would be preferred to killing.
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Fraenkel, Ernst. The Sociology of the Dual State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198716204.003.0010.
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This chapter presents a sociological analysis of the dual state by looking at the terms “community” and “society” and relating them to Germany under the National-Socialists. The chapter also considers the concept of politics in National-Socialist theory, which, it states, is defined by reference to “the enemy.” National-Socialist negation of all universally valid values and its suppression of all communities based upon such values, its negation of an order sanctioned by Natural Law, it is stated, may be said to be at least partially due to foreign threats; at the same time, it is necessary to recognize that the relaxation of the international threat was accompanied by an intensification of the war against internal disintegration. The chapter ends by looking at what the solution to the tensions in National-Socialist Germany might be at the time when this text was written. This is left open. The solution, it states, depends on the people.
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Saccamano, Neil. ‘Savage Patriotism’, Justice and Cosmopolitics in Smith and Rousseau. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474422857.003.0014.
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The chapter investigates the problematical status of international relations in both Rousseau and Smith. In Rousseau, I highlight moments when he offers a critique of the pre-reflective character of pity and affirms the possibility of a cosmopolitics. For Rousseau, despite his repeated dismissal of deracinated cosmopolitans, the supposedly impossible politics of humanity becomes conceivable if one accepts that "law comes before justice" and that, despite the premise of the patriot as the enemy of humankind, the "State gives us an idea" of a "general Society" (Geneva Manuscript). Like Rousseau, Smith asserts that there is no natural affection for "a great society of mankind," but only love of our own country based on the contingencies of place, custom, habit; yet this love of country is also partiality, prejudice, and hence injustice. In contrast to Rousseau, Smith remains with the unjust nation-state as the condition of moral practice and dismisses international relations as a sacrifice of one's self-interest and identity--which is "the business of God, not man."
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Hill, Andrew. The bin Laden Tapes. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038860.003.0003.
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This chapter looks back to the time before Osama bin Laden's death and then reflects on the period after his death. In particular, it examines bin Laden's video and audio appearances after the September 11 attacks in order to scrutinize both the means by which these appearances have allowed bin Laden to continue to intervene in the War on Terror, and the terms in which they have shaped perceptions in the West of the nature of the enemy faced in this conflict. Although bin Laden functioned “as a metonym for al Qaeda and the enemy more broadly in the War on Terror,” his death did not eliminate the threats posed by al Qaeda. Indeed, the West can be said to have “exorcised” Osama bin Laden by shifting the narrative from that of hunting for the world's leading terrorist to that of “Obama got Osama.”
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Koganzon, Rita. Liberal States, Authoritarian Families. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197568804.001.0001.
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How can liberals justify adult authority over children? Children are born requiring both subordination to adults and education to equip them for citizenship. These requirements are especially vexing for liberal democracies, for whom the exercise of authority is at odds with the natural liberty and equality of citizens. This difficulty has led some liberal theorists to appeal to the liberal state as a model for familial relations and reject parental authority. My book shows that this effort is misguided, and that early liberals understood parental authority as a necessary protection for children’s own future liberty. It was early modern absolutist theorists—Bodin, Filmer, and Hobbes—who sought congruence between the family and the state, arguing that absolute paternal authority was a salutary education for absolutism’s subjects. But early liberals like Locke and Rousseau opposed congruence. Even as they sought to restrict public authority and limit the formal power of parents, they nonetheless sought to strengthen their private authority over children. They saw that undermining traditional authorities would not issue straightforwardly in freedom but would instead elevate the authority of public opinion to new heights and subject citizens to a new tyranny of opinion. To counteract this threat, they buttressed the pedagogical authority of the family to protect children’s future intellectual liberty and defend liberal citizenship. Their educational writings reveal an important corrective insight for modern liberalism: authority is not only not the enemy of liberty, but actually a necessary prerequisite for it.
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Short, Courtney A. Uniquely Okinawan. Fordham University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823288380.001.0001.
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This study explores the planning considerations of the United States military in formulating and implementing policy for the occupation of Okinawa from April 1945 to July 1946. American soldiers, Marines, and sailors on Okinawa encountered not only a Japanese enemy, but a large local population. The Okinawans were ethically different from the Japanese, yet Okinawa shared politics with Japan as a legal prefecture. When devising occupation policies, the United States military analyzed practical military considerations such as resources, weapons capability and terrain, as well as attempted to ascertain a conclusive definition of Okinawa’s relation to Japan through conscious, open, rational analysis of racial and ethnic identity. While the Marines held steadfast to the image of the enemy civilian, soldiers’ ideas about the race, ethnicity, and identity of the Okinawans evolved through their interactions with the civilians on the battlefield. As the population exhibited obedience and cooperation, the Army expressed feelings of kinship toward the civilians and reshaped its military government policies toward leniency. With the exception of the Marines, the U.S. military recognized the Okinawans as competent and civilized: a group that formed a distinct, separate, unique ethnic community that was neither American nor Japanese in its likeness. Considerations of race, ethnicity, and identity by the Americans deeply influenced the conduct of the occupation beyond practical concerns of resources and battlefield conditions. The mercurial nature of the identity of the Okinawans displays both the malleability of race and ethnicity and its centrality in occupation planning.
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Ferme, Mariane C. Out of War. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520294370.001.0001.
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Out of War is an ethnographic engagement with the nature of intercommunal violence and the material returns of history during and after the 1991–2002 Sierra Leone civil war. The questions raised concern the nature and reckoning of time and reality, fact and fiction; the experience of violence and trauma; the reversibility of perpetrator and victim, friend and enemy; and past, present, and future in the colony and postcolony. The book is a reflection on West African epistemologies and ontologies that contribute to questions in counterpoint with those of international humanitarianism, struggling with the possibilities of truth and quandaries of justice. In the context of massive population displacements and humanitarian interventions, the ethnography traces strategies of psychological, political, and cultural survival and material dwelling in liminal spaces in the midst of the destruction of the social fabric engendered by war. It also examines the juridical creation of new figures of crimes against humanity at the Special Court for Sierra Leone. The Sierra Leone scene, in the aftermath of war, is visualized as a landscape of chronotopes, neologisms that summon the uncertainty of war: the sobel (“soldier by day, rebel by night”), pointing to the instability of distinctions between enemy and friend, or of opposing parties in the war (the rebels of the Revolutionary United Front [RUF] and soldiers in the national army), and the rebel cross, pointing to the possibility that the purported neutrality of the Red Cross masked partisan interests alongside the RUF. Chronotopes also testify to the difficulty of discerning between facts and rumors in war, and they freeze in time collective anxieties about wartime events. Finally, beyond the traumas of war, the book explores the returns of material traces in counterpoint to the more “monumental” presence of Chinese investments in Africa today, and it explores the forgotten sensory history of another China (Taiwan versus the People’s Republic of China) and another Africa inscribed in ordinary agrarian practices on rural landscapes, and in the fabric of domestic life, particularly since the non-aligned movement emerged from the Bandung conference in 1955.
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Milbank, Alison. Truly Two. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824466.003.0008.
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Chapter 7 outlines the nature of Reformation anthropology as Gothic in the sense of being under the power of the usurper, Satan, and in seeing God as wrathful enemy before justification by faith. It examines Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus in relation to the Lutheran Faustbook, and as an example of a character who wishes to escape the ambiguities of election in favour of a settled reprobation. Calvinist double predestination is shown to produce a dualist subjectivity, and this is then explored in a series of Scottish Presbyterian Gothic fictions: James Hogg’s Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner, Stevenson’s Jekyll and Hyde and Markheim, and John Buchan’s historical tale of demon-worshipping Covenanters, Witch Wood. It is argued that the protagonists’ problem is not duality as such but an attempt to circumvent it, and that the Calvinist anthropology is not itself the problem, although it requires ‘Anglican’ mediation.
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Maness, Ryan C., and Brandon Valeriano. International Cyber Conflict and National Security. Edited by Derek S. Reveron, Nikolas K. Gvosdev, and John A. Cloud. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190680015.013.25.
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Cyber conflict is often called the fifth domain of conflict. As more and more systems, networks, and information become digitized, there is contestation as to the growing nature of the threat and how exactly this domain can be exploited to coerce the enemy for either geopolitical or financial gain. Some argue that the cyber threat is exponentially growing and that offensive dominance reigns, making cyber conflict extremely unstable. Others contest that the threat is overblown and is more socially constructed. In this chapter we take a middle ground and find that much of the cyber conflict and security discourse has gotten it wrong through conjecture and worst- (or best-) case scenarios. We argue that a system of norms must be built upon and preserved to keep cyberspace a domain of relative openness and nonescalation. Arms races and deterrence strategies are not the path forward for a secure, prosperous cyberspace.
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Sica, Emanuele. Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039850.003.0013.
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This conclusion evaluates the nature of Italy’s military occupation of France during World War II. It compares the occupation of Menton with the German occupations in Alsace-Lorraine and the Italian invasion of the French Riviera in November 1942 with the German occupation of the region from September 1943 to August 1944, and then contrasts it with the Italian occupations in the Balkans. It shows that the Italian occupation of the strip of land including Menton in the summer of 1940 bore some similarities with Germany’s occupation of Alsace-Lorraine. It also highlights the differences between the German and Italian occupation policies both in terms of breadth and enforcement. Finally, it argues that the worst enemy of Italian Army commanders in southeastern France was the low morale of their troops, stemming from the growing sense that the tide of war had irremediably turned against the Axis side by the fall of 1942.
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Guitton, Clement. Modelling Attribution. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699994.003.0002.
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How and why does the attribution of an incident become the responsibility of the executive rather than the judiciary? How do the processes of attributing a criminal incident and attributing a national security incident differ? This chapter offers a two-pronged model for attribution, based on the nature of the process either as criminal or as a threat to national security. Criminal cases rarely rise to the level of "national threat," and are mostly dealt with by law enforcement agencies and subsequently by judiciary organizations. Several cases, based on certain criteria, fall within the remit of the executive rather than the judiciary, because government officials regard them as threats to national security. This transfer has several consequences. First and foremost, the question of knowing the full name of the attacker becomes less relevant than knowing who the enemy is and who the sponsors are; for instance, a state actor or a terrorist organization. Second, a national security incident usually implies broader investigative powers, especially those of intelligence services, which can use secret methods bordering legality.
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Gaus, Gerald. The Open Society and Its Complexities. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190648978.001.0001.
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Two decades ago it was widely assumed that liberal democracy and the Open Society had won their century-long struggle against authoritarianism. Although subsequent events have shocked many, F. A. Hayek would not have been surprised that people are in many ways disoriented by the society they have created. For him, the Open Society was a precarious achievement, in many ways at odds with the deepest moral sentiments. He argued that the Open Society runs against humans’ evolved attraction to “tribalism”; that the Open Society is too complex for moral justification; and that its self-organized complexity defies attempts at democratic governance. In this wide-ranging work, Gerald Gaus re-examines Hayek’s analyses. Drawing on work in social and moral science, Gaus argues that Hayek’s program was prescient and sophisticated, always identifying real and pressing problems, though he underestimated the resources of human morality and the Open Society to cope with the challenges he perceived. Gaus marshals formal models and empirical evidence to show that the Open Society is grounded on the moral foundations of human cooperation originating in the distant evolutionary past, but has built upon them a complex and diverse society that requires rethinking both the nature of moral justification and the meaning of democratic self-governance. In these fearful, angry, and inward-looking times, when political philosophy has itself become a hostile exchange between ideological camps, The Open Society and Its Complexities shows how moral and ideological diversity, far from being the enemy of a free and open society, can be its foundation.
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Tsygankov, Andrei P. The Dark Double. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190919337.001.0001.
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This book studies the role of US media in presenting American values as principally different from and superior to those of Russia. The analysis focuses on the media’s narratives, frames, and nature of criticism of the Russian side and is based on texts of editorials of selected mainstream newspapers in the United States and other media sources. The book identifies five media narratives of Russia—“transition to democracy” (1991–1995), “chaos” (1995–2005), “neo-Soviet autocracy” (2005–2013), “foreign enemy” (since 2014), and “collusion” (since 2016)—each emerging in a particular context and supported by distinct frames. The increasingly negative presentation of Russia in the US media is explained by the countries’ cultural differences, interstate competition, and polarizing domestic politics. Interstate conflicts served to consolidate the media’s presentation of Russia as “autocratic,” adversarial, and involved in “collusion” with Donald Trump to undermine American democracy. Russia’s centralization of power and anti-American attitudes also contributed to the US media presentation of Russia as a hostile Other. These internal developments did not initially challenge US values and interests and were secondary in their impact on the formation of Russia image in America. The United States’ domestic partisan divide further exacerbated perception of Russia as a threat to American democracy. Russia’s interference in the US elections deepened the existing divide, with Russia becoming a convenient target for media attacks. Future value conflicts in world politics are likely to develop in the areas where states lack internal confidence and where their preferences over the international system conflict.
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Barno, David, and Nora Bensahel. Adaptation under Fire. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672058.001.0001.
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Adaptation under Fire looks at the essential importance of military adaptation in winning wars. Every military must prepare for future wars despite inevitably having little confidence about the precise shape that those wars will take. As former US secretary of defense Robert Gates once noted, the United States has a perfect record in predicting the next war: “We have never once gotten it right.” Despite this uncertainty, military organizations still must make choices. They must determine the nature of doctrine they will need to fight effectively, the type of weaponry and equipment they must procure to defeat their potential foe, and the kind of leaders they must select and develop to guide the force to victory. Since the US military has global security responsibilities, it will have to make these choices without knowing when, where, or how the next war will unfold, or even who the enemy may be. It will need to adapt quickly and successfully in the face of the unexpected in order to prevail. The book starts by providing a framework for understanding adaptation and includes several historical examples of success and failure. The second part examines US military adaptation during the recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and explains why certain forms of adaptation have proven so problematic. The final part argues that the US military must become more adaptable in order to successfully address the fast-changing security challenges of the 21st century, and concludes with some recommendations on how it should do so.