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1

Burgess, Joanna E. "Micronutrients for wastewater treatment." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323932.

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2

Soares, Luís Henrique. "Manejo fisiológico com base em tratamento de sementes e aplicação de organominerais via foliar para sistemas de alto potencial produtivo de soja." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-04022014-152437/.

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A produtividade de uma lavoura de soja representa apenas, aproximadamente, 20% do potencial genético. Dessa forma, a exploração das características genéticas tem sido alvo dos pesquisadores para incrementar a produtividade da cultura. Dentro disso, a potencialização fisiológica pela aplicação de estimulantes biológicos, desde a germinação das sementes até a fase reprodutiva da cultura, tem sido uma das principais estratégias adotadas. Visando um aporte à pesquisa nas respostas fisiológicas da cultura, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos fisiológicos do tratamento de sementes e aplicações foliares de micronutrientes, hormônios e aminoácidos e o quanto estes representam na produção em sistemas de alta produtividade. Foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo um em casa de vegetação (condições parcialmente controladas) (Experimento I) e outro a campo (Experimento II) no Centro Universitário de Patos de Minas (UNIPAM), Patos de Minas-MG, durante o período de janeiro a maio de 2013. Foram realizadas avaliações bioquímicas (atividade das enzimas nitrato redutase, urease, catalase, peroxidase e superóxido dismutase, peroxidação de lipídios e teor de prolina), fisiológicas (fotossíntese liquida) e fenométricas (emergência, índice de velocidade emergência, valor SPAD, taxa de crescimento de raiz, caule e folha, massa de matéria seca total e área foliar), além do número de vagens e da produtividade. Para o primeiro experimento, foram utilizados quatro tratamentos de sementes (controle; micronutrientes - Zn, Mn, B, Mo, Ni e Co; hormônios - ácido indol butírico, ácido giberélico e cinetina; e aminoácidos - ácido glutâmico, arginina, glicina, metionina e cisteína) com seis repetições em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. No segundo experimento, foram utilizados seis tratamentos de semente (controle; micronutrientes; hormônios; aminoácidos; micronutrientes e hormônios; e micronutrientes e aminoácidos) em dois sistemas de manejo: sistema convencional e sistema para produtividade potencial, com utilização de redutor de crescimento e aplicações periódicas de organominerais via foliar (doze tratamentos com quatro repetições em delineamento em blocos ao acaso). Com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que: (i) o tratamento de sementes com micronutrientes potencializa a assimilação de nitrogênio e a fotossíntese líquida, e incrementa o teor de clorofila (valor Spad) e taxa de crescimento de plantas de soja; (ii) a utilização de aminoácidos ou hormônios reduz o nível de estresse das plantas durante o período inicial de crescimento e aumenta a produção de massa de matéria seca; (iii) o tratamento de sementes com micronutrientes, hormônios ou aminoácidos incrementa o teor de clorofila (valor Spad), (iv) o sistema para produtividade potencial potencializa a atividade fisiológica das plantas e, consequentemente, aumenta o número de vagens por planta e a produtividade em relação ao sistema convencional; (v) em sistema para produtividade potencial, o tratamento de sementes com micronutrientes é o mais responsivo (aumento de produtividade em 18,5%), e (vi) no sistema convencional, o tratamento com micronutrientes e aminoácidos aumenta a produtividade em 80%.
The actual soybean productivity represents about 20% of genetic potential. Thus, the exploitation of genetic characteristics has been targeted by researchers to increase crop yield. In addition, the physiological potentiation by applying biological stimulants, from seed germination to the reproductive stage of the crop, has been one of the main strategies adopted. Seeking a contribution to research on the physiological responses of soybean crop, aimed to evaluate the physiological effects of seed treatment and foliar applications of micronutrients, amino acids and hormones and how they represent in the production of the high productivity systems. Two experiments were carried out, one in the greenhouse (partially controlled conditions) (Experiment I) and other in the field (Experiment II) at the University Center of \"Patos de Minas\" (UNIPAM), \"Patos de Minas\", \"Minas Gerais\" State, Brazil, during the period of January to May 2013. Biochemical assessments (nitrate reductase, urease, catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities, lipid peroxidation and proline content), physiological (net photosynthesis) and fenometric evaluations (emergency, emergency speed index, Spad value, leaf area, growth rate of root, stem, leaf, total dry matter and leaf area), beyond of the number of pods per plant and productivity. For the first experiment, four seed treatments (control; micronutrients - Zn, Mn, B, Mo, Ni and Co; hormones - indol butyric acid, gibberellic acid and kinetin; and amino acids - glutamic acid, arginine, glycine, methionine and cysteine) with six replications were carried out in a completely randomized design. For the second experiment, six seed treatments (control; micronutrients; hormones; amino acids; micronutrients and hormones; and micronutrients and amino acids) were used in two management systems: conventional system and system for potential productivity, using growth reducer and periodic leaf applications of biological stimulants (twelve treatments with four replications in a randomized blocks design). Based on obtained results, it is concluded that: (i) the seed treatment with micronutrients potentiates the nitrogen assimilation and net photosynthesis, and increases the chlorophyll content (Spad value) and soybean plant growth rate; (ii) the use of amino acids or hormones reduces plant stress level during the initial period of plant growth and increase the dry matter production; (iii) the seed treatment with micronutrients, hormones or amino acids increases chlorophyll content (Spad value); (iv) the system for potential productivity potentiates the physiological activity of plants and, consequently, increases the number of pods per plant and productivity when compared to conventional system; (v) under system for potential productivity, the seed treatment with micronutrients is the most responsive (increases productivity in 18.5%); and (vi) under conventional system, the treatment with micronutrients and amino acids increases the productivity in 80%.
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3

Teixeira, Natália Martins [UNESP]. "Adubação foliar de zinco quelatizado e seus efeitos na produção de capim-mombaça." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/139517.

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Com a intensificação da produção pecuária são necessários avanços no manejo e adubação das plantas forrageiras, para aumentar a produtividade e manter-se competitivo no setor. A utilização de tecnologias, como a adubação foliar com micronutrientes, torna-se uma importante ferramenta para atingir a plenitude na produção agropecuária. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação da UNESP, Campus de Dracena, em vasos com capacidade para 4 dm3 de terra, com o objetivo de avaliar a produção de massa seca, teor e quantidade de nutrientes e qualidade bromatológica da forrageira Megathyrsus maximum (syn. Panicum maximum) cv. Mombaça adubado com zinco quelatizado, via foliar, em dois solos com distinta disponibilidade de Zn. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 6X2, sendo seis doses foliares de zinco quelatizado, e duas condições de solo (com baixo e médio teor de Zn), acrescidos de um tratamento com sulfato de zinco e dois tratamentos com coquetel de nutrientes. Foram utilizados o Neossolo Quartzarênico, distrófico, fase cerrado, com baixo teor de zinco e o Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo, distrófico, com teores médios de zinco. Nas condições em que foi realizada a pesquisa, os resultados permitem concluir que: a aplicação foliar de Zn quelatizado, coquetel de nutrientes e sulfato de zinco não influenciaram a produção de massa seca do capim-mombaça; o teor de Zn na massa seca do capim-mombaça foi diretamente proporcional à dose de Zn quelatizado via foliar, contribuindo com o fornecimento do micronutriente para alimentação animal; o Zn na adubação foliar reduz os teores de K na massa seca do capim-mombaça cultivado em Argissolo; o teor de Zn no Argissolo aumentou com a aplicação de Zn quelatizado via foliar; o teor de FDN, FDA e PB no capim-mombaça não foi afetado em função da aplicação de Zn quelatizado via foliar; a massa do sistema radicular do capim-mombaça reduziu com a aplicação de Zn quelatizado via foliar no Neossolo Quartzarênico e não apresentou efeito no Argissolo; novos trabalhos de pesquisa devem ser realizados envolvendo o estudo de Zn e adubação foliar para avaliar seus efeitos em plantas forrageiras e suas interações com demais nutrientes.
With the intensification of livestock production are needed advances in the management and fertilization of forage crops, to enhance productivity, reducing costs and remaining competitive in the industry. The use of technologies such as foliar fertilizer with micronutrients, it becomes an important tool to achieve fulfillment in agricultural production. The experiment was conducted at UNESP greenhouse, Campus de Dracena, situated 421 meters above sea level, 21 ° 27 'south latitude and 51 ° 36' west longitude, in pots with a capacity of 4 dm3 of land, in order to evaluate the dry matter production, content and amount of nutrients and chemical quality of the forage Megathyrsus maximum (syn. Panicum maximum) cv. Mombasa fertilized with chelated zinc, foliar, in two soils with different availability of Zn. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications. The treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme 6X2, six leaf doses of zinc chelate, and two soil conditions (low and medium Zn content), plus a treatment with zinc sulfate and two treatments with cocktail nutrients. The Entisol were used, dystrophic, cerrado phase, with low zinc content and Ultisol, dystrophic, with average zinc content. The conditions under which the survey was conducted, the results showed that: foliar application of chelated Zn cocktail of nutrients and zinc sulfate did not affect the dry matter production of mombaça grass; Zn content in the dry mass of mombaça grass was directly proportional to the dose of chelated Zn foliar contributing to the provision of micronutrient for animal feed; Zn in foliar fertilization reduces the K in the dry mass of mombaça grass grown Ultisol; Zn content in Ultisol increased with the application of chelated Zn foliar; NDF, ADF and CP in mombaça was not affected due to the application of Zn chelated foliar; the mass of the root system of mombaça grass reduced with the application of chelated Zn foliar in Entisol and had no effect on Ultisol; new research work should be carried out involving the study of Zn and foliar application to evaluate its effects on forage plants and their interactions with other nutrients.
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4

Bressy, Fernanda Costa. "Determinação de micromutrientes em amostras de tomates por tecnicas espectroanaliticas." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFBA, 2011. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/10810.

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FAPESB
A cultura do tomate tem ocupado lugar de destaque em todo mundo. O aumento na produtividade da hortaliça provocou um aumento na utilização de insumos agroquímicos, fazendo-se necessário o monitoramento de elementos essenciais e elementos potencialmente contaminantes. Neste trabalho foram determinadas as concentrações de elementos essenciais e elementos potencialmente contaminantes em tomates das espécies caqui, itália e cereja, em cultivos convencional e orgânico, em fase inicial e final de maturação. As amostras foram coletadas em vários estabelecimentos da cidade de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil visando avaliar as diferenças nas concentrações entre os estágios de maturação, tipo de cultivo e espécie, no fruto inteiro e em suas partes (casca, polpa e semente). Os elementos estudados foram Al, Ba, Cd, Cu, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Sr, V e Zn. Após otimização do procedimento de preparo, as amostras foram submetidas à digestão em forno de micro-ondas com cavidade, usando a mistura de 3,5 mL de ácido nítrico concentrado destilado, 3,5 mL de água ultra pura e 1,0 mL de peróxido de hidrogênio. Para determinação dos elementos foram empregadas as técnicas espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES) e espectrometria de massas com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS). Através dos resultados obtidos, foi possível comparar a concentração dos elementos estudados nos estágios de maturação, cultivo e espécies dos tomates analisados. Quanto ao estágio de maturação, os tomates em estágio final de maturação apresentaram maiores valores de concentração para a maioria dos elementos medidos, nas três espécies estudadas. Na comparação quanto ao tipo de cultivo, as amostras provenientes do manejo orgânico apresentaram maiores valores de micronutrientes e menores de elementos com potencial contaminante quando em comparação com as amostras de tomates oriundas de cultivo convencional. Em relação às diferentes espécies estudadas, observou-se que as amostras de tomate contribuem significativamente para a ingestão diária recomendada de Cr, Cu e Mn, sendo a espécie caqui a que mais contribui para a ingestão de Cu, a itália de Cr e a cereja de Mn. As concentrações dos elementos potencialmente tóxicos, encontradas para as amostras das três espécies de tomate, estão abaixo dos teores regulamentados pela ANVISA. Palavras-Chave: toma
Salvador
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5

Santana, Gisélia dos Santos. "Estudo da associação de micronutrientes (zinco, cobre e ferro) na infecção, e ou progressão para leishmaniose tegumentar em duas comunidades rurais do Estado da Bahia." Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, 2014. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/9044.

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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil
A leishmaniose tegumentar (LT) é um problema de saúde pública nas Américas, não somente por sua alta incidência e ampla distribuição geográfica, mas também, pela possibilidade de produzir úlceras persistentes e desfigurantes. É endêmica no Brasil, ocorrendo em ambientes florestais e extraflorestais. A detecção de áreas de alto risco para a infecção humana pode auxiliar na implementação de estratégias de controle mais eficientes nas áreas endêmicas rurais. Objetivos: descrever as características epidemiológicas, prevalência da infecção por Leishmania ssp nas populações do povoado de São Gonçalo/Contendas do Sinçorá - Bahia e no Distritode Florestal/Município de Jequié, Bahia, correlacionando os fatores de risco estabelecidos na literatura com os diferentes grupos estudados (indivíduos infectados, não infectados, e doentes) e avaliar a influencia da desnutrição na infecção e ou progressão para a doença, para isso, foram avaliados parâmetros bioquímicos como dosagem de fosfatase alcalina e ferritina, além dos níveis de metais Zn, Cu e Fe no plasma dos indivíduos.Material e Métodos - desenvolveu-se um estudo de corte transversal, através de inquérito epidemiológico, e imunoalérgico (exames intradermorreação de Montenegro/IDRM, e sorológico/ELISA). Foram cadastradas 36 famílias (170 indivíduos) de São Gonçalo e 129 famílias (480 indivíduos) de Florestal. A partir dos dados obtidos, construiu-se um banco de dados no EPIINFO for Windows, onde foram feitas as análises. Resultados. Observou-se que alguns fatores de risco apresentaram maior prevalência de infecção (IDRM+, ou ELISA+), tais como: indivíduos adultos, trabalhador rural; gênero masculino; família que cria mais de uma espécie de animal doméstico, ou que tem mais que um tipo de animal próximo à residência; domicílio próximo a matas e rios; cobertura da casa com palha; lixo no terreno; ausência de água encanada, embora não foram estatisticamente significantes. Observou-se ainda menor prevalência da infecção em indivíduos com boas condições de moradia (casa cobertura com telha, piso de cerâmica), que não possuíam ou tinham apenas uma espécie de animal doméstico em casa, quintal limpo (onde os indivíduos queimavam seus lixos), porém, estatisticamente não foi significante. Não encontramos associação de aumento do risco para infecção com os níveis dos metais, entretanto, observamos associação dos níveis de Zn com o aumento significante do risco para desenvolvimento da doença nos indivíduos do Distrito de Florestal. Além disso, foi interessante notar que houve uma gradação tanto nos números absolutos quanto relativos de indivíduos com deficiência de Zn, partindo dos não infectados (18/54 ou 33,33%), para novos infectados (11/25 ou 44%) até os pacientes (6/6 ou 100%), de maneira semelhante ao que aconteceu com os níveis de IgG nos indivíduos de São Gonçalo. Conclusões: a existência de alguns fatores responsáveis pelo aumento de casos da doença na região (falta de saneamento básico, situação econômica precária, construção inadequada das casas, convívio com animais silvestres, ou domésticos). A deficiência de Zn aumenta o risco para doença LT, mas não para a infecção por Leishmania spp;. Desta forma uma estratégia de controle para a região seria avaliar melhor os focos de transmissão domiciliar, e extradomiciliar, implantando um sistema de manejo ambiental (conhecer melhor a faúna flebotomínica, e hábitos do vetor, evitar o acúmulo de lixo e detritos que possam atrair roedores, pequenos mamíferos, e funcionar como criadouros dos insetos).
The cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a public health problem in the Americas, not only for its high incidence and wide geographical distribution, but also by the possibility of establishing persistent and disfiguring ulcers. It is endemic in Brazil, occurring in forest and around environments. The detection of high-risk areas for human infection may assist in implementing strategies for more efficient control in rural endemic areas. Objectives -.This study aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics, prevalence of Leishmania spp, infection in populations of São Gonçalo a rural communities/Contendas do Sincorá - Bahia and Florestal (District/Jequié, Bahia), correlating risk factors established in the literature with different groups studied (infected individuals not infected, and patients) and assess the influence of malnutrition on infection and progression for disease, for that biochemical parameters will be evaluated as measure alkaline phosphatase and ferritin, beyond the levels of metals Zn, Cu and Fe in the plasma of subjects. Materials and Metholds.- We developed a cross-sectional study through epidemiologic and immunological investigation (Montenegro skin tests/MST, and serological/ELISA). 36 families (170 individuals) of São Gonçalo and 129 families (480 individuals) were registered in Florestal District. From the data obtained, we constructed a database in Epi-Info for Windows, where the analyses were performed. Results- The results showed that some risk factors had a higher prevalence of infection (MST+ or ELISA+), such as: adult individuals, rural workers, gender sex, family that creates more a domestic animal, or had more than one type of animal near home; homes near forests and rivers; cover the house with straw, trash on the ground, no running water, had a higher prevalence, although they were not statistically significant. We also observed a lower prevalence of infection in individuals with good living conditions (house with tile roof, tile floor), which lacked or had only one domestic animal in the house, clean the yard (where people burned their garbage) however, was not statistically significant. Not find association of increased risk for infection with metals level, however, we observed association of Zn levels with significantly increased risk for disease development in individuals of the Florestal District. Furthermore, it was interesting to note that there was a gradation in both absolute and relative numbers of individuals with disabilities Zn, starting from uninfected (18/54 or 33.3%), to newly infected (11/25 or 44%) to patients (6/6 or 100%), similarly to what happened with IgG levels in individuals of São Gonçalo. Conclusions - there are some factors associated for the increase in cases of the disease in the region, such as poor sanitation, poor economic situation, improper construction of the houses, living with wild animals or domestic. And that the loss of Zn increases the risk of disease LT, but not to infection by Leishmania spp. Thus a control strategy for the region would be better to evaluate outbreaks of domestic transmission and peridomestic, deploying an environmental management system ( know the sand flies species, and habits of the vector, prevent accumulation of trash and debris that may attract rodents, small mammals, and act as breeding grounds for insects).
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Woodside, Jayne Valerie. "Micronutrients in hyperhomocysteinaemia and cardiovascular risk." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388099.

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7

Gutierrez, Rodriguez Miriam Nicole. "Evaluation of secondary and micronutrients in Kansas." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32633.

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Master of Science
Department of Agronomy
Dorivar Ruiz Diaz
The limitation of an essential nutrient for plant growth can affect crop yield. Research has been focused mainly on macronutrients, nevertheless micronutrients are equally important. This thesis is divided into three studies, which had the purpose of assessing frequent questions that producers have about micronutrient fertilizers and their effect on several crops in Kansas. The objective of the first study was to summarize and analyze results from studies since 1962 until 2015 to verify responses to zinc (Zn) and sulfur (S) fertilization in corn (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr). The treatments evaluated consisted of fertilizer Zn or S application versus their respective unfertilized treatments. Zinc fertilization significantly increased corn yield; no significant response was found for sorghum, wheat and soybean. Sulfur fertilization did not increase yields on corn and wheat. The objectives of the second study were: (i) to evaluate soybean response to S and micronutrients boron (B), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and Zn fertilizer application and to assess soil test and soybean seed and tissue nutrient concentration with fertilization. Treatments consisted of an unfertilized control, micronutrient fertilizer as individual nutrient for B, Cu, Mn, S and Zn applied broadcast pre-plant, in addition to a blend of these nutrients using two different placements (broadcast and band). Secondary and micronutrient fertilization showed no significant effect on soybean yield at any of the ten locations. Zinc fertilization showed significant effects on soybean tissue and seed Zn concentration. The objective of the third study was to evaluate soybean tissue nutrient response to micronutrient fertilizers in field strips with high variability in soil properties in the area evaluated. The study consisted of two strips (with and without fertilizer) and replicated three times. The treatment with fertilizer included a blend of Cu, Mn and Zn at a rate of 11.2 kg ha⁻¹ and B at a rate of 2.8 kg ha⁻¹. Initial soil tests B, Cu, Mn and Zn were not good indicators of soybean tissue response. Within-field variability of soybean Zn and B tissue content were affected by soil pH and organic matter; and these factors may be used to help explain field variability in plant availability. The micronutrient blend treatment showed higher tissue Zn and B values compared to the control. When pH ranged from 5.5 to 7.6, B in soybean tissue was higher on the control than the micronutrient blend treatment. Copper concentration in soybean tissue did not show significant difference between treatments at any location, regardless of pH and organic matter levels.
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8

Marcandalli, Luiz Henrique. "Efeito residual de elementos potencialmente tóxicos oriundos de fertilizantes: qualidade dos produtos agrícolas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64134/tde-17042014-092013/.

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Devido à presença de contaminantes (Elementos Potencialmente Tóxicos - EPT) nos fertilizantes, seja pelo material de origem das rochas fosfatadas ou pelo uso de subprodutos que contém altos teores de metais pesados, tem provocado muita polêmica e discussões. O conhecimento das frações dos elementos no solo pode indicar na disponibilidade dos mesmos para as plantas e, por fim, subsidiar as práticas de adubação de forma mais segura. O presente projeto teve como objetivo: (1) avaliar a produção de massa seca e determinar os teores de P, (Ni e Zn) e EPT (Cr, Cd, Pb) na parte comestível da alface (folhas) e do rabanete (raízes), em resposta a fertilização com fontes de fósforo e de zinco aplicadas em cultivo anterior (efeito residual); (2) avaliar o estado nutricional da alface e do rabanete em relação aos nutrientes P e Zn sob efeito da fertilização com fontes de fósforo e de zinco aplicadas em cultivo anterior (efeito residual); (3) determinar os teores residuais disponíveis de P (resina), micronutrientes (Ni, Zn) e EPT (Cr, Cd, Pb) extraídos por Mehlich-1, DTPA, CaCl2 0,01 mol L-1 e solução de ácidos orgânicos, em dois solos fertilizados com fontes de fósforo e de zinco após cultivo de alface e de rabanete. Serão desenvolvidos os cultivos residuais com as culturas da alface e rabanete em casa de vegetação, utilizando dois solos contrastantes quanto ao teor de argila. Os tratamentos foram aplicados por ocasião do cultivo do arroz de terras altas e, assim, serão realizadas apenas adubações de base e cobertura. Os tratamentos são assim constituídos: três fontes de Zn (subproduto, fertilizante comercial obtido da acidulação do subproduto e uma mistura de reagentes pró-análise) e três fontes de P (rocha fosfática de Togo, superfosfato simples obtido pela acidulação da rocha de Togo e uma mistura de reagentes pró-análise) em doses equivalentes a 0; 2,5; 5; 10 e 20 vezes a dose recomendada (em média, 4 kg de Zn e 90 kg de P2O5 por ha). Após as analises realizadas no solo com os diferentes extratores e as analises de folhas (alface) e raízes (rabanete) para determinarmos os níveis de elementos potencialmente tóxicos presentes no solo e partes comestíveis pode-se concluir que os teores no solo de fósforo e zinco aumentaram com o uso de doses crescente desses elementos no Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LVA) e Latossolo Vermelho (LV);o uso dos extratores solução de ácidos orgânicos, mehlich-1 e DTPA, determinaram uma maior disponibilidade dos metais no solo;as doses crescentes de fósforo elevaram os teores de cádmio disponível no solo, porém esse aumento não apresentou diferenças significativas nas partes comestíveis;o uso de diferentes fontes e doses de fósforo e zinco não apresentaram diferenças significativas na produção de material vegetal das culturas;as doses de zinco elevaram os teores de chumbo disponível no solo, porém esse aumento não foi observado nas partes comestíveis das culturas;o crômio não foi alterado com as diferentes doses dos fertilizantes
Due to the presence of contaminants (Potentially Toxic Elements - EPT) in fertilizers, is the source material of PRs or the use of products which contain high levels of heavy metals, has caused much controversy and discussion. The knowledge of the fractions of the elements in the soil can indicate the availability thereof to the plants and finally subsidize fertilizer practice in a safer way. This project aimed to: (1) evaluate the dry matter production and determine the levels of P (Ni and Zn) and EPT (Cr, Cd, Pb) in the edible portion of the lettuce (leaves) and radish (roots ) in response to fertilization with phosphorus sources and zinc applied in previous crop (residual effect), (2) assess the nutritional status of lettuce and radish in relation to nutrients P and Zn fertilization under the effect of phosphorus sources and Zinc applied in previous crop (residual effect): (3) determining the residue content of available P (resin), trace elements (Ni, Zn) and EFA (Cr, Cd, Pb) extracted by Mehlich-1, DTPA, CaCl2 0 , 01 mol L-1 solution and organic acids in soils fertilized with phosphorus sources and zinc after growing lettuce and radish. Residual crops are developed with the lettuce and radishes in a greenhouse using two contrasting soils as the clay content. Treatments were applied during the cultivation of upland rice and thus will be conducted only fertilizers and basic coverage. Treatments are divided as follows: three sources of Zn (byproduct, commercial fertilizer obtained from acidulation by product and a mixture of reagents for analysis) and three sources of P (phosphate rock from Togo, superphosphate obtained by acidulation of rock and Togo a mixture of reagents for analysis) at doses of 0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 times the recommended dose (average of 4 kg Zn and 90 kg P2O5 per ha). The analyzes carried out on the ground with different extractants and analysis of leaves (lettuce) and roots (radish) to determine the levels of potentially toxic elements present in the soil and edible parts can be concluded that the levels of phosphorous in soil and zinc increased with increasing doses of the use of these elements in the Oxisol (LVA) and Oxisol (LV), the use of organic acid solution extractants, Mehlich-1 and DTPA, led to an increased availability of metals in soil; doses increasing phosphorus elevated levels of cadmium in the soil available, but this increase did not show significant differences in the edible parts, the use of different sources and levels of phosphorus and zinc showed no significant differences in the production of plant material cultures; doses of zinc elevated levels of lead in the soil available, however this increase was not observed in the edible parts of crops, chromium has not changed with the different fertilizer levels
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9

Trevisan, Nicole Patricia Odenheimer. "Avaliação de duas estratégias de acompanhamento nutricional e seu impacto na composição da dieta de pacientes com diabetes mellitus gestacional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5139/tde-23092015-111821/.

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Objetivo: O presente estudo teve por objetivo comparar duas estratégias de acompanhamento nutricional em pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus Gestacional em relação à composição da dieta dessas pacientes. Método: Durante o período de Julho de 2012 a Fevereiro de 2014, foram acompanhadas 55 gestantes no setor de Endocrinopatias e Gestação da Clínica Obstétrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP). Os critérios de inclusão foram: diagnóstico de DMG e idade gestacional inferior a 35 semanas na primeira avaliação nutricional. Foram excluídas as gestantes que não compareceram às consultas pré-estabelecidas (Grupo 1: duas avaliações; Grupo 2: quatro avaliações). As pacientes foram randomizadas em dois grupos: Grupo 1 (avaliação inicial e avaliação final) e Grupo 2 (avaliação inicial, orientação individualizada em mais dois encontros com intervalo de sete a quinze dias e avaliação final). Para avaliação do consumo inicial e final de nutrientes, bem como para nortear as orientação individualizadas (Grupo 2) utilizou-se o recordatório alimentar de 24h, seguido de análise no programa Nutrilife 8.0 ®. Na avaliação inicial, os dois grupos receberam orientação nutricional padrão. Para comparação entre os grupos, utilizou-se teste de qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher e teste de Mann-Whitney U. Resultados: Os dois grupos foram semelhantes em relação à ingestão de Macro e Micronutrientes na avaliação inicial. Na avaliação final, houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos no que se refere ao consumo de carboidratos, lipídios e sódio. No Grupo 2, o consumo de carboidratos foi maior, e o de sódio e lipídios foi menor em comparação ao Grupo 1. Conclusões: A orientação individualizada, mesmo que avaliada em curto período de tempo, foi capaz de promover modificações no comportamento alimentar das gestantes em relação ao consumo de carboidratos, lipídios e sódio
Objective: The current study aimed the comparison of two strategies of nutrition monitoring of patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus compared to the diet composition of these patients. Method: From July 2012 to February, 2014, 55 pregnant women were monitored at the Endocrinopathy and Pregnancy Sector of the Obstetrics Clinic at Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP). The inclusion criterion was: GDM diagnosed and gestational age under 35 weeks at the first nutrition assessment. Pregnant women who attend the pre-established appointments (Group 1: two assessments; Group 2: four assessments) were removed. The patients were randomized into two groups: Group 1 (initial review and final review) and Group 2 (initial review, individual guidance in two appointments with a seven to fifteen day interval and final review). In order to assess the ideal initial and final consumption of nutrients, as well as to direct the individual guidance (Group 2), the 24h alimentary record was used, followed by the assessment on the Nutrilife 8.0® program. At the initial review, both groups received the standard nutritional guidance. In order to compare the two groups, a Chi-Square analysis, Fishers exact test and a Mann-Whitney U. test were performed. Results: the two groups were similar regarding the Macro and Micronutrients at the initial review. At the final review, there was a statistically significant difference between the groups with regards to the consumption of carbohydrates, lipids and sodium. In Group 2, there was a higher consumption of carbohydrates and the consumption of sodium and lipids was lower than in Group 1. Conclusions: The individual guidance, even if assessed in a short period of time, was capable of promoting changes in the alimentation behavior of the pregnant women with regards to the consumption of carbohydrates, lipids and sodium
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10

Ciudad, Reynaud Antonio. "Requerimiento de micronutrientes y oligoelementos." Sociedad Peruana de Obstetricia y Ginecología - SPOG, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/324130.

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A brief evidence-based account on the importance of micronutrients and oligoelements in the diet during pregnancy and post-partum is done. An integral approach on nutrition must be given to women during reproductive life as well as before pregnancy. Micronutrient deficiencies have been associated with fetal structural defects risks. Micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy has shown to be effective in the prevention of different health problems including low birth weight, small for gestational age, and birth defects including neural, cardiovascular, cleft palate and abnormalities of the urinary tract. There is no evidence of protection against genetic problems type Down syndrome, or in reduction of perinatal mortality.
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11

Gobato, Renata Cristina 1985. "Estado nutricional do zinco e cobre após seis meses da cirurgia bariátrica." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/309055.

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Orientador: Elinton Adami Chaim
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estaduasl de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: A cirurgia bariátrica é considerada um método efetivo de perda e manutenção de peso, mas pode causar várias complicações nutricionais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o estado nutricional do zinco e cobre em pacientes obesos no momento em que entram no grupo de obesidade e no pós-operatório de seis meses da gastroplastia redutora em Y de Roux. A população de estudo, composta por 36 pacientes, foi avaliada prospectivamente antes e após seis meses da gastroplastia redutora em Y de Roux. Em cada fase, o peso, altura, índice de massa corpórea (IMC), circunferência abdominal (CA), níveis séricos de proteína total, albumina, préalbumina, zinco e cobre foram mensurados. A média da porcentagem de perda de peso desde o início até seis meses após a cirurgia foi 35.34±4.82%. Dentre os micronutrientes mensurados, 31 pacientes apresentaram algum tipo de deficiência, houve grande porcentagem de deficiência de zinco tanto no pré (55.55%) quanto no pós-operatório (61.11%), no pós-operatório 8,33% dos pacientes apresentaram deficiência de cobre e 33.33% apresentaram deficiência de pré-albumina. A ingestão protéica após seis meses de cirurgia estava abaixo do recomendado (<70g/dia) em 88,88% dos pacientes. Houve diminuição na média quando se comparou as análises laboratoriais no pré e pós-operatório para proteína total (p<0,05) e pré-albumina (p<0,05). A deficiência de Zn foi frequente e apresentou alta prevalência antes e após seis meses da gastroplastia redutora em Y de Roux e, suplementos protéicos são necessários para a adequação da ingestão protéica até os 6 meses de pós-operatório
Abstract: Background Bariatric surgery is considered as an effective method for sustained weight loss, but may cause various nutritional complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status of zinc and copper in obese patients before and after 6 months of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGBP). Methods 36 patients who underwent RYGBP were prospectively evaluated before and 6 months after surgery. At each phase their weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, serum levels of total protein, albumin, prealbumin, zinc and copper were assessed. Results The mean weight loss from baseline to 6 months after surgery was 35.34±4.82%. Among the micronutrients measured 31 patients had some kind of deficiency, there was a high percentage of zinc deficiency both in pre (55.55%) and post-operative (61.11%) and after surgery 8,33% of the patients were deficient in copper and 33.33% in pre-albumin. The protein intake after 6 months of surgery was below the recommendations (<70g/day) for 88,88% of the patients. There was a decrease between the laboratory analysis pre and post-surgery on average for total protein (p<0,05) and pre-albumin (p<0,05). Conclusions Hypozincaemia was frequent and had high prevalence after 6 months of RYGBP and protein supplements are needed to maintain an adequate protein intake up to 6 months after surgery
Mestrado
Fisiopatologia Cirúrgica
Mestra em Ciências da Cirurgia
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12

Brito, Luciara Leite. "Anemia em pré-escolares, escolares e adolescentes: relação com consumo alimentar e infecções por helmintos intestinais." Programa de pós-graduação em saúde coletiva, 2006. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/10396.

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p. 1-91
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Estudos realizados nos países em desenvolvimento demonstram que é freqüente a coexistência de ingestão inadequada de vários nutrientes entre pré-escolares. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar a associação entre anemia e o consumo alimentar inadequado de ferro biodisponível isolado ou combinado à inadequação no consumo alimentar de cobre e/ou vitamina A. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado em dez municípios do Estado da Bahia, Brasil, desenvolvido com 1.551 pré-escolares. Foram obtidos dados sobre idade, sexo, condições sócio-ambientais (utilizou-se questionário estruturado), níveis de hemoglobina (utilizou-se o hemoglobinômetro portátil) e consumo alimentar (inquérito recordatório de 24 horas). A associação entre consumo alimentar e a anemia foi verificada inicialmente por análise bivariada e posteriormente utilizando-se o modelo de regressão log-binomial. Verificou-se que o consumo inadequado de ferro biodisponível esteve significativamente associado à anemia quando ocorreu simultaneamente à inadequação de outros micronutrientes: cobre e vitamina A RP 2.0 (95% CI 1.3 ? 3.0); cobre ou vitamina A RP 1.6 (95% CI 1.1 ? 2.2), mas não quando a inadequação ocorreu apenas para ferro biodisponível RP 1.1 (95% CI 0.6 ? 2.1), quando comparados ao consumo adequado de ferro biodisponível. Observou-se proporção de consumo significativamente maior de: vegetais e frutas para os não anêmicos; leite e cereais para os anêmicos. Entre as refeições principais, mostrou-se que no jantar a ingestão de ferro biodisponível e cobre foi significativamente maior no grupo de não anêmicos, mesmo após ajuste por idade e sexo. É possível supor que entre os pré-escolares com consumo inadequado de ferro biodisponível existe diferenciais de risco importante à medida que se agregam deficiências no consumo alimentar de micronutrientes, como cobre e vitamina A.
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13

XXX, Jerry Maria Sojan. "Effects of probiotics and micronutrients on zebrafish skeletal development and in vitro cell culture." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11566/299781.

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Studi pregressi hanno mostrato che i micronutrienti come il boro (B) e il selenio (Se) e la vitamina D (VD) svolgono un ruolo chiave nel processo di ossificazione, tuttavia l’effetto delle interazioni fra queste diverse molecole, soprattutto a livello osseo, sono ancora poco conosciute. Inoltre, è nota la capacità dei probiotici di esercitare effetti benefici sull'organismo ospite. Lo scopo di questa tesi di dottorato è quindi quello di valutare l’effetto della somministrazione di B e Se e ceppi di probiotici sul processo di ossificazione e sul metabolismo osseo. I risultati ottenuti utilizzando specifiche linee reporter di osteoblasti di pesce zebra, la linea cellulare hFOB1.19 e l’integrazione delle evidenze ottenute con le analisi di trascrittomica hanno permesso di andare a fondo sui meccanismi attivati dalla sommistrazione dei diversi microelementi sul metabolismo osseo. Nelle larve di pesce zebra quello delle MAPK è risultato il pathway più regolato dalla co-somministrazione di B e VD, oltre alla segnalazione del TGF-β, all'adesione focale e alla segnalazione del calcio. Ciò ha suggerito che l’aggiunta di basse concentrazioni di micronutrienti alla dieta, può fornire un valido aiuto e ampliare le opzioni terapeutiche per il trattamento di condizioni patologiche causate da carenza di VD. Inoltre, il trattamento con i probiotici accelera la rigenerazione della pinna caudale nel pesce zebra, come suggerito dalla sovra-espressione di geni biomarker del sistema osseo e dall'aumento del contenuto dei fosfati misurato dall'analisi FTIRI a 5 giorni dopo l'amputazione (DPA) delle pinne. Inoltre, al fine di analizzare gli effetti di due ceppi probiotici, Bacillus subtilis e Lactococcus lactis, sulla formazione di osteoblasti e sulla mineralizzazione della matrice extracellulare, abbiamo creato due nuove linee transgeniche di pesce zebra contenenti sequenze codificanti proteine fluorescenti inserite nei geni che codificano per sp7 e col10a1a, in modo da poter marcare, rispettivamente lo sviluppo degli osteoblasti e della matrice extracellulare ossea. L’uso di queste linee transgeniche ci ha permesso di verificare che B.subtilis è stato il probiotico che ha permesso di recuperare al meglio recuperare gli effetti dannosi causati dall'inibitore del BMP. Inoltre, esperimenti sulle cellule hFOB1.19 hanno rivelato che l’esposizione all'estratto di B.subtilis ha aumentato significativamente i livelli di ALP. Inoltre, è stata anche confermata la validità dell’uso dei sistemi di coltura cellulare in vitro per testare gli effetti dei probiotici, utilizzando estratti batterici in alternativa alla somministrazione di cellule vive.
Micronutrients such as Boron (B) and Selenium (Se) are previously known to be playing key roles in ossification process but their interactions with VD is poorly explored. Probiotics are microbes known to exert beneficial effects on the host when supplied in adequate quantities. This research thesis aim to explore the osteogenic actions of B and Se, and selected probiotics strains. Specific zebrafish osteoblast reporter lines combined with transcriptomic analysis and hFOB1.19 cell line were used to explore the mechanism of actions. MAPK was confirmed as the most regulated pathway by the B and VD synergy groups in addition to TGF-β signaling, focal adhesion and calcium signaling in zebrafish larvae. By adding low concentrations of additional micronutrients, the results help broaden the therapeutic options for treating pathological conditions caused by VD deficiency. Probiotic treatment was found to accelerate the caudal fin regeneration in zebrafish confirmed by the upregulation of key marker genes and increased phosphates found by FTIRI analysis at 5 days post amputation (DPA) fins. Furthermore, to investigate the effects of two probiotics, Bacillus subtilis and Lactococcus lactis, on osteoblast formation and extracellular matrix mineralization, we created two new zebrafish transgenic lines containing fluorescent protein coding sequences inserted into endogenous genes for sp7 and col10a1a, that display fluorescence in developing osteoblasts and bone extracellular matrix, respectively. When larvae were exposed to a BMP inhibitor, B.subtilis was the most potent probiotics in recovering the bones from the detrimental effects caused by the BMP inhibitor. Additionally, experiments on hFOB1.19 cells revealed that B.subtilis extract significantly increased ALP levels via staining, western blot, and immunofluorescence. We also confirmed the suitability of in vitro cell culture systems to test probiotic effects by using probiotic extracts instead of live cells.
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14

Gordon, Heather Ann. "An investigation into the effects of micronutrients on mood and behaviour in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) : a pilot study using a single case ABABA design with six-month follow-up." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/11016.

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood psychiatric disorders characterised by impairments in attention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Pharmacological and behavioural treatments have been shown to be effective in treating ADHD. However, with 30% of the population that do not respond or respond poorly to pharmacological treatments, and the growing concerns over the long-term impact stimulants may have on the developing brain, investigation into alternative treatments for ADHD is necessary. More recently research has investigated the effectiveness of EMPowerplus (EMP+), a formula containing a wide range of vitamins and minerals in treating ADHD in adults. The current research examined the effect of EMP+ in treating ADHD in children, following a single-case ABABA design, with a six-month follow-up. Fourteen children between 8 and 12 years of age diagnosed with DSM-IV ADHD took part in the study. Following the baseline assessment, participants took part in an open-label trial of EMP+ for eight weeks, after which EMP+ was withdrawn for four weeks, and then had a final eight weeks on EMP+ and a final four weeks off the micronutrients. A follow-up was conducted approximately six-months after the end of the study. Modified Brinley plots revealed decreased ADHD behaviours, improved mood and improvements in overall functioning during the intervention phases and a reversal in symptoms, decrease in mood and overall functioning during the withdrawal phases. Cohen’s d effect sizes, 95% confidence intervals and t-tests confirmed statistically significant change between the intervention and withdrawal phases. The current study provides further evidence for the potential of micronutrient interventions as a treatment option for children with ADHD. Further research utilising double-blind placebo-controlled studies is warranted.
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15

Silva, Denis Herisson da. "\"Boro em mamoneira: Aspectos morfológicos e fisiológicos relacionados à deficiência e toxicidade\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64134/tde-11072007-162028/.

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A ricinocultura tem se destacado como uma das culturas mais promissoras nas regiões do semi-árido e cerrado, pois o óleo de mamona, além de ser empregado como matéria prima em diversas indústrias, apresenta potencial para fabricação de biodiesel. Este trabalho está fundamentado nas seguintes hipóteses: a) a produção de sementes e óleo de mamona está relacionada com o suprimento de boro (B); b) a toxicidade por este elemento é tão grave quanto a sua deficiência; c) A redistribuição deste micronutriente na planta é baixa ou restrita. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da deficiência e toxicidade de B na mamoneira (Ricinus communis L.), utilizando doses deste micronutriente em solução nutritiva, e avaliar a dinâmica do B na mamoneira utilizando compostos enriquecidos isotopicamente em 10B, através de dois experimentos: 1) Doses de 0; 0,025; 0,05; 0,10; 0,27; 2,70; 5,40 mg L-1 B em solução nutritiva, com análises da produção de MS, avaliações ultra-estruturais, medições de fotossíntese e transpiração e também o teor e viscosidade do óleo presente nas sementes produzidas. 2) 3 Aplicações de solução de ácido bórico enriquecido isotopicamente em 10B, sendo 2,7 mg B via foliar por planta e 1,0 mg B em solução nutritiva por planta, com posterior determinação de boro total e 10B por ICP-MS das partes da planta. Dentre os resultados obtidos verificou-se que não houve produção de frutos em plantas submetidas às doses de 0 e 0,025 mg L-1 B. Entretanto, em plantas apresentando sinais de toxicidade nas folhas, a produção não foi afetada. As principais alterações ultra-estruturais manifestaram-se na deficiência de B, através do espessamento da lamela média e na ausência de grânulos de amido. Dentre as sementes produzidas, os atributos de teor e viscosidade não mostraram diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos. Os valores de fotossíntese e transpiração foram menores nas plantas com deficiência e não mostraram diferenças significativas nos tratamentos de toxicidade. No segundo experimento, constatou-se que houve redistribuição de B, aplicado via foliar, das folhas para os frutos, mas e pouca redistribuição para as raízes. A aplicação de 1 mg de B por planta em cada troca de solução nutritiva mostrou-se mais eficiente em elevar a produção e os teores de B na planta que as aplicações de 2,7 mg de B por planta através da aplicação foliar. Concluiu-se que, nesta espécie, a toxicidade de boro não é tão grave quanto a sua deficiência e ocorre redistribuição de boro da folha para o fruto, mas não para a raiz
The castor bean production has highlighted as one of the most promising crops in cerrado and semi-arid farmlands, as the castor oil, besides being used in several industries, presents potential for biodiesel production. This work is based in the following hypotheses: a) the production of seeds and castor oil is related with appropriate supply of boron (B), and the interval between the deficiency and boron toxicity is narrow; b) The B toxicity is as serious as its deficiency; c) the phloem mobility in this plant is low or restricted. The objective was to evaluate the effects of boron deficiency and toxicity in castor bean plants (Ricinus communis L.), utilizing doses of this micronutrient in nutrient solution, and to evaluate the phloem mobility of boron using 10B enriched compound, through two experiments: 1) doses of 0; 0.025; 0.05; 0.10; 0.27; 2.70; 5.40 mg L-1 B in nutrient solution, with analysis of dry matter weight, ultra-structural evaluations, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, and viscosity and oil content in the produced seeds. 2) Three applications of acid boron solution in leaves (2.7 mg of B enriched in 10B per plant) and in nutrient solution (1 mg of B enriched in 10B per plant) with analysis of boron isotope ratio by ICP-MS. Among the results it was verified that there was not fruit yield in plants submitted to doses of 0 and 0.025 mg L-1 B. However, the fruit yields were not affected in plants with boron toxicity symptoms in leaves. The main ultra-structural alterations showed in boron deficiency was the thickness (or swollen) of medium lamellae and the absence of starch granules. The oil contents and viscosity in produced seeds did not show differences among the treatments. The photosynthesis and transpiration rates were lower in the plants with deficiency and and there was not significant differences among the treatments with B toxicity. In the second experiment, it was verified the occurrence of boron phloem mobility to fruits from the B applied to the leaves, and low phloem mobility of boron from leaves to the roots. The application of 1 mg of B per plant in each changes of nutrition solution was shown more efficient to increase the production and B rates in plants than applications of 2.7 mg of B per plant through the foliar application. It concludes that, in this species, the boron toxicity is not as harmful to fruit production as boron deficiency and the phloem mobility occurs from leaves to fruits, but not to roots
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Araujo, João Paulo Campos de. "Crescimento e marcha de absorção de nutrientes de bananeira (Musa sp. AAA), 'Grande Naine' no primeiro ciclo de produção." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-15072008-141025/.

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O presente trabalho consistiu na determinação da marcha de absorção de macro e micronutrientes pela bananeira (Musa spp), cultivar Grande Naine durante o primeiro ciclo de produção. Foram amostrados os rizomas, pseudocaules, folhas e posteriormente inflorescências, mensalmente durante o ciclo da cultura, que nas condições do ensaio foi de dezesseis meses. Foram avaliadas as dimensões (diâmetro e comprimento) dos rizomas, altura das plantas, número de folhas, e massas frescas e secas desses órgãos. Após o oitavo mês de cultivo houve a necessidade de se obter sub-amostras das partes analisadas, operação essa realizada manualmente, uma vez que o volume amostrado excedia a capacidade da estufa de secagem. As amostras foram levadas para estufa de circulação forçada de ar até atingirem massas constantes. As análises dos teores de macro e micronutrientes seguiram o método preconizado por Sarruge ; Haag (1974). As plantas apresentaram acúmulo de massa seca inicialmente lento, tendo seu crescimento acentuado a partir do décimo mês após o transplantio. A ordem decrescente da extração dos macronutrientes pela planta foi: K>N>Ca>Mg>P>S, e a razão de extração foi: 89K: 17N: 10Ca: 6Mg: 2P: 1S. A ordem decrescente da extração de micronutrientes foi: Fe>Mn>Cu>Zn>B, e a razão de extração foi: 41 Fe: 10Mn: 3Cu: 2Zn: 1B. As equações de regressão que mais se adequaram para os rizomas, pseudocaule e folhas foram os modelos exponenciais, para as inflorescências, o modelo que mais se adequou foi a equação polinomial de terceiro grau. A reciclagem de nutrientes, a partir de um manejo adequado de órgãos, bem como a sua exportação junto com a colheita, deve ser levada em consideração em qualquer programa de adubação da bananeira.
This work consisted of the determination of the macro and micronutrients absorption march for the banana tree (Muse spp), cultivar Grande Naine during the first production cycle. Samples of rhizomes, pseudostem, leafs and later inflorescence, were taken monthly during the cycle of the culture, the cycle in the conditions of the study takes sixteen months. The rhizomes dimensions (diameter and length) had been evaluated, the plants height, leaf number, determination the fresh and dry masses of these parties. After the eighth month of start had the necessity of getting sub-samples of the analyzed parts, this operation carried manually, because the volume of the samples exceeded the capacity of the drying greenhouse. The samples had been taken for greenhouse until reaching constant masses. The macro and micronutrients analyses were made by Sarruge ; Haag (1974) method. The plants had presented initially slow accumulation of dry mass, growing accented from the tenth month after the transplantation. The decreasing order of the extraction of macronutrients was K>N>Ca>Mg>P>S and the extraction reason was 89K: 17N: 10Ca: 6Mg: 2P: 1S. The decreasing order of the extraction of micronutrients was Fe>Mn>Cu>Zn>B and the extraction reason was 41 Fe: 10Mn: 3Cu: 2Zn: 1B. The regression equations that if had more adjusted for rhizomes, pseudostem, and leafs had been the exponentials, for the inflorescence, the model that adjusted was the third degree polynomial equation. The nutrients recycling, from an adequate handling of agencies, as well as its exportation with the harvest, must be taken in consideration in any program of fertilization of the banana tree.
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Bleil, Rozane Aparecida Toso. "Disponibilidade de energia e nutrientes nos domicilios de famílias das regiões metropolitanas de Curitiba e Porto Alegre." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11141/tde-23112004-161323/.

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O consumo de alimentos é influenciado, entre outros fatores, pelo processo de urbanização, as políticas agrícolas, a disponibilidade de alimentos, a distribuição de renda, o processamento inadequado, tradições culturais e a propaganda. Em decorrência de desequilíbrios nos elos existentes entre essas variáveis, podem ser observadas, freqüentemente, conseqüências negativas à saúde da população, tais como a desnutrição, obesidade e doenças crônicas. O presente trabalho foi realizado, tendo por base os dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF-1995/1996), relativos à amostra da população residente nas regiões metropolitanas de Curitiba e Porto Alegre, pertencentes à Região Sul do Brasil. Os objetivos foram analisar, no âmbito dos domicílios, a disponibilidade de energia e a participação dos macronutrientes no Valor Energético Total - VET; analisar a oferta de proteínas quanto à sua origem (animal ou vegetal); analisar a disponibilidade de fibras, colesterol, vitaminas e minerais nos domicílios da referida população; analisar a disponibilidade de alimentos quanto a sua origem (industrializados e in natura) e também a participação dos grupos alimentares no VET diário das famílias. Para os cálculos nutricionais foi utilizado o software Virtual Nutri (Phillippi, 1996). Adotou-se como parâmetro, as recomendações de energia, macro e micronutrientes, os valores preconizados pela National Academy of Sciences (2003). Os resultados mostram que a disponibilidade de energia e macronutrientes para estes grupos populacionais pode ser considerada adequada. Por outro lado, a participação da proteína de origem animal revelase elevada para a totalidade das famílias. Em relação ao colesterol os resultados apresentam-se abaixo dos valores preconizados. Ressalva-se que a presente pesquisa não avaliou o consumo de alimentos fora do domicílio. Considerando a disponibilidade de fibras para as famílias da amostra, infere-se que a mesma é insuficiente. Em relação aos micronutrientes, observa-se uma baixa disponibilidade, dos seguintes nutrientes: ácido fólico, niacina, vitamina B12, cálcio, ferro, zinco, magnésio e selênio. Em relação aos grupos alimentares, merece destaque a maior participação do grupo das leguminosas, especialmente o feijão, no VET (disponível nos domicílios) das famílias mais pobres. Por outro lado, observa-se aumento na disponibilidade do grupo das carnes e embutidos e do leite e derivados, conforme ocorre incremento da renda, o que ressalta a influência desta na aquisição de alimentos. Não é identificada diferença expressiva na participação de hortaliças no VET, quando se considera concomitante, as famílias dos diferentes estratos de renda e as duas regiões metropolitanas. Por outro lado, a participação das frutas mostra tendência crescente, conforme aumenta a renda. Há um predomínio de produtos industrializados no VET, quando se considera a totalidade das famílias integrantes da pesquisa. A renda e os hábitos culturais parecem exercer influência decisiva nos hábitos alimentares da população observada. Face ao exposto é fundamental que se busquem estratégias, que adotadas em curto espaço de tempo, contribuam de forma decisiva para a melhoria dos hábitos e o padrão de consumo alimentar da referida população.
The food consumption is influenced, among other factors, by the process of urbanization, agricultural policies, food availability, income distribution, adequate processing, feeding habits and marketing. In the course of this interaction, negative consequences may be observed in the state of health, such as malnutrition, obesity and chronic illnesses. The present study was accomplished using the Family Budgetary Survey (FBS-1995/1996) data base, related to the metropolitan areas of Curitiba and Porto Alegre –southern Brazil. The objectives were to analyze the families accessibility to energy and the participation of macronutrients in the Total Calorie Value-TCV available in the domicile; to differentiate the protein origin (animal or vegetal); to estimate the amounts of dietary fiber, cholesterol, vitamins, and minerals at the household’s disposal in the referred population; to determine the food accessibility according to the extent of transformation (manufactured or in natura) and also, the participation of each food group at the families’ disposal, according to the daily TCV. The software Virtual Nutri (Phillippi, 1996) was used to calculate nutrient availability. Energy, macro and micronutrient recommendations by the National Academy of Sciences (2001) were adopted as parameters. The results showed that the energy and macronutrients at the disposal of these population groups may be considered adequate. On the other hand, the study revealed elevated participation of animal protein for the totality of families. Cholesterol, however, appeared to be present at amounts lower than recommended, notwithstanding the fact that this research did not take into account the food consumed outside the domicile. Considering the dietary fiber at the disposal of these families, we can infer it was insufficient. In relation to micronutrients, we observed a low availability, especially for folic acid, niacin, vitamin B12, calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium and selenium. In relation to the food groups, the participation of legumes, especially beans, on the TCV of the household of the poorest families was outstanding. On the other hand, we observed an increase in the access to meat and poultry, and milk and milk products, concordant with the rising of income, which reinforces the influence of income on food acquisition. The participation of potherbs greens did not present any meaningful difference when the income stratum and metropolitan area were considered. The participation of fruits appeared with an increasing tendency, in relation to income. There was yet the predominance of manufactured food products on the TCV for the totality of families surveyed. It may be concluded that both income and cultural habits seem to exert decisive influence on the food habits of this population. Thus, it is fundamental to search for alternatives in order to improve the habits and consumption patterns of the referred population, independent of their socioeconomical or cultural backgrounds.
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Almeida, Isabela Saraiva de. "Avaliação do estado nutricional de mulheres obesas em relação ao zinco e sua associação com o estresse oxidativo e os polimorfismos Arg213Gli e +35A/C." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9132/tde-27022014-102459/.

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O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o estado nutricional de mulheres obesas em relação ao zinco (Zn) e a associação com marcadores do estresse oxidativo e com polimorfismos em genes das enzimas antioxidantes SOD1 e SOD3. A amostra foi composta por 60 mulheres obesas (OB) e por um grupo controle composto por 55 mulheres eutróficas (CON). Amostras de sangue e urina de 24 horas foram coletadas para análise de zinco, malondialdeído (MDA), 8-isoprostano urinário, atividade antioxidante das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD) e glutationa peroxidase (GPx). Foram avaliados dois polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNP) presentes nas enzimas SOD1 e SOD3, o +35A/C e Arg213Gli. Foram aplicados três recordatórios alimentares de 24 horas, incluindo um dia de final de semana. As comparações entre os grupos foram feitas pelos testes qui-quadrado, t-Student, ANOVA e Mann-Whitney. As associações entre as variáveis quantitativas foram realizadas por meio do coeficiente de correlação r de Pearson. Modelo de regressão linear multivariada backward foi feito a fim de se analisar as regressões das variáveis desfecho zinco plasmático, MDA e 8-isoprostano. O equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg foi calculado pelo teste do qui-quadrado. A média da ingestão de zinco foi de 6,8 mg/dia e 7,4 mg/dia no grupo CON e OB, respectivamente. As concentrações de Zn plasmático e eritrocitário e a atividade das enzimas SOD e GPx não apresentaram diferença entre os grupos. Ambos os grupos apresentaram deficiência no Zn plasmático. As concentrações de MDA e 8-isoprostano foram maiores no grupo CON, enquanto as concentrações de creatinina e Zn urinários foram maiores no grupo OB. No grupo CON, foram verificadas associações negativas entre Zn plasmático e MDA (p=0,002) e glicemia (p<0,0001). A regressão multivariada mostrou correlação negativa entre o Zn plasmático e o MDA. O 8-isoprostano sofreu influência negativa da creatinina urinária e positiva da atividade física. Já a glicemia e o consumo de energia e de lipídio apresentaram correlação positiva com o MDA. Na análise dos SNPs, foram encontradas apenas duas participantes heterozigotas para o SNP +35A/C e nenhuma participante com o alelo variante para o SNP Arg213Gli. Concluiu-se que os indivíduos obesos e eutróficos apresentaram deficiência de Zn, o que pode estar relacionado ao estresse oxidativo. O estresse oxidativo foi mais intenso para o grupo controle e não foi observada associação entre o IMC e os marcadores MDA e 8-isoprostano. Não foi possível fazer correlação dos polimorfismos com os parâmetros avaliados
The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional zinc status and its association with oxidative stress markers and with polymorphisms in genes of SOD1 and SOD3 in obese women. The sample consisted of 60 obese women (OB) and a control group of 55 normal-weight women (CON). Blood samples and 24-hour urine were collected for analysis of zinc, malondialdehyde (MDA), urinary 8-isoprostane, antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were evaluated in the genes of SOD1 and SOD3 enzymes, +35A/C and Arg213Gly. Three food 24-hour recalls, including one weekend day were applied. Comparisons between groups were made by chi-square test, Student\'s t - test, ANOVA and Mann-Whitney. Associations between means of quantitative variables were performed by the correlation coefficient r of Pearson. Backward multivariate linear regression was done in order to analyze the regressions of outcome variables plasma zinc, MDA and 8-isoprostane. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was calculated by chi-square. The mean zinc intake was 6.8 mg/day and 7.4 mg/day in CON and OB groups, respectively. Concentrations of plasma and erythrocyte Zn and activity of SOD and GPx enzymes showed no difference between groups. Both groups showed a deficiency in plasma Zn. The concentrations of MDA and 8-isoprostane were higher in the CON group, whereas the concentrations of creatinine and urinary Zn were higher in the OB group. In the CON group, negative associations between plasma Zn and MDA (p = 0.002) and glucose (p < 0.0001) were observed. Multivariate regression analysis showed a negative correlation between plasma Zn and MDA. The 8-isoprostane suffered negative influence of urinary creatinine and positive influence of physical activity. Blood sugar and energy and lipid consumption showed a positive correlation with MDA. In the analysis of SNPs, were found only two heterozygous participants for the SNP +35A/C and no participant with the variant allele for the SNP Arg213Gly. It was concluded that obese and normal subjects showed Zn deficiency, which may be related to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress was higher in the control group and no association was observed between BMI and MDA and 8-isoprostane markers. It was not possible to correlate polymorphisms with evaluated parameters.
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19

Pereira, Tamara. "Diversidade genética para o centro de origem e o teor de nutrientes dos grãos de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2008. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/1090.

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A collection of 112 common bean genotypes from Banco Ativo de Feijão (BAF) from Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV) were analyzed with the objective of characterize the proteic diversity of the common bean in relation to the profile of total storage proteins (SDS-PAGE), as well as the center of origin (phaseolin types), total and soluble content protein and morphology of the seed. From this characterization were selected 34 genotypes for evaluations of the content of the nutrients in the grains: calcium, magnesium, iron, total phosphorus, phytate, zinc, potassium, total and soluble protein, in two growthing seasons (2005/2006 and 2006/2007). The biochemical and morphological evaluation of the seed indicated that the 112 genotypes of common bean, mostly collected in Santa Catarina, were derived from two centers of origin: Mesoamerican and Andean. The phaseolin type "S" was the most found (58%), represented by small seeds, and the phaseolin type "T" showed 38.3% of the genotypes of the bank and were characterized like large seeds. The 100 seeds weight associated with the type phaseolin were the characteristics that best separated the centers of origin. Through the analysis of correspondence performed to profile of total storage proteins of grains, was observed a great diversity of proteins, and these were associated with certain groups of genotypes according to their frequencies. There was a low phaseolin association to the all groups, and a high association with groups of low weight molecular proteins (14-26 KDa) and medium to high molecular weight (55-184 KDa). In relation to the nutrients content of the grains, was observed genotypes that were highlighted in determined concentrations of nutrient in the grains. The BAF 36 presented high iron content (161.68 mg.kg-1), and the BAF 108 with high contents of iron, zinc, protein and total phosphorus (124 mg.kg-1, 68 mg.kg-1, 246.09 g.kg-1 and 5.34 g.kg-1 respectively), and showed low content of phytate (4.3 g.kg-1), which emphasizes the use of these genotypes for the consumption. The large diversity evidenced in the genotypes from this BAF can be used in future studies of incorporation in breeding programs, biochemical and physiological metabolism, and the knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the accumulation of these nutrients in the grain. The diversity encountered in this study is important and has to be preserved close to the agriculturist
Um total de 112 genótipos provenientes do Banco Ativo de Feijão (BAF) do Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV) foi analisado, com o objetivo de caracterizar a diversidade protéica do feijão em relação ao perfil total das proteínas de reserva (SDS-PAGE) e quanto ao centro de origem (tipos de faseolina), teor de proteína total e solúvel e morfologia da semente. A partir desta caracterização selecionou-se 34 genótipos para avaliações do conteúdo de nutrientes nos grãos: cálcio, magnésio, ferro, fósforo total, fitato, zinco, potássio, proteína total e solúvel, em duas safras 2005/2006 e 2006/2007. As avaliações bioquímicas e morfológicas da semente indicaram que os 112 genótipos de feijão em sua maioria coletados em Santa Catarina foram provenientes de dois centros de origem: Mesoamericano e Andino. O tipo de faseolina S foi o mais encontrado (58%) e foi representado por sementes pequenas; o tipo de faseolina T representou 38,3% dos genótipos do banco e caracterizou-se por sementes grandes. O peso de 100 sementes associado ao tipo de faseolina foram as características que melhor separaram os centros de origem. Através da análise de correspondência realizada para o perfil total das proteínas de reserva dos grãos observou uma grande diversidade de proteínas, e estas foram associadas a determinados grupos de genótipos de acordo com suas freqüências. Observou-se uma baixa associação das faseolinas em todos os grupos e alta relação com grupos de proteínas de baixo peso molecular (14-26 KDa) e médio à alto peso molecular (55-184 KDa). Para o teor de nutrientes nos grãos, observaram-se genótipos que se destacaram em determinadas concentrações de nutriente nos grãos, por exemplo, o BAF 36 alto teor de ferro (161,68 mg.kg-1), BAF 108 destacou-se com altos teores de ferro, zinco, proteína total e fósforo: 124 mg.kg-1, 68 mg.kg-1, 246,09 g.kg-1 e 5,34 g.kg-1, respectivamente, e apresentou baixos teores de fitato (4,3 g.kg-1), o que enfatiza o uso destes genótipos para consumo. A ampla diversidade constatada nos genótipos do BAF pode ser usada como suporte para futuros estudos, como incorporação de genótipos em programas de melhoramento e metabolismo bioquímico e fisiológico para entender os mecanismos envolvidos no acúmulo destes nutrientes nos grãos. Esta diversidade encontrada no trabalho é importante e deve ser preservada junto ao agricultor
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20

Glosz, Cambria M. "Assessment of micronutrient status in pregnant Malawian women before and after treatment for moderate malnutrition." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2016. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1641.

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Background: Multiple micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent in pregnant women in developing countries and can result in adverse effects to both the mother and infant. Multiple micronutrient supplements or supplementary foods may be a way to combat micronutrient deficiencies. Objective: To assess change in micronutrient and protein levels in moderately malnourished pregnant Malawian women after receiving one of three nutritional interventions. Methods: Serum retinol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ferritin, vitamin B12, folate, zinc, albumin and C-reactive protein concentrations were measured in pregnant women with MUAC >20.6 cm and Results: Baseline micronutrient concentrations indicated high rates of deficiency in zinc (29-39%) and albumin (37-46%), and marginal status of retinol (26-37%) and vitamin D (31-32%). Adjusted mean changes in vitamin B12 concentrations from week 0 to week 10 were -17.1, -36.1, and -52.9 pg/mL for RUSF, CSB-UNIMMAP, and CSB-IFA, respectively (p=0.007). Adjusted mean changes in vitamin D concentrations from week 0 to week 10 were 6.1, 3.1, and 1.7 ng/mL for RUSF, CSB-UNIMMAP, and CSB-IFA, respectively (p=0.007). Adjusted mean changes in folate concentrations from week 0 to week 10 were 2.2, 1.7, and 4.0 ng/mL for RUSF, CSB-UNIMMAP, and CSB-IFA, respectively (p=0.37 for effect of treatment; p=0.06 for the interaction effect of time*treatment). Changes in ferritin, zinc, albumin, retinol, and CRP were not significantly different between treatment groups. Conclusions: Deficiencies in zinc and albumin, and marginal status of vitamin D and retinol, are common among this population of moderately malnourished pregnant Malawian women. Significant changes in vitamin D and vitamin B12were observed from week 0 to week 10, with the RUSF group having the greatest improvements compared to the CSB-UNIMMAP and CSB-IFA treatments.
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21

McLean, Erin Diane. "Effectiveness of weekly multiple micronutrients vs. two levels of iron supplements to improve anemia, micronutrient status and cognitive performance in Senegalese school children /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2005. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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22

Betancor, Fernández Alejandro José. "Biological properties of micronutrients: antioxidant capacity and structure activity relationships." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=970026293.

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23

Reeves, James Frederick. "The role of stress and dietary micronutrients in fish health." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2415.

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The overall theme of this thesis has been the study of the effects of well known and potentially novel stressors on fish health and how some of these may be modulated by dietary supplements of micronutrients, using both in vitro and in vivo analysis. In vitro experiments with cultured fish cells (EPC-A1, GFSk-S1) evaluated the potential of niacin and selenium to reduce cytotoxicity and genomic instability (DNA damage) induced by ultraviolet radiation exposure, following assay validation with reference toxins. Whilst cytotoxicity was determined by the neutral red retention (NRR) assay, genomic stability was evaluated by either a standard or modified version of the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) or 'Comet' assay. Niacin as nicotinamide (NAM) significantly reduced levels of UVB induced DNA damage (single strand breaks). Selenium supplements, as sodium selenite or seleno-L-methionine also showed a protective effect against H202, UVA and UVB induced cytotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage. An additional in vitro study was carried out to identify environmental nanoparticles as a potential novel source of stress for fish. Titanium dioxide (Ti02) nanoparticle exposure to GFSk-81 cells caused dose-dependent increases in cytotoxicity (NRR assay) and oxidative DNA damage (Comet assay). These effects were exacerbated by combined exposures of Ti02 with UVA. Electron spin resonance (ESR) and spin trapping suggested that Ti02 induced oxidative stress may be primarily due to the production of hydroxyl radicals (OH). Two in vivo experiments were carried out in order to evaluate the effects of husbandry stress (netting and confinement stress) on antioxidant capacity, immune function and genomic stability in trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and carp (Cyprinus carpio) , In both studies on trout and carp, certain health parameters were shown to be sensitive to husbandry stress, and may be useful biomarkers of stress in future studies. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was reduced in both carp and trout after stress. Respiratory burst capacity of blood leukocytes was also affected by stress but differently in carp than in trout. In carp, husbandry stress apparently stimulated the production of free radicals by leukocytes whereas in trout it was suppressed. In trout, stress was also shown to increase oxidative DNA damage, as measured by the Comet assay. Health parameters that appeared not to be significantly affected by husbandry stress in this study include SOD activity, ALP activity, red blood cell fragility and complement activity (for carp only). In the second experiment on carp, a 10 week feeding trial was also conducted prior to stress induction to evaluate the potential modulatory effects of selenium, zinc and vitamin E on any husbandry induced stress effects observed. Health parameters were also evaluated pre stress in order to elicit any effects of micronutrient supplementation on health parameters in unstressed fish. Selenium supplementation significantly increased glutathione peroxidase activity post stress, but not pre stress, indicating an increased requirement of selenium in stressed fish. No other differences were observed between dietary treatments for any parameter measured either pre stress or post stress, indicating that levels of selenium, zinc and vitamin E were probably sufficient in the control diet. Further work is needed to enhance our understanding on the interaction between, and the role of, stress and dietary micronutrients in fish health using a suite of assays to monitor all aspects of fish health, both in vitro and in vivo.
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24

Birmingham, Ryan W. "TRANSPORT PATHWAYS OF SHELF SOURCE MICRONUTRIENTS TO THE SOUTHERN OCEAN." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53728.

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We use a numerical ocean model to evaluate the hypothesis that the continental shelves are significant sources of dissolved iron to the Southern Ocean. We simulate the distribution of passive tracers released from the 18 different continental shelf regions of the extra-tropical southern hemisphere oceans using an offline, eddy-permitting transport model. The circulation fields are taken from the Southern Ocean State Estimate, and we only simulate the transport of inert tracers focusing on the physical transport pathways. The resulting tracer fields are then compared with the remotely sensed ocean color data, revealing a remarkable resemblance between the distributions of shelf-source tracers and the climatological surface chlorophyll-a concentrations. We further analyze the spatial pattern of simulated tracer fields in relation to satellite ocean color data. Dynamic ocean features such as the Southern Ocean fronts and coastal waters are reflected in both the tracer model and the observed biological productivity. Our results support the overall importance of continental shelves as a potential source region for dissolved iron. The relative importance of different shelf regions is found to vary significantly depending on the relevant circulation features.
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25

Blaine, Kirsty Lana. "Development of protective films for enhancing ruminal bypass of micronutrients." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18140.

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Master of Science
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
J.S. Drouillard
A series of experiments were conducted in which wheat gluten film forming solutions were modified by various means to produce films that would improve resistance to ruminal degradation. There was an interaction between pH and temperature, whereby low pH (pH 3) and high temperature (75°C) of film forming solution resulted in films that had highest resistance to microbial degradation. Strategies that proved unsuccessful in improving resistance to ruminal degradation included use of the cross-linking enzyme, transglutaminase; induction of a Maillard reaction; and increasing the time of heating film forming solutions. Utilizing HCl versus acetic acid as the means to lower the pH of the film forming solution resulted in poor film formation, which can be attributed to glutenin‟s solubility in acetic acid. When acetic acid was replaced with 25% HCl, however, no compromise in film formation was observed and ruminal degradability was not affected. In order to develop an economical and effective means of encapsulating lysine for rumen bypass, wheat gluten and corn zein were evaluated as encapsulation materials. Coating soybean meal with either wheat gluten or zein resulted in superior protection against ruminal degradation when compared to unprotected soybean meal. Compared to wheat gluten, zein was observed to have greater resistance to ruminal degradation in vitro. Lysine was encapsulated by the spray dry method with wheat gluten or zein. Results from an in vitro ammonia release experiment were inconclusive with respect to effectiveness of the encapsulation process. Wheat gluten films were approximately 59% degraded in pepsin solution. Our results suggest that 72% of the wheat gluten film will bypass the rumen and 59% of the bypass fraction of the film will be degraded in the abomasum. Wheat gluten and zein are suitable candidates for development of encapsulated nutrients for ruminal protection.
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26

Widmar, Aaron. "Evaluation of secondary and micronutrients for soybean and wheat production." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16224.

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Master of Science
Department of Agronomy
Dorivar Ruiz Diaz
The application of micronutrients to increase yields has become more popular with increased commodity prices and higher yielding crops. Two studies were completed evaluating secondary and micronutrient for soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum).The objective of the first study was to evaluate the response of soybean, under a double crop system after wheat, to soil-and foliar-applied macro and micronutrients. Macronutrients (N, P, K) were applied at 22 kg ha[superscript]-[superscript]1, micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn) were soil applied at 11 kg ha[superscript]-[superscript]1and S was applied at 22 kg ha[superscript]-[superscript]1. Plant response parameters were evaluated including changes in nutrient concentration, and seed yield response. Tissue samples were collected at the respective R1 growth stage. Samples were analyzed for the nutrients applied with the fertilizer treatments. Soybean seed yield slightly responded to soil-applied S, Mn, and Zn. When micronutrients were foliar-applied, seed yield was significantly decreased. The second study evaluated the application of S and micronutrients to winter wheat. The objectives were to evaluate the wheat response to sulfur and micronutrient fertilization and evaluate soil testing and tissue analysis as diagnostic tools. Fertilizer treatments consisted of sulfur, iron, manganese, zinc, boron, copper. All of the micronutrients were sulfate-based products and the sulfur treatments were applied as gypsum. Fertilizer treatments were applied as topdress in early spring. Soil samples were collected before fertilizer application and after harvest. Flag leaf samples were collected and analyzed for the nutrients applied with the fertilizer treatments. Significant increases in tissue concentration were observed when Zn, B, and S were applied. Significant increases in soil test Zn, Cu, B, and S were observed compared to the control treatment. Despite the increases in soil test concentration across locations, no significant increases in yield by any of the nutrients or combination of nutrients were observed.
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27

Ventura, Marcello. "Prion protein: does N-terminal domain allow vesicular micronutrients uptake?" Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426867.

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Prion protein (PrPC) is a cell surface glycoprotein, anchored by the GPI to the cell membrane. It seems to be involved in some neurodegenerative diseases, but its physiological function is still undefined. Many cellular functions were proposed as PrPC roles, such as the modulation of several signal transduction pathways known to promote cellular survival and the protection against oxidative stress. Nevertheless, the main hypothesis on PrPC role is in copper homeostasis. Copper is an essential micronutrient (EMN) and all EMNs (vitamins and metals) are present in bodies and foods in micromolar concentrations. This feature can easily lead to deficiency. It is also clear that deficiency of EMNs produces overlapping diseases symptoms. Also the uptake pathway (endocytosis) is common for many EMN. Thanks to these reasons we hypothesize that prion protein could allow EMNs uptake. The aim of this work is to study these binding processes and their characteristics. So N-terminal domain of mouse PrPC (mPrP23-109) was recombinant expressed and purified. To study specificity and characteristics of metals binding process, mPrP23-109 was titrated with five first transition serie divalent metals (Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn), at several pH values and it was followed in fluorescence spectroscopy. Furthermore, to define if metal binding could drive structural rearrangements in the prion protein N- terminal domain, we performed structural analysis using circular dicroism (CD). To investigate vitamins stacking between triptophan indolic rings, mPrP23-109 was titrated with four vitamins belonging to B group and titrations were monitored by fluorescence anisotropy, that allows to know the fluorophores average molecular rotational speed. Finally, we also investigated the possibility that prion protein N- terminal domain could interact with membrane mimetic systems. Our findings confirm that prion protein has a functional role in copper homeostasis. We also propose that prion protein, together with copper, plays a key role in integrated endocytic uptake pathway, involving all EMNs.
La protein prionica (PrPC) è una glicoproteina legata alla superficie extracellulare della membrana tramite l’ancora GPI. Ad essa è stata attribuita la causa di alcune malattie neuro degenerative, ma la sua funzione fisiologica non è ancora stata definita. Molte funzioni sono state proposte, tra cui la modulazione di alcune vie di transduzione del segnale che promuovono la sopravvivenza cellulare e la protezione da stress ossidativo, ma l’ipotesi principale è una funzione nell’omeostasi del rame. Il rame è un micro nutriente essenziale (MNE) e tutti gli MNE sono presenti nel corpo e negli alimenti in concentrazioni micromolari; ciò può determinare facilmente una deficinza. È ormai chiaro che i sintomi da deficienza sono comuni a molti MNE. Inoltre anche le vie di assorbimento di molti MNE sono analoghe fra loro, usando vie endocitiche. Grazie a queste evidenze abbiamo ipotizzato che la PrPC possa essere coinvolta nell’assorbimento degli MNE. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è di studiare questi legami e le loro caretteristiche. Per far ciò, è stato espresso e purificato il dominio N-terminale della proteina prionica di topo (mPrP23-109). Per studiare la specificità e le caratteristiche del legame con i metalli, la proteina ricombinante è stata titolata con cinque metalli divalenti della prima serie di transizione (Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn), a diversi valori di pH utilizzando la spettroscopia di fluorescenza. Per definire se le interazioni osservate fossero funzionali, è stata effettuata l’analisi strutturale in dicroismo circolare. Per verificare la proabile interazione tra le vitamine ed i triptofani della proteina, mPrP23-109 è stata titolata con quattro vitamine, appartenenti al gruppo B, ed è stata monitorata la velocità dei fluorofori mediante l’anisotropia di fluorescenza. Infine è stata anche studiata l’interazione tra dominio N-terminale della PrPC con sistemi mietici di membrane. I nostri risultati confermano che la PrPC ha un ruolo funzionale nell’omeostasi del rame. Inoltre proponiamo che la proteina prionica, insieme con il rame, ricopre un ruolo chiave nell’assorbimento integrato degli MNE, via endocitosi.
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28

Hofstee, Pierre D. "The Effects of Micronutrient Dysregulation on Reproduction." Thesis, Griffith University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/394321.

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Pregnancy is a physiologically demanding process, vulnerable to several modifiable lifestyle factors including diet. Malnutrition, or a dietary imbalance, can have severe implications on maternal physiology, as well as placental and fetal development. Several aberrant pregnancy outcomes have been linked with an abnormal diet disturbing maternal metabolism, hormone status and placental function. Dietary changes also disrupt the intrauterine environment for the developing fetus, altering growth and predisposing offspring to development of diseases later in life. Abnormal pregnancy outcomes are dependent on the specific timing and type of dietary insult. A major micronutrient deficiency present in multiple human populations is selenium. Deficiencies in micronutrients, such as selenium, have been linked to numerous pregnancy complications; however, the specific ramifications of a selenium deficient diet on pregnancy outcomes and fetal development is relatively unknown. Selenium is incorporated into selenoproteins involved in numerous biological and cellular processes including antioxidant function, thyroid hormone metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum stress and skeletal muscle development. Given selenium is associated with undesirable pregnancy outcomes, the primary aim of this thesis was to investigate the effects of selenium deficiency on pregnancy physiology, placental function, fetal development and offspring outcomes. Chapter 3 explored the effects of a maternal selenium deficit on gestational physiology, placental development and function, as well as fetal development. Although selenium deficiency is common, the specific ramifications of a selenium deficit on pregnancy is poorly understood. Female C57BL/6 mice were randomly allocated to either a control (>190 μg kg-1) or selenium deficient diet (<50 μg kg-1); mice were subjected to their respective diets four weeks prior to mating and throughout gestation. Data illustrated that an isolated maternal selenium deficit reduced maternal weight gain during gestation and fetal growth. Furthermore, thyroid hormone levels were increased in both maternal and fetal plasma, concomitant to a reduction in iodothyronine deiodinase expression within the placenta. Fetal blood glucose levels were also reduced, which was associated with an increase in placental glycogen content and an increase in placental GLUT3 expression. Although there were no changes to placental development, gene expression of several nutrient transporters, selenoproteins and antioxidant response genes were altered. These pregnancy outcomes likely preceded programmed disease outcomes in later life, which prompted further study in offspring models. The effect of exposure to selenium deficiency in utero during fetal development was explored in Chapters 4 and 5. The offspring model in Chapter 4 indicated that exposure to a selenium deficit during development may induce peripheral insulin resistance in offspring in a sex specific manner. Both male and female offspring exhibited glucose intolerance and altered thyroid hormone levels. Furthermore, Chapter 5 showed that voluntary exercise was reduced by selenium deficiency and subsequently the programmed glucose intolerance was not alleviated. These studies both reiterated the importance of adequate selenium intake during pregnancy for offspring metabolic health. Chapter 6 characterised the expression of fourteen key selenoproteins in maternal, fetal and offspring tissues, and how this was impacted by perinatal and antenatal selenium deficiency. The gene expression of these selenoproteins was determined in the liver, kidneys and heart of all animals, as well as the placenta. A selenium deficit caused a reduction in several selenoproteins in all maternal tissues investigated, as well as the placenta. Intriguingly, expression of several selenoproteins within the liver, kidneys and heart of male and female fetuses was significantly increased. As offspring were placed on normal selenium diets after weaning, only slight changes in selenoprotein expression were observed in offspring; however, a sexually dimorphic relationship in selenoprotein expression was evident. This was the first study to demonstrate that transcriptional regulation of selenoproteins is complex and multifaceted, with expression exhibiting tissue-, age- and sex-specificities. This study also emphasized the importance of dietary selenium in maintaining the selenotranscriptome, and that deficiency of selenium during pregnancy has genomic programming potential. Finally, Chapter 7 explored the relationship between different serum selenium levels during pregnancy and thyroid function. This study indicated that the selenium status of pregnant women in South East Queensland may not be satisfactory. Additionally, this clinical study associated reduced serum selenium during pregnancy with reduced free triiodothyronine (fT3) levels, increased thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb), increased free thyroxine/thyroid stimulating hormone (fT4/TSH) ratio and an increased incidence in pregnancy complications, most notably GDM. Overall, this doctoral thesis has identified thyroid and metabolic specific outcomes following maternal exposure to a selenium deficit during pregnancy, which may contribute to pregnancy complications and programming of metabolic disease. These results highlight that dysregulation of individual micronutrients, such as selenium, can have significant long-lasting ramifications on reproductive outcomes. Therefore, atypical levels of micronutrients in pregnant women should be considered as a significant risk.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Medical Science
Griffith Health
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29

CERQUEIRA, Vilma Maria Pereira Ramos de. "Anemia e fatores associados em lactentes usuários da estratégia saúde da família no município de Olinda-Pernambuco." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2014. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/17971.

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A anemia é considerada um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública da atualidade, afetando as populações de quase todos os países, com características endêmicas em todos os grupos socioeconômicos e segmentos biológicos, constituindo-se na carência nutricional de maior magnitude mundial, com sérias repercussões à saúde. Objetivo: Estimar a frequência de anemia e identificar os fatores associados em lactentes usuários da Estratégia Saúde da Família no Município de Olinda. Métodos: Estudo transversal analítico realizado em dez Unidades de Saúde da Família do Município de Olinda. A amostra do estudo foi constituída por 98 crianças de 12 a 14 meses. Foi utilizado um questionário sobre condições socioeconômicas, demográficas, maternas e familiares, morbidades, alimentação e nutrição da criança. Medidas antropométricas das crianças e de suas mães foram aferidas, para avaliação do estado nutricional. Amostras de sangue venoso foram obtidas em jejum para avaliação bioquímica, a determinação de hemoglobina sanguínea foi realizada no dia da coleta de sangue por hemoglobinômetro portátil da marca Hemocue. A análise entre os níveis de hemoglobina e os possíveisfatores associados foi verificada primeiramente por regressão linear simples e posteriormente por regressão linear multivariada, segundo modelo hierarquizado. Resultados: Observou-se uma frequência de anemia na ordem de 23,5% e deficiência de ferro e de vitamina A de 21,3% e 14,8%, respectivamente.A deficiência de ferro esteve presente em apenas 30% dos anêmicos e em 18,8% dos lactentes não anêmicos, sem diferença estatisticamente significante. A deficiência de vitamina A ocorreu de forma similar entre os anêmicos (14,3%) e entre os não anêmicos (14,9%). Para a análise dos fatores associados aos níveis de hemoglobina dos lactentes foram selecionadas variáveis com valores de p<0,20. Após ajuste do modelo linear multivariado, os fatores que permaneceram associados às variações dos níveis de hemoglobina foram: renda familiar per capita (p=0,07), escolaridade paterna (p=0,02), cor da pele da criança referida pela mãe/responsável (p=0,05), índice peso/comprimento (p<0,001) e internação desde que nasceu (p<0,001). Conclusões: No presente estudo, a anemia, deficiência de ferro e hipovitaminose A representam um problema de saúde pública moderado, pelos critérios da OMS, indicando a necessidade de ações preventivas no grupo etário de lactentes, no âmbito da atenção básica de saúde.
Anemia is considered one of the major public health, affecting populations of almost all countries with endemic characteristics affecting all socioeconomic and different age groups, constituting the world's largest nutritional deficiency, with serious repercussions for health. Objective: To estimate the frequency of anemia and to identify associated factors among infants in the Family Health Strategy in Olinda. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study conducted in ten Family Health Units in the city of Olinda. The study sample consisted of 98 children 12-14 months of age. A questionnaire on socioeconomic, demographic, maternal and family, morbidities and child nutrition conditions was used. Anthropometric measurements of children and their mothers were measured to assess nutritional status. Venous blood samples were obtained fasting for biochemical evaluation, determination of blood hemoglobin was performed on the day of blood collection by HemoCue. The analysis between hemoglobin levels and possible associated factors was first verified by simple linear regression and subsequently by multivariate linear regression analysis using a hierarchical model.Results: Was observed 23.5% of anemia, 21.3% of iron deficiency and 14.8%vitamin A. Iron deficiency was present in only 30% of anemic and 18.8% of non-anemic infants, without statistically significant difference. A deficiency of vitamin A occurred similarly among anemic (14.3%) and non-anemic (14.9%) infants. For the analysis of the associated factors with hemoglobin levels of infants were selected variableswith p values <0.20. Variables that remained associated with hemoglobin levels in themultivariate linear regression analysiswere: per capita family income(p=0.07), parental education (p=0.02), skin color of the child reported by the mother (p=0.05), weight/length (p<0.001) and hospitalization since birth (p<0.001). Conclusions: In this study, anemia iron and vitamin A deficiency is a moderate public health problem by WHO criteria, indicating the need for action in thisinfant age group, in the context of primary health care.
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30

Gruberger, Gabriel Asa Corrêa. "Enriquecimento de sementes de soja com cobalto e molibdênio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64133/tde-19052017-144600/.

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A aplicação de cobalto (Co) e molibdênio (Mo) diretamente às sementes de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) é uma prática comum no cultivo dessa leguminosa no Brasil. Porém, esta técnica apresenta limitações, provocando fitotoxicidade na planta, interferindo na absorção de ferro (Fe) pelas raízes, diminuindo a população das bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio do gênero Bradyrhizobium nas sementes e aumentando uma etapa no pré-plantio. Uma maneira de contornar essas limitações seria a utilização de sementes enriquecidas com Co e Mo. Contudo, há carência de pesquisas com a finalidade de aumentar o teor de Co nas sementes de soja, haja vista que o potencial de enriquecimento com Mo já foi demonstrado. O objetivo do presente projeto foi determinar a viabilidade de enriquecimento de sementes de soja com Co e Mo e relacionar o enriquecimento ao potencial fisiológico das sementes. O projeto foi composto por dois experimentos. O primeiro experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação, localizada no Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA/USP), em Piracicaba (SP). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com três repetições, em esquema fatorial (4x2)+1 e (4x2)+2, composto por 4 doses de Co, 2 variedades de soja, 2 formas de aplicação e o controle sem Co e Mo. Plantas de duas variedades de soja (uma de ciclo longo e outra precoce) foram cultivadas em vasos contendo 3 dm3 de amostra de solo arenoso. No estádio fenológico de desenvolvimento R5.4 (início do enchimento das sementes), aplicou-se, via solo e via folha, os seguintes tratamentos de Co + Mo (g ha-1): 0+800, 10+800, 20+800 e 30+800, além de um controle sem Co e Mo. O segundo experimento foi conduzido em campo, no Centro de Pesquisa Geraldo Schultz, em Iracemápolis (SP). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com 6 repetições. As doses de Co + Mo e a variedade de soja utilizadas foram idênticas às do experimento realizado em casa de vegetação, no entanto, a aplicação em campo foi exclusivamente via foliar e a variedade utilizada foi a de ciclo longo. Foram avaliados os teores de Co e Mo no solo, folhas e sementes; os índices de clorofila (IC), de flavonóides (IF) e de balanço de nitrogênio (NBI); a germinação; e o vigor das sementes enriquecidas, utilizando o método de Envelhecimento Acelerado e a análise computadorizada de plântulas, com o auxílio do software SVIS® (Seed Vigor Imaging System). Foi verificada viabilidade no enriquecimento de sementes de soja com Co e Mo, sendo que a variedade mais precoce apresentou maiores teores de Co e Mo nas sementes. O enriquecimento das sementes com Co interferiu positivamente no vigor das sementes, obtendo-se melhor desempenho com a aplicação de 20 g ha-1 de Co. O enriquecimento com Mo, no entanto, não alterou o vigor das sementes. A aplicação foliar proporcionou maiores teores de Co nas sementes, em comparação à aplicação via solo. A aplicação via solo, porém, proporcionou maiores teores de Mo nas sementes em comparação à aplicação via foliar
The application of cobalt (Co) and molybdenum (Mo) directly to soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) seeds is a common practice in Brazil. However, this technique presents limitations, provoking phytotoxicity, interfering in the absorption of iron by roots, decreasing the population of nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the genus Bradyrhizobium in the seeds, and requiring an additional step in the pre-planting stage. One way to overcome these limitations would be to use seeds enriched with Co and Mo. However, there is a lack of research aimed at increasing Co content in soybean seeds, since the potential for enrichment with Mo has already been established. The aim of this study is to determine the feasibility of enriching soybean seeds with both Co and Mo and to relate the enrichment to increase in the physiological quality of the seeds. The project consists of two experiments. The first experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions, located at the Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA / USP), in Piracicaba (SP). The experimental design was completely randomized, with three replications, in a factorial scheme (4x2)+1 and (4x2)+2 of which 4 Co doses, 2 varieties, 2 application modes and the control without Co and Mo. Plants of two soybean varieties (one long and one precocious cycle) were grown in pots containing 3 dm3 of sandy soil. The following treatments of Co and Mo (g ha-1) were applied: 0 + 800, 10 + 800, 20 + 800, 30 + 800, via leaf and soil, after planting, at the R5.4 phenological stage of development. The second experiment was conducted in the field, at Geraldo Schultz research center, in Iracemápolis (SP), using only the long cycle genotype. The doses of Co + Mo used were identical to those of the greenhouse experiment; however, the application was exclusively via leaf. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with 6 replications. Co and Mo content in soil, leaves and seeds as well as indices for chlorophyll (IC), flavonoids (IF), nitrogen balance (NBI), germination and vigor of enriched seeds were evaluated by means of Accelerated Aging and computer analysis of seedlings by means of SVIS® (Seed Vigor Imaging System) software. Enrichment of soybean seeds by means Co and Mo proved to be viable, with the earlier varieties having a higher Co and Mo content in the seeds. Seed vigor was positively influenced by Co enrichment; best results were obtained with application of 20 g ha-1 of Co. Enrichment with Mo, however, had no influence on seed vigor. Application via leaf resulted in higher levels of Co in seeds compared to application carried out via soil. On the other hand, application via soil resulted in higher levels of Mo in seeds in comparison to application carried out via leaf
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31

Almeida, Lana Carneiro. "Frequência de poliformismos relacionados ao metabolismo do folato e fatores associados às concentrações de homocisteína em mulheres de baixa renda de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6138/tde-05102010-095718/.

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Introdução Hiperomocisteinemia é um fator de risco para defeitos de fechamento no tubo neural e doenças vasculares e neurodegenerativas, e possui determinantes ambientais, metabólicos e genéticos. Estudos sobre freqüência de polimorfismos relacionados ao metabolismo da homocisteína (Hcy) e sua relação com dieta, fatores do estilo de vida e concentração plasmática de Hcy na população brasileira são ainda escassos. Objetivo Investigar a frequência de polimorfismos das enzimas metilenotetraidrofolato redutase (MTHFR C677T [rs1801133] e A1298C [rs1801131]), metionina sintase (MTR A2756G [rs1805087]), metionina sintase redutase (MTRR A66G [rs1801394]) e do carreador de folato reduzido (RFC G80A [rs1051266]) e sua associação com fatores dietéticos, estilo de vida e concentrações séricas ou plasmáticas de Hcy e vitaminas B12, B6 e folato em mulheres de São Paulo. População e métodos Análise transversal de dados de 609 mulheres (21-65 anos) participantes do estudo caso-controle de base hospitalar The Brazilian Investigation into Nutrition and Cervical Cancer Prevention (BRINCA) Study, excluindo-se os casos de câncer. A ingestão alimentar habitual foi avaliada por questionário de freqüência alimentar. Amostras sangüíneas em jejum foram obtidas sob proteção da luz, com separação imediata do plasma e armazenamento a -70ºC. Concentrações séricas de ácido fólico e vitamina B12 foram analisadas por técnica de fluoroimunoensaio, enquanto concentrações plasmáticas de Hcy e vitamina B6 foram analisadas por cromatografia líquida de alta performance em fase reversa. A detecção dos polimorfismos foi realizada por técnica de reação de cadeia de polimerase. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas através do programa STATA versão 10.0, ao nível de significância p<0,05. Resultados Genótipo homozigoto polimórfico foi observado em 6,6 por cento (MTHFR 677TT), 4,4 por cento (MTHFR 1298CC), 4,5 por cento (MTR 2756GG), 17,1 por cento (MTRR 66GG) e 24,4 por cento (RFC 80AA) das mulheres analisadas. Genótipo MTHFR 677TT associou-se a maiores concentrações plasmáticas de Hcy e menores concentrações séricas de folato e vitamina B12, quando comparadas aos genótipos 677CT e 677CC (p<0,005). Em contraste, mulheres portadoras de homozigose selvagem para os polimorfismos MTHFR A1298C, MTR A2756G e MTRR A66G apresentaram maiores concentrações plasmáticas de Hcy quando comparadas às mulheres portadoras de heterozigose e/ou homozigose polimórfica (p<0,005). O efeito de maior consumo de vitamina B6 na concentração de Hcy foi mais pronunciado entre fumantes que entre não-fumantes (p da interação=0,025). Entre fumantes, valores médios de Hcy em mulheres 677TT foram 64,8 por cento e 51,8 por cento maiores quando comparadas às 677CT e 677CC, respectivamente; portadoras do genótipo 1298CC apresentaram maiores concentrações plasmáticas de Hcy em relação àquelas com genótipo 1298AA e 1298AC; entre não-fumantes, entretanto, mulheres 1298AC apresentaram menores concentrações plasmáticas de Hcy do que as mulheres 1298AA. Fumantes que reportaram ingestão de café >173 g/dia tiveram concentrações plasmáticas de Hcy 1,3 mol/L (12,7 por cento) mais altas do que as não-fumantes com consumo de café 173 g/dia (p da interação=0,042). Mulheres sem ingestão alcoólica habitual e que reportaram ser fumantes apresentaram concentrações medianas de Hcy 3,4 mol/L (35 por cento) mais elevadas do que mulheres com consumo de álcool >21,4 g/dia, mas não-fumantes (p da interação=0,008). Conclusão Nesta população de mulheres com baixa prevalência de deficiência de folato sérico (5,1 por cento), fatores do estilo de vida, sobretudo tabagismo e ingestão habitual de álcool, modificam a relação entre consumo alimentar, polimorfismos e concentrações de Hcy, reforçando as recomendações para não fumar e de consumo de álcool com moderação
Introduction Hyperomocysteinemia is a risk factor for neural tube defect and vascular and neurodegenerative diseases, and has genetic, metabolic and environmental determinants. Studies evaluating frequency of polymorphisms related to homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism and its relation with diet, lifestyle factors and plasma Hcy concentration in Brazilian population are scarce. Objectives To assess the frequency of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T and A1298C, methionine synthase (MTR) A2756G, methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) A66G and reduced folate carrier (RFC) A80G gene polymorphisms, and examine its association with dietary factors, lifestyle and serum or plasma Hcy and vitamins B12, B6 and folate among low-income Brazilian women. Subjects and methods This cross-sectional study included 609 women (21-65 years) participating in The Brazilian Investigation into Nutrition and Cervical Cancer Prevention Study (BRINCA Study), excluding cancer cases. The dietary intakes regarding the previous year were estimated using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Fasting blood samples were taken from each study participant, protected from light, immediately separated plasma or serum and storaged at -70oC. Serum folate and vitamin B12 concentrations were measured by fluoroimmunoassay, and plasma vitamin B6 and Hcy concentrations were assessed by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Gene polymorphisms were ascertained using the protein chain reaction-based method. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA 10.0, using a statistical significance level of p<0,05. Results Frequencies for the homozygous variant genotypes were: 6.6 per cent (MTHFR 677TT), 4.4 per cent (MTHFR 1298CC), 4.5 per cent (MTR 2756GG), 17.1 per cent (MTRR 66GG) and 24.4 per cent (RFC 80AA) of the analysed women. MTHFR 677TT genotype has been associated to higher plasma Hcy concentration and lower serum folate and vitamin B12 concentration, compared to 677CT and 677CC genotypes (p<0,005). On the contrary, women carrying MTHFR A1298C, MTR A2756G and MTRR A66G wild homozygous have presented higher plasma Hcy concentrations when compared to those heterozygous and/or polymorphic homozygous (p<0,005). The effect of a higher vitamin B6 consumption on plasma Hcy concentration was more pronounciated among smokers than non-smokers (interaction p=0.025). Among smokers, mean Hcy values among 677TT subjects were 64.8 per cent and 51.8 per cent higher than 677CT and 677CC, respectively; 1298CC subjects presented higher plasma Hcy concentrations than 1298AA and 1298AC; among non-smokers, however, 1298AC subjects showed lower plasma Hcy concentrations than 1298AA subjects. Smokers who reported coffee intake >173g/d had plasma Hcy concentrations 1.3 mol/L (12.7 per cent) higher than non-smokers consuming coffee 173g/d (interaction p=0.042). Non-drinkers women who reported be smokers showed median plasma Hcy concentrations 3.4 mol/L (35 per cent) higher than those with alcohol consumption >21.4g/d, but non-smokers (interaction p=0.008). Conclusion In this women sample with low prevalence of serum folate deficiency (5.1 per cent), lifestyle factors, especially smoking and alcohol consumption, modifie the relation among food intake, polymorphisms and plasma Hcy concentration, reforcing the health recommendations to stop smoking and moderate alcohol consumption
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Baseggio, Mônica Helena. "Avaliação do consumo alimentar de gestantes portadoras de diabetes pré-gestacional pelo método do recordatório alimentar de 24 horas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5139/tde-11052012-131635/.

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Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o consumo alimentar de gestantes portadoras de diabetes pré-gestacional, estimando a prevalência de deficiência ou excesso dos macronutrientes e micronutrientes na alimentação. Método: Foram analisadas 39 gestantes portadoras de diabetes pré-gestacional, em primeira consulta do seguimento de pré-natal, no setor de Endocrinopatias e Gestação da Clínica Obstétrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP). Os critérios de inclusão foram: gestante com diagnóstico de diabetes pré-gestacional, gestação única, alfabetizada, idade gestacional 24 semanas. Foram excluídas as gestantes que apresentassem impossibilidade de entender e/ou registrar as orientações nutricionais. As gestantes foram entrevistadas com a aplicação de inquérito alimentar recordatório de 24horas, registrando informações do consumo alimentar de três dias não consecutivos, incluindo-se um dia do final de semana. Na primeira avaliação pré-natal, determinou-se o estado nutricional pelo índice de massa corpórea pré-gestacional, e, em seguida, obteve-se o cálculo das recomendações energéticas, para posterior distribuição dos macronutrientes na dieta das gestantes. A avaliação da composição química dos alimentos da dieta foi calculada fornecendo dados de valor energético total (VET), macronutrientes e micronutrientes, que foram comparados com as recomendações nutricionais. Resultados: Nas 39 gestantes estudadas, observou-se um consumo energético abaixo do recomendado, representando apenas 89% do estimado. Houve maior distribuição do VET proveniente de proteínas e lipídeos que o previsto e, menor distribuição do VET em relação aos carboidratos. Observou-se inadequação da ingestão dos micronutrientes com maiores proporções de déficit de cálcio, ferro, cobre, magnésio, selênio, potássio, vitamina B1, B5 C, e ácido fólico. Identificou-se excesso dos seguintes micronutrientes: fósforo, sódio, iodo e vitamina B12. Houve inadequação de micronutrientes com distribuição variável entre déficit e excesso de manganês, zinco, vitamina A, vitamina D. Conclusões: Observou-se alta frequência de inadequação alimentar em pacientes diabéticas pré-gestacionais, tanto em relação ao valor energético total e quanto à distribuição de macronutrientes e micronutrientes
Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the dietary intake of pregnant women with pregestational diabetes, estimating the prevalence of deficiency or excess of macronutrients and micronutrients in the diet. Method: Thirty-nine pregnant women with pregestational diabetes were evaluated in the first prenatal care assessment in Clínica Obstétrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP). Inclusion criteria were: literate pregnant women with pregestational diabetes, single pregnancy, gestational age less than or equal to 24 weeks. Pregnant women who present inability to understand or Record the nutritional guidance would be exclused. The women were interviewed with the application of a 24-hour recall (24 Hr) recording dietary intake information from three non-consecutive days, including one Day of the weekend. In the first prenatal assessment, we determined the nutritional status by body mass index before pregnancy, and then obtained the calculation of energy recommendations for further distribution of macronutrients in the diet of the pregnant women. The evaluation of the chemical composition of food was calculated providing data of the total energy (VET), macronutrients and micronutrients, wich were compared with dietary recommendations. Results: On the 39 pregnant women studied, there was an energy consumption lower than recommended, representing only 89% of the estimate. There was a greater distribution of daily energy intake from protein and lipid than expected and lower distribution of VET in relation to carbohydrates. There was inadequate intake of micronutrients with higher proportions of deficit of calcium, iron, copper, magnesium, selenium, potassium, vitamin B1, B5, C and folic acid. An excess of the following micronutrients was identified: phosphorus, sodium, iodine and vitamin B12. There was inadequacy of micronutrient with variable distribution between deficit and excess of manganese, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin D.Conclusions: There was a high frequency of inadequate diet in pregestational diabetic patients in terms of both total energy and the distribution of macronutrients and micronutrients
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Arigony, Ana Lúcia Vargas. "Avaliação do efeito do micronutriente ferro (Fe) na viabilidade celular e estabilidade genômica de culturas celulares de fibroblasto pulmonar (MRC5) e hepatorcarcinoma (HepG2) humanos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/78152.

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Micronutrientes, vitaminas e minerais, são indispensáveis para as vias de metabolismo do DNA e, além disso, são tão importantes para a manutenção da vida quanto os macronutrientes. Na ausência dos nutrientes adequados, a instabilidade genômica compromete a homeostase, ocasionando doenças crônicas e certos tipos de câncer. Meios de cultura celular tem por finalidade mimetizar o ambiente in vivo, proporcionando aos modelos in vitro condições adequadas para que se avalie a resposta celular aos diferentes estímulos. O artigo de revisão sumariza e discute os micronutrientes usados na suplementação das culturas celulares e sua influência na a viabilidade celular e a estabilidade genômica, focando nos estudos in vitro previamente realizados. Nestes estudos, os meios de cultura celular incluem certas vitaminas e minerais em concentrações distintas das fisiológicas in vivo. Em muitos meios de cultura comumente usados, a única fonte de micronutrientes é o Soro Fetal Bovino (SFB), o qual contribui com 5-10% da composição final do meio. Atenção insuficiente tem sido direcionada à composição de SFB, micronutrientes e culturas celulares como um todo, ou à influência de micronutrientes na viabilidade e genética de culturas celulares. Estudos adicionais avaliando melhor o papel de micronutrientes no nível molecular e a sua influência na estabilidade genômica de células ainda se fazem necessários. O micronutriente foco dessa tese é o Ferro (Fe), que por sua vez é um micronutriente essencial, sendo requerido para o crescimento, desenvolvimento e condições normais de funcionamento das células. Tanto seu excesso quanto a sua deficiência podem causar estresse oxidativo e dano ao DNA. Uma vez que os meios de cultura usualmente utilizados para culturas celulares têm níveis de Fe abaixo das concentrações encontradas no soro fisiológico humano, os objetivos deste estudo foram a avaliação do papel da suplementação com Fe na viabilidade celular, na produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO), na atividade da catalase, na integridade genômica, na expressão de proteínas de reparo de DNA que contém clusters Fe/S em sua estrutura (TFIIH e MutyH) e na expressão de receptores de absorção de Fe (CD71 e Nramp2). Duas linhagens celulares – MRC5 (fibroblasto pulmanar humano) e HepG2 (hepatocarcinoma) - e dois tipos de suplementação com Fe foram utilizados, holo-Transferrina (h-Tf) e FeSO4. Ambas suplementações foram capazes de aumentar os níveis intracelulares de Fe e a viabilidade genômica. A suplementação com Fe também aumentou a formação de ERO, sem alterar a atividade da catalase. No entanto, este aumento de ERO não foi acompanhado por genotoxicidade. No que se refere à expressão de proteínas de reparo ao DNA, os resultados sugerem que o pré-tratamento com h-Tf ou FeSO4 não exercem influência direta na expressão de TFIIH ou MutyH. Entretanto, na expressão de receptores de Fe, os resultados preliminares indicam que CD71 é uma via prioritária de absorção de Fe, estando relacionada com a homeostase de Fe, enquanto Nramp2 parece ter um papel secundário. Devido à importância fisiológica da h-Tf na homeostase do Fe e o acúmulo de ERO menos pronunciado, sugere-se que h-Tf seja uma melhor forma para a suplementação de Fe nas culturas in vitro. Estudos adicionais se fazem necessários para a melhor elucidação do papel do Fe na viabilidade celular e estabilidade genômica.
Micronutrients, including minerals and vitamins, are indispensable to DNA metabolic pathways and thus are as important for life as macronutrients. Without the proper nutrients, genomic instability compromises homeostasis, leading to chronic diseases and certain types of cancer. Cell-culture media try to mimic the in vivo environment, providing in vitro models used to infer cells’ responses to different stimuli. The review summarizes and discusses studies of cellculture supplementation with micronutrients that can increase cell viability and genomic stability, with a particular focus on previous in vitro experiments. In these studies, the cell-culture media include certain vitamins and minerals at concentrations not equal to the physiological levels. In many common culture media, the sole source of micronutrients is fetal bovine serum (FBS), which contributes to only 5-10% of the media composition. Minimal attention has been dedicated to FBS composition, micronutrients in cell cultures as a whole, or the influence of micronutrients on the viability and genetics of culture cells. Further studies better evaluating micronutrients’ roles at a molecular level and its influence on the genomic stability of cells is still required. The micronutrient focus on this thesis is Iron (Fe), which is an essential micronutrient and is required for growth, development, and normal cellular functioning. Either excess or deficiency of iron can cause oxidative stress and DNA damage Since the cell media commonly used for cell culture has a lower iron concentration than the human serum, this study aimed to evaluate the role of iron supplementation on viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, catalase activity, genome integrity and the expression of iron-bearing DNA repair proteins (TFIIH and MutyH) and proteins associated with iron absorption (CD71 and Nramp2). Two human cell lines – MRC5 (normal lung fibroblast) and HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma) and 2 sources of iron - holo-Transferrin (h-Tf) or FeSO4 were used. Both iron supplements were able to increase intracellular iron levels and cell viability. Iron supplementation increased the formation of ROS, but did not alter catalase activity. However, this increase was not accompanied by genotoxicity. Regarding the DNA repair protein expressions, the results suggest that 24h pre-treatment with h-Tf or FeSO4 has no role in the TFIIH or MutyH expressions. Although, in iron receptor proteins expression, the preliminary data could indicate that CD71 is priority related with Fe homeostasis while Nramp2 seems to have a secondary role. Due to h-Tf physiological role in the iron homeostasis and the less pronounced ROS accumulation, h-Tf could be a better iron supplier in vitro. Additional studies are still required to better elucidate the role of Fe in cell viability and genomic stability.
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34

Said, Siti Norlina Md. "Problems associated with the provision of micronutrients to parenteral nutrition patients." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2006. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55626/.

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Parenteral Nutrition PN provides nutrition to patients through the intravenous route, and is comprised of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, trace elements, electrolytes and fluids. The vitamins are a major limiting factor in the shelf life determination of a PN formulation and are generally added just before administration. This thesis reports on some stability studies of a multivitamin infusion for the possible development of a minibag which may be stored before administration to PN patients. The physicochemical stability of the water-soluble vitamins contained in Solivito N Adult Injection Fresenius Kabi, the fat-soluble vitamins contained in Vitlipid N Adult Injection Fresenius Kabi and the combined admixture of the water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins, prepared in 100 ml 0.9 sodium chloride in Freeflex Fresenius Kabi minibags was investigated. Physical tests include nephelometry, pH, dissolved oxygen, microscopy and particle size determination by laser diffraction, while the chemical tests used validated stability indicating reversed phase HPLC methods. The vitamins investigated were pyridoxine, nicotinamide, thiamine, folic acid, riboflavin sodium phosphate, Vitamin A and Vitamin E. The water-soluble vitamins and the fat-soluble vitamins were found to be stable, with more than 90 remaining, at 4 °C for 168 hours. For samples stored at 25 °C, they remained stable for 168 hours only if light-protected. During simulated clinical conditions, the water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins, and the combined vitamin admixture were found to be stable for up to 30 days storage at 4 °C, and remained stable for a further 24 hours at 25 °C if light protected. The light protective effects of different coloured plastic covers to be used during delivery of the vitamin minibags were also investigated. The stability data showed promising results with the vitamins in the minibag remaining stable when assessed under simulated clinical conditions and these longer shelf-life vitamin minibags would benefit PN patients in the hospital and home settings.
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Eriksen, Kamilla Gehrt. "Maternal nutrition, breast milk micronutrients and infant growth in rural Gambia." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/271808.

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Maternal nutrition, breast milk micronutrients and infant growth in rural Gambia The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of an infant’s life. However, the evidence base to support the adequacy of breast milk with respect to infant micronutrient status, across the duration of exclusive breastfeeding, among women who enter pregnancy and lactation with a poor nutritional status is limited. The research presented in this thesis explores the relationship between maternal nutritional status, breast milk micronutrients and infant status in a rural sub-Saharan context. Existing evidence for associations between maternal dietary intake and nutritional status and breast milk micronutrient composition were systematically reviewed. Most effected by maternal nutrition were breast milk water-soluble vitamin concentrations (except for folic acid), fat-soluble vitamin concentrations were less influenced, and mineral concentrations were generally unaffected (except for iodine and selenium). Next, the impact of feeding practice on infant growth in rural Gambia was explored. In this population, where growth faltering across the first two years of life is endemic, exclusive breastfeeding to six months of age had limited benefit on infant growth. Finally, the impact of maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation on breast milk iodine, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6 and B12 was explored. Supplementation during pregnancy positively influenced maternal status for all investigated micronutrients, and modestly increased breast milk iodine and riboflavin concentrations across the first six months of lactation. No effects on breast milk concentrations of thiamin, vitamin B6 or B12, and limited effect on infant postpartum status, were observed. The research presented in this thesis suggests that concentrations of breast milk micronutrients may be insufficient in settings where maternal micronutrient status is poor, with likely consequences for infant health. This research supports the need for interventions to improve the nutritional status of pregnant and lactating women in resource-poor settings alongside the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding for optimal health outcomes for infants as well as their mothers.
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Musatti, A. "ENHANCEMENT OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE GLUTATHIONE AND MICRONUTRIENTS CONTENT FOR NUTRACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/171119.

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This Ph.D. research concerns nutritional and microbiological aspects, and the final aim of this project is the development of innovative food supplements formulations containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae, enriched, by biotechnological processes, with micronutrients and antioxidant molecules. This idea was supported by the fact that even if in the developed world a clinical deficiency of micronutrients is uncommon, a suboptimal intake of certain micronutrients has been linked with an increased risk of chronic diseases such as CVD (cardiovascular disease) and cancer; moreover external factors, such as smoke, UV radiations and pollution contribute to oxidative stress and to the formation of free radicals that are considered to contribute to the risk of cancer. In this context and to contain cellular damage, an important role has recently been attributed to the possible use of molecules with antioxidant activity, such as glutathione. The yeast S. cerevisiae is one of the most studied microorganisms and is considered a model for eukaryotes. It is used both in industrial productions and in human diet. As well as leavening agent for baking products and fermenting agent for alcoholic beverages such as wine and beer, S. cerevisiae is used in the industrial production of ethanol, enzymes and dried yeast both for animal-feed and food supplement (Directive 2002/46/EC). Subsequently to the identification of some potential molecules, with which the yeast might be enriched, the research focused mainly on cell enrichment with reduced glutathione (GSH) and metal-conjugated glutathione, with particular regard to the set-up of biotechnological processes in order to increase product yields. The research also investigated the biological activity of the obtained enriched biomass, in particular the fate of GSH when the biomass is swallowed, by investigating GSH stability during gastric digestion and any possible protective role of the yeast cell, and by analysing GSH transport/absorbtion by intestinal cell lines and any possible toxicity. In the first year of the research numerous trials were carried out in order to increase intracellular GSH levels in S. cerevisiae both during cell growth and applying a post-growth procedure, identified as “activation”. The best results were obtained applying this second approach in which glucose, GSH precursors (cysteine CYS, glycine GLY and glutamic acid GLU), together with cofactors, were dissolved in a solution in which yeast cells were suspended. In this experimental phase the activation attitude of two different commercial forms of the yeast, compressed or dried, were evaluated. Results highlighted that, even though they generally performed similarly in bread-making process and possessed similar initial intracellular GSH levels (about 0.6% dcw) and for both of them higher yields were obtained during the first 24 h of activation, they evidenced different attitudes towards the tested activation mix. In particular, dried yeast samples reached high GSH levels (1.24 ±0.08% dcw) with the mix CYS-GLY-GLU, while the compressed yeast also with the CYS-GLY-SER (with serine) (1.44 ±0.12% dcw). Concerning the influence of the energy source, the dried form did not appear sensitive to the over-presence of glucose, while the compressed yeast form showed different sensitivity to glucose addition, depending on the type of the mixture employed. Glucose addition in CYS-GLY and CYS-GLY-GLU mixtures (in particular at 4 h) increased GSH yields of about 30-40% with respect to the control sample. No increase was evidenced employing the CYS-GLY-SER mixture. The possibility of obtaining GSH directly in extracellular form was also investigated; this approach can represent an interesting opportunity of reducing GSH production cost and furthering the range of application of this molecule. The second year of the research proceeded mainly with the compressed yeast form as it was found to accumulate higher GSH level than the dried one. As GSH biosynthesis is ATP-dependent, in order to increase intracellular ATP levels molecules directly or indirectly involved in its synthesis (i.e. adenosine and adenine) and an ATP-ase inhibitory agent (dithiothreitol) were added to activation solution CYS-GLY-GLU. All the tested mixtures furnished significantly higher GSH yields than the control ones; above all, adenine addition allowed to obtained 1.68±0.04 GSH % dcw. Influence of yeast shelf-life on GSH accumulation was also investigated and results showed that when yeast was at the beginning of its shelf-life (1 day) it was able to gain high intracellular GSH levels, with a three-fold increase with respect to t0; when prolonging the age, a significant change in the yeast attitude towards the activation procedure was evidenced, and a general decrease of GSH intracellular levels was found. As well as yeast shelf-life, also intracellular trehalose content was found a very important factor for determining GSH accumulation ability of yeast. Important results were then obtained applying a Design of Experiments (DoE) on four GSH precursor amino acids (A-CYS, B-GLY, C-SER, D-GLU). The Design Expert® (Statease, Minneapolis) software, used for analysing results, individuated significant models both for the compressed and dried yeast samples. All four factors were found significant together with AC and BC interactions and the quadratic terms A2 and D2 for compressed yeast, while only A2 for the dried sample. During the prosecution of the research, biological activity of GSH and of enriched biomass was investigated. This part of the research was performed at Instituto de Agrochimica y Tecnologia de los Alimentos (IATA-CSIC) in Valencia (Spain) and the evaluation of an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion followed by cellular transport throught intestinal epithelium was performed. Both standard GSH and yeast cells GSH-enriched were tested. The in vitro gastrointestinal digestion did not affect GSH levels, neither when present as a standard solution nor when it accumulated inside a yeast cell; anyway, a very limited amount of GSH (up to 25%) was found to oxidize to GSSG. In vitro GSH transport trials through the intestinal epithelium were carried out with the Caco-2 cell line model and a co-culture Caco-2:HT-29-MTX (ratios 50:50 and 70:30), comparatively. GSH standard solution was employed at three different levels (3, 10 and 30 mM). Results showed that GSH transport from the apical to the basal chamber is very low, either using Caco-2 cell line and the co-culture. Important results were obtained in experiments regarding the protective effect of GSH in intestinal cells exposed to an inducer of oxidative stress (H2O2). Cell viability reduction was lower in samples added with GSH when employing H2O2 at high concentration (10-20 mM); moreover the use of yeast-enriched was found to prevent cells viability reduction much more than the equivalent standard GSH (3 mM). In the third year of the research experiments were carried out in order to obtain S. cerevisiae copper-enriched cells. Thinking that copper can conjugate with GSH and/or GSSG, the strategy was to enrich cells with GSH and then to furnish them copper acetate with different treatments. Results highlighted that before copper addition GSH levels were in the range 1.2-1.5% dcw, while after 4 and 24 h these levels drastically decreased to 0.5-1% dcw; on the contrary, GSSG was found to increase. All biomass obtained were analysed by ICP-AES: results showed that the biomass centrifuged and resuspended in the copper solution accumulated the highest copper levels; copper direct addition to the activation mixture led to the lowest results. Summarizing, the research was aimed at obtaining GSH and copper-enriched cells of S. cerevisiae, developing an efficient delivery system for nutraceutical compounds and metals, suitable for human nutrition and therapeutic treatments. GSH enriched yeast cells can be obtained applying different post-fermentation strategies, taking in consideration the type of the yeast employed, its shelf-life and the formulation of the activation mixture (energy request and aminoacids precursors). The application of this procedure resulted in an increase of intracellular GSH levels, from initial 0.5-0.7% dcw to a final 1.7-1.9% dcw. Even if the obtained results highlighted that GSH is transported from intestinal cells in limited amount, it can cooperate to maintain important functions of the intestinal lumen. In conclusion obtained GSH and copper-enriched yeast biomass can be considered an interesting opportunity to further the range of application of yeast cell cultures for nutraceutical application.
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Calil, Natalia Oliveira. "Síndrome de Down: aspectos epidemiológicos e alterações de micronutrientes." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2011. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/2079.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Indivíduos com síndrome de Down (SD) desenvolvem frequentemente algumas comorbidades, entre elas o hipotireoidismo, que pode estar relacionado a alterações séricas de micronutrientes. Este estudo objetivou verificar aspectos epidemiológicos e caracterizar o estado nutricional relativo aos micronutrientes em indivíduos com SD. Os aspectos epidemiológicos foram verificados por meio de prontuários dos indivíduos com SD, assistidos em Juiz de Fora (MG), entre 2004-2008. Para análise dos micronutrientes, indivíduos com SD (9,7±3,4 anos) foram distribuídos em eutireoidianos (n=10) e hipotireoidianos (n=10) e o grupo controle (8,9±2,8 anos, n=34) foi selecionado entre escolares, pareados por sexo e idade. As quantificações de selênio, zinco, cobre, ferro e magnésio no soro foram realizadas por espectrometria de absorção atômica. A prevalência de SD foi 16,6/10.000 nascidos vivos. Dos 235 indivíduos com prontuários avaliados, 50,6% eram do sexo masculino, 18,8% apresentavam disfunções tireoidianas e 31,1% eram cardiopatas. Os indivíduos com SD apresentaram níveis séricos de selênio (38,6±10,5 μg/L), zinco (64,7±11,8 μg/dL) e cobre (110,9±20,7 μg/dL) significativamente diferentes do grupo controle (49,7±10,2 μg/L; 75,2±18,1 μg/dL e 100,4±17,1 μg/dL, respectivamente). Não foram observadas diferenças nos níveis de ferro e de magnésio entre os indivíduos com SD e o grupo controle, bem como nos níveis dos micronutrientes avaliados entre os indivíduos com SD (eutireoidianos e hipotireoidianos). A prevalência de SD se assemelhou ao descrito para o Brasil e a América Latina. Alterações nos níveis de selênio, zinco e cobre foram observadas nos indivíduos com SD, no entanto, não se correlacionaram ao desenvolvimento de hipotireoidismo nesta população.
Subjects with Down syndrome (DS) often develop some comorbidities, including hypothyroidism, and this fact may be related to changes in micronutrient serum levels. The aim of this study was determine the epidemiological profile and characterize the nutritional status of micronutrients in DS subjects. The epidemiological profile was determined by the analysis of DS patient medical records, treated in Juiz de Fora (MG, Brazil), from 2004-2008. For the analysis of micronutrients, DS subjects (9.7±3.4 years) were distributed in euthyroid (n=10) and hypothyroid (n=10) and the control group (8.9±2.8 years, n=34) was selected from students, matched by sex and age. Serum levels of selenium, zinc, copper, iron and magnesium were quantified using atomic absorption spectrometry. DS prevalence was 16.6/10,000 live births. Of the 235 DS subjects, 50.6% were male, 18.8% had thyroid dysfunction and 31.1% had congenital heart defects. DS subjects had serum levels of selenium (38.6±10.5 μg/L), zinc (64.7±11.8 μg/dL) and copper (110.9±20.7 μg/dL) significantly different from the control group (49.7±10.2 μg/L, 75.2±18.1 μg/dL and 100.4±17.1 μg/dL, respectively). There were no significant statistical differences between these groups in the serum levels of iron and magnesium, as well as in the serum levels of micronutrients assessed among individuals with DS (euthyroid and hypothyroid). The estimated prevalence of DS was similar to the values described for Brazil and Latin America. Altered serum levels of selenium, zinc and copper were observed in DS, but they did not relate to hypothyroidism in this population.
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38

Alves, Filho Anibal Sebastião. "Adição de pó de aciaria como fonte de micronutrientes e diferentes níveis de calagem em solos de cerrados cultivados." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/7550.

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The savannas reached prominence in the development of corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.) and processing tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.), Depending on the economic and social importance of these crops. The problems of acid soils and nutrient deficiency in the savannas are common in most soils, but once overcome these obstacles, the cultures exhibit satisfactory development and production. Increasingly it becomes necessary, by the dynamism that modern agriculture provides that alternative mechanisms of replenishment of nutrients to the soil are offered, due to the high cost of fertilizer and high extraction of these elements in each cycle of crops. The use of industrial waste from various sources has shown potential for agricultural use, for purposes of correction of acidosis, addition of macro and micronutrients to the soil or even physical conditioning of the soil, always under careful criteria used to avoiding the environmental contamination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the electric arc furnace dust coming from the steel industry as a source of micronutrients in crops of corn, soybean and tomato at different levels of liming. The tests were conducted in two locations. A field experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of the School of Agronomy and Food Engineering, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, in Goiânia-GO, Brazil and other, in a greenhouse at Palmital Farm, municipality of Urutaí-GO, in campus of the Instituto Federal Goiano. During three years, were evaluated in Goiânia-GO, the use of steelmaking dust in corn in rotation with soybean and, in Urutaí-GO, for seven months, the tomato crop in succession with soybeans. The results in both experiments indicated that the levels of heavy metals detected in soil and leaves of the plants analyzed were below the limits considered toxic.
A região dos cerrados alcançou destaque no desenvolvimento das culturas do milho (Zea mays L.), soja (Glycine max L.) e tomate industrial (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.), em função da importância econômica e social destas culturas. Os problemas de solos ácidos e deficiência de nutrientes nos cerrados são comuns na maioria dos solos, mas uma vez superados estes entraves, as culturas apresentam desenvolvimento e produções satisfatórias. Cada vez mais torna-se necessário, pelo próprio dinamismo que a agricultura moderna apresenta, que mecanismos alternativos da reposição de nutrientes no solo sejam propostos, em função do alto custo dos fertilizantes e à alta extração destes elementos em cada ciclo das culturas. O uso de resíduos industriais, de várias origens, tem apresentado potencial de uso agrícola, para efeito de correção de acidez, adição de macro e micronutrientes ao solo ou mesmo como condicionadores físicos destes solos, sempre sob cuidadosos critérios de utilização visando a não contaminação ambiental. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do pó de aciaria elétrica (PAE) oriundo da indústria siderúrgica como fonte de micronutriente nas culturas do milho, soja e tomate industrial em diferentes níveis de calagem.Os ensaios foram desenvolvidos em dois locais. Um experimento foi conduzido a campo na Fazenda Experimental da Escola de Agronomia e Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade Federal de Goiás, no campus Samambaia, no município de Goiânia-GO e outro, em estufa, na Fazenda Palmital, município de Urutaí-GO, no campus do Instituto Federal Goiano. Foram avaliados durante três anos, no município de Goiânia-GO, o uso do pó de aciaria na cultura do milho em rotação com a cultura da soja e, em Urutaí-GO, durante sete meses, a cultura do tomate em sucessão com a cultura da soja. Os resultados em ambos os experimentos indicaram que os teores de metais pesados detectados no solo e nas folhas das plantas analisadas ficaram muito abaixo dos limites considerado tóxicos.
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39

Assmann, Joice Mari. "Produção de forragem e sementes de trevo branco (Trifolium repens L.) em função de manejos de corte e doses de boro." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2009. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/253.

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CAPES
Fabáceas forrageiras têm sido consorciadas com poáceas em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária, sendo o trevo branco (Trifolium repens L.) uma das fabáceas mais utilizadas e adaptadas no Sul do Brasil. A aplicação de boro tem resultado em benefícios ao desenvolvimento da planta, especialmente para as fabáceas. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de doses de boro e da remoção da matéria aérea das plantas por meio de cortes, sobre a produção de matéria seca, produção de sementes e concentração mineral de boro e nitrogênio em plantas de trevo branco, cultivadas em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. O trabalho experimental foi instalado na Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná – IAPAR, localizada no Município de Pato Branco – PR, no ano de 2007 e conduzido até meados 2008. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas tiveram como tratamento doze períodos de avaliação, nas subparcelas dois manejos (corte e retirada do material e não corte da parte vegetativa), aproximadamente a cada 60 dias e, nas subsubparcelas foram alocados cinco níveis de B (0; 0,5; 1; 2 e 4 kg ha-1). A maior produção de forragem avaliada mensalmente foi encontrada no mês de fevereiro de 2008, com incremento de 79,7% com uso 3,3 kg ha-1 em relação à testemunha. A produção de MS total acumulada e MS acumulada de folha+pecíolo no manejo com corte, foi obtida com as doses de 2,6 kg ha-1 de B, apresentando uma produção de 22.287 e 18.743 kg ha-1 de MS, respectivamente. A maior concentração de B foi observada no mês de julho, apresentando uma concentração de 48 mg kg-1 de B, com uso de 2,77 kg ha-1 de B. A maior concentração de N foi encontrada no mês de novembro, apresentando uma concentração média de 30,91 g kg-1, com o uso de 3,09 kg ha-1. O maior pico de acúmulo de N no manejo sem corte foi atingido no mês de fevereiro com um acúmulo máximo de 263,36 kg ha-1, com o uso de 4 kg ha-1 de B. No manejo com corte o N total acumulado ao final de um ano foi de 650 kg ha-1 ano-1 de N atingido com o uso de 2,50 kg ha-1 de B. A maior produção de sementes de trevo branco foi obtida no manejo sem corte com uma produção máxima de 525,81 kg ha-1 de sementes, com o uso de 2,59 kg ha-1 de B. As doses de boro influenciaram a produção de forragem, matéria seca de folha+pecíolo, estolão, inflorescência e material senescente, matéria seca acumulada, componentes de rendimento, produção de sementes, concentração de B e N foliar e acúmulo de N foliar em trevo branco, sendo que as doses de 2 a 3 kg ha- 1 de boro seriam as mais recomendadas, visto que doses acima podem diminuir o potencial máximo de produtividade pela toxidez.
Legume forages have been grown together with grass forages in a croplivestock system being the white clover one of the most used and adapted legume at the south of Brazil. The application of boron has resulted in benefits to the plant development, especially to the legumes. Due to it, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of increasing rates of boron and the taken out of the aerial parts by cutting the forage over the dry matter production, seed production and mineral concentration of boron and nitrogen in plants of white clover, cultivated in soil Oxisol (Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, Brazil systems). The experiment was carried out at the Agronomist Institute of Paraná (IAPAR), experimental unit of Pato Branco from 2007 up to 2008. The experiment was laid out as random block design with divided plots and four replications. The plots composed twelve periods of evaluation and the sub-plots two managements (vegetable parts cut and uncut around each 60 days), and at the sub-subplots were allocated five levels of B (0; 0.5; 1; 2 e 4 kg ha-1). The highest forage dry matter production evaluated monthly was found in February of 2008 with an increase of 79.7% using 3.3 kg ha-1 related to the control. The accumulate total DM production and the accumulate leaf+stalk DM production at the management with cuts was obtained with the level of 2.6 kg ha-1 of boron showing a production of 22,287 e 18,743 kg ha-1 of DM respectively. The highest concentration of B was observed in July, showing a concentration of 48 mg kg-1 of B with the use of 2.77 kg ha-1 of B. The highest concentrations of N were found in November, showing an concentration of 30.91 g kg-1, with the use of 3.09 kg ha-1. The higher peak of N accumulate at the management without cuts was reached in February with an maximum accumulate of 263.36 kg ha-1, with the of 4 kg ha-1 of B. At the management with cuts the total N accumulate at the end of one year was 650 kg ha-1 year-1 of N achieved with the use of 2.50 kg ha-1 of B. The highest seed production of the white clover was obtained at the management without cuts with a maximum production of 525.81 kg ha-1 of seed using 2.59 kg ha-1 of B. The levels of N influenced the dry matter production, dry matter of leaf +stalk, stolons, inflorescence and senescent material, dry matter accumulate, yield components, seed production, leaf B and N concentration and accumulate of N in the leaves of white clover, being the rates of 2 and 3 kg ha-1 of B the most recommended ones, once highest rates can decrease the maximum production by it’s toxicity.
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40

Morris, Paul Christopher. "The water-soluble vitamin nutrition of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.)." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2623.

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Given the paucity of information with regards the micronutrient requirements of the currently expanding number of cultured marine species, a series of investigations was undertaken to examine the water-soluble vitamin nutrition of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). A preliminary study identified the qualitative requirement of this species for ascorbic acid, the B complex vitamins and choline for the maintenance of health and optimum productivity. Based on the observations of the preliminary experiment, a study was designed which allowed the development of a semi-purified diet and illustrated the qualitative requirement of the gilthead seabream for thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, pyridoxine and pantothenic acid. Using the semi-purified diet, the requirement for niacin and biotin were also established. As one of the vitamins for which the seabream exhibited a strong requirement, pyridoxine was chosen as the focus for an experiment which evaluated the benefit of the incorporation of this vitamin within a practical diet at levels which exceeded the minimum requirement. Thiamin is a vitamin which is known to exhibit a distinct relationship with carbohydrate metabolism, hence this vitamin was chosen as the focus of an investigation of the potential for the modification of vitamin requirements in response to major nutrient supply. Finally, having illustrated the requirement of gilthead seabream growers for ascorbic acid, an experiment was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of a series of vitamin C derivatives as feed supplements for this species. The current series of investigations has not only served to expand the present knowledge of the vitamin nutrition of the target species but has highlighted the potential for novel and applied research which remains within the field of micronutrients.
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41

Imtiaz, Muhammad. "Zinc deficiency in cereals." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298411.

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42

Carvalho, Eunice Bobà de. "Efeito da modulaÃÃo da glutamina, alanil-glutamina, Ã-caroteno, zinco e do leite de cabra transgÃnico contendo lisozima humana, em cÃlulas epiteliais intestinais sob aÃÃo da Escherichia coli enteroagregativa." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2011. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11050.

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nÃo hÃ
As infecÃÃes entÃricas causam cerca de 2,5 milhÃes de mortes ao ano. A EAEC està associada à causa de doenÃas diarrÃicas persistentes. Este estudo analisou in vitro (IEC-6, Caco-2 e HEp-2), o papel dos micronutrientes glutamina, alanil-glutamina, Ã-caroteno, zinco, e dos leites de cabra transgÃnico com lisozima humana e controle nos ensaios de proliferaÃÃo, migraÃÃo, viabilidade, apoptose, necrose celular, adesÃo bacteriana em resposta à infecÃÃo causada pela cepa de EAEC-042 na concentraÃÃo de 2,5 x 105 UFC/mL. A cepa bacteriana de EAEC-042 mostrou reduÃÃo significativa na migraÃÃo (p<0,001) e na viabilidade celular (p<0,001) e esta aumentou a apoptose (p<0,001) e necrose (p<0,001) em resposta a lesÃo ao epitÃlio intestinal. Foi observado que os micronutrientes na presenÃa da bactÃria reduziram significativamente a apoptose e necrose ocasionados por esta, bem como reduziram significativamente a adesÃo bacteriana, alÃm de aumentar a migraÃÃo celular. Os leites controle e transgÃnico apresentaram reduÃÃo significativa da adesÃo bacteriana (p<0,001), independente da presenÃa da camada de gordura, alÃm de reduzirem significativamente a apoptose (p<0,001) e a necrose (p<0,001) ocasionadas pela EAEC-042. A anÃlise qualitativa de aderÃncia celular, considerada padrÃo ouro, mostrou reduÃÃo na aderÃncia bacteriana quando associados aos micronutrientes, comparados ao controle com EAEC-042. Nota-se a quase ausÃncia de aderÃncia em ambos os leites. Este estudo mostra a importÃncia dos micronutrientes e leite de cabra transgÃnico ou nÃo, sobre a proteÃÃo epitelial intestinal nas agressÃes bacterianas.
The enteric infections cause 2.5 million deaths each year. The Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is associated with persistent cause of diarrheal diseases. This study examined in vitro (IEC-6, Caco-2 and HEp-2 cells) the role of the micronutrients glutamine (Glu), alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Glu), beta-carotene (Ã-Carot), zinc (Zn), and the milk of transgenic goats containning human lysozyme (M-Lyso) and their respective controls (Ctrle) in the following assays: proliferation, migration, viability, apoptosis, cell necrosis, and bacterial adhesion in response to infection caused by the EAEC-042 bacterial strain at a concentration of 2.5 x 105 CFU/mL. The effect of infection by EAEC-042 bacterial strain was evidenced by significant reduction in migration (p <0.001) and cellular viability (p <0.001); also increased apoptosis (p <0.001) and necrosis (p <0.001) in response to damage to the intestinal epithelium. It was observed that the micronutrients in the presence of bacteria significantly reduced apoptosis and necrosis caused by EAEC-042, as well as significantly reduced bacterial adhesion and increases cell migration. The control and transgenic milk abolished bacterial adhesion (p <0.001), independent of milk fat, and significantly reduce apoptosis (p <0.001) and necrosis (p <0.001) caused by EAEC-042. The qualitative analysis of EAEC adherence, considered as gold standard method, showed a reduction in bacterial adherence associated with intervention with micronutrients when compared with the EAEC-042 infection control. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the importance of intervention with micronutrients and milk (transgenic or not) in protecting the intestinal epithelial challenged by bacterial aggression.
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43

Kass, Carl. "Micro feeding machines in the dairy industry." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38854.

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Master of Agribusiness
Department of Agricultural Economics
Allen M. Featherstone
Micronutrient machines have been used successfully in the beef industry, however, their use was mostly for the addition of antibiotics into the rations. Their use in the dairy industry has been very limited. Feed cost is over 50% of the total cost on a typical dairy farm, thereby creating an area where minor changes in cost per cow can impact the bottom line. Because of the high feed cost on dairy farms, income over feed cost (IOFC) is one of the bench marks as to the overall farm financial health. The feed rations also impact animal health incidences and reproduction efficiencies. Micro machines can add small amounts of a desired nutrient or product, generally less than 56 grams (± 2 oz) into the cattle's daily total mixed rations (TMR). These micronutrients are generally expensive, and their inclusion into the rations of only cows that need that particular micronutrient is one benefit of a micro machine. Micro machines also take out the human error of mixing small accurate amounts and can easily track inventories. Benefits also include the control of on-farm shrink through dust control, and environmental stewardship of resources. Lastly, by creating options to accurately add micronutrients, milk production may be increased and health incidences reduced. The dairy industry is a virtually an untapped field for this technology and this research will explore if there is a benefit from their use. As feeding systems have evolved and milk production has continued to climb, innovative technologies will continue to be implemented. Increased financial pressures will also continue to cause producers to become more efficient with their resources. As production increases in any field, fine tuning of inputs becomes more exact. The rumen inner workings and how feedstuff blends affect rumen micros and the pH levels is an area in which there is much research completed, however, much more is still needed. The addition of micro machines to fine tune rations for dairy farms TMR rations can be a profitable way to manage income over feed cost, not only by saving money spent on micronutrients but by increasing production and reducing herd health incidences.
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44

Batsmanova, L. M., L. M. Gonchar, N. Yu Taran, and A. A. Okanenko. "Using a Colloidal Solution of Metal Nanoparticles as Micronutrient Fertiliser for Cereals." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35441.

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We have developed the technology of using the colloidal solution of metal nanoparticles as fertilizers, which characterized by easiness to use, environmental safety and absence of corrosive properties. Colloidal solutions of biogenic metals, water-based, such as Fe, Mn, Zn, Mo, Co, Cu, and Ag, produced by a patented method of bittern natural colloidal solutions of the above metals were used. Seed treatment with colloidal solution of metal nanoparticles stored genetic purity grade, increased plant immune status via regulation of oxidative metabolism, photosynthetic activity, resistance to pathogens, and optimization of water regime of various winter wheat ecotypes during ontogenesis. Results of industrial tests proved that it is environ-mentally safe and economically feasible, since the cost of one liter of colloidal solutions of nanoparticles of metals ranges from 50-70 USD providing 500% level profitability. So, for the first time managed to opti-mize the function of biogenic metals through the use of physical and chemical characteristics of colloidal nanoparticle solutions to realize the productive potential of plants. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35441
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45

Cruz-Espaillat, Grisseel A. "A Cross-Sectional Study: Dietary Micronutrient Levels in Allied Health and Nursing Students." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/350.

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The adequate intake of micronutrients is important to maintain optimal health and prevent nutritional disorders and chronic disease. Studies have shown that medical students often reduce self-care behaviors and lack adequate dietary intake, leading to nutritional deficiencies. In this quantitative cross-sectional study, measurements of micronutrient levels in a sample of allied health and nursing students were compared to Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) values. NutritionQuest Data-on-Demand System was used to analyze nutrients and food group intake. The postpositivist paradigm was used to examine how the independent and dependent variables relate to each other. Using a one-sample t test, a comparison of average micronutrient intake among study participants with RDA values for those micronutrients showed that average micronutrient intake in the study population was higher than recommended values. Two sample t-test results showed no significant difference in average intake of micronutrients among participants with high and low income levels, or with high and low stress levels. As the normality assumption was not satisfied by the outcome variables, nonparametric tests were used to evaluate hypotheses. While this finding does not support the original hypothesis, it could have implications for the role of allied health and nursing practitioners in the care of both their patients and members of their medical team. Conversely, an assumption of this study was that a high level of similarity between the traditional medical student population and the allied health and nursing population in terms of nutritional habits may have led to a flaw in the overall research hypothesis. The detection of micronutrient deficiencies in students can bring awareness to improve nutritional intake and initiate a change in how public health officials advocate healthy and balanced diets.
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46

Meglia, Guillermo Esteban. "Nutrition and immune response in periparturient dairy cows : with emphasis on micronutrients /." Uppsala : Dept. of Obstetric and Gynaecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/v170.pdf.

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47

Seyoum, Teodros Alfred. "The role of micronutrients on glycaemic response, glycaemic index and energy metabolism." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495950.

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This study investigated the effects of potassium gluconate (K), calcium carbonate (Ca) and zinc gluconate (Zn) on glycaemic response (GR), energy expenditure (EE) and glycaemic index (GI). At the current time, gastric emptying rate is attributed to GI value alterations - the faster the gastric release compared to the reference food, the higher the blood glucose concentration and therefore the higher the GI of the food. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether faster blood glucose removal from the systemic circulation influences the GR or the GI.
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48

Helmy, Magdi Mourad Mohammed. "Salinity-fertility interaction with macro and micronutrients in maize (Zea mays) plants." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184298.

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In two greenhouse experiments, the response of maize plants (Zea mays L.) to macro and micronutrient fertilizers was studied. The first experiment was conducted in Cairo, Egypt in which maize plants were grown on saline soils with ECₑ values of 1.42, 6.12 and 12.1 dSm⁻¹ and fertilized with N, P, K alone and in combination. It was found that maize plants produced the highest dry matter when NP fertilizers were added in the Ca-form compared to the other fertilizer treatments, and this positive response decreased with increasing salinity level. Also, it was found that application of P and K fertilizers either alone or together as PK augmented the adverse effect of salinity on dry matter and nutrients uptake. In addition, the concentration and uptake of Na⁺ ions in the shoot tissues decreased with increasing salinity level up to ECₑ 12 dSm⁻¹. This could be due to Na+ exclusion or accumulation in root tissues. However, application of N and P fertilizers tended to decrease plant content of micronutrients, particularly Fe as well as Zn at high salt levels. The second experiment was conducted in a University of Arizona campus greenhouse. A Pima soil from the Marana area was artificially salinized with NaCl, Na₂SO₄, CaCl₂, and Mg₂SO₄ salts almost to the salinity levels mentioned above. Maize plants were grown and fertilized with NP fertilizer as a basic dressing. Chelated forms of Zn, Fe, and Mn were added with two different methods; soil and foliar spray application. Two pH values of spray nutrient solutions were used; pH 6 and pH 8. Data obtained showed increased dry matter and nutrient uptake in response to spraying maize plants with Zn + Fe or Zn+ Fe + Mn at pH value of 8 at the medium salt level relative to the other treatments. However, maize plants also showed high dry matter and nutrient uptake in response to Zn + Fe + Mn soil application at the high salt level, although Zn-pH 8 gave unexpectedly high dry matter production. It seems probable that this high dry matter obtained could be due to the effect of high pH spray treatment on increasing the activity of some enzymes, e.g. PEP-carboxylase and/or ribulose 1,5 diphosphate carboxylase, as well as the increase in rate of translocating the photosynthates and this effect was augmented by the nutrient(s) applied. Also, it was found that Na uptake decreased while total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a content increased with increasing salinity level. The increase in the chlorophyll content could be due to either Na exclusion by the plants and/or the decrease plant growth due high salts.
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49

Graham, Veronica Alicia. "Effects of Micronutrients on the status of HIV-infected African American Women." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4788.

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Weight loss among HIV-infected African American women (AAW), results in the fall of the cluster of differentiation (CD4) cell count and an increase in the viral load. There are 48,126 HIV-infected AAW who reported weight loss within the first year. AAW who report more than 10% weight loss within the first year progress to AIDS due to a deficiency in micronutrients and poor linkage to care. The phenomenon that occurs with individuals living with HIV does not necessarily occur among individuals who have cancer, heart disease, or some other life-threatening illness, and this phenomenon indicates a direct threat to the individual's physical, mental, and social survival beyond the effects of chronic diseases. Using the health belief model in this study helped emphasize the physical change that occurs during weight loss among HIV-infected AAW. The research questions addressed if there was a direct correlation between the use of micronutrients and the decrease in weight, decrease in CD4 cell count, and the increase in viral load. The results of the multilinear regression revealed there was direct correlation between the use of micronutrients and the increase/maintain in weight, an increase in CD4 cell count, and a decrease in the viral load, thus promoting the need for more research and funding. The need to educate HIV-infected AAW on the use of micronutrients was evident. Providing research to providers on changes in standard of care for HIV-infected AAW would allow for an increase in the social, economic, and personal impact on the way an individual approaches care and treatment to prevent the progress to AIDS.
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50

Müller, Juceli. "Tratamentos de sementes de melão e os efeitos sobre a qualidade sanitária e fisiológica." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5101.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Cucumis melo is one of the most important horticultural species representing the family Cucurbitaceae, moreover, it is the leader fruit concerning value and volume of exportation in Brazil. As in other cultures, both physiological and health quality of seeds used in the crop establishment are critical to ensure an appropriate population of plants and with high quality and productivity. Treatment of seeds is employed in order to protect them against pathogens, as well as, to accelerate and uniform their germination. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the physiological and health quality of melon seeds, cv. Gaúcho Redondo‟, treated with chemical fungicides, biocontrol agents, micronutrients and polymer. Application rates followed recommendations described by manufacturers. Evaluation of physiological traits was undertaken by means of germination, seedlings length, cold storage, germination at low temperatures, greenhouse emergence and emergence speed index tests. Health quality tests, by the other hand, were determined by Blotter test , transmission and pathogenicity of Fusarium spp. isolated from melon seeds. Treatments with micronutrients, purely or combined with polymer coating, incremented in seed germination, as well as, the emergence and the emergence speed index. Trichoderma spp. also provided a significant increase in the first count and germination. The fungicide Captan® acted efficiently on Fusarium spp. present in the seeds, though it had not been totally eradicated. This pathogen associated with melon seeds did not affect the germination process of them.
Cucumis melo é uma das principais hortaliças representantes da família Cucurbitaceae, além disso, é a fruta líder em valor e volume de exportação no Brasil. Como em todas as culturas, a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária das sementes utilizadas na implantação da lavoura é fundamental para garantir uma população adequada de plantas e com elevada qualidade e produtividade. O tratamento de sementes é utilizado para promover a proteção das sementes contra patógenos causadores de doenças e proporcionar uma germinação mais rápida e uniforme. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária das sementes de melão, cultivar Gaúcho Redondo, após tratamento das mesmas com fungicidas químicos, agentes de biocontrole, micronutrientes e polímero. As doses de aplicação dos produtos seguiram as recomendações dos fabricantes e as avaliações da qualidade fisiológica das sementes foram realizadas através do teste de germinação, comprimento de plântulas, teste de frio, germinação a baixas temperaturas, emergência em casa de vegetação e índice de velocidade de emergência. Já a qualidade sanitária foi determinada pelo teste de sanidade, transmissão e patogenicidade de isolados de Fusarium spp. obtidos das sementes de melão. Os tratamentos com micronutrientes, isolados ou com recobrimento de polímero, promoveram incremento na germinação das sementes, assim como na emergência e no índice de velocidade de emergência. Trichoderma spp. também proporcionou aumento significativo na primeira contagem e na germinação. O fungicida Captan® atuou de forma eficiente no controle de Fusarium spp. presente nas sementes, embora não tenha erradicado totalmente. Este patógeno, associado às sementes de melão, não interferiu no processo germinativo das mesmas.
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